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Li H, Hou M, Zhang P, Ren L, Guo Y, Zou L, Cao J, Bai Z. Wedelolactone suppresses breast cancer growth and metastasis via regulating TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2024; 76:1038-1050. [PMID: 38848454 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgae065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast cancer is a malignant tumor with high invasion and metastasis. TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is crucially involved in the growth and metastasis of breast cancer. Wedelolactone (Wed) is extracted from herbal medicine Ecliptae Herba, which is reported to have antineoplastic activity. Here, we aimed to elucidate the efficacy and mechanism of Wed against breast cancer. METHODS The effects of Wed on migration and invasion of 4T1 were detected. The expression of EMT-related markers was detected by Western blot and qPCR. The 4T1 orthotopic murine breast cancer model was established to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Wed on the growth and metastasis of breast cancer through TGF-β1/Smad pathway. RESULTS Wed inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of 4T1. It exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of p-Smad2/3. Wed also reversed the expression of EMT-markers induced by TGF-β1. In addition, Wed suppressed the growth and metastasis of breast cancer in mice. It also affected p-Smad3 expression as well as EMT-related genes, suggesting that its anti-breast cancer effect may be related to the TGF-β1/Smad pathway. CONCLUSION Wed reverses EMT by regulating TGF-β1/Smad pathway, potentially serving as a therapeutic agent for breast cancer. Wed is expected to be a potential drug to inhibit TGF-β1/Smad pathway-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Manting Hou
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lutong Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Junling Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
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Yim IS, Laronde DM. Biomarkers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition: E-cadherin and beta-catenin in malignant transformation of oral lesions. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE : CJDH = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE L'HYGIENE DENTAIRE : JCHD 2024; 58:111-119. [PMID: 38974823 PMCID: PMC11223640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Objective Detecting oral lesions at high risk of becoming cancer may enable early interventions to prevent oral cancer. The diagnosis of dysplasia in an oral lesion is used to predict this risk but is subject to interobserver and intraobserver variability. Studying biomarkers or molecular markers that reflect underlying molecular alterations can serve as an additional and objective method of risk assessment. E-cadherin and beta-catenin, molecular markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), potentially contribute to early malignant progression in oral tissue. This narrative review provides an overview of EMT, its relation to oral cancer, and the interaction among E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and the Wnt pathway in malignant progression of oral tissue. Methods Full-text literature on EMT, E-cadherin, beta-catenin, oral epithelial dysplasia, and oral cancer was retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar. Results Sixty original research articles, reviews, and consensus statements were selected for review. Discussion EMT, a biological mechanism characterized by epithelial and mesenchymal changes, can contribute to cancer development. Molecular markers of EMT including TWIST, vimentin, and N-cadherin may serve as prognostic markers of oral cancer. Dependent on Wnt pathway activity and the loss of membranous E-cadherin, E-cadherin and beta-catenin can play various roles along the spectrum of malignant progression, including tumour inhibition, early tumour progression, and late-stage tumour progression. Cross-sectional immunohistochemical research has found changes in expression patterns of E-cadherin and beta-catenin from normal oral tissue, oral epithelial dysplasia, to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion Future research should explore the longitudinal role of EMT markers in predicting malignant progression in oral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilena S Yim
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Oral Cancer Prevention Program, Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Denise M Laronde
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Oral Cancer Prevention Program, Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Pawlicka M, Gumbarewicz E, Błaszczak E, Stepulak A. Transcription Factors and Markers Related to Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Their Role in Resistance to Therapies in Head and Neck Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1354. [PMID: 38611032 PMCID: PMC11010970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are heterogeneous and aggressive tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract. Although various histological types exist, the most common is squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The incidence of HNSCC is increasing, making it an important public health concern. Tumor resistance to contemporary treatments, namely, chemo- and radiotherapy, and the recurrence of the primary tumor after its surgical removal cause huge problems for patients. Despite recent improvements in these treatments, the 5-year survival rate is still relatively low. HNSCCs may develop local lymph node metastases and, in the most advanced cases, also distant metastases. A key process associated with tumor progression and metastasis is epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), when poorly motile epithelial tumor cells acquire motile mesenchymal characteristics. These transition cells can invade different adjacent tissues and finally form metastases. EMT is governed by various transcription factors, including the best-characterized TWIST1 and TWIST2, SNAIL, SLUG, ZEB1, and ZEB2. Here, we highlight the current knowledge of the process of EMT in HNSCC and present the main protein markers associated with it. This review focuses on the transcription factors related to EMT and emphasizes their role in the resistance of HNSCC to current chemo- and radiotherapies. Understanding the role of EMT and the precise molecular mechanisms involved in this process may help with the development of novel anti-cancer therapies for this type of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrzej Stepulak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.P.); (E.G.); (E.B.)
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Du YQ, Yuan B, Ye YX, Zhou FL, Liu H, Huang JJ, Wei YF. Plumbagin Regulates Snail to Inhibit Hepatocellular Carcinoma Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in vivo and in vitro. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2024; 11:565-580. [PMID: 38525157 PMCID: PMC10960549 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s452924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Plumbagin (PL) has been shown to effe ctively inhibit autophagy, suppressing invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. However, the specific mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PL on tumor growth factor (TGF)-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC. Methods Huh-7 cells were cultured, and in vivo models of EMT and HCC-associated lung metastasis were developed through tail vein and in situ injections of tumor cells. In vivo imaging and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to evaluate HCC modeling and lung metastasis. After PL intervention, the expression levels of Snail, vimentin, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin in the liver were evaluated through immunohistochemistry and Western blot. An in vitro TGF-β-induced cell EMT model was used to detect Snail, vimentin, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin mRNA levels through a polymerase chain reaction. Their protein levels were detected by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. Results In vivo experiments demonstrated that PL significantly reduced the expression of Snail, vimentin, and N-cadherin, while increasing the expression of E-cadherin at the protein levels, effectively inhibiting HCC and lung metastasis. In vitro experiments confirmed that PL up-regulated epithelial cell markers, down-regulated mesenchymal cell markers, and inhibited EMT levels in HCC cells. Conclusion PL inhibits Snail expression, up-regulates E-cadherin expression, and down-regulates N-cadherin and vimentin expression, preventing EMT in HCC cells and reducing lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qin Du
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xian Ye
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-ling Zhou
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Fei Wei
- Department of Physiology, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Treating High-Incidence Infectious Diseases with Integrative Medicine, Nanning, 530200, People’s Republic of China
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Çelenk F, Saruhan BG, Sağsöz H. Differential distribution of intermediate filament proteins in the bovine and ovine tongues. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13013. [PMID: 38230836 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments constitute the most heterogeneous class among the major classes of cytoskeletal proteins of mammalian cells. The 40 or more intermediate filament proteins have been classified into five types which show very specific rules of expression in specialized cell types. This study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical distribution of cytokeratins (CKs) 8, 18, and 19 as well as the intermediate filaments vimentin, laminin, and desmin in bovine and ovine tongues. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for CKs 8, 18, 19, vimentin, laminin, and desmin. Our results revealed similar immunostaining intensity and distribution among various CKs, contrasting with distinct patterns for vimentin, laminin, and desmin. Immunoreactions were primarily localized in serous acini and ductal epithelium for cytokeratins, while vimentin and laminin were evident in connective tissue, endothelium, serous acini, and desmin in striated and smooth muscles. This study highlighted the absence of CKs 8, 18, 19, vimentin, and desmin in the lingual epithelium of bovine and ovine tongues. These findings enabled the classification of epithelial cells based on their specific cytokeratin patterns. Furthermore, vimentin was identified in mesodermal tissues and organs, desmin in muscle tissue, and laminin played crucial roles in basement membrane formation, nerve tissue regeneration, innervation of epithelial taste buds, and tissue separation and connection. Our findings provide essential insights into intermediate filament dynamics at the cellular and tissue levels. They serve as a foundation for future studies using systematic molecular biological techniques in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Çelenk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Berna Güney Saruhan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Hakan Sağsöz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Su CC, Yu CC, Shih YW, Liu KL, Chen HW, Wu CC, Yang YC, Yeh EL, Li CC. Protective Effect of Alpha-Linolenic Acid on Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastasis and Apoptotic Cell Death. Nutrients 2023; 15:4992. [PMID: 38068849 PMCID: PMC10708481 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer ranks sixth among Taiwan's top 10 cancers and most patients with poor prognosis acquire metastases. The essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) has been found to diminish many cancer properties. However, the anti-cancer activity of ALA in oral cancer has yet to be determined. We examined the mechanisms underlying ALA inhibition of metastasis and induction of apoptotic cell death in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Migration and invasion assays confirmed the cancer cells' EMT capabilities, whereas flow cytometry and Western blotting identified molecular pathways in OSCC. ALA dramatically reduced cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner according to the findings. Low concentrations of ALA (100 or 200 μM) inhibit colony formation, the expression of Twist and EMT-related proteins, the expression of MMP2/-9 proteins, and enzyme activity, as well as cell migration and invasion. Treatment with high concentrations of ALA (200 or 400 μM) greatly increases JNK phosphorylation and c-jun nuclear accumulation and then upregulates the FasL/caspase8/caspase3 and Bid/cytochrome c/caspase9/caspase3 pathways, leading to cell death. Low concentrations of ALA inhibit SAS and GNM cell migration and invasion by suppressing Twist and downregulating EMT-related proteins or by decreasing the protein expression and enzyme activity of MMP-2/-9, whereas high concentrations of ALA promote apoptosis by activating the JNK/FasL/caspase 8/caspase 3-extrinsic pathway and the Bid/cytochrome c/caspase 9 pathway. ALA demonstrates potential as a treatment for OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chyuan Su
- Antai Medical Care Corporation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan;
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Shih
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Haw-Wen Chen
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 40678, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Wu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chen Yang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - En-Ling Yeh
- Department of Nutrition, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung-Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Li
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
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Saliem SS, Bede SY, Abdulkareem AA, Abdullah BH, Milward MR, Cooper PR. Gingival tissue samples from periodontitis patients demonstrate epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:247-255. [PMID: 36575609 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the expression of key epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in gingival tissue samples collected from patients with periodontitis. BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a process responsible for shifting epithelial-phenotype to mesenchymal-phenotype leading to loss of epithelial-barrier function. Thus, EMT could be involved as a pathogenic mechanism in periodontitis as both conditions share common promoters and signalling pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gingival tissue samples were collected from patients with periodontitis (case) and healthy periodontium (control). Periodontal parameters including bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss were recorded. Paraffinized tissue samples were processed and immunohistochemically stained to determine the expression of key EMT markers which included E-cadherin, β-catenin, Snail1 and vimentin. RESULTS The majority of cases (n = 65, 72.2%) were diagnosed with periodontitis stage 3 or 4, grade b or c vs 25 (27.8%) subjects with intact healthy periodontium. Discontinuity of epithelium was detected in up to 80.9% of periodontitis cases associated with reduced number of epithelial layers as compared to controls. Immunohistochemical expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin and β-catenin) was significantly downregulated in periodontitis patients as compared with controls. Periodontitis cases exhibited significant upregulation of Snail1 expression. Furthermore, cytoplasmic vimentin (66.2%) and nuclear β-catenin (27.7%) were solely expressed in periodontally diseased tissues compared with control. Epithelial markers, E-cadherin and β-catenin, were significantly negatively correlated with increasing PPD, while vimentin showed positive correlation with this parameter. CONCLUSION There were marked downregulation of epithelial molecules and upregulation of mesenchymal markers in gingival tissues derived from periodontitis patients, suggesting expression of the EMT phenotype in the pathological epithelial lining of periodontal pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif S Saliem
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Salwan Y Bede
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | | | | | - Paul R Cooper
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Sadeghi N, Fazli G, Bayat AA, Fatemi R, Ebrahimnejhad N, Salimi A, Zarei O, Rabbani H. Cell Surface Vimentin Detection in Cancer Cells by Peptide-Based Monoclonal Antibody. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2023; 15:68-75. [PMID: 37034891 PMCID: PMC10073919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vimentin is a prominent Intermediate Filaments (IFs) protein expressed in different mesenchymal origin cell types. Besides a wide range of cellular function roles associated with vimentin expression, its dysregulation and cell surface expression in the induction of malignancy properties have been reported extensively, making it a promising cancer-specific target. Therefore, this study aimed to generate and characterize anti-vimentin monoclonal antibodies. Methods A 14-mer synthetic peptide from vimentin was conjugated to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) and used for immunization of Blab/C mice and monoclonal production by conventional hybridoma technology. The monoclonal antibody was purified using affinity chromatography of supernatants from the selected hybridoma cells. ELISA, Immunoprecipitation-Western blotting (IP-WB), Immunocytochemistry (ICC), and flow cytometry were employed to characterize the produced monoclonal antibody in terms of interaction with vimentin immunizing peptide as well as vimentin protein. Results Amid the several obtained producing anti-vimentin antibody hybridomas, the 7C11-D9 clone (IgG1 isotype with kappa light chain) showed higher reactivity with the immunizing peptide, and led to its selection for purification and characterization. The purified antibody could detect vimentin protein in IP-WB, ICC and flow cytometry of the normal and cancerous cells with different origin. No vimentin expression was found in normal healthy Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC). Conclusion Taken together, 7C11-D9 anti-vimentin monoclonal antibody might be used as immune diagnostic or immune therapeutic tool where detection or targeting of vimentin in a wide range of organisms is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Sadeghi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Fazli
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmad Bayat
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raminasadat Fatemi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Ebrahimnejhad
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Salimi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Zarei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Hodjattallah Rabbani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Ragab Ibrahim FA, Naser Hussein ZU, Yousef AI, Abd El Moneim NA, Hussein AM, Ahmed AFM, Ragab NM, Al-Masry O. Insights on possible interplay between epithelial-mesenchymal transition and T-type voltage gated calcium channels genes in metastatic breast carcinoma. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10160. [PMID: 36060991 PMCID: PMC9434037 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common life-threatening malignancy amongst women with high incidence worldwide. In Egypt, it is the most known malignancy amongst females. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) participates in breast tumors’ invasiveness, and metastasis, but the process is poorly understood. The involvement of voltage-gated calcium channels signaling in EMT has not yet been fully explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of T-type calcium channels in metastasis and EMT among breast cancer patients. The study was carried out on 48 female breast cancer patients who were divided into two groups; metastatic and non-metastatic. qRT-PCR was employed to measure the expression of EMT marker genes (N- cadherin, E-cadherin, Snail, Vimentin and T-type VGCCs genes (CACNA1G, CACNA1H, and CACNA1I). The results of the present study revealed differential expression of the EMT marker genes in blood and tissue of non-metastatic and metastatic breast cancer patients, with a clear tendency for the mesenchymal markers to be significantly elevated in metastatic patients as well as malignant tissues taken from non-metastatic patients as compared to their paired tumor adjacent normal (TAN) tissue. Both CACNA1H and CACNA1I (T-type VGCCs oncogenes) were significantly elevated in blood of metastatic patients when compared to non-metastatic ones. In contrast, CACNA1G (tumor suppressor) exhibited a significant decrease in metastatic patients. The strong correlation between the expression of T-type VGCCs and mesenchymal marker genes in metastatic breast cancer patients casts light on the role of T-type VGCCs in metastasis and their involved in tumor invasiveness.
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2D-DIGE-Based Proteomic Profiling with Validations Identifies Vimentin as a Secretory Biomarker Useful for Early Detection and Poor Prognosis in Oral Cancers. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:4215097. [PMID: 35498535 PMCID: PMC9054473 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4215097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is an aggressive cancer with high morbidity and mortality rates, despite multimodality management. There are currently no clinically relevant molecular markers that identify patients at higher risk of recurrence and failure. We undertook 2D-DIGE proteomic profiling to study the differentially expressed proteins in OTSCC evaluating their role in prognosis. 2D-DIGE coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was performed on tissues obtained from early staged OTSCC along with its paired apparently adjacent normal tissue samples (n = 10). Top upregulated protein was validated using immunohistochemistry (n = 345), comprising of retrospective early stage OTSCC (n = 150) and prospective series of oral precancers, normal, and oral cancers (n = 195). Saliva samples collected from oral cancer and precancer samples were analyzed by ELISA (n = 146). We found statistically significant differential expression in 151 proteins out of 700 proteins quantified. Top ten differentially regulated proteins were identified using mass spectrometry analysis. We found vimentin, the mesenchymal protein, to be the most upregulated protein in tongue tumor tissues compared to adjacent apparent normal tissues. Vimentin was found to be significantly overexpressed in oral precancers along with cancers compared to normal tissues. The vimentin expression correlated significantly with differentiated states of oral precancers and cancers. Vimentin was also detected at significantly higher levels in saliva collected from oral precancer and cancer patients compared to normal healthy volunteers. Validation of vimentin in an independent series of retrospective early staged OTSCC showed that the vimentin expression is significantly associated with treatment failures and poorer DFS. The vimentin expression is useful as both poor prognostic and early detection marker in oral cancer. Vimentin detection in saliva can be a diagnostic test to detect oral precancers that may have malignant potential, needing closer follow-up, and disease monitoring.
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Inomata T, Tanaka J, Tanaka N, Tanno S, Machida T, Kurosaka M, Fushimi C. A case of T1 multiple lower jaw gingival squamous cell carcinoma cases that progressed to the parapharyngeal space. ADVANCES IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adoms.2022.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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The enhanced genomic 6 mA metabolism contributes to the proliferation and migration of TSCC cells. Int J Oral Sci 2022; 14:11. [PMID: 35177638 PMCID: PMC8854414 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the well-established genomic 5-methylcytosine (5mC), the existence of N6-methyladenine (6 mA) in eukaryotic genomes was discovered only recently. Initial studies found that it was actively regulated in cancer cells, suggesting its involvement in the process of carcinogenesis. However, the contribution of 6 mA in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) still remains uncharacterized. In this study, a pan-cancer type analysis was first performed, which revealed enhanced 6 mA metabolism in diverse cancer types. The study was then focused on the regulation of 6 mA metabolism, as well as its effects on TSCC cells. To these aspects, genome 6 mA level was found greatly increased in TSCC tissues and cultured cells. By knocking down 6 mA methylases N6AMT1 and METTL4, the level of genomic 6 mA was decreased in TSCC cells. This led to suppressed colony formation and cell migration. By contrast, knockdown of 6 mA demethylase ALKBH1 resulted in an increased 6 mA level, enhanced colony formation, and cell migration. Further study suggested that regulation of the NF-κB pathway might contribute to the enhanced migration of TSCC cells. Therefore, in the case of TSCC, we have shown that genomic 6 mA modification is involved in the proliferation and migration of cancer cells.
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Mogre S, Makani V, Pradhan S, Devre P, More S, Vaidya M, Dmello C. Biomarker Potential of Vimentin in Oral Cancers. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:150. [PMID: 35207438 PMCID: PMC8879320 DOI: 10.3390/life12020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral carcinogenesis is a multistep process. As much as 5% to 85% of oral tumors can develop from potentially malignant disorders (PMD). Although the oral cavity is accessible for visual examination, the ability of current clinical or histological methods to predict the lesions that can progress to malignancy is limited. Thus, developing biological markers that will serve as an adjunct to histodiagnosis has become essential. Our previous studies comprehensively demonstrated that aberrant vimentin expression in oral premalignant lesions correlates to the degree of malignancy. Likewise, overwhelming research from various groups show a substantial contribution of vimentin in oral cancer progression. In this review, we have described studies on vimentin in oral cancers, to make a compelling case for vimentin as a prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saie Mogre
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Vidhi Makani
- Vaidya Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (V.M.); (S.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Swapnita Pradhan
- Vaidya Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (V.M.); (S.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Pallavi Devre
- Vaidya Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (V.M.); (S.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Shyam More
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Milind Vaidya
- Vaidya Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (V.M.); (S.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Crismita Dmello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Medicine Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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14
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Sun L, Ding S, Luo Q, Wang P, Yang X, Wu L, Chen Y, Zheng X, Zhang H, Yuan L, Ruan S, Xie C. Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis (Pilg.) Florin Aqueous Extract Suppresses the Proliferation and Metastasis in Lung Carcinoma via JAK/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:736442. [PMID: 34867344 PMCID: PMC8635059 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.736442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common neoplasms globally, lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Recurrence and metastasis negatively influencing therapeutic efficacy and overall survival demand new strategies in LC treatment. The advantages of TCM are increasingly highlighted. In this study, we obtained the major chemical components and their ratios in the aqueous extract of Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis (Pilg.) Florin (AETW) by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS detection. The CCK-8 assay revealed that AETW could selectively inhibit the growth of A549 and HCC827 cells in a dose-dependent manner with little effect on normal human lung cells. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that AETW was able to suppress the capacities of cell migration and invasion and downregulate the EMT and the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. To further probe into the molecular mechanism, the overexpression of STAT3 was performed into LC cells with AETW treatment, which counteracted the inhibitory effect on malignant behaviors of A549 and HCC827 cells with the decline in the expressions of p-JAK and p-STAT3. Taken together, we propose that AETW may inhibit the proliferation and metastasis by inactivating the JAK/STAT3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leitao Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuning Ding
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Luo
- Qingbo Community Health Service Center of Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linqin Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangfan Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueer Zheng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanming Ruan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Changsheng Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
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15
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Liu PF, Shu CW, Yang HC, Lee CH, Liou HH, Ger LP, Tzeng YDT, Wang WC. Combined Evaluation of MAP1LC3B and SQSTM1 for Biological and Clinical Significance in Ductal Carcinoma of Breast Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111514. [PMID: 34829743 PMCID: PMC8615094 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. The microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (MAP1LC3B) and adaptor sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) are two major markers for autophagy. Increased protein levels of MAP1LC3B and SQSTM1 are considered to be causes of autophagy inhibition or activation in various types of cancers. However, the roles of MAP1LC3B and SQSTM1 in breast cancer are still not clear. Using a tissue microarray from 274 breast invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) patients, we found that tumor tissues showed higher protein levels of MAP1LC3B and cytoplasmic SQSTM1 in comparison to those in adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, high levels of MAP1LC3B were associated with better survival, including disease-specific survival and disease-free survival (DFS) in IDC patients. Furthermore, high co-expression of MAP1LC3B and SQSTM1 was significantly associated with better DFS in IDC patients. Astonishingly, the autophagy inhibitor accumulated the protein levels of MAP1LC3B/SQSTM1 and enhanced the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin and paclitaxel in MCF7 and BT474 breast cancer cell lines, implying that autophagy inhibition might result in poor prognosis and chemosensitivity in IDC. Taken together, high co-expression of MAP1LC3B and SQSTM1 might serve as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for IDC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Feng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (P.-F.L.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Shu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiu-Chen Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan; (H.-C.Y.); (H.-H.L.); (L.-P.G.)
| | - Cheng-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (P.-F.L.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Huei-Han Liou
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan; (H.-C.Y.); (H.-H.L.); (L.-P.G.)
| | - Luo-Ping Ger
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan; (H.-C.Y.); (H.-H.L.); (L.-P.G.)
| | - Yen-Dun Tony Tzeng
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-D.T.T.); (W.-C.W.); Tel.: +886-07-3422121-73008 (Y.-D.T.T.); +886-06-2812811-57112 (W.-C.W.)
| | - Wen-Ching Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-D.T.T.); (W.-C.W.); Tel.: +886-07-3422121-73008 (Y.-D.T.T.); +886-06-2812811-57112 (W.-C.W.)
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16
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Cysteine-Rich Intestinal Protein 1 Served as an Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Marker via Promoting Wnt/ β-Catenin-Mediated EMT and Tumour Metastasis. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:3566749. [PMID: 34413913 PMCID: PMC8369172 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3566749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the expression, functions, and the possible mechanisms of cysteine-rich intestinal protein 1 (CRIP1) in epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods Using open microarray datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we identified the tumorigenic genes in ovarian cancer. Then, we detected CRIP1 expression in 26 pairs of epithelial ovarian cancer tissue samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and performed a correlation analysis between CRIP1 and the clinicopathological features. In addition, epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines A2780 and OVCAR3 were used to examine CRIP1 expression by western blot and qRT-PCR. Various cell function experiments related to tumorigenesis were performed including the CCK8 assay, EdU, Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis assay, wound healing, and Transwell assay. In addition, the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers was detected by western blot to illustrate the relationship between CRIP1 and EMT. Furthermore, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and western blot were conducted to reveal the signaling pathways in which CRIP1 is involved in ovarian cancer pathogenesis. Results CRIP1 was identified as an oncogene from the TCGA database. The IHC score demonstrated that the CRIP1 protein was expressed at a higher level in tumours than in tumour-adjacent tissues and was associated with a higher pathological stage, grade, and positive lymphatic metastasis. In cell models, CRIP1 was overexpressed in serous epithelial ovarian cancer. Cell function experiments showed that the knockdown of CRIP1 did not significantly affect cell proliferation or apoptosis but could exert an inhibitory effect on cell migration and invasion, and also induce changes in EMT markers. Furthermore, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and western blot showed that CRIP1 could induce ovarian cancer cell metastasis through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Conclusion This study is the first to demonstrate that CRIP1 acts as an oncogene and may promote tumour metastasis by regulating the EMT-related Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that CRIP1 may be an important biomarker for ovarian cancer metastasis and progression.
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17
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González-González R, Ortiz-Sarabia G, Molina-Frechero N, Salas-Pacheco JM, Salas-Pacheco SM, Lavalle-Carrasco J, López-Verdín S, Tremillo-Maldonado O, Bologna-Molina R. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Associated with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123027. [PMID: 34204259 PMCID: PMC8234594 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are aggressive, recurrent, and metastatic neoplasms with a high occurrence around the world and can lead to death when not treated appropriately. Several molecules and signaling pathways are involved in the malignant conversion process. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been described in HNSCCs, a major type of aggressive carcinoma. EMT describes the development of epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells, which depends on several molecular interactions and signaling pathways that facilitate mesenchymal conversion. This is related to interactions with the microenvironment of the tumor, hypoxia, growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases, and the presence of viral infections. In this review, we focus on the main molecules related to EMT, their interactions with the tumor microenvironment, plasticity phenomena, epigenetic regulation, hypoxia, inflammation, their relationship with immune cells, and the inhibition of EMT in the context of HNSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio González-González
- Department of Research, School of Dentistry, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango 34000, Mexico; (R.G.-G.); (G.O.-S.); (O.T.-M.)
| | - Gamaliel Ortiz-Sarabia
- Department of Research, School of Dentistry, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango 34000, Mexico; (R.G.-G.); (G.O.-S.); (O.T.-M.)
| | - Nelly Molina-Frechero
- Xochimilco Unit, Department of Health Care, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (N.M.-F.); (J.L.-C.)
| | - José Manuel Salas-Pacheco
- Scientific Research Institute, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad S/N, Durango 34000, Mexico; (J.M.S.-P.); (S.M.S.-P.)
| | - Sergio Manuel Salas-Pacheco
- Scientific Research Institute, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad S/N, Durango 34000, Mexico; (J.M.S.-P.); (S.M.S.-P.)
| | - Jesús Lavalle-Carrasco
- Xochimilco Unit, Department of Health Care, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (N.M.-F.); (J.L.-C.)
| | - Sandra López-Verdín
- Health Science Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 4430, Mexico;
| | - Omar Tremillo-Maldonado
- Department of Research, School of Dentistry, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango 34000, Mexico; (R.G.-G.); (G.O.-S.); (O.T.-M.)
| | - Ronell Bologna-Molina
- Department of Research, School of Dentistry, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango 34000, Mexico; (R.G.-G.); (G.O.-S.); (O.T.-M.)
- Molecular Pathology Area, School of Dentistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
- Correspondence:
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18
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Sekino Y, Imaizumi A, Komune N, Ono M, Sato K, Masuda S, Fujimura A, Koike K, Hongo T, Uchi R, Onishi H, Nakagawa T. Establishment and characterization of a primary cell culture derived from external auditory canal squamous cell carcinoma. FEBS Open Bio 2021. [PMID: 34115931 PMCID: PMC8329851 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no human cancer cell lines of external auditory canal origin available for research use. This report describes the establishment of a culture condition for external auditory canal squamous cell carcinoma, derived from human tumor tissue. Successive squamous cell carcinoma colonies were dissociated by trypsin, subcultured, and maintained on a feeder layer (MMC‐TIG‐1‐20), yielding a clonally proliferating cell culture. Two morphological types of colony were observed: (a) densely packed colonies and (b) colonies with indistinct boundaries characterized by cell–cell complexes with fibroblast feeder cells. The SCC‐like characteristics of these cells were evidenced by positivity for p53, SCCA1/2, cytokeratin, and vimentin, and cancer stem cell properties were indicated by positivity for CD44, CD133, Oct3/4, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). One of the unique properties of cell cultures is their tendency to form steric colonies in vitro on feeder layer cells. In addition, in the presence of fresh macrophages, the cells very slowly transform to break away from colonies as free cells, a process that resembles the epidermal–mesenchymal transition, whereby cell–cell interactions are weakened and migration activity is enhanced. These factors are purported to play a key role in cancer cell metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sekino
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Imaizumi
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noritaka Komune
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ono
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Sato
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shogo Masuda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akiko Fujimura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Koike
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hongo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Uchi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideya Onishi
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Burandt E, Lübbersmeyer F, Gorbokon N, Büscheck F, Luebke AM, Menz A, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Hinsch A, Höflmayer D, Weidemann S, Fraune C, Möller K, Jacobsen F, Lebok P, Clauditz TS, Sauter G, Simon R, Uhlig R, Wilczak W, Steurer S, Minner S, Krech R, Dum D, Krech T, Marx AH, Bernreuther C. E-Cadherin expression in human tumors: a tissue microarray study on 10,851 tumors. Biomark Res 2021; 9:44. [PMID: 34090526 PMCID: PMC8180156 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The E-Cadherin gene (CDH1, Cadherin 1), located at 16q22.1 encodes for a calcium-dependent membranous glycoprotein with an important role in cellular adhesion and polarity maintenance. METHODS To systematically determine E-Cadherin protein expression in normal and cancerous tissues, 14,637 tumor samples from 112 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. RESULTS E-Cadherin was strongly expressed in normal epithelial cells of most organs. From 77 tumor entities derived from cell types normally positive for E-Cadherin, 35 (45.5%) retained at least a weak E-Cadherin immunostaining in ≥99% of cases and 61 (79.2%) in ≥90% of cases. Tumors with the highest rates of E-Cadherin loss included Merkel cell carcinoma, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, lobular carcinoma of the breast, and sarcomatoid and small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the urinary bladder. Reduced E-Cadherin expression was linked to higher grade (p = 0.0009), triple negative receptor status (p = 0.0336), and poor prognosis (p = 0.0466) in invasive breast carcinoma of no special type, triple negative receptor status in lobular carcinoma of the breast (p = 0.0454), advanced pT stage (p = 0.0047) and lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer (p < 0.0001), and was more common in recurrent than in primary prostate cancer (p < 0.0001). Of 29 tumor entities derived from E-Cadherin negative normal tissues, a weak to strong E-Cadherin staining could be detected in at least 10% of cases in 15 different tumor entities (51.7%). Tumors with the highest frequency of E-Cadherin upregulation included various subtypes of testicular germ cell tumors and renal cell carcinomas (RCC). E-Cadherin upregulation was more commonly seen in malignant than in benign soft tissue tumors (p = 0.0104) and was associated with advanced tumor stage (p = 0.0276) and higher grade (p = 0.0035) in clear cell RCC, and linked to advanced tumor stage (p = 0.0424) and poor prognosis in papillary RCC (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION E-Cadherin is consistently expressed in various epithelial cancers. Down-regulation or loss of E-Cadherin expression in cancers arising from E-Cadherin positive tissues as well as E-Cadherin neo-expression in cancers arising from E-Cadherin negative tissues is linked to cancer progression and may reflect tumor dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Lübbersmeyer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Sebastian Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ria Uhlig
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Krech
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Andreas Holger Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, Fuerth, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Yang A, Yang X, Wang J, Wang X, Wu H, Fan L, Li H, Li J. Effects of the Tight Junction Protein CLDN6 on Cell Migration and Invasion in High-Grade Meningioma. World Neurosurg 2021; 151:e208-e216. [PMID: 33862296 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningioma is a common tumor of the central nervous system, and malignant meningioma is highly aggressive and frequently recurs after surgical resection. Claudin 6 (CLDN6) is involved in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and plays a role in maintaining tight junctions between cells and obstructing the movement of cells to neighboring tissues. METHODS In the present study, we evaluated the effect of tight junction protein CLDN6 expression levels on meningioma invasiveness using silencing and overexpression constructs in both in vitro and in vivo models. The expression of CLDN6 at the mRNA and protein levels was measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays. RESULTS We found that CLDN6 was expressed at higher levels in normal meningeal tissue and cell samples. Next, vectors with silenced and overexpressed CLDN6 were successfully established, and the expression of CLDN6 mRNA and protein in the IOMM-Lee and CH157-MN cell lines was downregulated after transfection with siRNA-CLDN6 and upregulated by transfection of the entire CLDN6 sequence vector. An in vitro assay revealed that abrogation of CLDN6 expression added to the capacity for tumor migration and invasion relative to the overexpression of CLDN6. In addition to the in vitro evidence, we observed a significant increase in tumor growth and invasion-associated gene expression, including matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, vimentin, and N-cadherin, after silencing CLDN6 expression in vivo. CONCLUSIONS CLDN6 might play an important role in meningioma migration and invasion and, thus, might serve as a novel diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker and as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqiang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Xiaobin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Jianqiu Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Hegang Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Jiangtao Li
- Central Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China.
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21
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Bertlich M, Kitz J, Kruizenga M, Spiegel JL, Canis M, Ihler F, Haubner F, Weiss BG, Jakob M. Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Salivary Glands. Oncology 2021; 99:402-412. [PMID: 33756477 DOI: 10.1159/000514101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSC) are cells that exhibit stem cell properties and are pivotal in tumor biology. CSC markers have been described for many tumorous entities. However, to this date, there is no data on CSC markers in respect to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the salivary glands. METHODS Histologic samples from patients with salivary gland SCCs were stained for CSC markers (ALDH-1/BMI-1/SOX-2/CD-44/vimentin) and divided into high and low expression subgroups. These were then correlated with tumor and patient characteristics as well as overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival, recurrence-free survival and local control rates (LCR) after 3 and 5 years. RESULTS Overall, 31 samples were included. CD-44 and ALDH-1 expression were associated with tumor origin (metastatic/primary disease, p = 0.048 and p = 0.011, respectively). Strong BMI-1 expression was associated with poorer OS (62.9 vs. 27.3%, p = 0.029), strong SOX-2 expression was associated with poorer LCR (62.5 vs. 21.9%, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION CD-44 and ALDH-1 may be useful in differentiating between primary SCCs and metastatic disease. BMI-1 and SOX-2 are correlated with poorer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattis Bertlich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Kitz
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie Kruizenga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Lee Spiegel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Canis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Ihler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Haubner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard G Weiss
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany,
| | - Mark Jakob
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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22
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Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Exerts Its Anti-Metastatic Effect in Aerodigestive Tract Cancers by Disrupting the Protein Stability of Vimentin. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051041. [PMID: 33801272 PMCID: PMC7958122 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Local invasion and distal metastasis are the main causes of cancer-related death and the poor prognosis of patients with aerodigestive tract cancers. Therefore, understanding the biology of invasion and metastasis is important for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. The present study shows that insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) inhibits the migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells in vitro and the development of metastasized tumors in vivo. Mechanistic studies suggest vimentin as a cellular target for the antimetastatic effect of IGFBP-3. These results contribute to a better understanding on the regulation of metastasis of cancer cells, providing the rationale to utilize IGFBP-3 as an effective therapeutic strategy targeting migration and metastasis of aerodigestive tract cancers. Abstract The proapoptotic, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic activities of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) through IGF-dependent or -independent mechanisms have been suggested in various types of human cancers. However, a mechanistic explanation of and downstream targets involved in the antimetastatic effect of IGFBP-3 is still lacking. In this study, by applying various in vitro and in vivo models, we show that IGFBP-3 suppresses migration and invasion of human head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Silencing IGFBP-3 expression elevated the migration and invasion of NSCLC and HNSCC cells in vitro and their local invasion and metastasis in vivo, whereas overexpression of IGFBP-3 decreased such prometastatic changes. Local invasion of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO)-induced HNSCC tumors was consistently significantly potentiated in Igfbp3 knockout mice compared with that in wild-type mice. Mechanistically, IGFBP-3 disrupted the protein stability of vimentin via direct binding and promoting its association with the E3 ligase FBXL14, causing proteasomal degradation. The C-terminal domain of IGFBP-3 and the head domain of vimentin are essential for their interaction. These results provide a molecular framework for IGFBP-3′s IGF-independent antimetastatic and antitumor activities.
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23
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A new approach to epithelial-mesenchymal transition diagnostics in epithelial tumors: double immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry. Biotechniques 2020; 69:257-263. [PMID: 32777933 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method of double immunofluorescent staining for flow cytometry has been created to evaluate quantitative expression of mesenchymal protein vimentin only in epithelial cells of a solid tumor that is a mix of different origin cells. De novo vimentin expression is strongly associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and therefore is a metastatic potential marker of epithelial tumor cells. In comparison with semiquantitative available methods, the proposed one has several advantages, such as the accurate measurement of the marker's expression, and minimization of spatial and temporal tumor heterogeneity. Clinical validation of the method has revealed inverse correlation between the quantitative index of epithelial-mesenchymal transition level and progression-free survival using Kaplan-Meier curves and the COX proportional hazards ratio in 32 ovarian cancer patients.
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24
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Wang H, Wei H, Wang J, Li L, Chen A, Li Z. MicroRNA-181d-5p-Containing Exosomes Derived from CAFs Promote EMT by Regulating CDX2/HOXA5 in Breast Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 19:654-667. [PMID: 31955007 PMCID: PMC6970169 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, novel mechanisms underlying the pro-tumorigenic effects of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been identified in several cancers, including breast cancer. CAFs can secrete exosomes that are loaded with proteins, lipids, and RNAs to affect tumor microenvironment. Herein, we identify CAF-derived exosomes that can transfer miR-181d-5p to enhance the aggressiveness of breast cancer. Cancerous tissues and matched paracancerous tissues were surgically resected from 122 patients with breast cancer. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual luciferase reporter assays were employed to identify interaction between homeobox A5 (HOXA5) and caudal-related homeobox 2 (CDX2), as well as between CDX2 and miR-181d-5p, respectively. Human breast cancer Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cells were cocultured with CAF-derived exosomes. 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, TUNEL staining, Transwell invasion assays, and scratch tests were carried out to evaluate MCF-7 cell functions. Nude mice bearing xenografted MCF-7 cells were injected with CAF-derived exosomes, and the tumor formation was evaluated. HOXA5 expressed at a poor level in breast cancer tissues, and its overexpression retarded MCF-7 cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and facilitated its apoptosis in vitro. miR-181d-5p targets CDX2, a transcription factor binding to HOXA5 promoter. Coculture of CAFs and MCF-7 cells showed that CAFs prolonged proliferation and antagonized apoptosis of MCF-7 cells via release of exosomes. Coculture of MCF-7 cells and exosomes derived from CAFs identified miR-181d-5p as a mediator of the exosomal effects on MCF-7 cells, in part, via downregulation of CDX2 and HOXA5. CAF-derived exosomes containing miR-181d-5p promoted the tumor growth of nude mice bearing xenografted MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, exosomal miR-181d-5p plays a key role in CAF-mediated effects on tumor environment in breast cancer, likely via CDX2 and HOXA5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Wang
- The Second Ward, Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wei
- In-Patient Department of Ultrasound, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Wang
- The Second Ward, Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- The Second Ward, Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Anyue Chen
- The Second Ward, Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigao Li
- The Second Ward, Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Hsu PJ, Yan K, Shi H, Izumchenko E, Agrawal N. Molecular biology of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2020; 102:104552. [PMID: 31918173 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.104552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) is a heterogeneous and complex disease that arises due to dysfunction of multiple molecular signaling pathways. Recent advances in high-throughput genetic sequencing technologies coupled with innovative analytical techniques have begun to characterize the molecular determinants driving OCSCC. An understanding of the key molecular signaling networks underlying the initiation and progression of is essential for informing treatment of the disease. In this chapter, we discuss recent findings of key genes altered in OCSCC and potential treatments targeting these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Hsu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kenneth Yan
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hailing Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Section of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nishant Agrawal
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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26
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Lepore S, Lettini G, Condelli V, Sisinni L, Piscazzi A, Simeon V, Zoppoli P, Pedicillo MC, Natalicchio MI, Pietrafesa M, Landriscina M. Comparative Gene Expression Profiling of Tobacco-Associated HPV-Positive versus Negative Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cell Lines. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:112-124. [PMID: 31929745 PMCID: PMC6945558 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.35133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: HPV-positive oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are specific biological and clinical entities, characterized by a more favorable prognosis compared to HPV-negative OSCCs and occurring generally in non-smoking and non-drinking younger individuals. However, poor information is available on the molecular and the clinical behavior of HPV-positive oral cancers occurring in smoking/drinking subjects. Thus, this study was designed to compare, at molecular level, two OSCC cell lines, both derived from drinking and smoking individuals and differing for presence/absence of HPV infection. Methods: HPV-negative UPCI-SCC-131 and HPV16-positive UPCI-SCC-154 cell lines were compared by whole genome gene expression profiling and subsequently studied for activation of Wnt/βCatenin signaling pathway by the expression of several Wnt-target genes, βCatenin intracellular localization, stem cell features and miRNA let-7e. Gene expression data were validated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) public datasets. Results: Gene expression analysis identified Wnt/βCatenin pathway as the unique signaling pathway more active in HPV-negative compared to HPV-positive OSCC cells and this observation was confirmed upon evaluation of several Wnt-target genes (i.e., Cyclin D1, Cdh1, Cdkn2a, Cd44, Axin2, c-Myc and Tcf1). Interestingly, HPV-negative OSCC cells showed higher levels of total βCatenin and its active form, increase of its nuclear accumulation and more prominent stem cell traits. Furthermore, miRNA let-7e was identified as potential upstream regulator responsible for the downregulation of Wnt/βCatenin signaling cascade since its silencing in UPCI-SCC-154 cell resulted in upregulation of Wnt-target genes. Finally, the analysis of two independent gene expression public datasets of human HNSCC cell lines and tumors confirmed that Wnt/βCatenin pathway is more active in HPV-negative compared to HPV-positive tumors derived from individuals with smoking habit. Conclusions: These data suggest that lack of HPV infection is associated with more prominent activation of Wnt/βCatenin signaling pathway and gain of stem-like traits in tobacco-related OSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lepore
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lettini
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Valentina Condelli
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Lorenza Sisinni
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Annamaria Piscazzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Simeon
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
- Medical Statistics Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Zoppoli
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Pedicillo
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Clinic and Experimental Medicine; University of Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Michele Pietrafesa
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy
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27
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Guanylate-binding protein 6 is a novel biomarker for tumorigenesis and prognosis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:2673-2682. [PMID: 31707626 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Guanylate-binding protein 6 (GBP6) is a member of the guanylate-binding protein family, and its role in cancer has not yet been reported. We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of GBP6 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Next-generation sequencing was applied for analyzing differential gene expression profiling between corresponding tumor adjacent normal (CTAN) and tumor tissue from two paired OSCC patients. Real-time PCRs (RT-PCRs) were used to investigate the gene expression level of GBP6 of CTAN and tumor tissue samples from 14 TSCC patients. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the protein expression level of GBP6 in tumor tissues and paired CTAN tissues from 488 OSCC patients, including 183 buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma (BMSCC), 245 tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), and 60 lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) patients. RESULTS Compared with CTAN tissues of OSCC patients, GBP6 is identified as a downregulated gene using the NGS platform, which was confirmed in 14 OSCC patients by RT-PCR. Moreover, protein expression level of GBP6 in tumor tissues was lower than that in CTAN tissues and the low GBP6 expression was correlated with poor cell differentiation/lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients. In addition, TSCC patients with low expression levels of GBP6 had poor disease-specific survival rate. CONCLUSION The low expression of GBP6 was associated with tumorigenesis and poor prognosis in OSCC patients, especially in TSCC patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE GBP6 may serve as a novel favorable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in TSCC patients.
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28
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Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Predicts Survival in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1511-1518. [PMID: 31471883 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic loss of E-cadherin and acquisition of vimentin are characteristic feature of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which confers an invasive phenotype of epithelial cancer cells. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of E-cadherin and vimentin expression individually and in combination as a measure of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Expression of E-cadherin and vimentin through immunohistochemical analysis was examined in 200 patients with surgically resected OSCC. Combined E-cadherin and vimentin expression was evaluated to determine the EMT status. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test were used to compare differences in survival. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify independent prognostic factors. E-cadherin expression was negative in 28 (14%) tumors, and vimentin expression was positive in 87 (43.5%) tumors. Moreover, 99 (49.5%), 87 (43.5%), and 14 (7.5%) tumors exhibited no, partial, and complete EMT, respectively. Both individual protein expression were significant prognostic factors [Negative E-cadherin, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-2.93; positive vimentin, HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.12-2.41]. For EMT status, the HR increased with EMT progression [partial EMT, HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.09-2.49; complete EMT, HR = 2.88, 95% CI = 1.44-5.79], of which, the complete EMT had higher HR than was individual protein expression. Combined E-cadherin and vimentin expression as a measure of EMT showed a superior prognostic significance compared with individual protein expression.
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29
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Kang BH, Shu CW, Chao JK, Lee CH, Fu TY, Liou HH, Ger LP, Liu PF. HSPD1 repressed E-cadherin expression to promote cell invasion and migration for poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8932. [PMID: 31222140 PMCID: PMC6586902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma (BMSCC) is one of major subsites of oral cancer and is associated with a high rate of metastasis and poor prognosis. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) act as potential prognostic biomarkers in many cancer types. However, the role of HSPD1 in oral cancer, especially in BMSCC, is still unknown. Through data analysis with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we found the association of HSPD1 gene expression with tumorigenesis and poor prognosis in oral cancer patients. Our cohort study showed that higher HSPD1 protein level was associated with tumorigenesis and poor prognosis in BMSCC patients with lymph node invasion, suggesting that HSPD1 may be involved in tumor metastasis. Moreover, knockdown of HSPD1 induced E-cadherin expression and decreased the migration and invasion of BMSCC cells. In contrast, ectopic expression of HSPD1 diminished E-cadherin expression and promoted the migration/invasion of BMSCC cells. Further, HSPD1 regulated RelA activation to repress E-cadherin expression, enhancing the migration and invasion of BMSCC cells. Furthermore, HSPD1 protein level was inversely correlated with E-cadherin protein level in tumor tissues and co-expression of high HSPD1/low E-cadherin showed a significant association with poor prognosis in BMSCC patients. Taken together, HSPD1 might repress E-cadherin expression and promote metastatic characters of BMSCC cells for poor prognosis of BMSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Hwang Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Shu
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Kang Chao
- Department of Psychiatry, Pingtung Branch, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsin Lee
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ying Fu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Han Liou
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Luo-Ping Ger
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Feng Liu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Oral Hygiene, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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30
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Matboli M, Shafei AE, Ali MA, Ashry AM, Kamal KM, Agag MA, Reda I, Tash EF, Ali M. circRNAs (hsa_circ_00156, hsa_circ _000224, and hsa_circ _000520) are novel potential biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:7711-7724. [PMID: 30426540 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly validated type of noncoding RNAs recently found to be deregulated in several human cancers. More accurate and specific noninvasive biomarkers are strongly needed for better diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We performed a bioinformatics analysis to retrieve a novel panel of circRNAs potentially relevant to HCC. We examined their expression in the sera of 68 patients with HCC, 60 patients with chronic hepatitis C, and 36 healthy controls using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We examined the performance characteristics of the selected circRNA biomarker panel in comparison with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). In addition, we performed a survival analysis to correlate between their expression levels and patient survival. The circRNAs hsa_circ _00224 and hsa_circ _00520 showed a strong biomarker potential with relatively high sensitivities and specificities compared with AFP. The combined panel including the three circRNAs showed superior performance characteristics relative to those of AFP. The median follow-up period was 26 months. hsa_circ_00520 expression has been shown to be associated with relapse-free survival (P < 0.005). circRNAs hsa_circ_00156, hsa_circ_000224, and hsa_circ_000520 are novel potential biomarkers of high sensitivity and specificity, which could potentially be used in the diagnosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Matboli
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eman Fathy Tash
- Lecturer of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Ali
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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31
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Chen HC, Tseng YK, Shu CW, Weng TJ, Liou HH, Yen LM, Hsieh IC, Wang CC, Wu PC, Shiue YL, Fu TY, Tsai KW, Ger LP, Liu PF. Differential clinical significance of COL5A1 and COL5A2 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:468-476. [PMID: 30972812 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type V collagen (COL5), in the functional heterotrimer [α1(V)2 α2(V)] isoform, participates in the malignancies of various cancers. However, its role in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression levels of COL5A1 and COL5A2 polypeptide chains were examined using the tissue microarray from 245 TSCC patients with immunohistochemistry. Paired t test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were performed for comparisons among the groups. Survival rates were estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with log-rank tests. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the impact of protein expression level on survival rate. RESULTS Expression level of COL5A1 was significantly increased in tumor tissues (P < 0.001) compared to that in corresponding adjacent normal tissues. High expression level of COL5A1 was associated with advanced pathological stage (III, IV, P = 0.015) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.005) of TSCC patients. High expression level of COL5A1 was also correlated with poor disease-specific survival (DSS, P = 0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS, P = 0.003) in TSCC patients. However, high expression level of COL5A2 was correlated with better DFS in TSCC patients (P = 0.043). Moreover, co-expression level of high (COL5A1)2 /low (COL5A2) heterotrimer was correlated with worse DSS (P = 0.004) and DFS (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION COL5A1 is an unfavorable factor for tumorigenesis, clinicopathological outcomes, and prognosis, whereas COL5A2 is only a favorable factor for prognosis in TSCC. The co-expression of high (COL5A1)2/low (COL5A2) heterotrimer is a more potential unfavorable factor for prognosis in TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chih Chen
- Division of Oral & Maxillary Surgery, Department of Stomatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Dental Laboratory Technology, Shu Zen College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Tseng
- Department of Orthopedics, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Shu
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Jung Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Han Liou
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Ming Yen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Chien Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ching Wang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Chuan Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Service, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ying Fu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Biology, National Pingtung University of Education, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Luo-Ping Ger
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Feng Liu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Oral Hygiene, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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32
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Cheng X, Wang X, Wu Z, Tan S, Zhu T, Ding K. CORO1C expression is associated with poor survival rates in gastric cancer and promotes metastasis in vitro. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1097-1108. [PMID: 30974047 PMCID: PMC6551501 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronin-like actin-binding protein 1C (CORO1C) is a member of the WD repeat protein family that regulates actin-dependent processes by assembling F-actin. CORO1C was previously reported to promote metastasis in breast cancer and lung squamous cell carcinoma. Here, we investigated the role of CORO1C in gastric cancer. Higher expression levels of CORO1C were detected in gastric cancer tissues as compared with normal gastric tissues. In addition, CORO1C levels were found to be positively correlated with lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer patients. The expression levels of CORO1C were higher in stage III-IV gastric cancer patients (80.8%) than in stage I-II gastric cancer patients(57.1%). Gastric cancer patients positive for CORO1C expression showed lower relapse-free survival and overall survival rates. Knockdown of CORO1C dramatically suppressed total cell number, cell viability, cell colony formation, cell mitosis and cell metastasis, and promoted apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, cyclin D1 and vimentin were found to be positively regulated by CORO1C. As cyclin D1 and vimentin play an oncogenic role in gastric cancer, CORO1C may exert its tumor-promoting activity through these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Tan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Keshuo Ding
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Oh JH, Lee JY, Yu S, Cho Y, Hur S, Nam KT, Kim MH. RAE1 mediated ZEB1 expression promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2977. [PMID: 30814639 PMCID: PMC6393568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer metastasis accounts for most of the deaths from breast cancer. Since epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in promoting metastasis of cancer, many mechanisms regarding EMT have been studied. We previously showed that Ribonucleic acid export 1 (RAE1) is dysregulated in breast cancer and its overexpression leads to aggressive breast cancer phenotypes by inducing EMT. Here, we evaluated the functional capacity of RAE1 in breast cancer metastasis by using a three-dimensional (3D) culture system and xenograft models. Furthermore, to investigate the mechanisms of RAE1-driven EMT, in vitro studies were carried out. The induction of EMT with RAE1-overexpression was confirmed under the 3D culture system and in vivo system. Importantly, RAE1 mediates upregulation of an EMT marker ZEB1, by binding to the promoter region of ZEB1. Knockdown of ZEB1 in RAE1-overexpressing cells suppressed invasive and migratory behaviors, accompanied by an increase in epithelial and a decrease in mesenchymal markers. Taken together, these data demonstrate that RAE1 contributes to breast cancer metastasis by regulating a key EMT-inducing factor ZEB1 expression, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Oh
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology Laboratory, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology Laboratory, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Sungsook Yu
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yejin Cho
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Sumin Hur
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Myoung Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology Laboratory, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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Wu Y, Xin D, Liu C, Wang F. [SIRT1 participates in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of EC-9706 and Eca-109 cells in vitro by regulating Snail expression]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:1325-1330. [PMID: 30514680 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.11.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of SIRT1 in the occurrence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in EC-9706 and Eca-109 cells and the possible mechanism. METHODS Three chemically synthesized siRNA targeting SIRT1 were transfected into EC-9706 and Eca-109 cells with the non-transfected cells and cells transfected with the negative siRNAs as controls. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the expressions of SIRT1, E-cadherin, vimentin, Snail, Twist1 and ZEB in the cells. Transwell invasion assay and wounding healing assay were used to examine the changes in the invasion and metastasis abilities of the cells after transfection. RESULTS EC-9706 and Eca-109 cells transfected with SIRT1 siRNA1 and SIRT1 siRNA3 showed significantly decreased mRNA and protein expressions of SIRT1 (P < 0.05). Transwell invasion assay and wounding healing assay showed that transfection with SIRT1 siRNA1 and SIRT1 siRNA3 caused significantly lowered invasion and metastasis abilities in EC-9706 and Eca-109 cells (P < 0.05). In EC-9706 and Eca-109 cells transfected with SIRT1 siRNA1 and SIRT1 siRNA3, the expression level of E-cadherin was significantly increased while the expressions of vimentin, Snail and Twist were significantly lowered (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS SIRT1 participates in the invasion and metastasis of EC-9706 and Eca- 109 cells probably by inducing EMT via regulating the expression of Snail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Wu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang 473058, China
| | - Dao Xin
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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35
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Hoffmann F, Umbreit C, Krüger T, Pelzel D, Ernst G, Kniemeyer O, Guntinas-Lichius O, Berndt A, von Eggeling F. Identification of Proteomic Markers in Head and Neck Cancer Using MALDI-MS Imaging, LC-MS/MS, and Immunohistochemistry. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 13:e1700173. [PMID: 30411850 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The heterogeneity of squamous cell carcinoma tissue greatly complicates diagnosis and individualized therapy. Therefore, characterizing the heterogeneity of tissue spatially and identifying appropriate biomarkers is crucial. MALDI-MS imaging (MSI) is capable of analyzing spatially resolved tissue biopsies on a molecular level. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MALDI-MSI is used on snap frozen and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) to analyze m/z values localized in tumor and nontumor regions. Peptide identification is performed using LC-MS/MS and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS In both FFPE and frozen tissue specimens, eight characteristic masses of the tumor's epithelial region are found. Using LC-MS/MS, the peaks are identified as vimentin, keratin type II, nucleolin, heat shock protein 90, prelamin-A/C, junction plakoglobin, and PGAM1. Lastly, vimentin, nucleolin, and PGAM1 are verified with IHC. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The combination of MALDI-MSI, LC-MS/MS, and subsequent IHC furnishes a tool suitable for characterizing the molecular heterogeneity of tissue. It is also suited for use in identifying new representative biomarkers to enable a more individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Umbreit
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Forensic Medicine, Section Pathology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Pelzel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Günther Ernst
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Berndt
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Section Pathology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ferdinand von Eggeling
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Abstract
Syphilis is notorious and a great imitator of all diseases. It is a chronic bacterial infection, caused by the sexually transmitted spirochete, Treponema pallidum. Though it has drastically reduced in prevalence, its recent resurgence (especially with HIV disease) is worrying. Without treatment, the disease can progress over years through a series of clinical stages and lead to irreversible neurological or cardiovascular complications. The disease may occur in any organ, including the testis, and is commonly mistaken for malignancy. We report a case of scrotal abscess consequent on epididymo-orchitis, confirmed by histopathological examination to be syphilitic in origin, in an immunocompromised HIV-positive patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Agrawal
- 1 Director Professor, Department of Surgery, UCMS and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Ranjan
- 2 Junior Resident, Department of Surgery, UCMS and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India
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37
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Cardoso AL, Fernandes A, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, de Angelis MH, Guedes JR, Brito MA, Ortolano S, Pani G, Athanasopoulou S, Gonos ES, Schosserer M, Grillari J, Peterson P, Tuna BG, Dogan S, Meyer A, van Os R, Trendelenburg AU. Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:214-277. [PMID: 30071357 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use of the frailty index to measure an accumulation of deficits has been proven a valuable method for identifying elderly people at risk for increased vulnerability, disease, injury, and mortality. However, complementary molecular frailty biomarkers or ideally biomarker panels have not yet been identified. We conducted a systematic search to identify biomarker candidates for a frailty biomarker panel. METHODS Gene expression databases were searched (http://genomics.senescence.info/genes including GenAge, AnAge, LongevityMap, CellAge, DrugAge, Digital Aging Atlas) to identify genes regulated in aging, longevity, and age-related diseases with a focus on secreted factors or molecules detectable in body fluids as potential frailty biomarkers. Factors broadly expressed, related to several "hallmark of aging" pathways as well as used or predicted as biomarkers in other disease settings, particularly age-related pathologies, were identified. This set of biomarkers was further expanded according to the expertise and experience of the authors. In the next step, biomarkers were assigned to six "hallmark of aging" pathways, namely (1) inflammation, (2) mitochondria and apoptosis, (3) calcium homeostasis, (4) fibrosis, (5) NMJ (neuromuscular junction) and neurons, (6) cytoskeleton and hormones, or (7) other principles and an extensive literature search was performed for each candidate to explore their potential and priority as frailty biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 44 markers were evaluated in the seven categories listed above, and 19 were awarded a high priority score, 22 identified as medium priority and three were low priority. In each category high and medium priority markers were identified. CONCLUSION Biomarker panels for frailty would be of high value and better than single markers. Based on our search we would propose a core panel of frailty biomarkers consisting of (1) CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10), IL-6 (interleukin 6), CX3CL1 (C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1), (2) GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15), FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain containing 5), vimentin (VIM), (3) regucalcin (RGN/SMP30), calreticulin, (4) PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), AGT (angiotensinogen), (5) BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), progranulin (PGRN), (6) α-klotho (KL), FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23), FGF21, leptin (LEP), (7) miRNA (micro Ribonucleic acid) panel (to be further defined), AHCY (adenosylhomocysteinase) and KRT18 (keratin 18). An expanded panel would also include (1) pentraxin (PTX3), sVCAM/ICAM (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1/Intercellular adhesion molecule 1), defensin α, (2) APP (amyloid beta precursor protein), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), (3) S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B), (4) TGFβ (transforming growth factor beta), PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1), TGM2 (transglutaminase 2), (5) sRAGE (soluble receptor for advanced glycosylation end products), HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1), C3/C1Q (complement factor 3/1Q), ST2 (Interleukin 1 receptor like 1), agrin (AGRN), (6) IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), resistin (RETN), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), ghrelin (GHRL), growth hormone (GH), (7) microparticle panel (to be further defined), GpnmB (glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B) and lactoferrin (LTF). We believe that these predicted panels need to be experimentally explored in animal models and frail cohorts in order to ascertain their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential.
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38
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Zevallos JP, Mazul AL, Walter V, Hayes DN. Gene Expression Subtype Predicts Nodal Metastasis and Survival in Human Papillomavirus-Negative Head and Neck Cancer. Laryngoscope 2018; 129:154-161. [PMID: 30247749 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Gene expression analyses of head and neck cancer have revealed four molecular subtypes: basal (BA), mesenchymal (MS), atypical (AT), and classical (CL). We evaluate whether gene expression subtypes in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) can be used to predict nodal metastasis and prognosticate survival. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study and genomic analysis. METHODS OCSCC and LSCC cases were identified from the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) head and neck cancer cohort. RNA-seq by expected maximization (RSEM) was used to quantify gene expression levels from TCGA RNA-seq data and to assign each case to one of four subtypes. Descriptive statistics were used to describe patient, disease, and treatment characteristics in each subtype. Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to determine associations with survival. RESULTS OCSCC cases were comprised primarily of the MS and BA subtypes, whereas LSCC was comprised primarily of CL and AT subtypes. In OCSCC, the MS subtype was significantly associated with higher risk of nodal metastasis. In a subset analysis of clinically T1-2N0M0 OCSCC, we demonstrate that the MS subtype was predictive of occult nodal metastasis (relative risk = 3.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-10.69). In LSCC, the CL subtype was associated with significantly worse overall survival (hazard ratio = 4.32, 95% CI: 1.77-10.54, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS Gene expression analysis reveals potential novel markers of nodal metastasis and survival in human papillomavirus-negative head and neck cancer. Future studies will continue to refine and validate these markers, with the goal of providing molecular risk assessments that guide therapy and improve patient outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b Laryngoscope, 129:154-161, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose P Zevallos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Angela L Mazul
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Vonn Walter
- Penn State Hershey Institute for Personalized Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - David Neil Hayes
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences West Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A
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Hussein AA, Forouzanfar T, Bloemena E, de Visscher J, Brakenhoff RH, Leemans CR, Helder MN. A review of the most promising biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:724-736. [PMID: 30131545 PMCID: PMC6173763 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a great interest in developing biomarkers to enhance early detection and clinical management of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). However, the developmental path towards a clinically valid biomarker remains extremely challenging. Ideally, the initial key step in moving a newly discovered biomarker towards clinical implementation is independent replication. Therefore, the focus of this review is on biomarkers that consistently showed clinical relevance in two or more publications. METHODS We searched PubMed database for relevant papers across different TSCC sample sources, i.e., body fluids (saliva, serum/plasma) and tissues. No restriction regarding the date of publication was applied except for immunohistochemistry (IHC); only studies published between 2010 and June 2017 were included. RESULTS The search strategy identified 1429 abstracts, of which 96 papers, examining 150 biomarkers, were eventually included. Of these papers, 66% were exploratory studies evaluating single or a panel of biomarkers in one publication. Ultimately, based on studies that had undergone validation for their clinical relevance in at least two independent studies, we identified 10 promising candidates, consisting of different types of molecules (IL-6, IL-8, and Prolactin in liquid samples; HIF-1α, SOX2, E-cadherin, vimentin, MALAT1, TP53, and NOTCH1 in tissue biopsies) CONCLUSIONS: Although more exploratory research is needed with newer methods to identify biomarkers for TSCC, rigorous validation of biomarkers that have already shown unbiased assessment in at least two publications should be considered a high priority. Further research on these promising biomarkers or their combination in multi-institutional studies, could provide new possibilities to develop a specific panel for early diagnosis, prognosis, and individualized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha A Hussein
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tymour Forouzanfar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Bloemena
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jgam de Visscher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Brakenhoff
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C René Leemans
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco N Helder
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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40
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Li RQ, Wang BY, Ding YW, Zhang R, Zhang JX, Lu XK. Serum containing drugs of Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) can inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in A549 Cells. OPEN CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2018-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The present study explores the mechanism of resistance to pulmonary fibrosis by observing the possible effects of serum containing drugs prepared from Gua Lou Xie Bai decoction (GLXB-D) on transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) induced Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of A549 human alveolar epithelial cells. The inhibition rate was observed with the help of thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) in 24 h and 48 h treated cells. Inverted microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to study the changes in the morphology and ultrastructure of the cells. The expressions of E-cadherin and Vimentin were comparatively analyzed by Western blotting, while the expressions of Collagen I and III were analyzed by ELISA. The data obtained indicated that the expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin was decreased, while the expressions of EMT markers such as Vimentin and Collagen I and III were increased in 24 h after TGF-β1 induction. However, the serum containing drugs of GLXB-D were found to inhibit the TGF-β1 induced proliferation of cells, increase the expression of E-cadherin and decrease the expression of Vimentin, collagen I and III. In conclusion, the serum containing drugs of GLXB-D effectively reduced pulmonary fibrosis, mainly via the reversal of EMT induction by TGF-β1. Thus, it can be considered as a potential candidate for the development of better treatment methods for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-qin Li
- Scientific Research Pathological Experiment Center , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , China , 450046
| | - Bai-yan Wang
- Key Discipline Laboratory of Basic Medicine , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , China , 450046
| | - Yu-wen Ding
- Scientific Research Pathological Experiment Center , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , China , 450046
| | - Rui Zhang
- Scientific Research Pathological Experiment Center , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , China , 450046
| | - Jun-xia Zhang
- Scientific Research Pathological Experiment Center , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , China , 450046
| | - Xiao-kang Lu
- Scientific Research Pathological Experiment Center , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , China , 450046
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41
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Theodoraki MN, Yerneni SS, Brunner C, Theodorakis J, Hoffmann TK, Whiteside TL. Plasma-derived Exosomes Reverse Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition after Photodynamic Therapy of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer. Oncoscience 2018; 5:75-87. [PMID: 29854876 PMCID: PMC5978437 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a palliative treatment option for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients which induces local inflammation and alters tumor cell morphology. We show that exosomes in plasma of HNSCC patients undergoing PDT reprogram tumor cells towards an epithelial phenotype. Nine HNSCC patients were treated with PDT and plasma was collected prior to and at three timepoints after therapy. Exosome levels of E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin and TGF-β1 were tested by flow cytometry. Exosomes were co-incubated with cancer cells, and changes in expression of EMT markers were evaluated as were proliferation, migration, chemotaxis and invasiveness of tumor cells. Exosomes harvested pre- and 24h after PDT were enriched in N-Cadherin and TGF-β1. They induced the mesenchymal phenotype and up-regulated Vimentin and transcripts for Snail, Twist, α-SMA, Slug and ZEB1 in epithelial tumor cells. These exosomes also enhanced tumor proliferation, migration and invasion. In contrast, exosomes obtained on day 7 or 4-6 weeks after PDT carried E-cadherin, restored epithelial morphology and EpCAM expression in tumor cells, down-regulated expression of mesenchymal genes and inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion. The PDT-mediated conversion from the mesenchymal to epithelial tumor phenotype was mediated by exosomes, which also served as non-invasive biomarkers of this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Nicole Theodoraki
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Saigopalakrishna S Yerneni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Departments of Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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