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Escobar D, González-Olvera G, Gómez-Rivera ÁS, Navarrete-Carballo J, Mis-Ávila P, Baack-Valle R, Escalante G, Reyes-Cabrera G, Correa-Morales F, Che-Mendoza A, Vazquez-Prokopec G, Lenhart A, Manrique-Saide P. Insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles albimanus populations in historical malaria foci in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Malar J 2024; 23:165. [PMID: 38796456 PMCID: PMC11128101 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mexico has experienced a significant reduction in malaria cases over the past two decades. Certification of localities as malaria-free areas (MFAs) has been proposed as a steppingstone before elimination is achieved throughout the country. The Mexican state of Quintana Roo is a candidate for MFA certification. Monitoring the status of insecticide susceptibility of major vectors is crucial for MFA certification. This study describes the susceptibility status of Anopheles albimanus, main malaria vector, from historically important malaria foci in Quintana Roo, using both phenotypic and genotypic approaches. METHODS Adult mosquito collections were carried out at three localities: Palmar (Municipality of Othon P. Blanco), Buenavista (Bacalar) and Puerto Morelos (Puerto Morelos). Outdoor human-landing catches were performed by pairs of trained staff from 18:00 to 22:00 during 3-night periods at each locality during the rainy season of 2022. Wild-caught female mosquitoes were exposed to diagnostic doses of deltamethrin, permethrin, malathion, pirimiphos-methyl or bendiocarb using CDC bottle bioassays. Mortality was registered at the diagnostic time and recovery was assessed 24 h after exposure. Molecular analyses targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel (vgsc) gene and acetylcholinesterase (ace-1) gene were used to screen for target site polymorphisms. An SNP analysis was carried out to identify mutations at position 995 in the vgsc gene and at position 280 in the ace-1 gene. RESULTS A total of 2828 anophelines were collected. The main species identified were Anopheles albimanus (82%) and Anopheles vestitipennis (16%). Mortalities in the CDC bottle bioassay ranged from 99% to 100% for all the insecticides and mosquito species. Sequence analysis was performed on 35 An. albimanus across the three localities; of those, 25 were analysed for vgsc and 10 for ace-1 mutations. All individuals showed wild type alleles. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that An. albimanus populations from historical malaria foci in Quintana Roo are susceptible to the main insecticides used by the Ministry of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Escobar
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Gabriela González-Olvera
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Navarrete-Carballo
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mis-Ávila
- Servicios Estatales de Salud de Quintana Roo, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Raquel Baack-Valle
- Servicios Estatales de Salud de Quintana Roo, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Escalante
- Servicios Estatales de Salud de Quintana Roo, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Reyes-Cabrera
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Fabian Correa-Morales
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Azael Che-Mendoza
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Saizonou H, Impoinvil LM, Derilus D, Omoke D, Okeyo S, Dada N, Corredor C, Mulder N, Lenhart A, Ochomo E, Djogbénou LS. Transcriptomic analysis of Anopheles gambiae from Benin reveals overexpression of salivary and cuticular proteins associated with cross-resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:348. [PMID: 38582836 PMCID: PMC10998338 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance (IR) is one of the major threats to malaria vector control programs in endemic countries. However, the mechanisms underlying IR are poorly understood. Thus, investigating gene expression patterns related to IR can offer important insights into the molecular basis of IR in mosquitoes. In this study, RNA-Seq was used to characterize gene expression in Anopheles gambiae surviving exposure to pyrethroids (deltamethrin, alphacypermethrin) and an organophosphate (pirimiphos-methyl). RESULTS Larvae of An. gambiae s.s. collected from Bassila and Djougou in Benin were reared to adulthood and phenotyped for IR using a modified CDC intensity bottle bioassay. The results showed that mosquitoes from Djougou were more resistant to pyrethroids (5X deltamethrin: 51.7% mortality; 2X alphacypermethrin: 47.4%) than Bassila (1X deltamethrin: 70.7%; 1X alphacypermethrin: 77.7%), while the latter were more resistant to pirimiphos-methyl (1.5X: 48.3% in Bassila and 1X: 21.5% in Djougou). RNA-seq was then conducted on resistant mosquitoes, non-exposed mosquitoes from the same locations and the laboratory-susceptible An. gambiae s.s. Kisumu strain. The results showed overexpression of detoxification genes, including cytochrome P450s (CYP12F2, CYP12F3, CYP4H15, CYP4H17, CYP6Z3, CYP9K1, CYP4G16, and CYP4D17), carboxylesterase genes (COEJHE5E, COE22933) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTE2 and GSTMS3) in all three resistant mosquito groups analyzed. Genes encoding cuticular proteins (CPR130, CPR10, CPR15, CPR16, CPR127, CPAP3-C, CPAP3-B, and CPR76) were also overexpressed in all the resistant groups, indicating their potential role in cross resistance in An. gambiae. Salivary gland protein genes related to 'salivary cysteine-rich peptide' and 'salivary secreted mucin 3' were also over-expressed and shared across all resistant groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that in addition to metabolic enzymes, cuticular and salivary gland proteins could play an important role in cross-resistance to multiple classes of insecticides in Benin. These genes warrant further investigation to validate their functional role in An. gambiae resistance to insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Saizonou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Lucy Mackenzie Impoinvil
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dieunel Derilus
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Diana Omoke
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Stephen Okeyo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Nsa Dada
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Claudia Corredor
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicola Mulder
- Human, Heredity, and Health in Africa H3ABionet network, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
- Regional Institute of Public Health (IRSP), Ouidah, Benin.
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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Omoke D, Impoinvil LM, Derilus D, Okeyo S, Saizonou H, Mulder N, Dada N, Lenhart A, Djogbénou L, Ochomo E. Whole transcriptomic analysis reveals overexpression of salivary gland and cuticular proteins genes in insecticide-resistant Anopheles arabiensis from Western Kenya. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:313. [PMID: 38532318 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective vector control is key to malaria prevention. However, this is now compromised by increased insecticide resistance due to continued reliance on insecticide-based control interventions. In Kenya, we have observed heterogenous resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates in Anopheles arabiensis which is one of the most widespread malaria vectors in the country. We investigated the gene expression profiles of insecticide resistant An. arabiensis populations from Migori and Siaya counties in Western Kenya using RNA-Sequencing. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle assays were conducted using deltamethrin (DELTA), alphacypermethrin (ACYP) and pirimiphos-methyl (PMM) to determine the resistance status in both sites. RESULTS Mosquitoes from Migori had average mortalities of 91%, 92% and 58% while those from Siaya had 85%, 86%, and 30% when exposed to DELTA, ACYP and PMM, respectively. RNA-Seq analysis was done on pools of mosquitoes which survived exposure ('resistant'), mosquitoes that were not exposed, and the insecticide-susceptible An. arabiensis Dongola strain. Gene expression profiles of resistant mosquitoes from both Migori and Siaya showed an overexpression mainly of salivary gland proteins belonging to both the short and long form D7 genes, and cuticular proteins (including CPR9, CPR10, CPR15, CPR16). Additionally, the overexpression of detoxification genes including cytochrome P450s (CYP9M1, CYP325H1, CYP4C27, CYP9L1 and CYP307A1), 2 carboxylesterases and a glutathione-S-transferase (GSTE4) were also shared between DELTA, ACYP, and PMM survivors, pointing to potential contribution to cross resistance to both pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides. CONCLUSION This study provides novel insights into the molecular basis of insecticide resistance in An. arabiensis in Western Kenya and suggests that salivary gland proteins and cuticular proteins are associated with resistance to multiple classes of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Omoke
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - Lucy Mackenzie Impoinvil
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Dieunel Derilus
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Stephen Okeyo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | | | - Nsa Dada
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research Center, University of Abomey- Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Luc Djogbénou
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research Center, University of Abomey- Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya.
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Real-Jaramillo S, Bustillos JJ, Moncayo AL, Neira M, Fárez L, Beltrán E, Ocaña-Mayorga S. Phenotypic resistance not associated with knockdown mutations (kdr) in Anopheles albimanus exposed to deltamethrin in southern coastal Ecuador. Malar J 2024; 23:17. [PMID: 38217047 PMCID: PMC10787486 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decrease in malaria rates (e.g. incidence and cases) in Latin America maintains this region on track to achieve the goal of elimination. During the last 5 years, three countries have been certified as malaria free. However, the region fails to achieve the goal of 40% reduction on malaria rates and an increase of cases has been reported in some countries, including Ecuador. This scenario has been associated with multiple causes, such as decrease of funding to continue anti-malarial programmes and the development of insecticide resistance of the main malaria vectors. In Ecuador, official reports indicated phenotypic resistance in Aedes aegypti and Anopheles albimanus to deltamethrin and malathion, particularly in the coastal areas of Ecuador, however, information about the mechanisms of resistance have not been yet elucidated. This study aims to evaluate phenotypic response to deltamethrin and its relationship with kdr mutations in An. albimanus from two localities with different agricultural activities in southern coastal Ecuador. METHODS The CDC bottle assay was carried out to evaluate the phenotypic status of the mosquito's population. Sequencing the voltage gated sodium channel gene (VGSC) sought knockdown mutations (kdr) in codons 1010, 1013 and 1014 associated with resistance. RESULTS Phenotypic resistance was found in Santa Rosa (63.3%) and suspected resistance in Huaquillas (82.1%); with females presenting a higher median of knockdown rate (83.7%) than males (45.6%). No statistical differences were found between the distributions of knockdown rate for the two localities (p = 0.6048) which indicates no influence of agricultural activity. Although phenotypic resistance was confirmed, genetic analysis demonstrate that this resistance was not related with the kdr mechanism of the VGSC gene because no mutations were found in codons 1010 and 1013, while in codon 1014, 90.6% showed the susceptible sequence (TTG) and 7.3% ambiguous nucleotides (TKK and TYG). CONCLUSIONS These results highlighted the importance of continuous monitoring of resistance in malaria vectors in Ecuador, particularly in areas that have reported outbreaks during the last years. It is also important to elucidate the mechanism involved in the development of the resistance to PYs to propose alternative insecticides or strategies for vector control in areas where resistance is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebasthian Real-Jaramillo
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle Pambacienda y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Juan J Bustillos
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle Pambacienda y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Ana L Moncayo
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle Pambacienda y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Marco Neira
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle Pambacienda y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
- The Cyprus Institute, Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Leonardo Fárez
- Laboratorio de Referencia Intermedio de Entomología CZ707D02, Ministerio de Salud Pública de Ecuador, Machala, Ecuador
| | - Efraín Beltrán
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas y de La Salud, Universidad Técnica de Machala, Machala, Ecuador
| | - Sofía Ocaña-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle Pambacienda y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador.
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Bickersmith SA, Jurczynski JD, Sallum MAM, Chaves LSM, Bergo ES, Rodriguez GAD, Morante CA, Rios CT, Saavedra MP, Alava F, Gamboa D, Vinetz JM, Conn JE. Mutations Linked to Insecticide Resistance Not Detected in the Ace-1 or VGSC Genes in Nyssorhynchus darlingi from Multiple Localities in Amazonian Brazil and Peru. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1892. [PMID: 37895241 PMCID: PMC10606710 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoor residual spray (IRS), mainly employing pyrethroid insecticides, is the most common intervention for preventing malaria transmission in many regions of Latin America; the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) has been more limited. Knockdown resistance (kdr) is a well-characterized target-site resistance mechanism associated with pyrethroid and DDT resistance. Most mutations detected in acetylcholinesterase-1 (Ace-1) and voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) genes are non-synonymous, resulting in a change in amino acid, leading to the non-binding of the insecticide. In the present study, we analyzed target-site resistance in Nyssorhynchus darlingi, the primary malaria vector in the Amazon, in multiple malaria endemic localities. We screened 988 wild-caught specimens of Ny. darlingi from three localities in Amazonian Peru and four in Amazonian Brazil. Collections were conducted between 2014 and 2021. The criteria were Amazonian localities with a recent history as malaria hotspots, primary transmission by Ny. darlingi, and the use of both IRS and LLINs as interventions. Fragments of Ace-1 (456 bp) and VGSC (228 bp) were amplified, sequenced, and aligned with Ny. darlingi sequences available in GenBank. We detected only synonymous mutations in the frequently reported Ace-1 codon 280 known to confer resistance to organophosphates and carbamates, but detected three non-synonymous mutations in other regions of the gene. Similarly, no mutations linked to insecticide resistance were detected in the frequently reported codon (995) at the S6 segment of domain II of VGSC. The lack of genotypic detection of insecticide resistance mutations by sequencing the Ace-1 and VGSC genes from multiple Ny. darlingi populations in Brazil and Peru could be associated with low-intensity resistance, or possibly the main resistance mechanism is metabolic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Bickersmith
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.D.J.)
| | - John D. Jurczynski
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.D.J.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (M.A.M.S.); (L.S.M.C.)
| | - Leonardo S. M. Chaves
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (M.A.M.S.); (L.S.M.C.)
| | - Eduardo S. Bergo
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo 01027-000, Brazil;
| | - Gloria A. D. Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Referencia Regional de Loreto, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Loreto (GERESA), Loreto 16001, Peru; (G.A.D.R.); (C.A.M.); (C.T.R.)
| | - Clara A. Morante
- Laboratorio de Referencia Regional de Loreto, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Loreto (GERESA), Loreto 16001, Peru; (G.A.D.R.); (C.A.M.); (C.T.R.)
| | - Carlos T. Rios
- Laboratorio de Referencia Regional de Loreto, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Loreto (GERESA), Loreto 16001, Peru; (G.A.D.R.); (C.A.M.); (C.T.R.)
| | - Marlon P. Saavedra
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru; (M.P.S.); (D.G.); (J.M.V.)
| | - Freddy Alava
- Gerencia Regional de Salud de Loreto (GERESA), Loreto 16001, Peru;
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru; (M.P.S.); (D.G.); (J.M.V.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru; (M.P.S.); (D.G.); (J.M.V.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.D.J.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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Zoh MG, Bonneville JM, Laporte F, Tutagata J, Sadia CG, Fodjo BK, Mouhamadou CS, McBeath J, Schmitt F, Horstmann S, Reynaud S, David JP. Deltamethrin and transfluthrin select for distinct transcriptomic responses in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Malar J 2023; 22:256. [PMID: 37667239 PMCID: PMC10476409 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widespread use of pyrethroid insecticides in Africa has led to the development of strong resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes. Introducing new active ingredients can contribute to overcome this phenomenon and ensure the effectiveness of vector control strategies. Transfluthrin is a polyfluorinated pyrethroid whose structural conformation was thought to prevent its metabolism by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in malaria vectors, thus representing a potential alternative for managing P450-mediated resistance occurring in the field. In this study, a controlled selection was used to compare the dynamics of resistance between transfluthrin and the widely used pyrethroid deltamethrin in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Then, the associated molecular mechanisms were investigated using target-site mutation genotyping and RNA-seq. METHODS A field-derived line of An. gambiae carrying resistance alleles at low frequencies was used as starting material for a controlled selection experiment. Adult females were selected across 33 generations with deltamethrin or transfluthrin, resulting in three distinct lines: the Delta-R line (selected with deltamethrin), the Transflu-R line (selected with transfluthrin) and the Tiassale-S line (maintained without selection). Deltamethrin and transfluthrin resistance levels were monitored in each selected line throughout the selection process, as well as the frequency of the L1014F kdr mutation. At generation 17, cross-resistance to other public health insecticides was investigated and transcriptomes were sequenced to compare gene transcription variations and polymorphisms associated with adaptation to each insecticide. RESULTS A rapid increase in resistance to deltamethrin and transfluthrin was observed throughout the selection process in each selected line in association with an increased frequency of the L1014F kdr mutation. Transcriptomic data support a broader response to transfluthrin selection as compared to deltamethrin selection. For instance, multiple detoxification enzymes and cuticle proteins were specifically over-transcribed in the Transflu-R line including the known pyrethroid metabolizers CYP6M2, CYP9K1 and CYP6AA1 together with other genes previously associated with resistance in An. gambiae. CONCLUSION This study confirms that recurrent exposure of adult mosquitoes to pyrethroids in a public health context can rapidly select for various resistance mechanisms. In particular, it indicates that in addition to target site mutations, the polyfluorinated pyrethroid transfluthrin can select for a broad metabolic response, which includes some P450s previously associated to resistance to classical pyrethroids. This unexpected finding highlights the need for an in-depth study on the adaptive response of mosquitoes to newly introduced active ingredients in order to effectively guide and support decision-making programmes in malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Gonse Zoh
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Grenoble-Alpes University, Savoie Mont-Blanc University, CNRS, 38041, Grenoble, France.
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre (VCPEC) Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC IPR)/INSP, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Jean-Marc Bonneville
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Grenoble-Alpes University, Savoie Mont-Blanc University, CNRS, 38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Frederic Laporte
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Grenoble-Alpes University, Savoie Mont-Blanc University, CNRS, 38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Jordan Tutagata
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Grenoble-Alpes University, Savoie Mont-Blanc University, CNRS, 38041, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Behi K Fodjo
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Justin McBeath
- Envu, Milton Hall, Ely Road. Milton, Cambridge, CB24 6WZ, UK
| | - Frederic Schmitt
- Envu, 2022 Environmental Science FR S.A.S, 3 Place Giovanni Da Verrazzano, 69009, Lyon, France
| | - Sebastian Horstmann
- Envu, 2022 ES Deutschland GmbH, Alfred-Nobel-Straße 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Stéphane Reynaud
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Grenoble-Alpes University, Savoie Mont-Blanc University, CNRS, 38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Philippe David
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Grenoble-Alpes University, Savoie Mont-Blanc University, CNRS, 38041, Grenoble, France
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Nagi SC, Oruni A, Weetman D, Donnelly MJ. RNA-Seq-Pop: Exploiting the sequence in RNA sequencing-A Snakemake workflow reveals patterns of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Mol Ecol Resour 2023; 23:946-961. [PMID: 36695302 PMCID: PMC10568660 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We provide a reproducible and scalable Snakemake workflow, called RNA-Seq-Pop, which provides end-to-end analysis of RNA sequencing data sets. The workflow allows the user to perform quality control, perform differential expression analyses and call genomic variants. Additional options include the calculation of allele frequencies of variants of interest, summaries of genetic variation and population structure, and genome-wide selection scans, together with clear visualizations. RNA-Seq-Pop is applicable to any organism, and we demonstrate the utility of the workflow by investigating pyrethroid resistance in selected strains of the major malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. The workflow provides additional modules specifically for An. gambiae, including estimating recent ancestry and determining the karyotype of common chromosomal inversions. The Busia laboratory colony used for selections was collected in Busia, Uganda, in November 2018. We performed a comparative analysis of three groups: a parental G24 Busia strain; its deltamethrin-selected G28 offspring; and the susceptible reference strain Kisumu. Measures of genetic diversity reveal patterns consistent with that of laboratory colonization and selection, with the parental Busia strain exhibiting the highest nucleotide diversity, followed by the selected Busia offspring, and finally, Kisumu. Differential expression and variant analyses reveal that the selected Busia colony exhibits a number of distinct mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance, including the Vgsc-995S target-site mutation, upregulation of SAP genes, P450s and a cluster of carboxylesterases. During deltamethrin selections, the 2La chromosomal inversion rose in frequency (from 33% to 86%), supporting a previous link with pyrethroid resistance. RNA-Seq-Pop is hosted at: github.com/sanjaynagi/rna-seq-pop. We anticipate that the workflow will provide a useful tool to facilitate reproducible, transcriptomic studies in An. gambiae and other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay C. Nagi
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | | | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Martin J. Donnelly
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
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Zhu YC, Du Y, Yao J, Liu XF, Wang Y. Detect Cytochrome C Oxidase- and Glutathione-S-Transferase-Mediated Detoxification in a Permethrin-Resistant Population of Lygus lineolaris. TOXICS 2023; 11:342. [PMID: 37112569 PMCID: PMC10144699 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Frequent sprays on cotton prompted resistance development in the tarnished plant bug (TPB). Knowledge of global gene regulation is highly desirable to better understand resistance mechanisms and develop molecular tools for monitoring and managing resistance. Novel microarray expressions of 6688 genes showed 3080 significantly up- or down-regulated genes in permethrin-treated TPBs. Among the 1543 up-regulated genes, 255 code for 39 different enzymes, and 15 of these participate in important pathways and metabolic detoxification. Oxidase is the most abundant and over-expressed enzyme. Others included dehydrogenases, synthases, reductases, and transferases. Pathway analysis revealed several oxidative phosphorylations associated with 37 oxidases and 23 reductases. One glutathione-S-transferase (GST LL_2285) participated in three pathways, including drug and xenobiotics metabolisms and pesticide detoxification. Therefore, a novel resistance mechanism of over-expressions of oxidases, along with a GST gene, was revealed in permethrin-treated TPB. Reductases, dehydrogenases, and others may also indirectly contribute to permethrin detoxification, while two common detoxification enzymes, P450 and esterase, played less role in the degradation of permethrin since none was associated with the detoxification pathway. Another potential novel finding from this study and our previous studies confirmed multiple/cross resistances in the same TPB population with a particular set of genes for different insecticide classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Zhu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Jamie Whitten Delta States Research Center (USDA-ARS-JWDSRC), Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Yuzhe Du
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Jamie Whitten Delta States Research Center (USDA-ARS-JWDSRC), Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Jianxiu Yao
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Xiaofen F. Liu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Jamie Whitten Delta States Research Center (USDA-ARS-JWDSRC), Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310004, China
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9
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Tao F, Si FL, Hong R, He X, Li XY, Qiao L, He ZB, Yan ZT, He SL, Chen B. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes and their function associated with pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4127-4139. [PMID: 35662391 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), a multifunctional protein family, are involved in insecticide resistance. However, a systematic analysis of GSTs in Anopheles sinensis, an important vector for malaria transmission, is lacking. In this study, we investigated the diversity and characteristics of GST genes, and analyzed their expression patterns and functions associated with insecticide resistance in this species. RESULTS We identified 32 putative cytosolic and three putative microsomal GST genes in the An. sinensis genome. Transcriptome analysis showed that GSTs were highly expressed in larvae, and mainly expressed in the antennae, midgut and Malpighian tubules of adults. In addition, we found that GSTd2 and GSTe2 were significantly upregulated in four An. sinensis pyrethroid-resistant field populations. Furthermore, silencing of GSTd2 and GSTe2 significantly increased the susceptibility of An. sinensis to deltamethrin, and recombinant GSTd2 and GSTe2 exhibited high enzymatic activity in the metabolism of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). CONCLUSION These results showed that GSTs are involved in the development of insecticide resistance in An. sinensis through transcriptional overexpression and enzymatic metabolization, facilitating our understanding of insecticide resistance in insects. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Ling Si
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Hong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Ying Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Bo He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Tian Yan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Lin He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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10
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Kusimo MO, Mackenzie-Impoinvil L, Ibrahim SS, Muhammad A, Irving H, Hearn J, Lenhart AE, Wondji CS. Pyrethroid resistance in the New World malaria vector Anopheles albimanus is mediated by cytochrome P450 CYP6P5. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 183:105061. [PMID: 35430064 PMCID: PMC9125164 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles albimanus presents an obstacle to malaria elimination in the Americas. Here, An. albimanus CYP6P5 (the most overexpressed P450 in a Peruvian population) was functionally characterized. Recombinant CYP6P5 metabolized the type II pyrethroids, deltamethrin and α-cypermethrin with comparable affinities (KM of 3.3 μM ± 0.4 and 3.6 μM ± 0.5, respectively), but exhibited a 2.7-fold higher catalytic rate for α-cypermethrin (kcat of 6.02 min-1 ± 0.2) versus deltamethrin (2.68 min-1 ± 0.09). Time-course assays revealed progressive depletion of the above pyrethroids with production of four HPLC-detectable metabolites. Low depletion was obtained with type I pyrethroid, permethrin. Transgenic expression in Drosophila melanogaster demonstrated that overexpression of CYP6P5 alone conferred type II pyrethroid resistance, with only 16% and 55.3% mortalities in flies exposed to 0.25% α-cypermethrin and 0.15% deltamethrin, respectively. Synergist bioassays using P450 inhibitor piperonylbutoxide significantly recovered susceptibility (mortality = 73.6%, p < 0.001) in synergized flies exposed to 4% piperonylbutoxide, plus 0.25% α-cypermethrin, compared to non-synergized flies (mortality = 4.9%). Moderate resistance was also observed towards 4% DDT. These findings established the preeminent role of CYP6P5 in metabolic resistance in An. albimanus, highlighting challenges associated with deployment of insecticide-based control tools in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Kusimo
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Lucy Mackenzie-Impoinvil
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centre for Global Health, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sulaiman S Ibrahim
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, PMB 3011 Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Abdullahi Muhammad
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Centre for Biotechnology Research, Bayero University, PMB 3011 Kano, Nigeria
| | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jack Hearn
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Audrey E Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centre for Global Health, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Charles S Wondji
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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11
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The adult horn fly transcriptome and its complement of transcripts encoding cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases, and esterases. Vet Parasitol 2022; 304:109699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Wamba ANR, Ibrahim SS, Kusimo MO, Muhammad A, Mugenzi LMJ, Irving H, Wondji MJ, Hearn J, Bigoga JD, Wondji CS. The cytochrome P450 CYP325A is a major driver of pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus in Central Africa. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 138:103647. [PMID: 34530119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The overexpression and overactivity of key cytochrome P450s (CYP450) genes are major drivers of metabolic resistance to insecticides in African malaria vectors such as Anopheles funestus s.s. Previous RNAseq-based transcription analyses revealed elevated expression of CYP325A specific to Central African populations but its role in conferring resistance has not previously been demonstrated. In this study, RT-qPCR consistently confirmed that CYP325A is highly over-expressed in pyrethroid-resistant An. funestus from Cameroon, compared with a control strain and insecticide-unexposed mosquitoes. A synergist bioassay with PBO significantly recovered susceptibility for permethrin and deltamethrin indicating P450-based metabolic resistance. Analyses of the coding sequence of CYP325A Africa-wide detected high-levels of polymorphism, but with no predominant alleles selected by pyrethroid resistance. Geographical amino acid changes were detected notably in Cameroon. In silico homology modelling and molecular docking simulations predicted that CYP325A binds and metabolises type I and type II pyrethroids. Heterologous expression of recombinant CYP325A and metabolic assays confirmed that the most-common Cameroonian haplotype metabolises both type I and type II pyrethroids with depletion rate twice that the of the DR Congo haplotype. Analysis of the 1 kb putative promoter of CYP325A revealed reduced diversity in resistant mosquitoes compared to susceptible ones, suggesting a potential selective sweep in this region. The establishment of CYP325A as a pyrethroid resistance metabolising gene further explains pyrethroid resistance in Central African populations of An. funestus. Our work will facilitate future efforts to detect the causative resistance markers in the promoter region of CYP325A to design field applicable DNA-based diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie N R Wamba
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Sulaiman S Ibrahim
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, PMB, 3011, Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Michael O Kusimo
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Abdullahi Muhammad
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK; Centre for Biotechnology Research, Bayero University, Kano, PMB, 3011, Kano Nigeria.
| | - Leon M J Mugenzi
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Murielle J Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Jack Hearn
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Jude D Bigoga
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK; Laboratory for Vector Biology and Control, National Reference Unit for Vector Control, The Biotechnology Centre, Nkolbisson - University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 3851, Messa, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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13
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Derby AP, Fuller NW, Huff Hartz KE, Segarra A, Connon RE, Brander SM, Lydy MJ. Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation and transcriptomic effects of permethrin in inland silversides, Menidia beryllina, under future climate scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116545. [PMID: 33578317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change (GCC) significantly affects aquatic ecosystems. Continual use of pyrethroid insecticides results in contamination of these ecosystems and concurrent GCC raises the potential for synergistic effects. Resistance to pyrethroids has been documented in Hyalella azteca, a common epibenthic amphipod and model organism. Resistant H. azteca can bioconcentrate elevated amounts of pyrethroids and represent a threat to consumers via trophic transfer. In the present study, a predator of H. azteca, the inland silverside (Menidia beryllina), was used to examine the impacts of GCC on pyrethroid bioaccumulation via trophic transfer from resistant prey organisms. M. beryllina were fed 14C-permethrin dosed pyrethroid-resistant H. azteca for 14 days at three salinities (6, 13 and 20 practical salinity units (PSU)) and two temperatures (18 and 23 °C). Fish were analyzed for total body residues, percent parent compound and percent metabolites. Gene expression in liver and brain tissue were evaluated to assess whether dietary bioaccumulation of permethrin would impact detoxification processes, metabolism, and general stress responses. M. beryllina bioaccumulated significant amounts of permethrin across all treatments, ranging from 39 to 557 ng g-1 lipid. No statistically significant effect of temperature was found on total bioaccumulation. Salinity had a significant effect on total bioaccumulation, owing to greater bioaccumulation at 6 PSU compared to 13 and 20 PSU, which may be due to alterations to xenobiotic elimination. Permethrin bioaccumulation and the interaction with temperature and salinity elicited significant transcriptional responses in genes relating to detoxification, growth, development, and immune response. Given the increased prevalence of pesticide-resistant aquatic invertebrates, GCC-induced alterations to temperature and salinity, and the predicted increase in pesticide usage, these findings suggest trophic transfer may play an important role in pesticide bioaccumulation and effects in predatory fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Derby
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Neil W Fuller
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Kara E Huff Hartz
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Amelie Segarra
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Richard E Connon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Susanne M Brander
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
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Black WC, Snell TK, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Kading RC, Campbell CL. From Global to Local-New Insights into Features of Pyrethroid Detoxification in Vector Mosquitoes. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040276. [PMID: 33804964 PMCID: PMC8063960 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The threat of mosquito-borne diseases continues to be a problem for public health in subtropical and tropical regions of the world; in response, there has been increased use of adulticidal insecticides, such as pyrethroids, in human habitation areas over the last thirty years. As a result, the prevalence of pyrethroid-resistant genetic markers in natural mosquito populations has increased at an alarming rate. This review details recent advances in the understanding of specific mechanisms associated with pyrethroid resistance, with emphasis on features of insecticide detoxification and the interdependence of multiple cellular pathways. Together, these advances add important context to the understanding of the processes that are selected in resistant mosquitoes. Specifically, before pyrethroids bind to their targets on motoneurons, they must first permeate the outer cuticle and diffuse to inner tissues. Resistant mosquitoes have evolved detoxification mechanisms that rely on cytochrome P450s (CYP), esterases, carboxyesterases, and other oxidation/reduction (redox) components to effectively detoxify pyrethroids to nontoxic breakdown products that are then excreted. Enhanced resistance mechanisms have evolved to include alteration of gene copy number, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, as well as changes to cellular signaling mechanisms. Here, we outline the variety of ways in which detoxification has been selected in various mosquito populations, as well as key gene categories involved. Pathways associated with potential new genes of interest are proposed. Consideration of multiple cellular pathways could provide opportunities for development of new insecticides.
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15
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Adedeji EO, Ogunlana OO, Fatumo S, Beder T, Ajamma Y, Koenig R, Adebiyi E. Anopheles metabolic proteins in malaria transmission, prevention and control: a review. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:465. [PMID: 32912275 PMCID: PMC7488410 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing resistance to currently available insecticides in the malaria vector, Anopheles mosquitoes, hampers their use as an effective vector control strategy for the prevention of malaria transmission. Therefore, there is need for new insecticides and/or alternative vector control strategies, the development of which relies on the identification of possible targets in Anopheles. Some known and promising targets for the prevention or control of malaria transmission exist among Anopheles metabolic proteins. This review aims to elucidate the current and potential contribution of Anopheles metabolic proteins to malaria transmission and control. Highlighted are the roles of metabolic proteins as insecticide targets, in blood digestion and immune response as well as their contribution to insecticide resistance and Plasmodium parasite development. Furthermore, strategies by which these metabolic proteins can be utilized for vector control are described. Inhibitors of Anopheles metabolic proteins that are designed based on target specificity can yield insecticides with no significant toxicity to non-target species. These metabolic modulators combined with each other or with synergists, sterilants, and transmission-blocking agents in a single product, can yield potent malaria intervention strategies. These combinations can provide multiple means of controlling the vector. Also, they can help to slow down the development of insecticide resistance. Moreover, some metabolic proteins can be modulated for mosquito population replacement or suppression strategies, which will significantly help to curb malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Oluwatobiloba Adedeji
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Olubanke Olujoke Ogunlana
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Segun Fatumo
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London, UK
| | - Thomas Beder
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Yvonne Ajamma
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Rainer Koenig
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Ezekiel Adebiyi
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), G200, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Bhatt P, Bhatt K, Huang Y, Lin Z, Chen S. Esterase is a powerful tool for the biodegradation of pyrethroid insecticides. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125507. [PMID: 31835049 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural and household applications of pyrethroid insecticides have significantly increased residual concentrations in living cells and environments. The enhanced concentration is toxic for living beings. Pyrethroid hydrolase enzyme (pyrethroid catalyzing esterase) regulates pyrethroid degradation, and has been well reported in various organisms (bacteria, fungi, insects and animals). Hydrolysis mechanisms of these esterases are different from others and properly function at factors viz., optimum temperature, pH and physicochemical environment. Active site of the enzyme contains common amino acids that play important role in pyrethroid catalysis. Immobilization technology emphasizes the development of better reusable efficiency of pyrethroid hydrolases to carry out large-scale applications for complete degradation of pyrethroids from the environments. In this review we have attempted to provide insights of pyrethroid-degrading esterases in different living systems along with complete mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kalpana Bhatt
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Yaohua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziqiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Orjuela LI, Álvarez-Diaz DA, Morales JA, Grisales N, Ahumada ML, Venegas H J, Quiñones ML, Yasnot MF. Absence of knockdown mutations in pyrethroid and DDT resistant populations of the main malaria vectors in Colombia. Malar J 2019; 18:384. [PMID: 31791331 PMCID: PMC6889704 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knockdown resistance (kdr) is a well-characterized target-site insecticide resistance mechanism that is associated with DDT and pyrethroid resistance. Even though insecticide resistance to pyrethroids and DDT have been reported in Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles benarrochi sensu lato (s.l.), Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles nuneztovari s.l., and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis s.l. malaria vectors in Latin America, there is a knowledge gap on the role that kdr resistance mechanisms play in this resistance. The aim of this study was to establish the role that kdr mechanisms play in pyrethroid and DDT resistance in the main malaria vectors in Colombia, in addition to previously reported metabolic resistance mechanisms, such as mixed function oxidases (MFO) and nonspecific esterases (NSE) enzyme families. METHODS Surviving (n = 62) and dead (n = 67) An. nuneztovari s.l., An. darlingi and An. albimanus mosquitoes exposed to diagnostic concentrations of DDT and pyrethroid insecticides were used to amplify and sequence a ~ 225 bp fragment of the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) gene. This fragment spanning codons 1010, 1013 and 1014 at the S6 segment of domain II to identify point mutations, which have been associated with insecticide resistance in different species of Anopheles malaria vectors. RESULTS No kdr mutations were detected in the coding sequence of this fragment in 129 samples, 62 surviving mosquitoes and 67 dead mosquitoes, of An. darlingi, An. nuneztovari s.l. and An. albimanus. CONCLUSION Mutations in the VGSC gene, most frequently reported in other species of the genus Anopheles resistant to pyrethroid and DDT, are not associated with the low-intensity resistance detected to these insecticides in some populations of the main malaria vectors in Colombia. These results suggest that metabolic resistance mechanisms previously reported in these populations might be responsible for the resistance observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena I Orjuela
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas y Biomédicas de Córdoba-GIMBIC, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, 230001, Colombia.
- Universidad de Cartagena, Facultad de Medicina, Sede Zaragocilla, Calle 30 N° 48-152, Cartagena de Indias, Bolívar, 1300, Colombia.
| | - Diego A Álvarez-Diaz
- Grupo de Salud Materna y Perinatal, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá D.C., 110111, Colombia
| | - Juliana A Morales
- Grupo de Entomología, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá D.C., 110111, Colombia
| | - Nelson Grisales
- Zika AIRS Project, Abt Associates, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Martha L Ahumada
- Grupo de Entomología, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá D.C., 110111, Colombia
| | - Juan Venegas H
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, 8320000, Chile
| | - Martha L Quiñones
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá D.C., 110111, Colombia
| | - María F Yasnot
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas y Biomédicas de Córdoba-GIMBIC, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, 230001, Colombia
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Lol JC, Castañeda D, Mackenzie-Impoinvil L, Romero CG, Lenhart A, Padilla NR. Development of molecular assays to detect target-site mechanisms associated with insecticide resistance in malaria vectors from Latin America. Malar J 2019; 18:202. [PMID: 31221148 PMCID: PMC6585033 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains an important public health problem in Latin America, and the development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors poses a major threat to malaria elimination efforts. Monitoring of insecticide susceptibility and the determination of the mechanisms involved in insecticide resistance are needed to effectively guide the deployment of appropriate vector control measures. Here, molecular assays have been developed to screen for mutations associated with insecticide resistance on the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and acetylcholinesterase-1 (Ace-1) genes in four malaria vectors from Latin America. METHODS Degenerate primers were designed to amplify a partial fragment on the VGSC and Ace-1 genes. Wild-caught individuals for Anopheles albimanus (also historical samples and individuals from a laboratory strain), Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles vestitipennis and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis were used to optimize the PCR assays. All samples were sequenced to validate the PCR results and DNA alignments were constructed for each gene using the unique haplotypes observed. RESULTS Primers designed successfully amplified the VGSC gene in An. albimanus, An. darlingi, An. vestitipennis and An. pseudopunctipennis, and the Ace-1 gene in both An. albimanus and An. darlingi. DNA sequencing revealed that compared with Anopheles gambiae, there were a total of 29, 28, 21 and 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the VGSC gene for An. albimanus (308 bp), An. darlingi (311 bp), An. pseudopunctipennis (263 bp) and An. vestitipennis (254 bp), respectively. On the 459 bp fragment of the Ace-1 gene, a total of 70 SNPs were detected in An. darlingi and 59 SNPs were detected in An. albimanus compared with An. gambiae. The SNPs detected on the VGSC gene were all synonymous. On the Ace-1 gene, non-synonymous substitutions were identified on three different codons. All species showed the homozygous wild-type kdr allele (coding for leucine) at codon 995 (formerly reported as codon 1014) on the VGSC gene, but one sample was heterozygous at codon 280 (formerly reported as codon 119) on the Ace-1 gene, coding for both the resistant (serine) and susceptible (glycine) amino acids. CONCLUSIONS New molecular assays to amplify and screen the regions of the VGSC and Ace-1 genes associated with insecticide resistance are reported for An. albimanus, An. darlingi, An. vestitipennis, and An. pseudopunctipennis. The development of these PCR assays presents an important advance in the analysis of target-site resistance in malaria vectors in the Americas, and will further facilitate the characterization of insecticide resistance mechanisms in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Lol
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (CES-UVG), 18 Avenida 11-95, Zona 15, Vista Hermosa 3, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - David Castañeda
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (CES-UVG), 18 Avenida 11-95, Zona 15, Vista Hermosa 3, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Lucy Mackenzie-Impoinvil
- Division of Parasitic Disease and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Carla G Romero
- Programa Nacional de Dengue, Chikingunya, y Zika, Ministerio de Salud, Esquina Cañada Strongest, Plaza del Estudiante, Zona Central, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Disease and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Norma R Padilla
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (CES-UVG), 18 Avenida 11-95, Zona 15, Vista Hermosa 3, Guatemala, Guatemala.
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