Risk factors of neonatal sepsis in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Gender and sex hormone effects on neonatal innate immune function

OBJECTIVES

Scientific evidence provides a widened view of differences in immune response between male and female neonates. The X-chromosome codes for several genes important in the innate immune response and neonatal innate immune cells express receptors for, and are inhibited by, maternal sex hormones. We hypothesized that sex differences in innate immune responses may be present in the neonatal population which may contribute to the increased susceptibility of premature males to sepsis. We aimed to examine the in vitro effect of pro-inflammatory stimuli and hormones in neutrophils and monocytes of male and female neonates, to examine the expression of X-linked genes involved in innate immunity and the miRNA profiles in these populations.

METHODS

Preterm infants (n = 21) and term control (n = 19) infants were recruited from the Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital Dublin with ethical approval and explicit consent. The preterm neonates (eight female, 13 male) were recruited with a mean gestation at birth (mean ± SD) of 28 ± 2 weeks and corrected gestation at the time of sampling was 30 + 2.6 weeks. The mean birth weight of preterm neonates was 1084 ± 246 g. Peripheral blood samples were used to analyze immune cell phenotypes, miRNA human panel, and RNA profiles for inflammasome and inflammatory genes.

RESULTS

Dividing neutrophil results by sex showed no differences in baseline CD11b between sexes among either term or preterm neonates. Examining monocyte CD11b by sex shows, that at baseline, total and classical monocytes have higher CD11b in preterm females than preterm males. Neutrophil TLR2 did not differ between sexes at baseline or following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. CD11b expression was higher in preterm male non-classical monocytes following Pam3CSK treatment when compared to females, a finding which is unique to our study. Preterm neonates had higher TLR2 expression at baseline in total monocytes, classical monocytes and non-classical monocytes than term. A sex difference was evident between preterm females and term females in TLR2 expression only. Hormone treatment showed no sex differences and there was no detectable difference between males and females in X-linked gene expression. Two miRNAs, miR-212-3p and miR-218-2-3p had significantly higher expression in preterm female than preterm male neonates.

CONCLUSIONS

This study examined immune cell phenotypes and x-linked gene expression in preterm neonates and stratified according to gender. Our findings suggest that the responses of females mature with advancing gestation, whereas male term and preterm neonates have very similar responses. Female preterm neonates have improved monocyte activation than males, which likely reflects improved innate immune function as reflected clinically by their lower risk of sepsis. Dividing results by sex showed changes in preterm and term infants at baseline and following LPS stimulation, a difference which is reflected clinically by infection susceptibility. The sex difference noted is novel and may be limited to the preterm or early neonatal population as TLR2 expression on monocytes of older children does not differ between males and females. The differences shown in female and male innate immune cells likely reflect a superior innate immune defense system in females with sex differences in immune cell maturation. Existing human studies on sex differences in miRNA expression do not include preterm patients, and most frequently use either adult blood or cord blood. Our findings suggest that miRNA profiles are similar in neonates of opposite sexes at term but require further investigation in the preterm population. Our findings, while novel, provide only very limited insights into sex differences in infection susceptibility in the preterm population leaving many areas that require further study. These represent important areas for ongoing clinical and laboratory study and our findings represent an important contribution to exiting literature.

Umbilical Cord Blood IgA Levels and Bacterial Profile in Preterm Neonates Born with Maternal Risk Factors for Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the IgA levels and bacterial profile in umbilical cord blood (UCB) samples of mothers with risk factors compared to those without risk factors; and to understand the link between UCB culture positivity and neonatal outcomes [early-onset sepsis (EOS) or death within 7 d of life].

METHODS

This is a pilot prospective case-control study. Mothers with preterm deliveries (gestational age <34 wk) were enrolled in two groups- Cases: Those with antenatal risk factors (prolonged duration of rupture of membranes of ≥24 h or chorioamnionitis) and controls: Those without these two risk factors. Serum IgA levels was assayed and microbiological culture was tested in UCB samples. 16S sequencing to determine the UCB microbiome was performed in a subset of samples (n = 15). Neonates were followed-up for the occurrence of EOS or death until 7 d of life.

RESULTS

Forty-nine mothers as cases and 50 mothers as controls were consecutively enrolled. No significant difference was observed in the IgA levels (60.5 vs. 58.1 mg/L; p = 0.71), neonatal blood culture positivity (4.1% vs. 8.0%; p = 0.41) and UCB culture positivity (30.6% vs. 26.0%; p = 0.61) in the two groups. No difference was observed between the groups in occurrence of EOS or death within 7 d of life. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were the most abundant phyla. Serratia, Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Meganomas and Blautia being the most common genera.

CONCLUSIONS

Cord blood IgA concentration could not differentiate the neonates at-risk of infection due to its presence in both the groups.

Time to death and its predictors among neonates admitted with sepsis in neonatal intensive care unit at comprehensive specialized hospitals in Northeast Ethiopia

Background

In impoverished nations like Ethiopia, neonatal sepsis contributes significantly to neonatal mortality. Despite variations in the specific timing of death and predictors of neonatal mortality associated with sepsis across different settings, there's limited documented information in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units of northeastern Ethiopia. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine time to death and its predictors among neonates with sepsis admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units in comprehensive specialized hospitals in northeastern Ethiopia.

Methods

A prospective cohort study conducted at the institution level involved 306 neonates diagnosed with sepsis. Data collection utilized face-to-face interviews and chart reviews. Subsequently, the data were inputted into Epi-data version 4.6 and later analyzed using STATA version 17. The median time to death was determined, and both the Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank test were applied. Furthermore, a Cox proportional hazard regression model was utilized to identify predictors of neonatal mortality associated with sepsis.

Result

The cumulative incidence of mortality among neonates admitted with sepsis was 34% (95% CI: 28.9%-39.5%). The neonatal mortality rate stood at 51 (95% CI: 42.1, 62) per 1,000 neonates admitted to the intensive care units with sepsis over a total of 1,854 person-days of observation. Additionally, the median time to death was 13 days (IQR = 5-23 days). Tachypnea [AHR 6.2 (95% CI: 1.5-9.7)], respiratory distress syndrome [AHR 2.1 (95% CI: 1.3-3.5)], lethargy [AHR 1.8 (95% CI: 1.2-2.6)], preterm birth [AHR 1.8 (95% CI: 1.2-2.7)], continuous positive airway pressure use [AHR 2.1 (95% CI: 1.3-3.4)], home delivery [AHR 2.63 (95% CI: 1.1-6.4)], Subgalea hemorrhage [AHR 1.8 (95% CI: 1.1-3.9)], and low platelet count [AHR 5.9 (95% CI: 2.3-8.6)] were found to be predictors of time to death in neonates with sepsis.

Conclusion

The study revealed an alarmingly high neonatal mortality rate among septic neonates, underscoring the urgency for intervention. Enhancing the quality of care in neonatal intensive care units, bolstering infection prevention during procedures such as continuous positive airway pressure, exercising caution with locally made accessories, and reinforcing a culture of institutional delivery are critical in curbing neonatal sepsis-related mortalities.

Effect of oropharyngeal colostrum therapy on neonatal sepsis in preterm neonates: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Various studies have shown that oropharyngeal colostrum application (OPCA) is beneficial to preterm neonates. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether OPCA reduces the incidence of culture-proven neonatal sepsis in preterm neonates. Randomized controlled trials comparing OPCA with placebo or standard care in preterm neonates were included. Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, and CENTRAL were searched for studies published up to June 15, 2023. We used the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool, version 2, for risk of bias assessment, the random-effects model (RevMan 5.4) for meta-analysis, and Gradepro software for assessing the certainty of evidence. Twenty-one studies involving 2393 participants were included in this meta-analysis. Four studies had a low risk of bias, whereas seven had a high risk. Oropharyngeal colostrum significantly reduced the incidence of culture-proven sepsis (18 studies, 1990 neonates, risk ratio [RR]: 0.78, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.65, 0.94), mortality (18 studies, 2117 neonates, RR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.59, 0.90), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (17 studies, 1692 neonates, RR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.82), feeding intolerance episodes (four studies, 445 neonates, RR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.92), and the time to full enteral feeding (19 studies, 2142 neonates, mean difference: -2 to 21 days, 95% CI: -3.44, -0.99 days). There was no reduction in intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, neurodevelopmental abnormalities, hospital stay duration, time to full oral feeding, weight at discharge, pneumonia, and duration of antibiotic therapy. The certainty of the evidence was high for the outcomes of culture-positive sepsis and mortality, moderate for NEC, low for time to full enteral feeding, and very low for feeding intolerance. OPCA reduces culture-positive sepsis and mortality (high certainty), NEC (moderate certainty), and time to full enteral feeding (low certainty) in preterm neonates. However, scarcity of data from extremely premature infants limits the generalizability of these results to this population.

The Relationship Between Blood Culture, C-reactive Protein, and Neonatal Sepsis: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Sepsis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in newborns. Diagnosis of neonatal sepsis may be difficult because the clinical presentations are often nonspecific. Neonatal sepsis may have an early onset (zero to three days) or a late onset (four days or later). Onset is most rapid in premature neonates. In this study, we aimed to assess the correlation between positive cultures, high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Methodology This descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional study was undertaken over four months starting from December 15, 2019, to April 15, 2020, in Atbara Teaching Hospital, Sudan. Data were collected from 71 patients. CRP levels were measured, and blood cultures were performed. Results High CRP level >10 mg/L was seen in patients having positive blood culture (55.3%), mainly in preterm babies (CRP >10 mg/dL (61.1%), positive culture (55.6%)) and very low birth weight babies (CRP >10 mg/dL (83.3%) and positive culture (67%)). Conclusions Our findings suggest that Klebsiella is an important cause of neonatal sepsis. CRP was positive in babies mainly with proven sepsis. There is a high correlation between CRP and blood culture in patients with neonatal sepsis which may give access to remodeling the prioritization of the management options in the clinical setting.

Neonatal sepsis and its predictors in Ethiopia: umbrella reviews of a systematic review and meta-analysis, 2023

Background

Although neonatal sepsis is acknowledged as the primary cause of newborn death in Ethiopia, data on its impact at the national level are limited. Strong supporting data are required to demonstrate how this affects neonatal health. This umbrella study was conducted to determine the overall prevalence of newborn sepsis and its relationship with maternal and neonatal factors.

Methods

This umbrella review included five articles from various databases. The AMSTAR-2 method was used to assess the quality of included systematic review and meta-analysis studies. STATA Version 18 software was used for statistical analysis. A random-effects model was used to estimate the overall effects.

Results

In this umbrella review, 9032 neonates with an outcome of interest were included. The overall pooled prevalence of neonatal sepsis was 45% (95% CI: 39-51%; I2=99.34). The overall pooled effect size showed that prematurity was significantly associated with neonatal sepsis [odds ratio=3.11 (95% CI: 2.22-3.99)]. Furthermore, maternal factors are strongly associated with neonatal sepsis.

Conclusions

Nearly half of Ethiopian neonates are affected by neonatal sepsis. It is critical to reduce premature birth, low birth weight, and preterm membrane rupture to reduce the incidence of neonatal sepsis. Furthermore, it is preferable to design and strengthen policies and programs aimed at improving maternal nutritional status and treating maternal infections, which all contribute to lowering the burden of neonatal sepsis.

Prevalence and factors associated with maternal and neonatal sepsis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with maternal and neonatal sepsis in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis used the PRISMA guideline on sepsis data in sub-Saharan Africa. The bibliographic search was carried out on the following databases: Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library, African Index Medicus, and Google Scholar. Additionally, the reference lists of the included studies were screened for potentially relevant studies. The last search was conducted on 15 October 2022. The Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment checklist was applied for critical appraisal. Estimates of the prevalence of maternal and neonatal sepsis were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis model. Heterogeneity between studies was estimated using the Q statistic and the I2 statistic. The funnel plot and Egger's regression test were used to assess the publication bias.

Results

A total of 39 studies were included in our review: 32 studies on neonatal sepsis and 7 studies on maternal sepsis. The overall pooled prevalence of maternal and neonatal sepsis in Sub-Saharan Africa was 19.21% (95% CI, 11.46-26.97) and 36.02% (CI: 26.68-45.36), respectively. The meta-analyses revealed that Apgar score < 7 (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.6-3.5), meconium in the amniotic fluid (OR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.8-4.5), prolonged rupture of membranes >12 h (OR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.9-4.1), male sex (OR: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4), intrapartum fever (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.5-3.7), and history of urinary tract infection in the mother (OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4-5.2) are factors associated with neonatal sepsis. Rural residence (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.01-10.9), parity (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.7), prolonged labor (OR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.6-6.9), and multiple digital vaginal examinations (OR: 4.4, 95% CI: 1.3-14.3) were significantly associated with maternal sepsis.

Conclusion

The prevalence of maternal and neonatal sepsis was high in sub-Saharan Africa. Multiple factors associated with neonatal and maternal sepsis were identified. These factors could help in the prevention and development of strategies to combat maternal and neonatal sepsis. Given the high risk of bias and high heterogeneity, further high-quality research is needed in the sub-Saharan African context, including a meta-analysis of individual data.Systematic review registration: PROSPERO (ID: CRD42022382050).

Improving 'Hand-Hygiene Compliance' among the Health Care Personnel in the Special Newborn Care Unit

OBJECTIVES

To improve the hand-hygiene (HH) compliance among the health care personnel from 69 to 85% by 4 mo plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles, based on the WHO's five moments of hand hygiene and to study the impact of HH compliance upon the health care-associated infections (HAI) rate in the authors' special newborn care unit.

METHODS

HH compliance study was undertaken based on the prioritization matrix. The barriers to HH compliance were identified and evaluated using fishbone analysis. An operational team was formed, and measures for improvement were chalked out. The baseline score was recorded through observation. A total of three PDSA cycles were carried out. Appropriate education and counseling regarding the WHO's five moments of hand hygiene were taught to the health care personnel. Interventions such as posters and supply of nonmedicated liquid hand soap, autoclaved paper towels, and alcohol-based hand sanitizer were provided. The effect of interventions on HH compliance was assessed at the end of each PDSA cycle. HAI data were collected and compared with the previous records.

RESULTS

The HH compliance recorded during baseline, PDSA 1, PDSA 2, and PDSA 3 are respectively, as follows: 69% (16.75 ± 3.46), 74.58% (43.07 ± 7.50; p = 0.043), 63.75% (24.43 ± 5.16; p = 0.083), and 84.70% (47.45 ± 10.59; p = 0.014). The sum of HH scores from the three PDSA cycles when compared to the baseline is significant (p = 0.022). The HAI rate decreased from 13.81 to 1000 patient days to 10.43 per 1000 patient days (p = 0.566).

CONCLUSION

HH compliance among health care personnel can be improved through information, education, and communication with constant monitoring.

Sepsis Risk Factors in Neonatal Intensive Care Units of Public Hospitals in Southeast Ethiopia, 2020: A Retrospective Unmatched Case-Control Study

Background

Neonatal sepsis is a significant contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is more prevalent in developing countries. Thus, understanding the risk factors for neonatal sepsis is critical to minimizing the incidence of infection, particularly in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors for neonatal sepsis in neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units of public hospitals in Southeast Ethiopia in 2020.

Method

An institution-based, retrospective unmatched case-control study was conducted on 97 cases and 194 controls in neonatal intensive care units of public hospitals in Southeast Ethiopia. A pretested, structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data was entered using EpiData 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify associated factors. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used to determine the degree of association, and statistical significance was declared at a p value of < 0.05.

Results

In this study, 97 cases and 194 controls were included. About two-thirds (63.9%) of cases were with early onset neonatal sepsis (<7 days). Mode of delivery with spontaneous vaginal delivery (AOR:5.032; 95% CI (1.887-13.418)), type of birth attendant (traditional birth attendant) (AOR: 4.407 95% CI (1.213,16.004)), history of STI/UTI (AOR:2.543; 95% CI (1.313,4.925)), intrapartum fever (AOR:4.379; 95% CI (2.170,8.835)), APGAR score at the 5thminute < 7 (AOR:4.832; 95% CI (1.862,12.537)), neonate received resuscitation (AOR:3.830; 95% CI (1.753,8.369)), low birth weight (AOR:6.101; 95% CI (2.124,17.525)) were the identified risk factors for neonatal sepsis.

Conclusion

Both maternal and neonatal factors contribute to the risk of neonatal sepsis. Spontaneous vaginal delivery, birth attended by the traditional birth attendant, history of STI/UTI, presence of intrapartum fever, low APGAR score at the 5th minute, neonate receiving resuscitation, and low birth weight were identified as independent risk factors for neonatal sepsis. Prompt identification of the aforementioned factors and management should be sought for all newborns.

Sex differences in neonatal brain injury and inflammation

Neonatal brain injury and associated inflammation is more common in males. There is a well-recognised difference in incidence and outcome of neonatal encephalopathy according to sex with a pronounced male disadvantage. Neurodevelopmental differences manifest from an early age in infancy with females having a lower incidence of developmental delay and learning difficulties in comparison with males and male sex has consistently been identified as a risk factor for cerebral palsy in epidemiological studies. Important neurobiological differences exist between the sexes with respect to neuronal injury which are especially pronounced in preterm neonates. There are many potential reasons for these sex differences including genetic, immunological and hormonal differences but there are limited studies of neonatal immune response. Animal models with induced neonatal hypoxia have shown various sex differences including an upregulated immune response and increased microglial activation in males. Male sex is recognized to be a risk factor for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) during the perinatal period and this review discusses in detail the sex differences in brain injury in preterm and term neonates and some of the potential new therapies with possible sex affects.

Clinical profile of infants with late onset sepsis admitted in a North East Indian tertiary care center: insights into the uncharted

OBJECTIVES

To assess the clinical profile of infants with late onset sepsis admitted in a tertiary care hospital in North-East India.

METHODS

Prospective observational study was carried out in Department of Paediatrics, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences hospital during a period of 2 years (September 2019-August 2021).

RESULTS

A total of 109 patients were included in the study, of which 80 were community-acquired and 29 infants were hospital-acquired cases of late onset sepsis (LOS). The major risk factors were low socioeconomic status, prematurity, low birth weight, a history of intervention (mechanical ventilation, umbilical venous catheter, total parenteral nutrition, resuscitation) and lack of exclusive breastfeeding. The most common presenting features were decreased feeding, lethargy and respiratory distress. Blood cultures were positive in 33% of patients. Klebsiella was the most common hospital-acquired pathogen while Escherichia coli was the most common isolate in community-acquired cases. Thrombocytopenia was the most common complication. The in-hospital mortality rate was 13.7%.

CONCLUSION

Low socioeconomic status, low birth weight, prematurity, invasive interventions and lack of exclusive breastfeeding are the major risk factors of LOS. The clinical signs and symptoms are varied and subtle. The mean C-reactive protein in the hospital-acquired group was significantly higher as compared to the community-acquired group. There is substantial morbidity and mortality, resulting in an increased toll on resources, therefore, an aggressive preventive and treatment approach is recommended for late onset sepsis.

Determinants of neonatal sepsis among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units in ethiopian hospitals: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective

Several studies have identified risk factors for neonatal sepsis, but they are limited to specific geographical areas with results that may not be generalizable to other populations. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the contributing factors, representative at a national level, that influence the occurrence of neonatal sepsis in neonates receiving hospital care in Ethiopia.

Methods and materials

A thorough search was conducted across PubMed/Medline, Hinari, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies. The pooled odds ratio was estimated using the random effect model. The heterogeneity among the included studies was evaluated using the I2 and Cochrane Q-statistics tests. Egger's tests used to assess publication bias.

Results

A total of 19 studies comprising 6190 study participants were included. Neonatal sepsis was positively associated with several factors, namely: prolonged premature rupture of membrane (OR: 3.85, 95% CI: 2.31-6.42), low first minute APGAR score (OR: 3.74, 95% CI: 1.29-10.81), low fifth minute APGAR score (OR: 4.17, 95% CI: 1.76-9.91), delayed initiation of breastfeeding (OR: 3.41, 95% CI: 2.18-5.36), and infection of the maternal urinary tract (OR: 3.17, 95% CI: 1.87-5.35).

Conclusion

Duration of rupture of membrane, APGAR score, time of initiation of breastfeeding, and urinary tract infection have a role in the development of neonatal sepsis.

Procalcitonin levels in maternal serum and cord blood as marker for diagnosis of early onset neonatal sepsis

Objectives

To assess the diagnostic accuracy of Procalcitonin in maternal serum and umbilical cord blood samples to predict Early onset neonatal sepsis (EONS).

Study Design

It was a Prospective analytical cohort study. Pregnant women ≥ 34 weeks gestation in active labour, with risk factors for EONS were included in the study. Maternal blood samples at recruitment and umbilical cord blood samples after delivery were taken for Total leucocyte count (TLC), high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) and Procalcitonin. Newborns were classified into non-infected, suspected and proven infection. Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of maternal and cord blood procalcitonin, TLC and hs-CRP were calculated.

Results

A total of 200 women were recruited. Maternal procalcitonin had a superior diagnostic accuracy of 99% compared to maternal TLC and maternal hs-CRP. Also, cord blood procalcitonin had a diagnostic accuracy of 95%.

Conclusion

Procalcitonin in both maternal as well as cord blood is a promising biomarker to detect EONS with high diagnostic accuracy.

Cost of treating sick young infants (0-59 days) with Possible Serious Bacterial Infection in resource-constrained outpatient primary care facilities: An insight from implementation research in two districts of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (India)

Background

Information on the average and incremental costs of implementing alternative strategies for treating young infants 0-59 days old in primary health facilities with signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) when a referral is not feasible is limited but valuable for policymakers.

Methods

Direct activity costs were calculated for outpatient treatment of PSBI and pneumonia in two districts of India: Palwal, Haryana and Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. These included costs of staff time and consumables for initial assessment, classification, and referrals; recommended treatment of fast breathing (oral amoxicillin for seven days) and PSBI (injection gentamicin and oral amoxicillin for seven days); and daily assessments. Indirect operational costs included staff training; staff time cost for general management, supervision, and coordination; referral transport; and communication.

Results

The average cost per young infant treated for recommended and acceptable treatment for PSBI was 16 US dollars (US$) (95% CI = US$15.4-16.3) in 2018-19 and US$18.5 in 2022 (adjusted for inflation) when all direct and indirect operational costs were considered. The average cost of recommended treatment for pneumonia was US$10.1 (95% CI = US$9.7-10.6) or US$11.7 in 2022, per treated young infant. The incremental cost 2018-2019 for supplies, medicines, and operations (excluding staff time costs) per infant treated for PSBI was US$6.1 and US$4.3 and for pneumonia was US$3.5 and US$2.2 in Palwal and Lucknow, respectively. Operation and administrative costs were 25% in Palwal and 12% in Lucknow of the total PSBI treatment costs. The average cost per live birth for treating PSBI in each population was US$5 in Palwal and US$3 in Lucknow. Higher operation costs for social mobilisation activities in Palwal led to the empowerment of families and timely care-seeking.

Conclusions

Costs of treatment of PSBI with the recommended regimen in an outpatient setting, when a referral is not feasible, are under US$20 per treated child and must be budgeted to reduce deaths from neonatal sepsis. The investment must be made in activities that lead to successful identification, prompt care seeking, timely initiation of treatment and follow-up.

A real-world cost-effectiveness study of vancomycin versus linezolid for the treatment of late-onset neonatal sepsis in the NICU in China

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Currently, the detection rates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) in the blood cultures of neonates with sepsis exceed the national average drug resistance level, and vancomycin and linezolid are the primary antibacterial drugs used for these resistant bacteria according to the results of etiological examinations. However, a comprehensive evaluation of their costs and benefits in late-onset neonatal sepsis in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) has not been conducted. This study aimed to compare the cost and effectiveness of vancomycin and linezolid in treating neonatal sepsis in the NICU.

METHODS

A cost-effectiveness analysis of real-world data was carried out by retrospective study in our hospital, and the cost and effectiveness of vancomycin and linezolid were compared by establishing a decision tree model. The drug doses in the model were 0.6 g for linezolid and 0.5 g for vancomycin. The cost break down included cost of medical ward, NICU stay, intravenous infusion of vancomycin or linezolid, all monitoring tests, culture tests and drugs. The unit costs were sourced from hospital information systems. The effectiveness rates were obtained by cumulative probability analysis. One-way sensitivity analysis was used to analyze uncertain influencing factors.

RESULTS

The effectiveness rates of vancomycin and linezolid in treating neonatal sepsis in the NICU were 89.74% and 90.14%, respectively, with no significant difference. The average cost in the vancomycin group was ¥12261.43, and the average cost in the linezolid group was ¥17227.96. The incremental cost effectiveness was ¥12416.33 cost per additional neonate with treatment success in the linezolid group compared to vancomycin group at discharge. Factors that had the greatest influence on the sensitivity of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio were the price of linezolid and the effectiveness rates.

CONCLUSIONS

The cost for treatment success of one neonate in linezolid group was ¥5449.17 more than that in vancomycin group, indicating that vancomycin was more cost-effective. Therefore, these results can provide a reference for a cost effectiveness treatment scheme for neonatal sepsis in the NICU.

Neonatal sepsis and its associated factors among neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit in Wachemo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Southern Ethiopia, 2022

Background

Neonatal sepsis is a major public health problem worldwide. It is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. The neonatal mortality rate is higher in developing countries, where the extent and causes of neonatal sepsis are not yet known. Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal mortality in Ethiopia. As a result, this study aimed to assess the proportion and identify maternal and neonatal risk factors for neonatal sepsis among neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit.

Methods

An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2022 to July 2022 at the Wachemo University Comprehensive Specialized Teaching Hospital, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, southern Ethiopia. A total of 205 neonates with indexed mothers participated in the study. Using a consecutive sampling technique, a structured, pretested questionnaire was used to collect data from the study subjects. Data were entered into EpiData Manager version 3.1 for Windows and then exported to SPSS version 22 for further data cleaning and analysis. Descriptive analyses were performed by using frequency, percentage, and summary statistics to describe the key variables. A multivariate regression model was used to identify factors associated with neonatal sepsis. Finally, statistical significance was declared at a p-value of less than 0.05, and an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence level was used to declare the variable's association with the outcome variable.

Result

The overall prevalence rate of neonatal sepsis was 39.5% (95% CI: 33.7-45.9). Multivariable analysis was performed by taking a variable that is statistically significant in bivariate logistic regression as a candidate variable. Multivariable model analysis showed that unmarried status AOR = 18.37 (95% CI: 1.56-216.14), maternal fever during delivery AOR = 4.74 (95% CI: 1.63-13.8), and premature rupture of membrane AOR = 7.53 (95% CI: 2.19-25.6) were variables that increased the odds of developing neonatal sepsis.

Conclusion

The study's findings indicate that neonatal sepsis is highly prevalent. Unmarried maternal status, maternal fever during delivery, and premature rupture of the membrane were predictors of neonatal sepsis. Therefore, providing training for health workers and close monitoring and evaluation during obstetric and neonatal care are crucial to halt the occurrence of neonatal sepsis.

Procalcitonin for Detecting Culture-Positive Sepsis in Neonates: A Prospective, Multicenter Study

INTRODUCTION

It is unclear if serum procalcitonin (PCT) estimated at sepsis suspicion can help detect culture-positive sepsis in neonates. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of PCT in culture-positive sepsis in neonates.

METHODS

This was a prospective study (February 2016 to September 2020) conducted in four level-3 units in India. We enrolled neonates suspected of sepsis in the first 28 days of life. Neonates with birth weight <750 g, asphyxia, shock, and major malformations were excluded. Blood for PCT assay was drawn along with the blood culture at the time of suspicion of sepsis and before antibiotic initiation. The investigators labeled the neonates as having culture-positive sepsis or "no sepsis" based on the culture reports and clinical course. PCT assay was performed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, and the clinicians were masked to the PCT levels while assigning the label of sepsis. Primary outcomes were the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios to identify culture-positive sepsis.

RESULTS

The mean birth weight (SD) and median gestation (IQR) were 2,113 (727) g and 36 (32-38) weeks, respectively. Of the 1,204 neonates with eligible cultures, 155 (12.9%) had culture-positive sepsis. Most (79.4%) were culture-positive within 72 h of birth. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios at 2 ng/mL PCT threshold were 52.3% (95% confidence interval: 44.1-60.3), 64.5% (60.7-68.1), 1.47 (1.23-1.76), and 0.74 (0.62-0.88), respectively. Adding PCT to assessing neonates with 12.9% pretest probability of sepsis generated posttest probabilities of 18% and 10% for positive and negative test results, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Serum PCT did not reliably identify culture-positive sepsis in neonates.

Clinical characteristics and antibiotic resistance profile of invasive MRSA infections in newborn inpatients: a retrospective multicenter study from China

BACKGROUND

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause invasive infections with significant mortality in neonates. This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics and antibiotic resistance profiles of invasive MRSA infections and determine risk factors associated with invasive MRSA infections in newborn inpatients.

METHODS

This multicenter retrospective study of inpatients from eleven hospitals in the Infectious Diseases Surveillance of Pediatrics (ISPED) group of China was performed over a two-year period (2018-2019). Statistical significance was calculated by applying the χ2 test or by Fisher's exact test in the case of small sample sizes.

RESULTS

A total 220 patients were included. Among included cases, 67 (30.45%) were invasive MRSA infections, including two deaths (2.99%), while 153 (69.55%) were noninvasive infections. The invasive infections of MRSA occurred at a median age of 8 days on admission, which was significantly younger compared to 19 days in noninvasive cases. Sepsis (86.6%) was the most common invasive infection, followed by pneumonia (7.4%), bone and joint infections (3.0%), central nervous system infection (1.5%), and peritonitis (1.5%). Congenital heart disease, low birth weight infant (<2500 g), but not preterm neonates, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, were more commonly found in invasive MRSA infections. All these isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid and were resistant to penicillin. Additionally, 69.37% were resistant to erythromycin, 57.66% to clindamycin, 7.04% to levofloxacin, 4.62% to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, 4.29% to minocycline, 1.33% to gentamicin, and 3.13% were intermediate to rifampin.

CONCLUSION

Low age at admission (≤8 days), congenital heart disease, and low birth weight were associated with invasive MRSA infections in neonates, and no isolates resistant to vancomycin and linezolid were found. Determining these risks in suspected neonates may help identify patients with imminent invasive infections who may require intensive monitoring and therapy.

A case control study of maternal and neonatal risk factors associated with neonatal sepsis

Introduction

Neonatal Sepsis is a significant leading cause of infant death around the world, particularly in developing nations. The study aimed to identify maternal and neonatal risk factors linked to neonatal sepsis.

Methods

A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in the ICU. Cases were neonates diagnosed as having sepsis by clinical criteria and laboratory findings. Controls were admitted neonates who were neither suspected nor diagnosed with sepsis. Data on mothers and babies, as well as laboratory findings, were gathered and analyzed.

Results

A total of 174 cases and 348 controls were included in the study. Maternal age, parity, route of delivery, PROM, prematurity, birth weight, neonatal gender and age were significantly associated with the risk of sepsis (p < 0.05). However, the bivariate logistic model revealed that the most influential predictors of neonatal sepsis were premature rupture of membranes, Gestational age, Neonatal age, birth weight, and mode of delivery.

Conclusion

Both maternal and neonatal variables were found to have a significant association with the risk of neonatal sepsis; thus, empowering mothers to pursue antenatal care may allow the detection of risk factors for undesirable delivery consequences such as neonatal sepsis, as well as appropriate management to mitigate those risks.

Clinical Risk Factors for Early-Onset Sepsis in Neonates: An International Delphi Study

Background

Despite growing evidence, there is still uncertainty about potentially modifiable risk factors for neonatal early-onset sepsis (EOS). This study aimed to identify potential clinical risk factors for EOS based on a literature review and expert opinions.

Methods

A literature search was conducted in PubMed (MEDLINE), Cochrane, Embase, and Scopus databases. Articles in English, published up to May 2021, on clinical risk factors for neonatal EOS were included. Initially, a questionnaire on risk factors for EOS was developed and validated. The fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) was used to formulate the final version of the questionnaire. The validity of the risk factors was assessed using the Chi square test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

In the review phase, 30 risk factors were approved by two neonatologists and included in the FDM phase. In total, 25 risk factors met the consensus criteria and entered the validation phase. During the observational study, 114 neonates (31 with and 83 without EOS) were evaluated for two months. The results of the Chi square test showed that cesarean section was not a significant risk factor for EOS (P=0.862). The need for mechanical ventilation and feed intolerance was observed in about 70% of neonates with EOS, and therefore considered significant risk factors for EOS (P<0.001). Finally, 26 potential clinical risk factors were determined.

Conclusion

Neonatal-related risk factors for EOS were birth weight, one-min Apgar score, and prematurity. Maternal-related risk factors were gestational age and urinary tract infection. Delivery-related risk factors were premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, and intrapartum fever.

Incidence of death and its predictors among neonates admitted with sepsis in referral hospitals, northwest Ethiopia, a prospective cohort study

Background

Each year, approximately 2.7 million neonates die in their first month of life worldwide, and the majority of these deaths occur in low-income countries. According to the Global Burden of Disease estimation, 1.3 million annual incident cases of neonatal sepsis were reported worldwide, resulting in 203,000 sepsis-attributable deaths. Little is known about the time to death of neonates and predictors after admission with a diagnosis of sepsis. This study aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of death among neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with a diagnosis of sepsis in referral hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia.

Methods

A multicenter prospective follow-up study was conducted from November 11 to December 7, 2021. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select 412 neonates. Neonates admitted with sepsis were followed until they develop event for a maximum of 28 days of age. A face-to-face interview was conducted with the mother of the neonate using a pretested and structured questionnaire, and neonatal charts were reviewed to collect baseline factors. Data were entered into Epi-data version 4.6 and exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. A bivariable and multivariable exponential Cox regression model was fitted to identify predictors of death. The adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) with 95% CI was calculated, and statistical significance was declared at a P-value of 0.05 in the multivariable analysis.

Results

A total of 75 (18.47%) neonates died during the study period, with a 95% CI of 14.82-22.60. The incidence rate of death was 28 (95% CI, 22, 35) per 1,000 person-days of observation, with a total follow-up time of 2,677 person-days of observation. Birth weight (<2,500 g) (AHR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.01, 4.43), prematurity (AHR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.02, 4.15), duration of labor >24 h (AHR = 3.89, 95% CI: 1.38, 11.01), breast feeding (AHR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.80), having respiratory distress syndrome (AHR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.02, 306), oxygen saturation less than 90% (AHR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.02, 306) were significant predictors of death among neonates admitted with sepsis.

Conclusion and recommendation

The incidence of neonatal mortality in this study was high. Early detection and appropriate management of patients' presentations like respiratory distress syndrome and low oxygen saturation are necessary to reduce neonatal sepsis-related mortality. Special attention should be given to low birth weight and premature neonates and mothers should be encouraged to breastfeed their newborns after delivery.

The right antibiotic for the right neonate? A prospective observational cohort study at a district hospital in Pemba, Tanzania

BACKGROUND

The highest neonatal mortality is in Sub-Saharan Africa, where neonatal sepsis accounts for approximately 50%. At Pemba Island, Tanzania, we examined the use of prophylactic antibiotics in neonates and related it to WHO guidelines and compared clinical signs of infection with the use of antibiotic treatment; furthermore, we aimed to investigate all use of antibiotic treatment in the neonatal period.

METHOD

This prospective observational cohort study was performed from 1 January 2022 to 15 April 2022 at a district hospital on Pemba Island, Tanzania. Women admitted in early established or active labour, and their neonates, were eligible for inclusion. We used questionnaires for mother and health worker and examined the neonates 2 h after birth. Follow-up was made at discharge or at 18 h of life, and days 7 and 28.

RESULTS

We included 209 women and their 214 neonates. The neonatal mortality was 5 of 214 (23 per 1000 live births). According to WHO guidelines 29 (13.6%) had ≥ 1 risk factor for infection. Of these, three (10.3%) received prophylactic antibiotic treatment; only one (3.4%) received the correct antibiotic drug recommended in guidelines. Thirty-nine (18.2%) neonates had ≥ 1 clinical indicator of infection and 19 (48.7%) of these received antibiotic treatment. A total of 30 (14.0%) neonates received antibiotics during the study period. Twenty-three (76.7%) were treated with peroral antibiotics.

CONCLUSION

Adherence to WHO guidelines for prophylactic antibiotic treatment to prevent neonatal infection was low. Further, only half of neonates with clinical signs of infection received antibiotics.

Economic and Diagnostic Biomarker Tests of Neonatal Sepsis: A Prospective Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in a Low-Income Country

Background. Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). There are several sophisticated biomarkers; however, they are still insufficient in precision. In this perspective, our study aims to search for a pragmatic diagnostic biomarker in the age category. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted over six months(April-September 2018). All neonates with a diagnosis of probable sepsis were included. Logistic regression analysis of demographic variables was done to elucidate any association with confirmed sepsis cases. The median with interquartile range (IQR)] and mean with standard deviation (SD) were calculated, and then compared. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the commonly opted biomarker tests [distribution width of red blood cells (RDW) and platelets(PDW), mean platelet volume(MPV), C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)] was compared to the culture-confirmed case. Results. Of the 171 suspected sepsis subjects, we discovered a significant burden of newborn sepsis, with 18.7% of cases being culture-confirmed. 66 Early-onset sepsis(EOS) and 105 Late-onset sepsis(LOS) probable sepsis cases were enrolled. A higher incidence was revealed among male infants 24(14%) compared to females 8(4.7%). On logistic regression analysis, preterm birth [odds ratio (OR): 10.9, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.5-26.9] and low birth weight (OR: 6.5, 95% CI: 2.4-17.9) were significantly associated. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus (CoNS) (n =6) among gram-positive, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n =6) was among gram-negative, were the leading etiologies. Escherichia coli (n =3) was the predominant bacteria in EOS subjects, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n =6) among LOS. Median interquartile range(IQR): platelet count 144.5(99-192), red cell distribution width 18(16.9-20), CRP 6(3-18.3); and mean ± SD: MPV (11.7 ± 1.7); PDW (15.2 ± 3.5) were attained, among confirmed cases. The AUROC, of biomarker tests was attained in the order: PDW(0.86) > MPV(0.81) > RDW(0.76) > CRP(0.67) > ESR(0.59); similarly, the cut-off order was >11.2, >10.4, >16.8, >2.9, >4.5, respectively. Conclusions. Our finding shows an increment in the width and volume of RBCand platelet: RDW, MPV, and PDW have a diagnostic role in neonatal sepsis.

Risk factors for community-acquired bacterial infection among young infants in South Asia: a longitudinal cohort study with nested case-control analysis

OBJECTIVE

Risk factors predisposing infants to community-acquired bacterial infections during the first 2 months of life are poorly understood in South Asia. Identifying risk factors for infection could lead to improved preventive measures and antibiotic stewardship.

METHODS

Five sites in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan enrolled mother-child pairs via population-based pregnancy surveillance by community health workers. Medical, sociodemographic and epidemiological risk factor data were collected. Young infants aged 0-59 days with signs of possible serious bacterial infection (pSBI) and age-matched controls provided blood and respiratory specimens that were analysed by blood culture and real-time PCR. These tests were used to build a Bayesian partial latent class model (PLCM) capable of attributing the probable cause of each infant's infection in the ANISA study. The collected risk factors from all mother-child pairs were classified and analysed against the PLCM using bivariate and stepwise logistic multivariable regression modelling to determine risk factors of probable bacterial infection.

RESULTS

Among 63 114 infants born, 14 655 were assessed and 6022 had signs of pSBI; of these, 81% (4859) provided blood samples for culture, 71% (4216) provided blood samples for quantitative PCR (qPCR) and 86% (5209) provided respiratory qPCR samples. Risk factors associated with bacterial-attributed infections included: low (relative risk (RR) 1.73, 95% credible interval (CrI) 1.42 to 2.11) and very low birth weight (RR 5.77, 95% CrI 3.73 to 8.94), male sex (RR 1.27, 95% CrI 1.07 to 1.52), breathing problems at birth (RR 2.50, 95% CrI 1.96 to 3.18), premature rupture of membranes (PROMs) (RR 1.27, 95% CrI 1.03 to 1.58) and being in the lowest three socioeconomic status quintiles (first RR 1.52, 95% CrI 1.07 to 2.16; second RR 1.41, 95% CrI 1.00 to 1.97; third RR 1.42, 95% CrI 1.01 to 1.99).

CONCLUSION

Distinct risk factors: birth weight, male sex, breathing problems at birth and PROM were significantly associated with the development of bacterial sepsis across South Asian community settings, supporting refined clinical discernment and targeted use of antimicrobials.

Effect of TLR-4 gene polymorphisms on sepsis susceptibility in neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Aim: To clarify the role of polymorphisms rs4986790 and rs4986791 in TLR-4 with susceptibility to neonatal sepsis. Methods: To evaluate the possible correlation of polymorphisms rs4986790 and rs4986791 with sepsis risk, odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. The heterogeneity was evaluated by χ²-based Q-test. Results: For rs4986790, ORs were 1.36 (95% CI: 1.05-1.79, p = 0.017) and 1.84 (95% CI: 0.04-7.9, p = 0.410) under AG+GG versus AA and G vs. A models, respectively. For rs4986791, ORs were 2.22 (95% CI: 1.25-3.94, p = 0.006) and 2.20 (95% CI: 1.26-3.85, p = 0.005) under CT+TT versus CC and of T versus C models, respectively. Conclusion: The rs4986790 and rs4986791 polymorphisms in TLR-4 could influence the sepsis susceptibility in neonates.

Risk factors for neonatal sepsis in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review with meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

To identify the risk factors for neonatal sepsis in Sub-Saharan Africa.

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

DATA SOURCES

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, African Index Medicus and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for observational studies from January 2010 to August 2020.

SETTING

Sub-Saharan Africa, at all levels of healthcare facilities.

PARTICIPANTS

'Neonates' (<28 days of age) at risk of developing either clinical and/or laboratory-dependent diagnosis of sepsis.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Identification of any risk factors for neonatal sepsis.

RESULTS

A total of 36 studies with 23 605 patients from secondary or tertiary level of care facilities in 10 countries were included. Six studies were rated as good quality, 8 as fair and 22 as poor. Four studies were omitted in the meta-analysis due to insufficient data. The significant risk factors were resuscitation (OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.36 to 5.35), low birth weight <1.5 kg (OR 3.37, 95% CI 1.59 to 7.13) and 1.5-2.5 kg (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.83), low Apgar score at the first minute (OR 3.69, 95% CI 2.34 to 5.81) and fifth minute (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.46 to 4.45), prematurity <37 weeks (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.27 to 2.86), no crying at birth (OR 3.49, 95% CI 1.42 to 8.55), male sex (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.67), prolonged labour (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.27), premature rupture of membranes (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.34 to 3.47), multiple digital vaginal examinations (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.27 to 3.89), meconium-stained amniotic fluid (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.58 to 4.69), intrapartum maternal fever (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.18 to 4.39), foul-smelling vaginal discharge (OR 3.31, 95% CI 2.16 to 5.09) and low socioeconomic status (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.11 to 3.35). We found considerable heterogeneity in the meta-analysis of 11 out of 15 identified risk factors.

CONCLUSION

Multiple risk factors for neonatal sepsis in Sub-Saharan Africa were identified. We revealed risk factors not listed by the WHO guidelines. The included studies overall had high risk of bias and high heterogeneity and thus, additional research of high quality is needed.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42020191067.

Let's Not Miss the Treatable Ones: Two Cases of Neonatal Sepsis Due to Malaria

Congenital malaria is the direct infection of an infant with a malarial parasite from the mother either during pregnancy or at birth. Neonatal malaria occurs due to an infective mosquito bite after birth. Neonatal and congenital malaria (NCM) can occasionally present with life-threatening neonatal sepsis and rarely with neonatal jaundice. These conditions are typically managed by general pediatricians, especially in remote areas without access to specialized care. A high clinical index of suspicion is required to diagnose neonatal and congenital malaria, given that their presentation can mimic other more common neonatal conditions. We present two neonates with malaria, highlighting the importance of considering this treatable entity in the differential.

Validation of Hematological Markers in Early Onset Neonatal Sepsis

Background

Neonatal sepsis is considered a ubiquitous worldwide cause of mortality and morbidity in newborn infants. The incidence is 10-50 per 1000 live births. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an easily accessible and cost-effective hematological marker for prompt diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.

Aim and objectives

The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical significance of NLR in neonates clinically diagnosed with sepsis and its impact on the management.

Methods

This retrospective study was conducted on 265 neonates diagnosed with sepsis and compared with 341 healthy controls. The statistical analysis was performed by using the Student's t-test to compare the variables.

Result

Median NLR levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls. NLR had a modest power of predicting neonatal sepsis, as suggested by an area under a curve of 0.569.

Conclusion

NLR is an important predictor of neonatal sepsis. There is a significant modest positive correlation between NLR and sepsis.

Magnitude and associated factors of neonatal sepsis among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit of Northern oromia hospitals, Ethiopia: A multicenter cross-sectional study

Background

Globally sepsis is the most cause of neonatal death. Neonatal sepsis is the major newborn killer in Ethiopia, which accounts for more than one-third of neonatal deaths. Therefore, the study was aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of neonatal sepsis.

Methods

An institutional based cross-sectional study was employed on a total of 378 neonates admitted to the NICU of selected four hospitals. It was conducted from January 2021 to March 2021. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the prevalence of neonatal sepsis.

Results

Among neonates who enrolled in this study 188(50.1%) of them were females and 283 (75.5%) of them were in the age group of early neonatal period. The overall magnitude of neonatal sepsis in this study was 196(52.27%). From this 159(81.12%) and 37(18.88%) of neonates developed early onset neonatal sepsis and late onset neonatal sepsis, respectively. Factors such as age of neonates[AOR = 2.351, 95% CI (1.131, 4.888)], birth weight of neonate less than 2.5 kg[AOR = 2.546, 95% CI (1.875, 3.643)], multiple per digital vaginal examination[AOR =0.278, 95% CI (0.148,0.522)], history of urinary tract infection[AOR = 3.709, 95% CI (1.828–7.301)], Meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF)[AOR = 0.384, 95% CI (0.152, 0.968)] and intrapartum high fever[AOR = 2.203, 95% CI (1.034, 4.692)] were the independent determinants of neonatal sepsis.

Conclusion

This study indicated that the magnitude of neonatal sepsis was found to be high. In general, this study has found that both maternal and neonatal factors had contributed to the risk of neonatal sepsis. Based on these results we recommend the healthcare providers to focus on the prevention of risk factors rather than treating the disease after it occurs.

•

Globally, sepsis is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality.

•

Neonatal sepsis is categorized as early onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) and late onset neonatal sepsis (LONS) .

•

In a developing countries accurate diagnosis of neonatal sepsis is not satisfactory.

Neonatal sepsis and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries from a facility-based birth cohort: an international multisite prospective observational study

Background

Neonatal sepsis is a primary cause of neonatal mortality and is an urgent global health concern, especially within low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of global neonatal mortality occurs. The aims of this study were to determine the incidence and associations with neonatal sepsis and all-cause mortality in facility-born neonates in LMICs.

Methods

The Burden of Antibiotic Resistance in Neonates from Developing Societies (BARNARDS) study recruited mothers and their neonates into a prospective observational cohort study across 12 clinical sites from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Rwanda, and South Africa. Data for sepsis-associated factors in the four domains of health care, maternal, birth and neonatal, and living environment were collected for all mothers and neonates enrolled. Primary outcomes were clinically suspected sepsis, laboratory-confirmed sepsis, and all-cause mortality in neonates during the first 60 days of life. Incidence proportion of livebirths for clinically suspected sepsis and laboratory-confirmed sepsis and incidence rate per 1000 neonate-days for all-cause mortality were calculated. Modified Poisson regression was used to investigate factors associated with neonatal sepsis and parametric survival models for factors associated with all-cause mortality.

Findings

Between Nov 12, 2015 and Feb 1, 2018, 29 483 mothers and 30 557 neonates were enrolled. The incidence of clinically suspected sepsis was 166·0 (95% CI 97·69–234·24) per 1000 livebirths, laboratory-confirmed sepsis was 46·9 (19·04–74·79) per 1000 livebirths, and all-cause mortality was 0·83 (0·37–2·00) per 1000 neonate-days. Maternal hypertension, previous maternal hospitalisation within 12 months, average or higher monthly household income, ward size (>11 beds), ward type (neonatal), living in a rural environment, preterm birth, perinatal asphyxia, and multiple births were associated with an increased risk of clinically suspected sepsis, laboratory-confirmed sepsis, and all-cause mortality. The majority (881 [72·5%] of 1215) of laboratory-confirmed sepsis cases occurred within the first 3 days of life.

Interpretation

Findings from this study highlight the substantial proportion of neonates who develop neonatal sepsis, and the high mortality rates among neonates with sepsis in LMICs. More efficient and effective identification of neonatal sepsis is needed to target interventions to reduce its incidence and subsequent mortality in LMICs.

Funding

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Preventable contributors to the neonatal healthcare-associated infections: a uni-center analytical study from South India

Background: Globally, neonatal healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are known to cause high mortality. HAIs is a preventable condition related to the healthcare environment. The current study explored the contributors to neonatal HAIs in one of the largest tertiary care referral hospitals in South India.

Methods: Neonates from December 2016 to June 2018 were observed for the occurrence of healthcare-associated infections and compared with the matched control group. Various observations on neonatal demography, maternal contributors, and medical procedures were made and recorded to explore and analyse the contributors to neonatal HAIs. Univariate and multivariate analysis was carried out to find the contributors. The Odds ratio with 95% CI was also computed and reported.

Results: Bloodstream infection (83%) was prevalent among neonates; the maternal contributor was only preterm labor (Odds ratio of 11.93; 95% CI; 6.47-21.98; p<.05) to acquire HAIs. On univariate analysis, mechanical ventilation for > 3days duration, NIV for > five days, and PICC line insertion procedure were significant (p<0.05) contributors to neonatal HAIs. IV cannulation for more than three times in four consecutive days was found in 100(85%) neonates considered being associated with neonatal HAIs. On multivariate analysis, NIV, PICC line, preterm labor, and low birth weight were significant (p<0.05) contributors to neonatal HAIs.

Conclusion: The increased duration of invasive and non-invasive therapeutic devices and catheters contributes to neonatal HAIs. Neonates are acquiring bloodstream infections; low birth weight (LBW) neonates are more susceptible to acquiring HAIs.

Re-visiting micro ESR as a screening tool for neonatal sepsis

Our study evaluated the role of micro-erythrocte sedimentation rate (micro-ESR) in the early detection of neonatal sepsis.

Neonates with >34 completed weeks of gestation, appropriate for gestational age, admitted in our Neonatal Intensive Care Unit with clinical suspicion of early onset sepsis were enrolled in the study. A sepsis screen and blood culture was performed on all the babies within 4 h of admission. The sensitivity of micro-ESR for detecting positive blood culture was calculated and the best cut-off was determined using the Area Under Curve.

Neonatal Sepsis-Newer Insights

Sepsis is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among neonates worldwide and especially affects the preterm neonates in resource-restricted settings. The infection may be acquired in utero, from the mother's genital tract or postnatally from the community or hospital environment and personnel. Factors including the time of exposure, size of the inoculum, immunity in the host, and virulence of the infectious agent affect the severity and course of illness. Culture-independent diagnostics, sepsis prediction scores, antibiotic stewardship, and preventive strategies including hand hygiene are ongoing efforts for reducing the neonatal sepsis burden.

Nonfermenting, Gram-Negative Bacilli Causing Neonatal Sepsis in Odisha, India: Four-Year Surveillance

Introduction

In India, blood culture-positive sepsis results in mortality in 33%-35% of affected neonates. Nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB), particularly Acinetobacter baumannii and Burkholderia cepacia commonly cause hospital-acquired infection.

Materials and methods

We performed a subgroup analysis as part of a prospective study conducted in a neonatal intensive care unit in a tertiary care hospital in Odisha, India, between January 2017 and December 2020. Neonates with blood culture-positive sepsis caused by NFGNB were enrolled in this study. Demographic characteristics of the neonates, clinical features of sepsis, complications, need for supportive care, and blood culture sensitivity patterns were recorded and analyzed.

Results

A total of 168 organisms were isolated in blood cultures during our study period, of which 48 (29%) were NFGNB species. Among these 48 species, A. baumannii (37.5%) and B. cepacia (33.3%) were the most common NFGNB in our study. Neonates with sepsis commonly exhibited feeding intolerance (64.5%), circulatory insufficiency that necessitated vasopressor treatment (54.1%), disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (35.4%), seizures (33.3%), and the need for respiratory support (56.2%). NFGNB were multidrug-resistant (MDR) in 70.8% of cases, and 93.7% of B. cepacia and 55.5% of A. baumannii were MDR.

Conclusions

A. baumannii and B. cepacia are NFGNB commonly isolated in neonatal cases of blood culture-positive sepsis. The prevalence of MDR NFGNB sepsis is gradually increasing, which poses a threat to neonates. Strict aseptic precautions and antibiotic stewardship are thus mandatory in perinatal practice.

A study comparing short-term outcome in preterm infants of ≤30 weeks gestation between a tertiary neonatal care unit in Bangalore, India and one in London, UK

BACKGROUND

Large numbers of preterm infants are born in middle-income countries and neonatal care is improving in these countries. Few studies have compared clinical outcome in preterm infants in a tertiary neonatal unit in a middle-income country with one in a high-income country.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the short-term outcome in preterm infants of ≤30 weeks gestation admitted to a tertiary neonatal unit in Bengaluru, India and in London, UK.

METHODS

This was a retrospective observational study using anonymised data from electronic patient records. Preterm infants born at ≤30 weeks gestation admitted to neonatal units in Bengaluru (n = 294) and London (n = 740) over a 5-year period (January 2011 to December 2015) were compared.

RESULTS

Fewer mothers in the Bengaluru centre received antenatal steroids (37% vs 73%, p < 0.001). The incidence of retinopathy of prematurity requiring treatment (12.9% vs 7.7%, NS), treated patent ductus arteriosus (32.3% vs 10.7%, NS) and blood culture-positive sepsis (32.4% vs 1.7%, p < 0.001) was higher in infants in the Indian centre. Overall survival was 83% vs 87.2% (NS) in the Bengaluru and the London cohorts, respectively. Survival of infants born at ≤28 weeks gestation was lower in Bengaluru than in London [24 weeks: 33.0% vs 79.3% (NS); 25 weeks: 50.0% vs 78.9%, p = 0.02; 26 weeks: 45.2% vs 86.5%, p < 0.01; 27 weeks: 79.3% vs 91.3% (NS); 28 weeks 82.5% vs 94.1%, p = 0.03].

CONCLUSION

The survival of infants ≤28 weeks gestation was significantly lower in the Bengaluru centre. Increasing the provision of antenatal corticosteroids may improve the outcome in these infants.

ABBREVIATIONS

BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; EPR: electronic patient records; HIC: high-income countries; HDU: high dependency unit; hsPDA: haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus; IVH: intraventricular haemorrhage; ITU: Intensive Care Unit, IUGR: intrauterine growth restriction; LAMA: leaving against medical advice; LMIC: low- and middle-income countries; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit; NNFI: National Neonatal Forum of India; NS: not significant; NTS: neonatal transfer service; NNAP: National Neonatal Audit Programme; NHM: National Health Mission; NMR: neonatal mortality rate; NEC: necrotising enterocolitis; NS: not significant; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; ROP: retinopathy of prematurity; SCBU: special care baby unit; VLBW: very low birthweight; WHO: World Health Organization.

Predictors of early-onset neonatal sepsis in premature newborns: Case-control study

INTRODUCTION

Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) is difficult to diagnose clinically because the semiology of premature newborns is poor during the first days of life. This study aimed to identify predictive factors of EOS in neonates less than 37 weeks' gestational age in neonatal care at Louis Mourier Hospital, France.

METHOD

This was a case-control study of all newborns less than 37 weeks of gestational age diagnosed and managed for EOS from January 1 to December 31, 2019. The main parameters studied were demographic characteristics, risk factors, laboratory, and bacteriological characteristics. At the benchmarking level, the statistical tests used were the McNemar test for qualitative variables and the paired Student's t-test for quantitative variables.

RESULTS

A total of 50 mother-child pairs were included in this study (25 cases and 25 matched controls). The results showed a statistically significant relationship between the birth of a child with EOS and between a premature rupture of membranes of > 18 h (68% of cases vs. 36% of controls; p = 0.042); a positive culture of the placenta (p = 0.0002); C-reactive protein levels of > 6 mg/L (88% of cases vs. 20% of controls; p = 0.001); a procalcitonin level of > 0.6 ng/mL (72% of cases vs. 16% of controls; p = 0.001). Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli (44.5%) and Haemophilus influenzae (14.8%) were the most common pathogens found.

CONCLUSION

The search for risk factors must be systematic and the clinic must remain at the center of the diagnostic approach.

Prediction for late-onset sepsis in preterm infants based on data from East China

AIM

To construct a prediction model based on the data of premature infants and to apply the data in our study as external validation to the prediction model proposed by Yuejun Huang et al. to evaluate the predictive ability of both models.

METHODS

In total, 397 premature infants were randomly divided into the training set (n = 278) and the testing set (n = 119). Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were applied to identify potential predictors, and the prediction model was constructed based on the predictors. The area under the curve (AUC) value, the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves, and the calibration curves were used to evaluate the predictive performances of prediction models. The data in our study were used in the prediction model proposed by Yuejun Huang et al. as external validation.

RESULTS

In the current study, endotracheal intubation [odds ratio (OR) = 10.553, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.959-22.458], mechanical ventilation (OR = 10.243, 95% CI: 4.811-21.806), asphyxia (OR = 2.614, 95% CI: 1.536-4.447), and antibiotics use (OR = 3.362, 95% CI: 1.454-7.775) were risk factors for late-onset sepsis in preterm infants. The higher birth weight of infants (OR = 0.312, 95% CI: 0.165-0.588) and gestational age were protective factors for late-onset sepsis in preterm infants. The training set was applied for the construction of the models, and the testing set was used to test the diagnostic efficiency of the model. The AUC values of the prediction model were 0.760 in the training set and 0.796 in the testing set.

CONCLUSION

The prediction model showed a good predictive ability for late-onset sepsis in preterm infants.

Cause of Death in Neonates With Neurological Insults in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Insights From A MITS Pilot Study

Background

Minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) of organs has been used as an alternative to complete diagnostic autopsy in countries where refusal for autopsy in newborns is common for sociocultural reasons. There is a paucity of literature regarding the diagnostic utility of MITS of the brain after death in neonates with neurological insults, especially in India.

Methods

This was a prospective, preliminary single-center tertiary care hospital study in India, focused specifically on MITS of the brain after neonatal death as a diagnostic tool to identify the various neurological insults. All neonatal deaths with neurological symptoms occurring within the first 30 days of life were enrolled, irrespective of the suspected clinical diagnosis.

Results

Sixteen neonates were enrolled after death for MITS of the brain, performed for diagnostic purposes, during the study period from February 2020 to March 2021. Their gestational ages ranged from 26 to 38 weeks. All neonates had either a history of seizures and/or respiratory distress or clinical evidence of sepsis and were on ventilator support. Histopathology in all 16 neonates showed evidence of anoxia, with or without reactive astrogliosis or microgliosis. In 5 neonates with cranial ultrasound evidence of brain hemorrhage, MITS of the brain showed intraventricular hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, or intraparenchymal white matter microhemorrhages. Premortem blood culture–proven sepsis was seen in 9 neonates. In all cases (100%), MITS had a good diagnostic yield and was useful to establish the neurological insult in the brain.

Conclusions

MITS of the brain provides an accurate and adequate diagnosis and can be an alternative to complete diagnostic autopsy for establishing the cause of death due to neurological insults, especially in low-resource settings where obtaining consent for more invasive procedure is often challenging.

Massive Pleural Effusion as a Rare Manifestation in Severe Neonatal Sepsis

BACKGROUND: Neonatal sepsis can be severe and has mortality rate. The pleural effusion is a rare sign of severe sepsis in newborn and only few studies that reported it. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of newborn who referred to our hospital because of dependent mechanical ventilator and severe sepsis. We found a massive pleural effusion and did the pleural drainage. After the drainage, the baby was extubate and discharge well with no signs of respiratory distress. CONCLUSION: Massive pleural effusion might be considered as a cause of dependent ventilator in severe neonatal sepsis.

Analysis of pathogens, drug resistance, sensitive antibiotic treatment and risk factors of early-onset sepsis in very low birth weight infants

The clinical manifestations, types of infectious pathogens, and drug-resistant strains of sepsis in infants with very low birth weight (VLBWIs) vary greatly in different regions and hospitals. In order to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment, this study analyzed the distribution and drug resistance of the pathogenic bacteria of sepsis in VLBWIs in our hospital. A total of 69 cases of VLBWIs in Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University from January 01, 2014 to December 31, 2020 were included. Among them, 34 VLBWIs with early-onset sepsis (EOS) were assigned to the EOS group, and 14 VLBWIs with late-onset sepsis (LOS) were included in the LOS group. The distribution of pathogens and the drug resistance of antibiotics were analyzed. The results showed that fluorescent nanoparticles detected pathogenic bacteria in 48 cases, and the blood cultures were all positive. A total of 49 pathogenic bacteria were isolated, including 27 gram-negative bacteria (55.1%), 21 gram-positive bacteria (42.86%), and 1 fungus (2.04%, Candida albicans). Gram-negative bacteria comprised of E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which were highly sensitive to compound preparations containing β-lactamase inhibitors, and carbapenem antibacterial drugs, were the first choice. Gram-positive bacteria were mainly Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus agalactiae. Staphylococcus epidermidis was highly resistant to penicillins and can be treated with vancomycin. Streptococcus agalactiae was highly resistant to penicillins and can be treated with penicillin and vancomycin. Amniotic fluid pollution, intrauterine distress, premature rupture of membranes, and maternal fever were risk factors for EOS in VLBWIs, with odds ratios (ORs) of 9.369, 6.217, 5.638, and 4.267, respectively. In summary, timely and reasonable treatment should be given based on the types and drug resistance characteristics of pathogens of neonatal sepsis and the risk factors of EOS.

Induction of labour in low-resource settings

Due to the disparity in resource availability between low- and high-resource settings, practice recommendations relevant to high-income countries are not always relevant and often need to be adapted to low-resource settings. The adaptation applies to induction of labour (IOL) which is an obstetric procedure that deserves special attention because it involves the initiation of a process that requires regular and frequent monitoring of the mother and foetus by experienced healthcare professionals. Lack of problem recognition and/or substandard care during IOL may result in harm with long-term sequelae. In this article, the authors discuss unique challenges such as insufficient resources (including staff, midwives, doctors, equipment, and medications) that result in occasional inadequate patient monitoring and/or delayed interventions during IOL in low-resource settings. We also discuss modifications in indications and methods for IOL, issues related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, the feasibility of outpatient induction, clinical protocols and a minimum dataset for quality improvement projects. Overall, the desire to achieve a vaginal birth with IOL should not cloud the necessity to observe the required safety measures and implement necessary interventions; given that childbirth practices are the major determinants of pregnancy outcomes and patient satisfaction.

Sex- and Gender-Dependent Differences in Clinical and Preclinical Sepsis

ABSTRACT

In this mini-review we provide an overview of sex- and gender-dependent issues in both clinical and preclinical sepsis. The increasing recognition for the need to account for sex and gender in biomedical research brings a unique set of challenges and requires researchers to adopt best practices when conducting and communicating sex- and gender-based research. This may be of particular importance in sepsis, given the potential contribution of sex bias in the failures of translational sepsis research in adults and neonates. Clinical evidence of sex-dependent differences in sepsis is equivocal. Since clinical studies are limited to observational data and confounded by a multitude of factors, preclinical studies provide a unique opportunity to investigate sex differences in a controlled, experimental environment. Numerous preclinical studies have suggested that females may experience favorable outcomes in comparison with males. The underlying mechanistic evidence for sex-dependent differences in sepsis and other models of shock (e.g., trauma-hemorrhage) largely centers around the beneficial effects of estrogen. Other mechanisms such as the immunosuppressive role of testosterone and X-linked mosaicism are also thought to contribute to observed sex- and gender-dependent differences in sepsis. Significant knowledge gaps still exist in this field. Future investigations can address these gaps through careful consideration of sex and gender in clinical studies, and the use of clinically accurate preclinical models that reflect sex differences. A better understanding of sex-and gender-dependent differences may serve to increase translational research success.

Risk Factors for Neonatal Sepsis in Secondary and Tertiary Care Hospitals of a District in Sri Lanka: A Case–Control Study

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for neonatal sepsis.

Methods A case–control study was performed in secondary and tertiary care hospitals of a district in Sri Lanka. Neonates who diagnosed with sepsis based on clinical criteria or culture positivity were taken as the case group (n = 240) and neonates born during the same period who had not been diagnosed with sepsis were taken as the control group (n = 240). The controls were recruited from the community. The study instruments were, pretested interviewer administered questionnaire, a check list and record sheets. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. The results were expressed as odds ratios (OR) with the 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results The independent risk factors for neonatal sepsis were history of abortions, still birth, and early neonatal deaths (OR: 6.78; 95% CI: 3.2–14.3), registration of pregnancy after 8 weeks of gestation (OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.07–3.4), total antenatal clinic visits ≤4 (OR: 7.18; 95% CI: 2.1–24.5), history of maternal fever prior to the week of delivery (OR: 2.74; 95% CI: 1.25–6.0) leaking amniotic fluid >18 hours (OR: 10.0; 95% CI: 2.1–47.4), performed >3 vaginal examinations before delivery (OR: 3.28; 95% CI: 2.1–24.5), meconium stained amniotic fluid (OR: 10.57; 95% CI: 3.7–29.7), mode of delivery by cesarean section, forceps or vacuum (OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.4–3.9), time of birth of the neonate being during on-call hours (OR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.3–3.5), being a male baby (OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.1–2.8), and birth weight <2,500 g (OR: 5.17; 95% CI: 2.8–9.6) of neonates.

Conclusion Most of the identified risk factors for neonatal sepsis were modifiable. Stringent implementation of guidelines and protocols would prevent neonatal sepsis.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Predictors of Adverse Outcomes in Neonates with Bacterial Meningitis: a Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital of Northern India

This study aimed to determine antimicrobial resistance pattern and predictors of adverse outcome in neonatal meningitis. A retrospective study by analyzing case files of 134 cases of neonatal meningitis. We noted an alarming degree of multidrug resistance (MDR) among both gram-negative (Klebsiella spp., 50%; Escherichia coli, 100%; and and Acinetobacter spp., 50%), as well as positive (Enterococcus, 100%) isolates in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture. The incidence rate of adverse outcome (i.e., mortality and abnormal neurological examination at discharge) was 8.2 and 17.2%, respectively. On univariate analysis, delayed seeking of medical care, bulging anterior fontanelle, vomiting, positive sepsis screen, shock during hospital course, ventriculitis, diversion procedures for raised intracranial pressure, central line placement, low CSF sugar, and failed hearing screening test at discharge were associated with increased risk of adverse outcome. Further, delayed seeking of medical care, shock during hospital course, positive sepsis screen, thrombocytopenia, and MDR infections were independently found to be associated with adverse outcomes. An alarming degree of antimicrobial resistance among the CSF isolates necessitates the need to understand the pathogenesis of resistance and curtail the irrational prescription of antibiotics in neonatal meningitis. Further, delayed seeking of medical care, shock during hospital course, positive sepsis screen, thrombocytopenia, and MRD infection may have prognostic value in neonatal meningitis

Association of Intrapartum Risk Factors and Infant Clinical Indicators with Culture Confirmed Early Onset Neonatal Sepsis in a Secondary Care Rural Hospital in India

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to determine the association of intrapartum risk factors and infant clinical indicators using the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) criteria with culture-positive early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) from a rural secondary healthcare facility where intrapartum prophylactic antibiotics are routinely administered to high-risk mothers.

METHODS

A single-center prospective observational study was conducted between July 2017 and September 2018. All intramural neonates with at least one NICE criteria at less than 72 h of life, were included. Univariate logistic regression and multivariable logistic backward elimination analyses were conducted to investigate individual risk factors and predictive models for culture proven EONS.

RESULTS

Of 236 newborns who were at risk for EONS by NICE criteria, 32 (13.8%) had positive blood cultures. Klebsiella species (n = 13, 39.4%) and Acinetobacter species (n = 11, 33.3%) were the most common isolated bacteria. In univariate analysis, the number of infant clinical indicators were associated with culture positive EONS (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.01-1.81), but not the number of intrapartum risk factors (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.4-1.29). The multivariate logistic regression with backward elimination procedure suggested that a model including absolute neutrophil count [adjusted OR (aOR) 0.81; 95% CI 0.72-0.92], C-reactive protein (aOR 1.24; 95% CI 1.08-1.43) and the number of clinical indicators (aOR 1.29; 95% CI 0.93-1.80) could be useful to predict culture positive EONS in our setting.

CONCLUSION

In this maternal and neonatal cohort, infant clinical indicators rather than intrapartum risk factors were associated with culture confirmed EONS.

Epidemiology, microbiological profile, and outcome of culture positive sepsis among outborn neonates at a tertiary hospital in Northern India

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To study the epidemiology, microbiological profile, and outcome of culture positive sepsis among outborn neonates at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Northern India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Neonates (n = 406) with blood culture positive sepsis were enrolled prospectively over a period of 1 year (February 2018-January 2019). Demographic details, clinical features, microbiological profile, antibiotic sensitivity pattern, treatment, and outcome were recorded.

RESULTS

The mean (±SD) age at presentation was 2.4 (±0.6) days and 2/3rd were males. The mean (±SD) gestation was 35.5 (±3.4) weeks, birth weight was 2215 (±219) g, and 42.4% were preterm. The proportion of neonates with early and late onset sepsis were 69% and 31%, respectively. Predominant isolates were Gram-negative (46.5%), Gram-positive (27.6%) organisms, and yeast (25.9%). Klebsiella pneumoniae (46.5%), Acinetobacter baumannii (17.5%), and Escherichia coli (8%) were common Gram-negative; and coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS) (70%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.4%), and Enterococcus (12.5%) were common Gram-positive organisms. Among Gram-negative organisms, the antibiotic sensitivity pattern was ciprofloxacin 45%, cephalosporins 15-40%, aminoglycosides 20-42%, piperacillin-tazobactam 49%, carbapenems 34-51%, tetracyclines 55-70%, doxycycline 55%, chloramphenicol 42%, and colistin 98%; and among Gram-positive organisms were methicillin 30%, clindamycin 52%, vancomycin 100%, teicoplanin 98%, and linezolid 99%. The survival rate was 60.3%. The neonates with Gram-negative sepsis had higher requirement of oxygen, mechanical ventilation, and vasoactive drugs; had more complications; and lower survival (50.3% vs. 72.3%, p= .003) when compared to Gram-positive sepsis.

CONCLUSIONS

Gram-negative organisms were commonest cause of neonatal sepsis, had low sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics, and associated with poor outcome.

Determinants of Neonatal Sepsis among Neonates Admitted to Public Hospitals in Central Ethiopia: Unmatched Case-control Study

Background. Neonatal sepsis is the cause of substantial morbidity and mortality, mostly affecting the developing countries including Ethiopia. Previously conducted studies also highlighted the high prevalence of neonatal sepsis in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the determinants of neonatal sepsis in the central Ethiopia. Method. Institution based un-matched case control study was conducted among 192 cases (neonates with sepsis) and 384 controls (without sepsis) in public hospitals in Central Ethiopia. The data were collected through face-to-face interview using structured questionnaire and extraction from maternal and neonatal charts. Binary logistic regression (bi-variable and multi-variable) model was fitted. Adjusted odds ratio with respect to 95% confidence interval was employed for the strength and directions of the association. Results. Younger maternal-age; 30 to 34 years (AOR = 0.41, 95%CI: 0.19-0.85) and 25 to 29 years (AOR = 0.38, 95%CI: 0.17-0.84), not having antenatal care (ANC) follow-ups (AOR = 1.89, 95%CI: 1.02-3.49), place of delivery; home (AOR = 12.6, 95%CI: 5.32-29.82) and health center (AOR = 2.74, 95%CI: 1.7, 4.41), prolonged duration of labor (AOR = 1.90, 95%CI: 1.22, 2.96), prolonged rupture of membrane 12 to 17 hours (AOR = 3.26, 95%CI: 1.46, 7.26) and ≥18 hours (AOR = 5.18, 95%CI: 1.98, 13.55) were maternal related determinants of neonatal sepsis. Whereas, prematurity (AOR = 2.74, 95%CI: 1.73, 4.36), being resuscitated (AOR = 1.93, 95%CI: 1.22, 3.06) and not having meconium aspiration syndrome (AOR = 2.55, 95%CI: 1.34, 4.83) were identified as neonatal related determinants of neonatal sepsis. Conclusion. Younger maternal age, not having antenatal care follow-up, home, and health center delivery, prolonged duration of labor, prolonged duration of rupture of membrane, prematurity, had resuscitation, and neonates without meconium aspiration syndrome were found to be determinants of neonatal sepsis. Therefore, the concerned stakeholders should consider those identified determinants during an intervention for improvement of neonatal health.