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Zhao HH, Haddad G. Brain organoid protocols and limitations. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1351734. [PMID: 38572070 PMCID: PMC10987830 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1351734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived organoid technology is a powerful tool that revolutionizes the field of biomedical research and extends the scope of our understanding of human biology and diseases. Brain organoids especially open an opportunity for human brain research and modeling many human neurological diseases, which have lagged due to the inaccessibility of human brain samples and lack of similarity with other animal models. Brain organoids can be generated through various protocols and mimic whole brain or region-specific. To provide an overview of brain organoid technology, we summarize currently available protocols and list several factors to consider before choosing protocols. We also outline the limitations of current protocols and challenges that need to be solved in future investigation of brain development and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H. Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gabriel Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- The Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States
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Zhu J, Zhang S, Jin S, Huang C, Shi B, Chen Z, Ji W. Endochondral Repair of Jawbone Defects Using Periosteal Cell Spheroids. J Dent Res 2024; 103:31-41. [PMID: 37968792 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231205273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recapitulation of the natural healing process is receiving increasing recognition as a strategy to induce robust tissue regeneration. Endochondral ossification has been recognized as an essential reparative approach in natural jawbone defect healing. However, such an approach has been overlooked in the recent development of cell-based therapeutics for jawbone repair. Therefore, this study aimed to explore a bioinspired stem cell-based strategy for jawbone repair by mimicking the mesenchymal condensation of progenitor cells during the early endochondral ossification process. For this purpose, passage 3 of jawbone periosteum-derived cells (jb-PDCs) was cultured in our previously reported nonadherent microwells (200 µm in diameter, 148 µm in depth, and 100 µm space in between) and self-assembled into spheroids with a diameter of 96.4 ± 5.8 µm after 48 h. Compared to monolayer culture, the jb-PDC spheroids showed a significant reduction of stemness marker expression evidenced by flow cytometry. Furthermore, a significant upregulation of chondrogenic transcription factor SOX9 in both gene and protein levels was observed in the jb-PDC spheroids after 48 h of chondrogenic induction. RNA sequencing and Western blotting analysis further suggested that the enhanced SOX9-mediated chondrogenic differentiation in jb-PDC spheroids was attributed to the activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. Impressively, inhibition of p38 kinase activity significantly attenuated chondrogenic differentiation jb-PDC spheroids, evidenced by a significant decline of SOX9 in both gene and protein levels. Strikingly, the jb-PDC spheroids implanted in 6- to 8-wk-old male C57BL/6 mice with critical-size jawbone defects (1.8 mm in diameter) showed an evident contribution to cartilaginous callus formation after 1 wk, evidenced by histological analysis. Furthermore, micro-computed tomography analysis showed that the jb-PDC spheroids significantly accelerated bone healing after 2 wk in the absence of exogenous growth factors. In sum, the presented findings represent the successful development of cell-based therapeutics to reengineer the endochondral bone repair process and illustrate the potential application to improve bone repair and regeneration in the craniofacial skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - S Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - S Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - C Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - B Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Z Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - W Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Rovere M, Reverberi D, Arnaldi P, Palamà MEF, Gentili C. Spheroid size influences cellular senescence and angiogenic potential of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1297644. [PMID: 38162179 PMCID: PMC10756914 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1297644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The secretome of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) serves as an innovative tool employed in the regenerative medicine approach. In this particular context, three-dimensional (3D) culture systems are widely utilized to better replicate in vivo conditions and facilitate prolonged cell maintenance during culture. The use of spheroids enables the preservation of the classical phenotypical characteristics of MSCs. However, the distinct microenvironment within the spheroid may impact the secretome, thereby enhancing the angiogenic properties of adult MSCs that typically possess a reduced angiogenic potential compared to MSCs derived from perinatal tissues due to the hypoxia created in the internal region of the spheroid. Methods: In this study, large spheroids (2,600 cells, ∼300 μm diameter) and small spheroids (1,000 cells, ∼200 μm diameter) were used to examine the role of spheroid diameter in the generation of nutrients and oxygen gradients, cellular senescence, and the angiogenic potential of secreted factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Results: In this study, we demonstrate that large spheroids showed increased senescence and a secretome enriched in pro-angiogenic factors, as well as pro-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic cytokines, while small spheroids exhibited decreased senescence and a secretome enriched in pro-angiogenic molecules. We also demonstrated that 3D culture led to a higher secretion of EVs with classical phenotypic characteristics. Soluble factors and EVs from small spheroids exhibited higher angiogenic potential in a human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) angiogenic assay. Discussion: These findings highlighted the necessity of choosing the appropriate culture system for obtaining soluble factors and EVs for specific therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Rovere
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Arnaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Gentili
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Nikmahzar A, Koruji M, Jahanshahi M, Khadivi F, Shabani M, Dehghani S, Forouzesh M, Jabari A, Feizollahi N, Salem M, Ghanami Gashti N, Abbasi Y, Abbasi M. Differentiation of human primary testicular cells in the presence of SCF using the organoid culture system. Artif Organs 2023; 47:1818-1830. [PMID: 37698035 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Development of organoids using human primary testicular cells has remained a challenge due to the complexity of the mammalian testicular cytoarchitecture and culture methods. In this study, we generated testicular organoids derived from human primary testicular cells. Then, we evaluated the effect of stem cell factor (SCF) on cell differentiation and apoptosis in the testicular organoid model. METHODS The testicular cells were harvested from the three brain-dead donors. Human spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) were characterized using immunocytochemistry (ICC), RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Testicular organoids were generated from primary testicular cells by hanging drop culture method and were cultured in three groups: control group, experimental group 1 (treated FSH and retinoic acid (RA)), and experimental group 2 (treated FSH, RA and SCF), for five weeks. We assessed the expression of SCP3 (Synaptonemal Complex Protein 3) as a meiotic gene, PRM2 (Protamine 2) as a post-meiotic marker and apoptotic genes of Bax (BCL2-Associated X Protein) and Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), respectively by using RT-qPCR. In addition, we identified the expression of PRM2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS Relative expression of SCP3, PRM2 and Bcl-2 were highest in group 2 after five weeks of culture. In contrast, BAX expression level was lower in experimental group 2 in comparison with other groups. IHC analyses indicated the highest expression of PRM2 as a postmeiotic marker in group 2 in comparison to 2D culture and control groups but not find significant differences between experimental group 1 and experimental group 2 groups. Morphological evaluations revealed that organoids are compact spherical structures and in the peripheral region composed of uncharacterized elongated fibroblast-like cells. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that the testicular organoid culture system promote the spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) differentiation, especially in presence of SCF. Developed organoids are capable of recapitulating many important properties of a stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghbibi Nikmahzar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Koruji
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center & Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Jahanshahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Farnaz Khadivi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Shabani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Dehghani
- Organ Procurement Unit, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Forouzesh
- Legal Medicine Organization of Iran, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayob Jabari
- Department of Anatomy, Zahedan Medical University of Science, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Narjes Feizollahi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Salem
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yasaman Abbasi
- Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mehdi Abbasi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wang Y, Li Q, Zhao J, Chen J, Wu D, Zheng Y, Wu J, Liu J, Lu J, Zhang J, Wu Z. Mechanically induced pyroptosis enhances cardiosphere oxidative stress resistance and metabolism for myocardial infarction therapy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6148. [PMID: 37783697 PMCID: PMC10545739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Current approaches in myocardial infarction treatment are limited by low cellular oxidative stress resistance, reducing the long-term survival of therapeutic cells. Here we develop a liquid-crystal substrate with unique surface properties and mechanical responsiveness to produce size-controllable cardiospheres that undergo pyroptosis to improve cellular bioactivities and resistance to oxidative stress. We perform RNA sequencing and study cell metabolism to reveal increased metabolic levels and improved mitochondrial function in the preconditioned cardiospheres. We test therapeutic outcomes in a rat model of myocardial infarction to show that cardiospheres improve long-term cardiac function, promote angiogenesis and reduce cardiac remodeling during the 3-month observation. Overall, this study presents a promising and effective system for preparing a large quantity of functional cardiospheres, showcasing potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jupeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxue Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youling Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianlong Lu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zheng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Nikmahzar A, Khadivi F, Koruji M, Jahanshahi M, Dehghan Tarazjani M, Shabani M, Abbasi Y, Abbasi M. Evaluation of Apoptosis-related Genes and Hormone Secretion Profiles Using Three Dimensional Culture System of Human Testicular Organoids. Galen Med J 2023; 12:1-13. [PMID: 38774852 PMCID: PMC11108674 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v12i0.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In reproductive biology, testicular organoids can be used to treat infertility and to study testicular development and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) differentiation. Generating organoid from primary cells is challenging. In this study, testicular organoids were created using human primary testicular cells and evaluated the apoptotic gene expression and hormone secretion profiles of the organoids. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary human testicular cells were isolated using 2-step enzymatic digestion from three brain-dead donors. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry analyses were performed to confirm human SSCs. Isolated cells were cultured in three experimental groups: control group (2 dimensional (2D)), group 1 (organoid culture after 2D culture), and group 2 (organoid culture immediately after enzymatic digestion). Testicular organoids were cultured in DMEM/F-12 media supplemented with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) for four weeks. After 24 hours and four weeks of culture, reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to investigate the relative expression of apoptotic genes (caspase 3, 9, Bax, and Bcl-2). At 24 hours, two weeks, and four weeks after culture, enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) was used to determine the testosterone and inhibin B concentrations. Light microscopy and toluidine blue staining were also used for morphological analysis. RESULTS RT-qPCR results revealed that pro-apoptotic (caspase 3, 9, Bax) gene expression levels were highest in group 2 after 24 h and four weeks of culture. In contrast, the expression level of Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) was lower in group 2 compared to other groups. The hormone secretion levels decreased in a time-dependent manner during the cultivation. According to morphological evaluations, testicular organoids are compact, spherical structures with two to three elongated cells organized along their border. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that the testicular organoid culture system maintained hormonal secretory abilities, demonstrating the function of Sertoli and Leydig cells in the absence of testis-specific environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghbibi Nikmahzar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Khadivi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical
Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Morteza Koruji
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Jahanshahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan
University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Dehghan Tarazjani
- Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Research Center, Family Research Institute, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shabani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Abbasi
- Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, Department of
Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore,
MD, United States
| | - Mehdi Abbasi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
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Pereira IL, Lopes C, Rocha E, Madureira TV. Establishing brown trout primary hepatocyte spheroids as a new alternative experimental model-Testing the effects of 5α-dihydrotestosterone on lipid pathways. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 253:106331. [PMID: 36327687 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) fish liver cultures mimic the in vivo cellular microenvironment, which is ideal for ecotoxicological research. Despite that, the application of these cultures to evaluate toxic effects in fish is scarce. A 3D model of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) primary hepatocyte spheroids was optimized in this study by using DMEM/F-12 with 15 mM of HEPES, 10 mL/L of an antibiotic and antimycotic solution and FBS 10% (v/v), at 18 °C with ∼100 rpm. The selection of optimal conditions was based on a multiparametric characterization of the spheroids, including biometry, viability, microanatomy and immunohistochemistry. Biometric and morphologic stabilization of spheroids was reached within 12-16 days of culture. To our knowledge, this study is the first to culture and characterize viable spheroids from brown trout primary hepatocytes for over 30 days. Further, the 3D model was tested to explore the androgenic influences on lipidic target genes after 96 h exposures to control, solvent control, 10 and 100 µM of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a non-aromatizable androgen. Spheroids exposed to 100 µM of DHT had decreased sphericity. DHT at 100 µM also significantly down-regulated Acox1-3I, PPARγ and fatty acid synthesis targets (i.e., ACC), and significantly up-regulated Fabp1. Acsl1 was significantly up-regulated after exposure to both 10 and 100 µM of DHT. The results support that DHT modulates distinct lipidic pathways in brown trout and show that this 3D model is a new valuable tool for physiological and toxicological mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês L Pereira
- Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology Team, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Lopes
- Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology Team, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology Team, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia V Madureira
- Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology Team, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Silva-Carvalho AÉ, da Silva IGM, Corrêa JR, Saldanha-Araujo F. Regulatory T-Cell Enhancement, Expression of Adhesion Molecules, and Production of Anti-Inflammatory Factors Are Differentially Modulated by Spheroid-Cultured Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214349. [PMID: 36430835 PMCID: PMC9695986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The culture of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as spheroids promotes a more physiological cellular behavior, as it more accurately reflects the biological microenvironment. Nevertheless, mixed results have been found regarding the immunosuppressive properties of spheroid-cultured MSCs (3D-MSCs), the mechanisms of immunoregulation of 3D-MSCs being scarcely described at this point. In the present study, we constructed spheroids from MSCs and compared their immunosuppressive potential with that of MSCs cultured in monolayer (2D-MSCs). First, we evaluated the ability of 2D-MSCs and 3D-MSCs to control the activation and proliferation of T-cells. Next, we evaluated the percentage of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) after the co-culturing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with 2D-MSCs and 3D-MSCs. Finally, we investigated the expression of adhesion molecules, as well as the expressions of several anti-inflammatory transcripts in 2D-MSCs and 3D-MSCs maintained in both inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions. Interestingly, our data show that several anti-inflammatory genes are up-regulated in 3D-MSCs, and that these cells can control T-cell proliferation. Nevertheless, 2D-MSCs are more efficient in suppressing the immune cell proliferation. Importantly, contrary to what was observed in 3D-MSCs, the expressions of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are significantly upregulated in 2D-MSCs exposed to an inflammatory environment. Furthermore, only 2D-MSCs are able to promote the enhancement of Tregs. Taken together, our data clearly show that the immunosuppressive potential of MSCs is significantly impacted by their shape, and highlights the important role of cell-cell adhesion molecules for optimal MSC immunomodulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandda Évelin Silva-Carvalho
- Hematology and Stem Cells Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - José Raimundo Corrêa
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe Saldanha-Araujo
- Hematology and Stem Cells Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +55-61-3107-2008
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Kroupová J, Hanuš J, Štěpánek F. Surprising efficacy twist of two established cytostatics revealed by a-la-carte 3D cell spheroid preparation protocol. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 180:224-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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10
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Modi U, Kedaria D, Vasita R. Differential Migration and Proliferation Potential of the Hydrogel Aided 3D Tumoroid. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200196. [PMID: 35997309 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For substantial in vitro cancer biology research, the 3D cell culture method has now been regarded as more suitable model expected to be recapitulating maximum in vivo tumor mass relevance. Despite of available techniques to develop in vitro 3D models, a system availing a physiologically relevant in vitro 3D model of primary lung adenocarcinoma with extracellular matrix (ECM) mimicry and similar tumorigenic properties still remains a quest. Thus, in the present study, chemically modified Dextran-Chitosan (MDC) hydrogel has been developed as a 3D tumoroid aiding scaffold. The 3D A549 tumoroids aided by the MDC scaffold have physiologically relevant proliferation, migration, invasive potential, and Gefitinib [targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)] efficacy as compared to the 2D cultured cells. The surface topography and wettability of hydrogel availed in vivo micro tumor mass mimicking Lung adenocarcinoma 3D in vitro model. Thus, opening an innovative avenue for elucidating the disease mechanism and drug efficacy on relevant 3D cancer models in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnati Modi
- Biomaterials & Biomimetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Dhaval Kedaria
- Biomaterials & Biomimetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Rajesh Vasita
- Biomaterials & Biomimetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
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PFKFB4 interacts with FBXO28 to promote HIF-1α signaling in glioblastoma. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:57. [PMID: 36115843 PMCID: PMC9482633 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive brain tumor for which there is no cure. The metabolic enzyme 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2,6-Biphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4) is essential for glioblastoma stem-like cell (GSC) survival but its mode of action is unclear. Understanding the role of PFKFB4 in tumor cell survival could allow it to be leveraged in a cancer therapy. Here, we show the importance of PFKFB4 for glioblastoma growth in vivo in an orthotopic patient derived mouse model. In an evaluation of patient tumor samples of different cancer entities, PFKFB4 protein was found to be overexpressed in prostate, lung, colon, mammary and squamous cell carcinoma, with expression level correlating with tumor grade. Gene expression profiling in PFKFB4-silenced GSCs revealed a downregulation of hypoxia related genes and Western blot analysis confirmed a dramatic reduction of HIF (hypoxia inducible factor) protein levels. Through mass spectrometric analysis of immunoprecipitated PFKFB4, we identified the ubiquitin E3 ligase, F-box only protein 28 (FBXO28), as a new interaction partner of PFKFB4. We show that PFKFB4 regulates the ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α, which is mediated by the ubiquitin ligase activity of FBXO28. This newly discovered function of PFKFB4, coupled with its cancer specificity, provides a new strategy for inhibiting HIF-1α in cancer cells. ![]()
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12
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He J, Zhou C, Xu X, Zhou Z, Danoy M, Shinohara M, Xiao W, Zhu D, Zhao X, Feng X, Mao Y, Sun W, Sakai Y, Yang H, Pang Y. Scalable Formation of Highly Viable and Functional Hepatocellular Carcinoma Spheroids in an Oxygen-Permeable Microwell Device for Anti-Tumor Drug Evaluation. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200863. [PMID: 35841538 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
For high-throughput anti-cancer drug screening, microwell arrays may serve as an effective tool to generate uniform and scalable tumor spheroids. However, microwell arrays are commonly anchored in non-oxygen-permeable culture plates, leading to limited oxygen supply for avascular spheroids. Herein, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based oxygen-permeable microwell device is introduced for generating highly viable and functional hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) spheroids. The PDMS sheets at the bottom of the microwell device provide a high flux of oxygen like in vivo neighboring hepatic sinusoids. Owing to the better oxygen supply, the generated HepG2 spheroids are larger in size and exhibit higher viability and proliferation with less cell apoptosis and necrosis. These spheroids also exhibit lower levels of anaerobic cellular respiration and express higher levels of liver-related functions. In anti-cancer drug testing, spheroids cultured in PDMS plates show a significantly stronger resistance against doxorubicin because of the stronger stem-cell and multidrug resistance phenotype. Moreover, higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A produces a stronger angiogenesis capability of the spheroids. Overall, compared to the spheroids cultured in conventional non-oxygen-permeable plates, these spheroids can be used as a more favorable model for early-stage HCCs and be applied in high-throughput anti-cancer drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu He
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhou
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Mathieu Danoy
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-033, Japan
| | - Marie Shinohara
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Wenjin Xiao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR-S1138, CNRS SNC5014, University of Paris, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Dong Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, P. R. China
| | - Xiuying Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, P. R. China
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, College of Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-033, Japan
| | - Huayu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Pang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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13
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Kahn-Krell A, Pretorius D, Guragain B, Lou X, Wei Y, Zhang J, Qiao A, Nakada Y, Kamp TJ, Ye L, Zhang J. A three-dimensional culture system for generating cardiac spheroids composed of cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, smooth-muscle cells, and cardiac fibroblasts derived from human induced-pluripotent stem cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:908848. [PMID: 35957645 PMCID: PMC9361017 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.908848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs), endothelial cells (ECs), smooth-muscle cells (SMCs), and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) differentiated from human induced-pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are the fundamental components of cell-based regenerative myocardial therapy and can be used as in-vitro models for mechanistic studies and drug testing. However, newly differentiated hiPSC-CMs tend to more closely resemble fetal CMs than the mature CMs of adult hearts, and current techniques for improving CM maturation can be both complex and labor-intensive. Thus, the production of CMs for commercial and industrial applications will require more elementary methods for promoting CM maturity. CMs tend to develop a more mature phenotype when cultured as spheroids in a three-dimensional (3D) environment, rather than as two-dimensional monolayers, and the activity of ECs, SMCs, and CFs promote both CM maturation and electrical activity. Here, we introduce a simple and reproducible 3D-culture-based process for generating spheroids containing all four cardiac-cell types (i.e., cardiac spheroids) that is compatible with a wide range of applications and research equipment. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the inclusion of vascular cells and CFs was associated with an increase in spheroid size, a decline in apoptosis, an improvement in sarcomere maturation and a change in CM bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Kahn-Krell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Danielle Pretorius
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Bijay Guragain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Xi Lou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Yuhua Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aijun Qiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Yuji Nakada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Timothy J. Kamp
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States,Department of Medicine/Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States,*Correspondence: Jianyi Zhang,
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14
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Sun CP, Lan HR, Fang XL, Yang XY, Jin KT. Organoid Models for Precision Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:770465. [PMID: 35450073 PMCID: PMC9016193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.770465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is exploited for the treatment of disease by modulating the immune system. Since the conventional in vivo animal and 2D in vitro models insufficiently recapitulate the complex tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of the original tumor. In addition, due to the involvement of the immune system in cancer immunotherapy, more physiomimetic cancer models, such as patient-derived organoids (PDOs), are required to evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapy agents. On the other hand, the dynamic interactions between the neoplastic cells and non-neoplastic host components in the TIME can promote carcinogenesis, tumor metastasis, cancer progression, and drug resistance of cancer cells. Indeed, tumor organoid models can properly recapitulate the TIME by preserving endogenous stromal components including various immune cells, or by adding exogenous immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), vasculature, and other components. Therefore, organoid culture platforms could model immunotherapy responses and facilitate the immunotherapy preclinical testing. Here, we discuss the various organoid culture approaches for the modeling of TIME and the applications of complex tumor organoids in testing cancer immunotherapeutics and personalized cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ping Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Huan-Rong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Xing-Liang Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University College of Medicine (Shaoxing Municipal Hospital), Shaoxing, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
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15
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Wang J, Chen C, Wang L, Xie M, Ge X, Wu S, He Y, Mou X, Ye C, Sun Y. Patient-Derived Tumor Organoids: New Progress and Opportunities to Facilitate Precision Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:872531. [PMID: 35449581 PMCID: PMC9016336 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.872531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the field of cancer treatment in recent years. However, not all patients receiving cancer immunotherapy exhibit durable responses, and reliable, high-throughput testing platforms are urgently needed to guide personalized cancer immunotherapy. The ability of patient-derived tumor organoids to recapitulate pivotal features of original cancer tissues makes them useful as a preclinical model for cancer research and precision medicine. Nevertheless, many challenges exist in the translation of tumor organoid research to clinical decision making. Herein we discuss the applications of patient-derived tumor organoid models and the advances and potential of using complex immune-organoid systems as testing platforms to facilitate precision cancer immunotherapy. In addition, we highlight intriguing applications of tumor organoids with novel multi-omics in preclinical cancer research, highlighting genetic editing, proteomics, and liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinyang Ge
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sufan Wu
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong He
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhou Mou
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Ye
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
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16
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Klowss JJ, Browning AP, Murphy RJ, Carr EJ, Plank MJ, Gunasingh G, Haass NK, Simpson MJ. A stochastic mathematical model of 4D tumour spheroids with real-time fluorescent cell cycle labelling. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210903. [PMID: 35382573 PMCID: PMC8984298 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro tumour spheroids have been used to study avascular tumour growth and drug design for over 50 years. Tumour spheroids exhibit heterogeneity within the growing population that is thought to be related to spatial and temporal differences in nutrient availability. The recent development of real-time fluorescent cell cycle imaging allows us to identify the position and cell cycle status of individual cells within the growing spheroid, giving rise to the notion of a four-dimensional (4D) tumour spheroid. We develop the first stochastic individual-based model (IBM) of a 4D tumour spheroid and show that IBM simulation data compares well with experimental data using a primary human melanoma cell line. The IBM provides quantitative information about nutrient availability within the spheroid, which is important because it is difficult to measure these data experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah J Klowss
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexander P Browning
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ryan J Murphy
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elliot J Carr
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael J Plank
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Te Pūnaha Matatini, New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence in Complex Systems and Data Analytics, New Zealand
| | - Gency Gunasingh
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nikolas K Haass
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew J Simpson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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17
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Dias I, Pinheiro D, Ribeiro Silva K, Stumbo AC, Thole A, Cortez E, de Carvalho L, Carvalho SN. Secretome effect of adipose tissue-derived stem cells cultured two-dimensionally and three-dimensionally in mice with streptozocin induced type 1 diabetes. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 2:100069. [PMID: 34988430 PMCID: PMC8710992 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To analyze therapeutic potential of the conditioned medium from adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASC) cultivated in 2D (CM-2D) and 3D (CM-3D) models, in mice with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) induced by streptozotocin. Main methods Viability andCD105 expression of 2D and 3D ASC were analyzed by flow cytometry. T1D was induced in mice by multiple injections of streptozocin. On the 28th and 29th days after the first injection of streptozocin, diabetic animals received CM-2D or CM-3D. Pancreatic, CM-2D, and CM-3D cytokines were analyzed by cytometric bead array (CBA) and insulin and PDX-1 were observed and quantified by immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis-related proteins were quantified by Western Blotting. Key findings ASC in three-dimensional culture released increased levels of IL-6 and IL-2, while IL-4 was decreased. CM-2D induced pancreatic PDX-1 expression and was able to reduce glycemia in diabetic mice one week after injections but not CM-3D. On the other hand, CM-2D and CM-3D were not able to reverse apoptosis of pancreatic cells in diabetic mice nor to increase insulin expression. Significance Together, these results demonstrate that the 3D cell culture secretome was not able to improve diabetes type 1 symptoms at the times observed, while 2D cell secretome improved glycemic levels in T1D mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Dias
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute Roberto Alcântara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Daphne Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute Roberto Alcântara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Karina Ribeiro Silva
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute Roberto Alcântara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Stumbo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute Roberto Alcântara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Thole
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute Roberto Alcântara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Erika Cortez
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute Roberto Alcântara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Laís de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute Roberto Alcântara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Simone Nunes Carvalho
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute Roberto Alcântara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
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18
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de Souza IR, Canavez ADPM, Schuck DC, Gagosian VSC, de Souza IR, Vicari T, da Silva Trindade E, Cestari MM, Lorencini M, Leme DM. Development of 3D cultures of zebrafish liver and embryo cell lines: a comparison of different spheroid formation methods. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:1893-1909. [PMID: 34379241 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fish cell spheroids are promising 3D culture models for vertebrate replacement in ecotoxicology. However, new alternative ecotoxicological methods must be adapted for applications in industry and for regulatory purposes; such methods must be cost-effective, simple to manipulate and provide rapid results. Therefore, we compared the effectiveness of the traditional hanging drop (HD), orbital shaking (OS), and HD combined with OS (HD+OS) methods on the formation of zebrafish cell line spheroids (ZFL and ZEM2S). Time in HD (3-5 days) and different 96-well plates [flat-bottom or ultra-low attachment of round-bottom (ULA-plates)] in OS were evaluated. Easy handling, rapid spheroid formation, uniform-sized spheroids, and circularity were assessed to identify the best spheroid protocol. Traditional HD alone did not result in ZFL spheroid formation, whereas HD (5 days)+OS did. When using the OS, spheroids only formed on the ULA-plate. Both HD+OS and OS were reproducible in size (177.50 ± 2.81 µm and 225.62 ± 19.20 µm, respectively) and circularity (0.83 ± 0.02 and 0.80 ± 0.01, respectively) of ZFL spheroids. Nevertheless, HD+OS required a considerable time to completely form spheroids (10 days) and intensive handling, whereas the OS was fast (5 days of incubation) and simple. OS also yielded reproducible ZEM2S spheroids in 1 day (226.23 ± 0.57 µm diameter and 0.80 ± 0.01 circularity). In conclusion, OS in ULA-plate is an effective and simple spheroid protocol for high-throughput ecotoxicity testing. This study contributes to identify a fast, reproducible, and simple protocol of single piscine spheroid formation in 96-well plates and supports the application of fish 3D model in industry and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Taynah Vicari
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcio Lorencini
- Grupo Boticário, R&D Department, São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Paraná, Brazil.
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19
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Jauković A, Abadjieva D, Trivanović D, Stoyanova E, Kostadinova M, Pashova S, Kestendjieva S, Kukolj T, Jeseta M, Kistanova E, Mourdjeva M. Specificity of 3D MSC Spheroids Microenvironment: Impact on MSC Behavior and Properties. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:853-875. [PMID: 32681232 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been considered the promising candidates for the regenerative and personalized medicine due to their self-renewal potential, multilineage differentiation and immunomodulatory capacity. Although these properties have encouraged profound MSC studies in recent years, the majority of research has been based on standard 2D culture utilization. The opportunity to resemble in vivo characteristics of cells native niche has been provided by implementation of 3D culturing models such as MSC spheroid formation assesed through cells self-assembling. In this review, we address the current literature on physical and biochemical features of 3D MSC spheroid microenvironment and their impact on MSC properties and behaviors. Starting with the reduction in the cells' dimensions and volume due to the changes in adhesion molecules expression and cytoskeletal proteins rearrangement resembling native conditions, through the microenvironment shifts in oxygen, nutrients and metabolites gradients and demands, we focus on distinctive and beneficial features of MSC in spheroids compared to cells cultured in 2D conditions. By summarizing the data for 3D MSC spheroids regarding cell survival, pluripotency, differentiation, immunomodulatory activities and potential to affect tumor cells growth we highlighted advantages and perspectives of MSC spheroids use in regenerative medicine. Further detailed analyses are needed to deepen our understanding of mechanisms responsible for modified MSC behavior in spheroids and to set future directions for MSC clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jauković
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 4, PO BOX 102, Belgrade, 11129, Serbia
| | - Desislava Abadjieva
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Drenka Trivanović
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 4, PO BOX 102, Belgrade, 11129, Serbia.,IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Clinics, Röntgenring 11, D-97070, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Bernhard-Heine-Center for Locomotion Research, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Elena Stoyanova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milena Kostadinova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Shina Pashova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Snejana Kestendjieva
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tamara Kukolj
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 4, PO BOX 102, Belgrade, 11129, Serbia
| | - Michal Jeseta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, Obilní trh 11, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Suchdol, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Kistanova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milena Mourdjeva
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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20
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Faber MN, Sojan JM, Saraiva M, van West P, Secombes CJ. Development of a 3D spheroid cell culture system from fish cell lines for in vitro infection studies: Evaluation with Saprolegnia parasitica. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:701-710. [PMID: 33434302 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the ways in which pathogens infect host cells is essential to improve and develop new treatment strategies. This study aimed to generate a novel in vitro infection model by establishing a reproducible 3D spheroid cell culture system that may lead to a reduced need for animals in fish disease research. 2D models (commonly cell lines) cannot replicate many key conditions of in vivo infections, but 3D spheroids have the potential to provide bridging technology between in vivo and in vitro systems. 3D spheroids were generated using cells from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell lines, RTG-2 and RTS-11. The RTG-2 spheroids were tested for their potential to be infected upon exposure to Saprolegnia parasitica spores. Positive infiltration of mycelia into the spheroids was verified by confocal microscopy. As a closer analogue of in vivo conditions encountered during infection, the straightforward model developed in this study shows promise as an additional tool that can be used to further our understanding of host-pathogen interactions for Saprolegnia and possibly a variety of other fish pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Faber
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jerry M Sojan
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Marcia Saraiva
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Pieter van West
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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21
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Mukomoto R, Nashimoto Y, Terai T, Imaizumi T, Hiramoto K, Ino K, Yokokawa R, Miura T, Shiku H. Oxygen consumption rate of tumour spheroids during necrotic-like core formation. Analyst 2021; 145:6342-6348. [PMID: 32716439 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00979b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the major hallmarks of solid tumours and is associated with the poor prognosis of various cancers. A multicellular aggregate, termed a spheroid, has been used as a tumour model with a necrotic-like core for more than 45 years. Oxygen metabolism in spheroids has been studied using phosphorescence quenching and oxygen-sensitive electrodes. However, these conventional methods require chemical labelling and physical insertion of the electrode into each spheroid, which may be functionally and structurally disruptive. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) can non-invasively analyse oxygen metabolism. Here, we used SECM to investigate whether the changes of the internal structure of spheroids affect the oxygen metabolism. We investigated the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of MCF-7 breast tumour spheroids with and without a necrotic-like core. A numerical simulation was used to describe a method for estimating the OCR of spheroids that settled at the bottom of the conventional culture plates. The OCR per spheroid volume decreased with increasing spheroid radius, indicating the limitation of the oxygen supply to the core of the MCF-7 spheroid. Formation of the necrotic-like core did not affect the oxygen metabolism significantly, implying that the core had minimal contribution to the OCR even before necrosis occurred. OCR analysis using SECM non-invasively monitors the change of oxygen metabolism in tumour spheroids. The approach is promising to evaluate various three-dimensional culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Mukomoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
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22
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Lee J, Lee S, Kim SM, Shin H. Size-controlled human adipose-derived stem cell spheroids hybridized with single-segmented nanofibers and their effect on viability and stem cell differentiation. Biomater Res 2021; 25:14. [PMID: 33902733 PMCID: PMC8074457 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-021-00215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fabrication of three-dimensional stem cell spheroids have been studied to improve stem cell function, but the hypoxic core and limited penetration of nutrients and signaling cues to the interior of the spheroid were challenges. The incorporation of polymers such as silica and gelatin in spheroids resulted in relatively relaxed assembly of composite spheroids, and enhancing transport of nutrient and biological gas. However, because of the low surface area between cells and since the polymers were heterogeneously distributed throughout the spheroid, these polymers cannot increase the cell to extracellular matrix interactions needed to support differentiation. METHODS We developed the stem cell spheroids that incorporate poly(ι-lactic acid) single-segmented fibers synthesized by electrospinning and physical and chemical fragmentation. The proper mixing ratio was 2000 cells/μg fibers (average length of the fibers was 50 μm - 100 μm). The SFs were coated with polydopamine to increase cell binding affinity and to synthesize various-sized spheroids. The function of spheroids was investigated by in vitro analysis depending on their sizes. For statistical analysis, Graphpad Prism 5 software (San Diego, CA, USA) was used to perform one-way analysis of variance ANOVA with Tukey's honest significant difference test and a Student's t-test (for two variables) (P < 0.05). RESULTS Spheroids of different sizes were created by modulating the amount of cells and fibers (0.063 mm2-0.322 mm2). The fibers in the spheroid were homogenously distributed and increased cell viability, while cell-only spheroids showed a loss of DNA contents, internal degradation, and many apoptotic signals. Furthermore, we investigated stemness and various functions of various-sized fiber-incorporated spheroids. In conclusion, the spheroid with the largest size showed the greatest release of angiogenic factors (released VEGF: 0.111 ± 0.004 pg/ng DNA), while the smallest size showed greater effects of osteogenic differentiation (mineralized calcium: 18.099 ± 0.271 ng/ng DNA). CONCLUSION The spheroids incorporating polydopamine coated single-segmented fibers showed enhanced viability regardless of sizes and increased their functionality by regulating the size of spheroids which may be used for various tissue reconstruction and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyu Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR, Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Kim
- BK21 FOUR, Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Physical Education and Active Aging Industry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Artificial Intelligence Muscle, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heungsoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Cho HJ, Kim HJ, Lee K, Lasli S, Ung A, Hoffman T, Nasiri R, Bandaru P, Ahadian S, Dokmeci MR, Lee J, Khademhosseini A. Bioengineered Multicellular Liver Microtissues for Modeling Advanced Hepatic Fibrosis Driven Through Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007425. [PMID: 33690979 PMCID: PMC8035291 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts in modeling liver disease in vitro, it remains difficult to recapitulate the pathogenesis of the advanced phases of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with inflammation and fibrosis. Here, a liver-on-a-chip platform with bioengineered multicellular liver microtissues is developed, composed of four major types of liver cells (hepatocytes, endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and stellate cells) to implement a human hepatic fibrosis model driven by NAFLD: i) lipid accumulation in hepatocytes (steatosis), ii) neovascularization by endothelial cells, iii) inflammation by activated Kupffer cells (steatohepatitis), and iv) extracellular matrix deposition by activated stellate cells (fibrosis). In this model, the presence of stellate cells in the liver-on-a-chip model with fat supplementation showed elevated inflammatory responses and fibrosis marker up-regulation. Compared to transforming growth factor-beta-induced hepatic fibrosis models, this model includes the native pathological and chronological steps of NAFLD which shows i) higher fibrotic phenotypes, ii) increased expression of fibrosis markers, and iii) efficient drug transport and metabolism. Taken together, the proposed platform will enable a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying fibrosis progression in NAFLD as well as the identification of new drugs for the different stages of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jong Cho
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - KangJu Lee
- Department of Healthcare Medical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Soufian Lasli
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Aly Ung
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tyler Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Praveen Bandaru
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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24
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Rodriguez Messan M, Damaghi M, Freischel A, Miao Y, Brown J, Gillies R, Wallace D. Predicting the results of competition between two breast cancer lines grown in 3-D spheroid culture. Math Biosci 2021; 336:108575. [PMID: 33757835 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2021.108575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study develops a novel model of a consumer-resource system with mobility included, in order to explain a novel experiment of competition between two breast cancer cell lines grown in 3D in vitro spheroid culture. The model reproduces observed differences in monoculture, such as overshoot phenomena and final size. It also explains both theoretically and through simulation the inevitable triumph of the same cell line in co-culture, independent of initial conditions. The mobility of one cell line (MDA-MB-231) is required to explain both the success and the rapidity with which that species dominates the population and drives the other species (MCF-7) to extinction. It is shown that mobility directly interferes with the other species and that the cost of that mobility is in resource usage rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisabel Rodriguez Messan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, United States of America.
| | - Mehdi Damaghi
- Moffitt Cancer Research Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States of America.
| | - Audrey Freischel
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States of America.
| | - Yan Miao
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States of America.
| | - Joel Brown
- Moffitt Cancer Research Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States of America.
| | - Robert Gillies
- Moffitt Cancer Research Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States of America.
| | - Dorothy Wallace
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States of America.
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25
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Grönholm M, Feodoroff M, Antignani G, Martins B, Hamdan F, Cerullo V. Patient-Derived Organoids for Precision Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3149-3155. [PMID: 33687948 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-4026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the way tumors are treated. Nevertheless, efficient and robust testing platforms are still missing, including clinically relevant human ex vivo tumor assays that allow pretreatment testing of cancer therapies and selection of the most efficient and safe therapy for a specific patient. In the case of immunotherapy, this testing platform would require not only cancer cells, but also the tumor microenvironment, including immune cells. Here, we discuss the applications of patient-derived tumor organoid cultures and the possibilities in using complex immune-organoid cultures to provide preclinical testing platforms for precision cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Grönholm
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michaela Feodoroff
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gabriella Antignani
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Beatriz Martins
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Firas Hamdan
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology and CEINGE, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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26
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Calabretta MM, Lopreside A, Montali L, Cevenini L, Roda A, Michelini E. A Genetically Encoded Bioluminescence Intracellular Nanosensor for Androgen Receptor Activation Monitoring in 3D Cell Models. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030893. [PMID: 33572727 PMCID: PMC7865915 DOI: 10.3390/s21030893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for predictive and sensitive in vitro tools for drug discovery. Split complementation assays have the potential to enlarge the arsenal of in vitro tools for compound screening, with most of them relying on well-established reporter gene assays. In particular, ligand-induced complementation of split luciferases is emerging as a suitable approach for monitoring protein–protein interactions. We hereby report an intracellular nanosensor for the screening of compounds with androgenic activity based on a split NanoLuc reporter. We also confirm the suitability of using 3D spheroids of Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK-293) cells for upgrading the 2D cell-based assay. A limit of detection of 4 pM and a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 1.7 ± 0.3 nM were obtained for testosterone with HEK293 spheroids. This genetically encoded nanosensor also represents a new tool for real time imaging of the activation state of the androgen receptor, thus being suitable for analysing molecules with androgenic activity, including new drugs or endocrine disrupting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maddalena Calabretta
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.C.); (A.L.); (L.M.); (L.C.); (A.R.)
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonia Lopreside
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.C.); (A.L.); (L.M.); (L.C.); (A.R.)
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Montali
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.C.); (A.L.); (L.M.); (L.C.); (A.R.)
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Cevenini
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.C.); (A.L.); (L.M.); (L.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.C.); (A.L.); (L.M.); (L.C.); (A.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Michelini
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.C.); (A.L.); (L.M.); (L.C.); (A.R.)
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
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27
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Daunys S, Janonienė A, Januškevičienė I, Paškevičiūtė M, Petrikaitė V. 3D Tumor Spheroid Models for In Vitro Therapeutic Screening of Nanoparticles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1295:243-270. [PMID: 33543463 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58174-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer activity of compounds and nanoparticles is most often determined in the cell monolayer. However, three-dimensional (3D) systems, such as tumor spheroids, are more representing the natural tumor microenvironment. They have been shown to have higher invasiveness and resistance to cytotoxic agents and radiotherapy compared to cells growing in 2D monolayer. Furthermore, to improve the prediction of clinical efficacy of drugs, in the past decades, even more sophisticated systems, such as multicellular 3D cultures, closely representing natural tumor microenvironment have been developed. Those cultures are formed from either cell lines or patient-derived tumor cells. Such models are very attractive and could improve the selection of tested materials for clinical trials avoiding unnecessary expensive tests in vivo. The microenvironment in tumor spheroids is different, and those differences or the interaction between several cell populations may contribute to different tumor response to the treatment. Also, different types of nanoparticles may have different behavior in 3D models, depending on their nature, physicochemical properties, the presence of targeting ligands on the surface, etc. Therefore, it is very important to understand in which cases which type of tumor spheroid is more suitable for testing specific types of nanoparticles, which conditions should be used, and which analytical method should be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonas Daunys
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agnė Janonienė
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Indrė Januškevičienė
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Miglė Paškevičiūtė
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Petrikaitė
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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28
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Im GB, Kim SW, Bhang SH. Fortifying the angiogenic efficacy of adipose derived stem cell spheroids using spheroid compaction. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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29
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Aveic S, Craveiro RB, Wolf M, Fischer H. Current Trends in In Vitro Modeling to Mimic Cellular Crosstalk in Periodontal Tissue. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001269. [PMID: 33191670 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence indicates that in physiological and therapeutic conditions a continuous remodeling of the tooth root cementum and the periodontal apparatus is required to maintain tissue strength, to prevent damage, and to secure teeth anchorage. Within the tooth's surrounding tissues, tooth root cementum and the periodontal ligament are the key regulators of a functional tissue homeostasis. While the root cementum anchors the periodontal fibers to the tooth root, the periodontal ligament itself is the key regulator of tissue resorption, the remodeling process, and mechanical signal transduction. Thus, a balanced crosstalk of both tissues is mandatory for maintaining the homeostasis of this complex system. However, the mechanobiological mechanisms that shape the remodeling process and the interaction between the tissues are largely unknown. In recent years, numerous 2D and 3D in vitro models have sought to mimic the physiological and pathophysiological conditions of periodontal tissue. They have been proposed to unravel the underlying nature of the cell-cell and the cell-extracellular matrix interactions. The present review provides an overview of recent in vitro models and relevant biomaterials used to enhance the understanding of periodontal crosstalk and aims to provide a scientific basis for advanced regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Aveic
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, 52074, Germany
- Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Pediatric Research Institute Fondazione Città della Speranza, Padova, 35127, Italy
| | - Rogerio B Craveiro
- Department of Orthodontics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Horst Fischer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, 52074, Germany
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Fröhlich E. Issues with Cancer Spheroid Models in Therapeutic Drug Screening. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2137-2148. [PMID: 32067603 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200218094200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In vitro screening for anti-cancer agents currently uses mainly cell lines in 2D culture. It is generally assumed that 3D culture, namely spheroids, represents physiologically more relevant models for tumors. Unfortunately, drug testing in spheroids is not as easy and reproducible as in 2D culture because there are factors that limit the universal use of spheroids as screening platforms. Technical problems in the generation of uniform spheroids, cell/tumor-specific differences in the ability to form spheroids, and more complex readout parameters are the main reasons for differences between spheroid data. The review discusses requirements for cancer spheroids to be representative models, suitable methodologies to generate spheroids for the screening and readout parameters for the evaluation of anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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31
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Nitta S, Hisasue M, Horiguchi Y, Yamada Y, Kikuchi K, Kubo T, Igarashi H, Neo S. Three-dimensional spheroid culture of canine hepatocyte-like cells derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Regen Ther 2020; 15:210-215. [PMID: 33426221 PMCID: PMC7770424 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Primary cultured hepatocytes are an important model for early safety evaluations of newly developed drugs. Many factors, however, hinder the wider applications of this technology, especially the difficulty to maintain these cells in long-term culture. To date, creating a stable supply of human or animal hepatocytes with proper hepatic function in vitro has not been achieved. Furthermore, frequently harvesting hepatocytes from living donors for use in culture is highly invasive and simply not feasible. We have previously reported that canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cBMSCs) can be effectively converted into induced hepatocyte-like cells (iHep cells); however, these cells had reduced function in comparison to mature hepatocytes. In recent studies, spheroid formation-based three-dimensional (3D) culture has been noted to greatly increase hepatocyte function; nevertheless, no reports have described the use of this technology for culturing canine hepatocytes. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to establish a 3D spheroid culture using converted canine iHep cells to investigate their function as hepatocytes. Methods The iHep cells were prepared by introducing two genes, namely, the Forkhead box A1 (Foxa1) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 homeobox alpha (Hnf4α), into cBMSCs seeded onto an ultra-low attachment microplate to induce spheroid formation. Thereafter, the hepatic functions of these spheroids were evaluated using immunocytochemistry, as well as qualitative and quantitative PCR. Results Notably, albumin was observed in the iHep spheroids and the expression of hepatic genes, such as albumin and drug metabolism CYP genes, could also be detected. Another interesting finding was evident upon further comparing the quantified albumin gene and CYP2E1 gene expressions in the two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture systems; notably, a 100- to 200-fold increase in gene expression levels was observed in the three-dimensional spheroids when compared to those in conventional monolayers. Conclusions Upon incorporating three-dimensional technology, we managed to achieve iHep spheroids that are closer in gene expression to living liver tissue compared to conventional monolayer cultures. Thus, we are one step closer to creating a sustainable in vitro hepatocyte model. Furthermore, we believe that this system is capable of maintaining the stable drug metabolizing capacity of canine hepatocytes in vitro, which might be useful in improving current drug assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Nitta
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hisasue
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yu Horiguchi
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamada
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kaoruko Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeaki Kubo
- Celltrust Animal Therapeutics Co., Ltd, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan.,Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Research & Development Center for Cell Therapy, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Igarashi
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sakurako Neo
- Laboratory of Clinical Diagnostics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
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Semertzidou A, Brosens JJ, McNeish I, Kyrgiou M. Organoid models in gynaecological oncology research. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 90:102103. [PMID: 32932156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture and animal models represent experimental cornerstones for the investigation of tissue, organ and body physiology in the context of gynaecological research. However, their ability to accurately reflect human mechanisms in vivo is limited. The development of organoid technologies has begun to address this limitation by providing platforms ex vivo that resemble the phenotype and genotype of the multi-cellular tissue from which they were derived more accurately. In this review, we discuss advances in organoid derivation from endometrial, ovarian, fallopian tube and cervical tissue, both benign and malignant, the manipulation of organoid microenvironment to preserve stem cell populations and achieve long-term expansion and we explore the morphological and molecular kinship of organoids to parent tissue. Apart from providing new insight into mechanisms of carcinogenesis, gynaecological cancer-derived organoids can be utilised as tools for drug screening of chemotherapeutic and hormonal compounds where they exhibit interpatient variability consistent with states in vivo and xenografted tumours allowing for patient-tailored treatment strategies. Bridging organoid with bioengineering accomplishments is clearly the way forward to the generation of organoid-on-a-chip technologies enhancing the robustness of the model and its translational potential. Undeniably, organoids are expected to stand their ground in the years to come and revolutionize development and disease modelling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Semertzidou
- Department of Surgery and Cancer & Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea - Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Jan J Brosens
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Iain McNeish
- Department of Surgery and Cancer & Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Maria Kyrgiou
- Department of Surgery and Cancer & Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea - Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK.
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Patil PS, Mansouri M, Leipzig ND. Fluorinated Chitosan Microgels to Overcome Internal Oxygen Transport Deficiencies in Microtissue Culture Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900250. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pritam S. Patil
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering Whitby Hall University of Akron Akron OH 44325‐3906 USA
| | - Mona Mansouri
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering Whitby Hall University of Akron Akron OH 44325‐3906 USA
| | - Nic D. Leipzig
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering Whitby Hall University of Akron Akron OH 44325‐3906 USA
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Datta R, Heaster TM, Sharick JT, Gillette AA, Skala MC. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy: fundamentals and advances in instrumentation, analysis, and applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-43. [PMID: 32406215 PMCID: PMC7219965 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.7.071203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a powerful technique to distinguish the unique molecular environment of fluorophores. FLIM measures the time a fluorophore remains in an excited state before emitting a photon, and detects molecular variations of fluorophores that are not apparent with spectral techniques alone. FLIM is sensitive to multiple biomedical processes including disease progression and drug efficacy. AIM We provide an overview of FLIM principles, instrumentation, and analysis while highlighting the latest developments and biological applications. APPROACH This review covers FLIM principles and theory, including advantages over intensity-based fluorescence measurements. Fundamentals of FLIM instrumentation in time- and frequency-domains are summarized, along with recent developments. Image segmentation and analysis strategies that quantify spatial and molecular features of cellular heterogeneity are reviewed. Finally, representative applications are provided including high-resolution FLIM of cell- and organelle-level molecular changes, use of exogenous and endogenous fluorophores, and imaging protein-protein interactions with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Advantages and limitations of FLIM are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS FLIM is advantageous for probing molecular environments of fluorophores to inform on fluorophore behavior that cannot be elucidated with intensity measurements alone. Development of FLIM technologies, analysis, and applications will further advance biological research and clinical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupsa Datta
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Heaster
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Joe T. Sharick
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Amani A. Gillette
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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Pavlacky J, Polak J. Technical Feasibility and Physiological Relevance of Hypoxic Cell Culture Models. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:57. [PMID: 32153502 PMCID: PMC7046623 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is characterized as insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues and cells in the body and is prevalent in many human physiology processes and diseases. Thus, it is an attractive state to experimentally study to understand its inner mechanisms as well as to develop and test therapies against pathological conditions related to hypoxia. Animal models in vivo fail to recapitulate some of the key hallmarks of human physiology, which leads to human cell cultures; however, they are prone to bias, namely when pericellular oxygen concentration (partial pressure) does not respect oxygen dynamics in vivo. A search of the current literature on the topic revealed this was the case for many original studies pertaining to experimental models of hypoxia in vitro. Therefore, in this review, we present evidence mandating for the close control of oxygen levels in cell culture models of hypoxia. First, we discuss the basic physical laws required for understanding the oxygen dynamics in vitro, most notably the limited diffusion through a liquid medium that hampers the oxygenation of cells in conventional cultures. We then summarize up-to-date knowledge of techniques that help standardize the culture environment in a replicable fashion by increasing oxygen delivery to the cells and measuring pericellular levels. We also discuss how these tools may be applied to model both constant and intermittent hypoxia in a physiologically relevant manner, considering known values of partial pressure of tissue normoxia and hypoxia in vivo, compared to conventional cultures incubated at rigid oxygen pressure. Attention is given to the potential influence of three-dimensional tissue cultures and hypercapnia management on these models. Finally, we discuss the implications of these concepts for cell cultures, which try to emulate tissue normoxia, and conclude that the maintenance of precise oxygen levels is important in any cell culture setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Pavlacky
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Polak
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jan Polak
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Brodaczewska KK, Bielecka ZF, Maliszewska-Olejniczak K, Szczylik C, Porta C, Bartnik E, Czarnecka AM. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma cells growing in 3D on poly‑D‑lysine or laminin present a stem‑like phenotype and drug resistance. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:1878-1892. [PMID: 31545459 PMCID: PMC6788014 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
3D spheroids are built by heterogeneous cell types in different proliferative and metabolic states and are enriched in cancer stem cells. The main aim of the study was to investigate the usefulness of a novel metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) 3D spheroid culture for in vitro cancer stem cell physiology research and drug toxicity screening. RCC cell lines, Caki-1 (skin metastasis derived) and ACHN (pleural effusion derived), were efficiently cultured in growth-factor/serum deprived, defined, StemXvivo and Nutristem medium on laminin-coated or poly-D-lysine-coated plates. In optimal 3D culture conditions, ACHN cells (StemXVivo/poly-D-lysine) formed small spheroids with remaining adherent cells of an epithelial phenotype, while Caki-1 cells (StemXVivo/laminin) formed large dark spheroids with significantly reduced cell viability in the center. In the 3D structures, expression levels of genes encoding stem transcription factors (OCT4, SOX2, NES) and RCC stem cell markers (CD105, CD133) were deregulated in comparison to these expression levels in traditional 2D culture. Sunitinib, epirubicin and doxycycline were more toxic to cells cultured in monolayers than for cells in 3D spheroids. High numbers of cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle were found in spheroids under sunitinib treatment. We showed that metastatic RCC 3D spheroids supported with ECM are a useful model to determine the cancer cell growth characteristics that are not found in adherent 2D cultures. Due to the more complex architecture, spheroids may mimic in vivo micrometastases and may be more appropriate to investigate novel drug candidate responses, including the direct effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitor activity against RCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia K Brodaczewska
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, 04‑141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia F Bielecka
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, 04‑141 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Cezary Szczylik
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, 04‑141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Camillo Porta
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, I‑27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, 04‑141 Warsaw, Poland
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Bonafè F, Pazzini C, Marchionni S, Guarnieri C, Muscari C. Complete Disaggregation of MCF-7-derived Breast Tumour Spheroids with Very Low Concentrations of α-Mangostin Loaded in CD44 Thioaptamer-tagged Nanoparticles. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:33-42. [PMID: 30662326 PMCID: PMC6332479 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.28135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: α-Mangostin (αMG) is a natural substance that exerts a wide range of antitumor effects. Recently, we described that free αMG was able to dissociate multicellular tumour spheroids (MCTSs) generated from breast carcinoma cells and to reduce their cellular viability and motility. Here, αMG was encapsulated into lipidic nanoparticles (NPs), conjugated or not to a CD44 thioaptamer, and the anticancer action evaluated against MCF-7 breast MCTSs. Methods: NPs containing αMG were formulated with a core of polylactic-co-glycolyc acid. Some of them were decorated with a CD44 thioaptamer using as catalysts 1-ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide. Both size and density of MCF-7-derived MCTSs were monitored during 72 h of treatment with NPs carrying 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 μg/ml final concentrations of αMG. MCTSs were cultured on Matrigel or gelatine to better simulate the extracellular environment. Results: The NPs without thioaptamer and conveying 0.1 μg/ml αMG caused a significant dissociation of the MCTSs grown in gelatine after 24 h of treatment (p < 0.01). The most significant disaggregation of MCTSs was obtained using NPs carrying 0.5 μg/ml αMG (p < 0.01). A similar dissociating effect was observed when MCTSs were cultured in Matrigel under the same conditions for 48 - 72 h. By contrast, only concentrations over 1.0 μg/ml of free αMG were able to provoke a damage to MCTSs, consisting in a substantial reduction in their size (p < 0.05). Since the MCTS dissociation induced by αMG-loaded NPs occurred only in the presence of Matrigel or gelatine, an impairment of cell contacts to collagen fibres was likely responsible of this effect. Finally, the treatment of MCTSs with αMG-loaded NPs that were conjugated to the CD44 thioaptamer caused a similar decrease in density but a lower expansion of the spheroid, suggesting that a significant number of cells were died or arrested in cycle. Conclusion: Very low concentrations of αMG delivered by lipidic NPs are sufficient to provoke a substantial disaggregation of MCF-7 MCTSs that involves cell-to-collagen contacts. Similarly, the treatment of MCTSs with NPs conjugated to a CD44 thioaptamer leads to MCTS dissociation but through a more damaging action that causes also a reduction in cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonafè
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Pazzini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchionni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Guarnieri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Muscari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Jackson SK. Applications of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy in the Study of Oxidative Stress in Biological Systems. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1990:93-102. [PMID: 31148065 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9463-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is the most direct and powerful method for the detection and identification of free radicals and other molecules with unpaired electrons. Such species are generated by and are crucial to mechanisms of oxidative stress in biological systems, and EPR spectroscopy offers a unique ability to detect, identify, and quantitate free radicals to aid our understanding of the role of these species in oxidative stress. This chapter outlines the application of EPR spectroscopy to the study of important reactive oxygen and nitrogen molecules in biological systems including their detection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon K Jackson
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
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Michelini E, Calabretta MM, Cevenini L, Lopreside A, Southworth T, Fontaine DM, Simoni P, Branchini BR, Roda A. Smartphone-based multicolor bioluminescent 3D spheroid biosensors for monitoring inflammatory activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 123:269-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yilmazer A. Evaluation of cancer stemness in breast cancer and glioblastoma spheroids in vitro. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:390. [PMID: 30175027 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of spheroid formation, as a model of three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, on the cancer stemness of human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human glioma (U87-MG) cell lines was analyzed. We compared the expression of pluripotency genes, the presence of various cancer stem cell populations, migration and proliferation capacities of cells cultured as monolayers or spheroids. MCF-7 cells formed uniform spheroids in vitro, upregulated the expression of stem cell markers both at gene and protein levels and increased their migration capacities when cultured in 3D systems. When a CSC targeting metabolic drug, metformin was used, multiple drug resistance genes (ABC transporters) were downregulated and the anti-cancer activity of 5-fluorouracil was enhanced. In summary, this study proved that the use of 3D culture systems such as spheroids can be used in CSC-related research. Therefore, studies involving 3D culture systems will help scientists to discover new CSC markers, show more realistic drug responses, and better evaluate tumor proliferation and morphology changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Açelya Yilmazer
- 1Biomedical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Ankara University, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
- 2Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Balgat, Ankara, Turkey
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Ng SS, Saeb-Parsy K, Blackford SJI, Segal JM, Serra MP, Horcas-Lopez M, No DY, Mastoridis S, Jassem W, Frank CW, Cho NJ, Nakauchi H, Glenn JS, Rashid ST. Human iPS derived progenitors bioengineered into liver organoids using an inverted colloidal crystal poly (ethylene glycol) scaffold. Biomaterials 2018; 182:299-311. [PMID: 30149262 PMCID: PMC6131727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Generation of human organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers exciting possibilities for developmental biology, disease modelling and cell therapy. Significant advances towards those goals have been hampered by dependence on animal derived matrices (e.g. Matrigel), immortalized cell lines and resultant structures that are difficult to control or scale. To address these challenges, we aimed to develop a fully defined liver organoid platform using inverted colloid crystal (ICC) whose 3-dimensional mechanical properties could be engineered to recapitulate the extracellular niche sensed by hepatic progenitors during human development. iPSC derived hepatic progenitors (IH) formed organoids most optimally in ICC scaffolds constructed with 140 μm diameter pores coated with type I collagen in a two-step process mimicking liver bud formation. The resultant organoids were closer to adult tissue, compared to 2D and 3D controls, with respect to morphology, gene expression, protein secretion, drug metabolism and viral infection and could integrate, vascularise and function following implantation into livers of immune-deficient mice. Preliminary interrogation of the underpinning mechanisms highlighted the importance of TGFβ and hedgehog signalling pathways. The combination of functional relevance with tuneable mechanical properties leads us to propose this bioengineered platform to be ideally suited for a range of future mechanistic and clinical organoid related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Seng Ng
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and the Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel J I Blackford
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Joe M Segal
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Maria Paola Serra
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Marta Horcas-Lopez
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Da Yoon No
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sotiris Mastoridis
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Wayel Jassem
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Curtis W Frank
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nam Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Glenn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - S Tamir Rashid
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Sarkar S, Peng CC, Kuo CW, Chueh DY, Wu HM, Liu YH, Chen P, Tung YC. Study of oxygen tension variation within live tumor spheroids using microfluidic devices and multi-photon laser scanning microscopy. RSC Adv 2018; 8:30320-30329. [PMID: 35546825 PMCID: PMC9085395 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05505j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell spheroid culture using microfluidic devices provides a convenient in vitro model for studying tumour spheroid structures and internal microenvironments. Recent studies suggest that oxygen deprived zones inside solid tumors are responsible for stimulating local cytokines and endothelial vasculature proliferation during angiogenesis. In this work, we develop an integrated approach combining microfluidic devices and multi-photon laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM) to study variations in oxygen tension within live spheroids of human osteosarcoma cells. Uniform shaped, size-controlled spheroids are grown and then harvested using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based microfluidic device. Fluorescence live imaging of the harvested spheroids is performed using MPLSM and a commercially available oxygen sensitive dye, Image-iT Red, to observe the oxygen tension variation within the spheroids and those co-cultured with monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Oxygen tension variations are observed within the spheroids with diameters ranging from 90 ± 10 μm to 140 ± 10 μm. The fluorescence images show that the low-oxygenated cores diminish when spheroids are co-cultured with HUVEC monolayers for 6 hours to 8 hours. In the experiments, spheroids subjected to HUVEC conditioned medium treatment and with a cell adherent substrate are also measured and analyzed to study their significance on oxygen tension within the spheroids. The results show that the oxygenation within the spheroids is improved when the spheroids are cultured under those conditions. Our work presents an efficient method to study oxygen tension variation within live tumor spheroids under the influence of endothelial cells and conditioned medium. The method can be exploited for further investigation of tumor oxygen microenvironments during angiogenesis. This paper reports an integrated approach combining microfluidic devices and multi-photon laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM) to study variations in oxygen tension within live spheroids of human osteosarcoma cells under various culture conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerupa Sarkar
- Department of Engineering and System Science
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
| | - Chien-Chung Peng
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Chiung Wen Kuo
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Di-Yen Chueh
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Mei Wu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hsuan Liu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Tung
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP)
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43
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Millard M, Yakavets I, Zorin V, Kulmukhamedova A, Marchal S, Bezdetnaya L. Drug delivery to solid tumors: the predictive value of the multicellular tumor spheroid model for nanomedicine screening. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:7993-8007. [PMID: 29184400 PMCID: PMC5673046 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s146927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of publications on the subject shows that nanomedicine is an attractive field for investigations aiming to considerably improve anticancer chemotherapy. Based on selective tumor targeting while sparing healthy tissue, carrier-mediated drug delivery has been expected to provide significant benefits to patients. However, despite reduced systemic toxicity, most nanodrugs approved for clinical use have been less effective than previously anticipated. The gap between experimental results and clinical outcomes demonstrates the necessity to perform comprehensive drug screening by using powerful preclinical models. In this context, in vitro three-dimensional models can provide key information on drug behavior inside the tumor tissue. The multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) model closely mimics a small avascular tumor with the presence of proliferative cells surrounding quiescent cells and a necrotic core. Oxygen, pH and nutrient gradients are similar to those of solid tumor. Furthermore, extracellular matrix (ECM) components and stromal cells can be embedded in the most sophisticated spheroid design. All these elements together with the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) play a key role in drug transport, and therefore, the MCTS model is appropriate to assess the ability of NP to penetrate the tumor tissue. This review presents recent developments in MCTS models for a better comprehension of the interactions between NPs and tumor components that affect tumor drug delivery. MCTS is particularly suitable for the high-throughput screening of new nanodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Millard
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine.,Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Ilya Yakavets
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine.,Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratory of Biophysics and Biotechnology
| | - Vladimir Zorin
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Biotechnology.,International Sakharov Environmental Institute, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Aigul Kulmukhamedova
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine.,Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Department of Radiology, Medical Company Sunkar, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Sophie Marchal
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine.,Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Lina Bezdetnaya
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine.,Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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44
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Murphy KC, Hung BP, Browne-Bourne S, Zhou D, Yeung J, Genetos DC, Leach JK. Measurement of oxygen tension within mesenchymal stem cell spheroids. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2016.0851. [PMID: 28179546 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spheroids formed of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit increased cell survival and trophic factor secretion compared with dissociated MSCs, making them therapeutically advantageous for cell therapy. Presently, there is no consensus for the mechanism of action. Many hypothesize that spheroid formation potentiates cell function by generating a hypoxic core within spheroids of sufficiently large diameters. The purpose of this study was to experimentally determine whether a hypoxic core is generated in MSC spheroids by measuring oxygen tension in aggregates of increasing diameter and correlating oxygen tension values with cell function. MSC spheroids were formed with 15 000, 30 000 or 60 000 cells per spheroid, resulting in radii of 176 ± 8 µm, 251 ± 12 µm and 353 ± 18 µm, respectively. Oxygen tension values coupled with mathematical modelling revealed a gradient that varied less than 10% from the outer diameter within the largest spheroids. Despite the modest radial variance in oxygen tension, cellular metabolism from spheroids significantly decreased as the number of cells and resultant spheroid size increased. This may be due to adaptive reductions in matrix deposition and packing density with increases in spheroid diameter, enabling spheroids to avoid the formation of a hypoxic core. Overall, these data provide evidence that the enhanced function of MSC spheroids is not oxygen mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin C Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ben P Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen Browne-Bourne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dejie Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jessica Yeung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Damian C Genetos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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45
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Langan LM, Harper GM, Owen SF, Purcell WM, Jackson SK, Jha AN. Application of the rainbow trout derived intestinal cell line (RTgutGC) for ecotoxicological studies: molecular and cellular responses following exposure to copper. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:1117-1133. [PMID: 28785844 PMCID: PMC5617881 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an acknowledged need for in vitro fish intestinal model to help understand dietary exposure to chemicals in the aquatic environment. The presence and use of such models is however largely restrictive due to technical difficulties in the culturing of enterocytes in general and the availability of appropriate established cell lines in particular. In this study, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal derived cell line (RTgutGC) was used as a surrogate for the "gut sac" method. To facilitate comparison, RTgutGC cells were grown as monolayers (double-seeded) on permeable Transwell supports leading to a two-compartment intestinal model consisting of polarised epithelium. This two-compartment model divides the system into an upper apical (lumen) and a lower basolateral (portal blood) compartment. In our studies, these cells stained weakly for mucosubstances, expressed the tight junction protein ZO-1 in addition to E-cadherin and revealed the presence of polarised epithelium in addition to microvilli protrusions. The cells also revealed a comparable transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) to the in vivo situation. Importantly, the cell line tolerated apical saline (1:1 ratio) thus mimicking the intact organ to allow assessment of uptake of compounds across the intestine. Following an exposure over 72 h, our study demonstrated that the RTgutGC cell line under sub-lethal concentrations of copper sulphate (Cu) and modified saline solutions demonstrated uptake of the metal with saturation levels comparable to short term ex situ gut sac preparations. Gene expression analysis revealed no significant influence of pH or time on mRNA expression levels of key stress related genes (i.e. CYP3A, GST, mtA, Pgp and SOD) in the Transwell model. However, significant positive correlations were found between all genes investigated suggesting a co-operative relationship amongst the genes studied. When the outlined characteristics of the cell line are combined with the division of compartments, the RTgutGC double seeded model represents a potential animal replacement model for ecotoxicological studies. Overall, this model could be used to study the effects and predict aquatic gastrointestinal permeability of metals and other environmentally relevant contaminants in a cost effective and high throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Langan
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Glenn M Harper
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Alderly Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Wendy M Purcell
- School of Biomedical and Health Care Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Simon K Jackson
- School of Biomedical and Health Care Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
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46
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Riffle S, Pandey RN, Albert M, Hegde RS. Linking hypoxia, DNA damage and proliferation in multicellular tumor spheroids. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:338. [PMID: 28521819 PMCID: PMC5437385 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multicellular Tumor Spheroids are frequently used to mimic the regionalization of proliferation and the hypoxic environment within avascular tumors. Here we exploit these features to study the activation of DNA damage repair pathways and their correlation to developing hypoxia. Methods Activation of DNA damage repair markers, proliferation, cell death, glycogen accumulation and developing hypoxia were investigated using immunofluorescence, immuno-histochemistry, EdU incorporation, Western blots, COMET assays, and pharmacological agents in A673 Ewing sarcoma spheroids and monolayer cultures. Results DNA damage marker γ-H2AX is observed in the hypoxic, peri-necrotic region of growing spheroids. While most proliferating cells are seen on the spheroid surface, there are also a few Ki-67 positive cells in the hypoxic zone. The hypoxia-induced phosphorylation of H2AX to form γ-H2AX in spheroids is attenuated by the ATM inhibitor KU55933, but not the ATR inhibitor VE-821. Conclusion Tumor spheroids mimic tumor microenvironments such as the anoxic, hypoxic and oxic niches within solid tumors, as well as populations of cells that are viable, proliferating, and undergoing DNA damage repair processes under these different micro-environmental conditions. ATM, but not ATR, is the primary kinase responsible for γ-H2AX formation in the hypoxic core of A673 spheroids. Spheroids could offer unique advantages in testing therapeutics designed to target malignant cells that evade conventional treatment strategies by adapting to the hypoxic tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Riffle
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Ram Naresh Pandey
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Morgan Albert
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Rashmi S Hegde
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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47
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Oxygen imaging of living cells and tissues using luminescent molecular probes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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48
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Cevenini L, Calabretta MM, Lopreside A, Branchini BR, Southworth TL, Michelini E, Roda A. Bioluminescence Imaging of Spheroids for High‐throughput Longitudinal Studies on 3D Cell Culture Models. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:531-535. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cevenini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | | | - Antonia Lopreside
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | | | | | - Elisa Michelini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” University of Bologna Bologna Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies‐Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST‐ICIR) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
- INBB, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi Roma Italy
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” University of Bologna Bologna Italy
- INBB, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi Roma Italy
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49
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Baron MG, Mintram KS, Owen SF, Hetheridge MJ, Moody AJ, Purcell WM, Jackson SK, Jha AN. Pharmaceutical Metabolism in Fish: Using a 3-D Hepatic In Vitro Model to Assess Clearance. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168837. [PMID: 28045944 PMCID: PMC5207725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
At high internal doses, pharmaceuticals have the potential for inducing biological/pharmacological effects in fish. One particular concern for the environment is their potential to bioaccumulate and reach pharmacological levels; the study of these implications for environmental risk assessment has therefore gained increasing attention. To avoid unnecessary testing on animals, in vitro methods for assessment of xenobiotic metabolism could aid in the ecotoxicological evaluation. Here we report the use of a 3-D in vitro liver organoid culture system (spheroids) derived from rainbow trout to measure the metabolism of seven pharmaceuticals using a substrate depletion assay. Of the pharmaceuticals tested, propranolol, diclofenac and phenylbutazone were metabolised by trout liver spheroids; atenolol, metoprolol, diazepam and carbamazepine were not. Substrate depletion kinetics data was used to estimate intrinsic hepatic clearance by this spheroid model, which was similar for diclofenac and approximately 5 fold higher for propranolol when compared to trout liver microsomal fraction (S9) data. These results suggest that liver spheroids could be used as a relevant and metabolically competent in vitro model with which to measure the biotransformation of pharmaceuticals in fish; and propranolol acts as a reproducible positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Baron
- School of Biological Science, Plymouth University, Devon, United Kingdom
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kate S. Mintram
- School of Biological Science, Plymouth University, Devon, United Kingdom
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart F. Owen
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SFO); (ANJ)
| | | | - A. John Moody
- School of Biological Science, Plymouth University, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy M. Purcell
- School of Biomedical & Healthcare Science, Plymouth University, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Simon K. Jackson
- School of Biomedical & Healthcare Science, Plymouth University, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Awadhesh N. Jha
- School of Biological Science, Plymouth University, Devon, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SFO); (ANJ)
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50
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Zagaynova EV, Druzhkova IN, Mishina NM, Ignatova NI, Dudenkova VV, Shirmanova MV. Imaging of Intracellular pH in Tumor Spheroids Using Genetically Encoded Sensor SypHer2. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1035:105-119. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67358-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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