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Kiskó G, Bajramović B, Elzhraa F, Erdei-Tombor P, Dobó V, Mohácsi-Farkas C, Taczman-Brückner A, Belák Á. The Invisible Threat of Antibiotic Resistance in Food. Antibiotics (Basel) 2025; 14:250. [PMID: 40149061 PMCID: PMC11939317 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics14030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2025] [Accepted: 02/26/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025] Open
Abstract
The continued and improper use of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic resistance (AR). The dissemination of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms occurs via a multitude of pathways, including the food supply. The failure to comply with the regulatory withdrawal period associated with the treatment of domestic animals or the illicit use of antibiotics as growth promoters has contributed to the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in meat and dairy products. It was demonstrated that not only do animal and human pathogens act as donors of antibiotic resistance genes, but also that lactic acid bacteria can serve as reservoirs of genes encoding for antibiotic resistance. Consequently, the consumption of fermented foods also presents a potential conduit for the dissemination of AR. This review provides an overview of the potential for the transmission of antibiotic resistance in a range of traditional and novel foods. The literature data reveal that foodborne microbes can be a significant factor in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Kiskó
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (B.B.); (F.E.); (P.E.-T.); (V.D.); (C.M.-F.); (Á.B.)
| | - Belma Bajramović
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (B.B.); (F.E.); (P.E.-T.); (V.D.); (C.M.-F.); (Á.B.)
| | - Fatma Elzhraa
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (B.B.); (F.E.); (P.E.-T.); (V.D.); (C.M.-F.); (Á.B.)
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Patrícia Erdei-Tombor
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (B.B.); (F.E.); (P.E.-T.); (V.D.); (C.M.-F.); (Á.B.)
| | - Viktória Dobó
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (B.B.); (F.E.); (P.E.-T.); (V.D.); (C.M.-F.); (Á.B.)
| | - Csilla Mohácsi-Farkas
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (B.B.); (F.E.); (P.E.-T.); (V.D.); (C.M.-F.); (Á.B.)
| | - Andrea Taczman-Brückner
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (B.B.); (F.E.); (P.E.-T.); (V.D.); (C.M.-F.); (Á.B.)
| | - Ágnes Belák
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (B.B.); (F.E.); (P.E.-T.); (V.D.); (C.M.-F.); (Á.B.)
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Bessette E, Bojko J, Bateman KS, Ross S, Meyling NV, Williams BAP. Identification of Albopleistophora grylli n. gen. n. sp. (Microsporidia) and its impact on crickets (Gryllus spp.) in food-and-feed culture systems. J Invertebr Pathol 2025; 208:108229. [PMID: 39522940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2024] [Revised: 10/17/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive taxonomic description of a microsporidian parasite infecting crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus and G. assimilis. Our analysis includes gross pathology, histopathology, spore ultrastructure, parasite development cycle, single gene phylogenies, and phylogenomic comparisons. We introduce a new taxon, Albopleistophora grylli n. gen. n. sp., characterised by its unique developmental stages within a sporophorous vesicle, leading to the formation of mature spores measuring 5.7 × 2.8 µm. Although prevalent in commercial cricket cultures, this parasite seemed to have limited effects on cricket survival. Indeed, microsporidia exposure and density assays with the host G. bimaculatus, only revealed density as a significant factor affecting the crickets' survival. Nevertheless, exposure showed significant effect on the crickets' emergence time, where exposed crickets emerged as adults earlier than unexposed individuals. Moreover, exposure to the parasite increased the faeces production and weight gain in cricket males. However, neither exposure nor density significantly impacted the females' fecundity. The absence of spores in non-exposed cricket groups suggested a horizontal transmission, highlighting the importance of controlled rearing practices to eliminate this microsporidium in control groups. The well-known anti-microsporidian drug 'fumagillin' was studied with a higher microsporidia dose of exposure to evaluate any improvement in cricket survival, without showing any significant differences between exposed and unexposed groups. Our findings underscore the nuanced dynamics of host-microsporidia interactions and emphasise the need for ecological context in understanding microsporidian impacts. Even if non-dangerous for its host, monitoring of this parasite seems crucial due to its potential zoonotic transmission by its close phylogenomic relation to human-infecting microsporidia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Bessette
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Jamie Bojko
- National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington DL1 1HG, United Kingdom; School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly S Bateman
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorest DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Ross
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorest DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolai V Meyling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bryony A P Williams
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
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Bessette E, Williams BA, Meyling NV. Preparing eugregarine parasites and their cricket host Acheta domesticus as a model for gregarine infection studies. MethodsX 2024; 13:102888. [PMID: 39224450 PMCID: PMC11367103 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing global demand for house crickets (Acheta domesticus) necessitates effective health measures. Despite their abundance, the effects of gregarines on these hosts remain underexplored. We present a method for controlled gregarine infection and maintenance of gregarine-free cricket populations. This system, adapted from prior work, is essential for experiments on gregarine infection dynamics, providing insights into parasite evolution and host-parasite interactions within the Apicomplexa group. This protocol includes rearing and maintenance of gregarine-free cricket populations for experimental purposes, gregarine production for oocyst solution and cricket infection, and gregarine infection assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Bessette
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bryony A.P. Williams
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolai V. Meyling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Guiné RPF, Florença SG, Costa CA, Correia PMR, Boustani NM, Matran I, Jakšić K, Chuck-Hernández C, Bartkiene E, Djekic I, Papageorgiou M, Arias LG, Korzeniowska M, Černelič-Bizjak M, Klava D, Ferreira V, Damarli E, Ferreira M. Consumers' Perceptions about Edible Insects' Nutritional Value and Health Effects: Study Involving 14 Countries. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1631. [PMID: 38891678 PMCID: PMC11171305 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects have been consumed for time immemorial in many regions of the globe. However, in other parts, they are not traditionally eaten. Because they are a more sustainable source of animal protein and provide valuable nutrients as well as bioactive compounds with beneficial effects on the human body, their consumption is encouraged. Knowledge can serve as a tool for better acceptance of insects as food. In this context, the present work investigated the knowledge about the nutritional value and health effects of edible insects in different countries. Data were collected by employing a questionnaire survey translated into the different languages of all participating countries and were treated using statistical tools. A total of 7222 responses were obtained. The results indicated that for many issues, the participants manifested a neutral opinion (neither agree nor disagree), but the participants who manifested agreement/disagreement were generally well informed. They were also able to identify untrue facts and answer accordingly by disagreeing. Factor analysis showed four groups of questions: nutritive value, negative perception and risks, safety and benefits of insects and contamination and harmful components. Finally, significant differences were observed according to the sociodemographic variables studies (sex, age, education, living environment and country), with age and country being the most influential of the sociodemographic factors on knowledge. Therefore, increasing knowledge is envisaged as an essential factor in augmenting the recognition of edible insects as a nutritional food, presenting health benefits apart from being a more sustainable source of animal protein when compared with beef or pork meats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel P. F. Guiné
- CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Polytechnic University of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (S.G.F.); (C.A.C.); (P.M.R.C.)
| | - Sofia G. Florença
- CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Polytechnic University of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (S.G.F.); (C.A.C.); (P.M.R.C.)
| | - Cristina A. Costa
- CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Polytechnic University of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (S.G.F.); (C.A.C.); (P.M.R.C.)
| | - Paula M. R. Correia
- CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Polytechnic University of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (S.G.F.); (C.A.C.); (P.M.R.C.)
| | - Nada M. Boustani
- Faculty of Business and Administration, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Irina Matran
- Department of Community Nutrition and Food Safety, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Krešimir Jakšić
- Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
| | | | - Elena Bartkiene
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Ilija Djekic
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Maria Papageorgiou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Leticia G. Arias
- BALAT Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Malgorzata Korzeniowska
- Faculty of Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Maša Černelič-Bizjak
- Department of Nutritional Counseling—Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, University of Primorska, 6320 Izola, Slovenia;
| | - Dace Klava
- Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia;
| | - Vanessa Ferreira
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nursing, UFMG—Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Brazil;
| | - Emel Damarli
- Altıparmak Food Coop Research & Development Center, Çekmeköy, Istanbul 34782, Turkey
| | - Manuela Ferreira
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Polytechnic University of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal;
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Akeju AV, Olusi TA, Obi RTE. Intestinal Parasites Associated with American Cockroach ( Periplaneta americana) in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:67-73. [PMID: 38440767 PMCID: PMC10908730 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) has been implicated as mechanical vector of parasites of humans and animals. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and determine the prevalence of human intestinal parasites associated with the body surface and gut of P. americana. A total of 221 cockroaches which include 104 males and 117 females were collected from household kitchen, toilet area and canteen after which they were brought to laboratory for study. The body surface of the cockroach was washed with 5 ml normal saline solution to remove external parasites on the body surface for examination and later rinsed with 70% alcohol and dried before dissecting. The cockroach was dissected to examine internal parasites. Eleven parasites were recovered and identified, these include Ascaris lumbricoides (51.58%), Strongyloides stercoralis (48.42%) Trichuris trichiura (52.49%), Enterobius vermicularis (37.10%), Taenia spp (14.93%), Toxocara (31.67%), Ancylostoma spp (34.84%), Necator americanus (53.39%), and Diphylidium spp (66.23%) Balantidium coli (66.52%). The parasites were recorded both on the body surface and gut of the cockroach. There is no significant difference (p > 0.05) between parasites infection rate comparing both sexes; though, female cockroach having a higher infection rate (91.45%) than male (81.5%). Cockroach collected from toilets carried more parasites (96.34%) as compared to those from restaurants/canteen (89.71%) and household kitchens (81.69%). All parasites encountered were pathogenic to human and animals. This study has revealed that P. americana can act as mechanical vector by transporting and transmitting these parasites easily to man and animal. Good sanitary practices, reinforcement of worms' eradication programs, and the fight against these insects remain a necessity to contain the menace of parasites burden and cockroach control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo Victor Akeju
- Parasitology and Public Health Unit, Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Titus Adeniyi Olusi
- Parasitology and Public Health Unit, Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Regina-Tyra Ekwi Obi
- Parasitology and Public Health Unit, Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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Conway A, Jaiswal S, Jaiswal AK. The Potential of Edible Insects as a Safe, Palatable, and Sustainable Food Source in the European Union. Foods 2024; 13:387. [PMID: 38338521 PMCID: PMC10855650 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Entomophagy describes the practice of eating insects. Insects are considered extremely nutritious in many countries worldwide. However, there is a lethargic uptake of this practice in Europe where consuming insects and insect-based foodstuffs is often regarded with disgust. Such perceptions and concerns are often due to a lack of exposure to and availability of food-grade insects as a food source and are often driven by neophobia and cultural norms. In recent years, due to accelerating climate change, an urgency to develop alternate safe and sustainable food-sources has emerged. There are currently over 2000 species of insects approved by the World Health Organization as safe to eat and suitable for human consumption. This review article provides an updated overview of the potential of edible insects as a safe, palatable, and sustainable food source. Furthermore, legislation, food safety issues, and the nutritional composition of invertebrates including, but not limited, to crickets (Orthoptera) and mealworms (Coleoptera) are also explored within this review. This article also discusses insect farming methods and the potential upscaling of the industry with regard to future prospects for insects as a sustainable food source. Finally, the topics addressed in this article are areas of potential concern to current and future consumers of edible insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Conway
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Faculty of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 ADY7, Ireland; (A.C.); (S.J.)
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 H6K8, Ireland
| | - Swarna Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Faculty of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 ADY7, Ireland; (A.C.); (S.J.)
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 H6K8, Ireland
| | - Amit K. Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Faculty of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 ADY7, Ireland; (A.C.); (S.J.)
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin—City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 H6K8, Ireland
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Aidoo OF, Osei-Owusu J, Asante K, Dofuor AK, Boateng BO, Debrah SK, Ninsin KD, Siddiqui SA, Chia SY. Insects as food and medicine: a sustainable solution for global health and environmental challenges. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1113219. [PMID: 37388630 PMCID: PMC10303143 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects are a significant source of food for millions of people worldwide. Since ancient times, insects in medicine have been contributing to the treatment of diseases in humans and animals. Compared to conventional animal farming, the production of insects for food and feed generates significantly less greenhouse gas emissions and uses considerably less land. Edible insects provide many ecosystem services, including pollination, environmental health monitoring, and the decomposition of organic waste materials. Some wild edible insects are pests of cash crops. Thus, harvesting and consuming edible insect pests as food and utilizing them for therapeutic purposes could be a significant progress in the biological control of insect pests. Our review discusses the contribution of edible insects to food and nutritional security. It highlights therapeutic uses of insects and recommends ways to ensure a sustainable insect diet. We stress that the design and implementation of guidelines for producing, harvesting, processing, and consuming edible insects must be prioritized to ensure safe and sustainable use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owusu Fordjour Aidoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Osei-Owusu
- Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Kwasi Asante
- Coconut Research Programme, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Sekondi, Ghana
| | - Aboagye Kwarteng Dofuor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | | | - Shadrack Kwaku Debrah
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Production Sunyani, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Kodwo Dadzie Ninsin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Straubing, Germany
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Shaphan Yong Chia
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Anand S, Hallsworth JE, Timmis J, Verstraete W, Casadevall A, Ramos JL, Sood U, Kumar R, Hira P, Dogra Rawat C, Kumar A, Lal S, Lal R, Timmis K. Weaponising microbes for peace. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1091-1111. [PMID: 36880421 PMCID: PMC10221547 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is much human disadvantage and unmet need in the world, including deficits in basic resources and services considered to be human rights, such as drinking water, sanitation and hygiene, healthy nutrition, access to basic healthcare, and a clean environment. Furthermore, there are substantive asymmetries in the distribution of key resources among peoples. These deficits and asymmetries can lead to local and regional crises among peoples competing for limited resources, which, in turn, can become sources of discontent and conflict. Such conflicts have the potential to escalate into regional wars and even lead to global instability. Ergo: in addition to moral and ethical imperatives to level up, to ensure that all peoples have basic resources and services essential for healthy living and to reduce inequalities, all nations have a self-interest to pursue with determination all available avenues to promote peace through reducing sources of conflicts in the world. Microorganisms and pertinent microbial technologies have unique and exceptional abilities to provide, or contribute to the provision of, basic resources and services that are lacking in many parts of the world, and thereby address key deficits that might constitute sources of conflict. However, the deployment of such technologies to this end is seriously underexploited. Here, we highlight some of the key available and emerging technologies that demand greater consideration and exploitation in endeavours to eliminate unnecessary deprivations, enable healthy lives of all and remove preventable grounds for competition over limited resources that can escalate into conflicts in the world. We exhort central actors: microbiologists, funding agencies and philanthropic organisations, politicians worldwide and international governmental and non-governmental organisations, to engage - in full partnership - with all relevant stakeholders, to 'weaponise' microbes and microbial technologies to fight resource deficits and asymmetries, in particular among the most vulnerable populations, and thereby create humanitarian conditions more conducive to harmony and peace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailly Anand
- Department of ZoologyDeen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of DelhiDelhiIndia
| | - John E. Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological SciencesQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - James Timmis
- Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Willy Verstraete
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET)Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins School of Public Health and School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Utkarsh Sood
- Department of ZoologyKirori Mal College, University of DelhiDelhiIndia
| | - Roshan Kumar
- Post‐Graduate Department of ZoologyMagadh UniversityBodh GayaBiharIndia
| | - Princy Hira
- Department of ZoologyMaitreyi College, University of DelhiNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Abhilash Kumar
- Department of ZoologyRamjas College, University of DelhiDelhiIndia
| | - Sukanya Lal
- PhiXgen Pvt. LtdGurugram, GurgaonHaryanaIndia
| | - Rup Lal
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of DelhiGovindpuri, Kalkaji, New DelhiIndia
| | - Kenneth Timmis
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
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Bisconsin-Junior A, Feitosa BF, Silva FL, Barros Mariutti LR. Mycotoxins on edible insects: Should we be worried? Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 177:113845. [PMID: 37209938 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Edible insects are a solid alternative to meet the growing demand for animal protein. However, there are doubts regarding the safety of insect consumption. Mycotoxins are substances of concern for food safety, as they may cause harmful effects on the human organism and accumulate in the tissues of some animals. This study focuses on the characteristics of the main mycotoxins, the mitigation of human consumption of contaminated insects, and the effects of mycotoxins on insect metabolism. To date, studies reported the interaction of the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, and T-2, isolated or combined, in three insect species from Coleoptera and one from Diptera order. The use of rearing substrates with low mycotoxin contamination did not reduce the survival and development of insects. Fasting practices and replacing contaminated substrate with a decontaminated one decreased the concentration of mycotoxins in insects. There is no evidence that mycotoxins accumulate in the tissues of the insects' larvae. Coleoptera species showed high excretion capacity, while Hermetia illucens had a lower excretion capacity of ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol. Thus, a substrate with low mycotoxin contamination could be used for raising edible insects, particularly from the Coleoptera order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bisconsin-Junior
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Federal Institute of Rondônia, Ariquemes, RO, Brazil.
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McDonough K, Johnson T, Goebel T, Reinhard K, Coe M. PALEOPARASITOLOGY OF HUMAN ACANTHOCEPHALAN INFECTION: A REVIEW AND NEW CASE FROM BONNEVILLE ESTATES ROCKSHELTER, NEVADA, U.S.A. J Parasitol 2023; 109:65-75. [PMID: 36930699 DOI: 10.1645/22-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports a new case of acanthocephalan (thorny-headed worm) eggs in a coprolite from Bonneville Estates Rockshelter in eastern Nevada and uses archaeological and ethnographic data to better understand long-term relationships between people and acanthocephalans. Acanthocephalans are parasitic worms that use arthropods as intermediate hosts in their multi-host life cycles. Though acanthocephaliasis is rare among humans today, cases have increased in the last decade, and the discovery of acanthocephalan eggs in coprolites from archaeological sites in the Great Basin suggests a deep, shared history. At Bonneville Estates Rockshelter, 9 acanthocephalan eggs were recovered using a modified rehydration-homogenization-micro-sieving protocol on a coprolite that was radiocarbon dated to 6,040 ± 60 14C BP (7,160-6,730 cal BP), pushing back the oldest evidence of human acanthocephalan infection by 3 millennia. Researchers have proposed that the paleoepidemiology of acanthocephalans may relate to subsistence practices due to overlap in locations of infection and areas where insects are part of traditional foodways. This paper considers the paleoepidemiology of acanthocephalan infection through the first combined review of paleoparasitological, ethnographic, and archaeological records in western North America. Ethnographic and archaeological records support the hypothesis that archaeological cases of human acanthocephaliasis may be linked to entomophagy. Additional parasitological analyses are advised to determine whether this distribution is the result of dietary practices, host ecology, taphonomic issues, sampling biases, or a combination of factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn McDonough
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1321 Kincaid Street, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1218
| | - Taryn Johnson
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, 4532-TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-4352
| | - Ted Goebel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, 1415 Jayhawk Blv4., Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7556
| | - Karl Reinhard
- Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, 719 South Hardin Hall, 3310 Holdrege Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0987
| | - Marion Coe
- Independent Contractor, 4606 Sojourner Street, Austin, Texas 78725-1734
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11
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Gałęcki R, Bakuła T, Gołaszewski J. Foodborne Diseases in the Edible Insect Industry in Europe-New Challenges and Old Problems. Foods 2023; 12:770. [PMID: 36832845 PMCID: PMC9956073 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects play a key role in European agroecosystems. Insects provide important ecosystem services and make a significant contribution to the food chain, sustainable agriculture, the farm-to-fork (F2F) strategy, and the European Green Deal. Edible insects are regarded as a sustainable alternative to livestock, but their microbiological safety for consumers has not yet been fully clarified. The aim of this article is to describe the role of edible insects in the F2F approach, to discuss the latest veterinary guidelines concerning consumption of insect-based foods, and to analyze the biological, chemical, and physical hazards associated with edible insect farming and processing. Five groups of biological risk factors, ten groups of chemical risk factors, and thirteen groups of physical risks factors have been identified and divided into sub-groups. The presented risk maps can facilitate identification of potential threats, such as foodborne pathogens in various insect species and insect-based foods. Ensuring safety of insect-based foods, including effective control of foodborne diseases, will be a significant milestone on the path to maintaining a sustainable food chain in line with the F2F strategy and EU policies. Edible insects constitute a new category of farmed animals and a novel link in the food chain, but their production poses the same problems and challenges that are encountered in conventional livestock rearing and meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigiusz Gałęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Bakuła
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Janusz Gołaszewski
- Center for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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12
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Baigts-Allende DK, Stathopoulos C. Overcoming obstacles in insect utilization. Eur Food Res Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AbstractEdible insects have long been part of human diets in some countries, and they are expected to become an important alternative food source because of their nutritional value and favorable environmental impact. However, insects’ consumption safety and consumer acceptance are still significant barriers to market positioning, mainly in Western regions. Therefore, several processing technologies have been applied to develop insect-based food products and derivatives to increase consumer safety, shelf-life, and sensorial properties, including appearance. The processing pathway for insects as food might then be focused on eliminating such concerns. However, even though there is enough information related to processing techniques for edible insects, the use of the treated material has been limited as a substitute rather than a main constituted nutritional component. Moreover, there is little information about novel technologies and uses of insect derivatives compared to the minimally processed insect, as in the case of flours. This review presents the food safety (biological and chemical hazards) and cultural aspects of difficulties of eating insects and the role of processing raw material, extraction of insect derivatives (lipids and proteins), and food prototypes development on safety and consumer acceptance.
Graphical abstract
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13
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Murwani R, Kusumanti E, Naumova EN. Areca catechu L. and Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steenis supplementation reduces faecal parasites and improves caecal histopathology in laying hens. Int J Vet Sci Med 2022; 10:52-63. [PMID: 35874604 PMCID: PMC9272918 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2022.2090732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Retno Murwani
- Faculty of Animal and Agriculture Sciences, Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia
- Natural Product Laboratory –Laboratorium Terpadu, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Endang Kusumanti
- Faculty of Animal and Agriculture Sciences, Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Elena N. Naumova
- Division of the Nutrition Data Science, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Valdés F, Villanueva V, Durán E, Campos F, Avendaño C, Sánchez M, Domingoz-Araujo C, Valenzuela C. Insects as Feed for Companion and Exotic Pets: A Current Trend. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1450. [PMID: 35681914 PMCID: PMC9179905 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review was to carry out a comprehensive investigation of the benefits of incorporating insects as a pet food ingredient and the implications this can have in determining a market demand for insect-based pet foods. Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and adult house crickets (Acheta domesticus) are currently used in pet food. These insects are widely fed to exotic pets, mainly in whole, live or dehydrated formats. They are also incorporated as meal or fat and are offered to cats and dogs as dry or wet food and treats. Scientific studies about the use of insects for dog and cat feed are scarce. Most studies are in dogs. Research shows that insect nutrients, mainly amino acids, have high digestibility, are beneficial to health, do not have any detrimental effect on the gut microbiota and are accepted by dogs. In several countries, insects are approved for use in pet food and commercialization has spread throughout the world. Pet owners are willing to try foods made with insect meal for their pets. In conclusion, the use of insects in pet food is a reality that is taking on more and more prominence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carolina Valenzuela
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias de la Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago 11735, Chile; (F.V.); (V.V.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (C.A.); (M.S.); (C.D.-A.)
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15
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Bessette E, Williams B. Protists in the Insect Rearing Industry: Benign Passengers or Potential Risk? INSECTS 2022; 13:482. [PMID: 35621816 PMCID: PMC9144225 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As the insects for food and feed industry grows, a new understanding of the industrially reared insect microbiome is needed to better comprehend the role that it plays in both maintaining insect health and generating disease. While many microbiome projects focus on bacteria, fungi or viruses, protists (including microsporidia) can also make up an important part of these assemblages. Past experiences with intensive invertebrate rearing indicate that these parasites, whilst often benign, can rapidly sweep through populations, causing extensive damage. Here, we review the diversity of microsporidia and protist species that are found in reared insect hosts and describe the current understanding of their host spectra, life cycles and the nature of their interactions with hosts. Major entomopathogenic parasite groups with the potential to infect insects currently being reared for food and feed include the Amoebozoa, Apicomplexa, Ciliates, Chlorophyta, Euglenozoa, Ichtyosporea and Microsporidia. However, key gaps exist in the understanding of how many of these entomopathogens affect host biology. In addition, for many of them, there are very limited or even no molecular data, preventing the implementation of molecular detection methods. There is now a pressing need to develop and use novel molecular tools, coupled with standard molecular diagnostic methods, to help unlock their biology and predict the effects of these poorly studied protist parasites in intensive insect rearing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Bessette
- Living Systems Institute, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK;
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bryony Williams
- Living Systems Institute, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK;
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16
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Edible Insect Farming in the Context of the EU Regulations and Marketing—An Overview. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050446. [PMID: 35621781 PMCID: PMC9147295 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insects have been identified as an alternative in the development of food systems and as a response to the growing demand for protein in the world. Edible insects have been recognized as an important innovation in the food sector. In the past, insects have been consumed in many cultures, and they are presently being introduced to Europe as a novel food and livestock. This article comprehensively reviews the use of edible insects in relation to their breeding, production technology, legal and socio-economic aspects. The role of food safety and legislation in implementing insects as food and feed is discussed. Moreover, the article introduces the breeding of edible insects as a developing and future-oriented business sector. In conclusion, the consumption of insects by humans and animals can significantly contribute to better diversification and security of the global food chain. The low acceptance of insect-based foods, in particular in Western societies, is an important problem that has been identified in this article. Consumer acceptance of insects as a rich source of nutrients is required for the further development of the sector. Consumer education and appropriate marketing strategies are required to promote the growth of the edible insect industry. Abstract Insects are increasingly being considered as an attractive source of protein that can cater to the growing demand for food around the world and promote the development of sustainable food systems. Commercial insect farms have been established in various countries, mainly in Asia, but in Europe, edible insects have not yet emerged as a viable alternative to traditional plant- and animal-based sources of protein. In this paper, we present an interdisciplinary overview of the technological aspects of edible insect farming in the context of the EU regulations and marketing. Based on a review of the literature, we have concluded that edible insect farming can be a viable business sector that significantly contributes to the overall sustainability of food systems if the appropriate regulations are introduced and food safety standards are guaranteed. However, the success of the edible insect industry also requires consumer acceptance of entomophagy, which is rather low in Western societies. Therefore, targeted marketing strategies are indispensable to support the implementation of edible insect programs.
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Kemsawasd V, Inthachat W, Suttisansanee U, Temviriyanukul P. Road to The Red Carpet of Edible Crickets through Integration into the Human Food Chain with Biofunctions and Sustainability: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031801. [PMID: 35163720 PMCID: PMC8836810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that more than 500 million people, especially in Asia and Africa, are suffering from malnutrition. Recently, livestock farming has increased to supply high-quality protein, with consequent impact on the global environment. Alternative food sources with high nutritive values that can substitute livestock demands are urgently required. Recently, edible crickets have been promoted by the FAO to ameliorate the food crisis. In this review, the distribution, nutritive values, health-promoting properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity), safety, allergenicity as well as the potential hazards and risks for human consumption are summarized. Cricket farming may help to realize the United Nations sustainable development goal No. 2 Zero Hunger. The sustainability of cricket farming is also discussed in comparison with other livestock. The findings imply that edible crickets are safe for daily intake as a healthy alternative diet due to their high protein content and health-promoting properties. Appropriate use of edible crickets in the food and nutraceutical industries represents a global business potential. However, people who are allergic to shellfish should pay attention on cricket allergy. Thus, the objective of this review was to present in-depth and up-to-date information on edible crickets to advocate and enhance public perception of cricket-based food.
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18
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A Systematic Review of Zoonotic Enteric Parasites Carried by Flies, Cockroaches, and Dung Beetles. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010090. [PMID: 35056038 PMCID: PMC8778527 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Filth flies, cockroaches, and dung beetles have been close neighbors with humans and animals throughout our joint histories. However, these insects can also serve as vectors for many zoonotic enteric parasites (ZEPs). Zoonoses by ZEPs remain a paramount public health threat due to our close contact with animals, combined with poor water, sanitation, and hygiene access, services, and behaviors in many global regions. Our objective in this systematic review was to determine which ZEPs have been documented in these vectors, to identify risk factors associated with their transmission, and to provide effectual One Health recommendations for curbing their spread. Using PRISMA guidelines, a total of 85 articles published from 1926 to 2021 were reviewed and included in this study. Qualitative analysis revealed that the most common parasites associated with these insects included, but were not limited to: Ascaris spp., Trichuris spp., Entamoeba spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. Additionally, prominent risk factors discovered in the review, such as poor household and community WASH services, unsafe food handling, and exposure to domestic animals and wildlife, significantly increase parasitic transmission and zoonoses. The risk of insect vector transmission in our shared environments makes it critically important to implement a One Health approach in reducing ZEP transmission.
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Guiné RPF, Florença SG, Costa CA, Correia PMR, Ferreira M, Duarte J, Cardoso AP, Campos S, Anjos O. Development of a Questionnaire to Assess Knowledge and Perceptions about Edible Insects. INSECTS 2021; 13:insects13010047. [PMID: 35055890 PMCID: PMC8780915 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Edible insects (EI) have been consumed as traditional foods in many parts of the globe, but in other regions, they are not readily accepted, particularly in Western countries. However, because EI are suggested to constitute a more sustainable protein food as compared with other sources of animal protein, they can be considered a future food that could help mitigate hunger and malnutrition. Additionally, new gastronomic trends are already targeting this area for exploring new potentialities. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a questionnaire to assess consumers’ perceptions and knowledge about EI in seven different domains: D1. Culture and Tradition, D2. Gastronomic Innovation and Gourmet Kitchen, D3. Environment and Sustainability, D4. Economic and Social Aspects, D5. Commercialization and Marketing, D6. Nutritional Aspects and D7. Health Effects. The 64 items were subjected to item analysis and reliability analysis for validation, and factor analysis was also conducted to identify a grouping structure. The results validated all the items of the seven subscales with high values of Cronbach’s alpha (α = 0.732 for D1, α = 0.795 for D2, α = 0.882 for D3, α = 0.742 for D4, α = 0.675 for D5, α = 0.799 for D6 and α = 0.788 for D7). However, by eliminating 17 items, the final values of the alpha increased in all subscales. Factor analysis with extraction by principal component analysis with varimax rotation extracted 14 factors that explained, in total, 65% of the variance, although the first two factors were the most important (35.7% variance explained). In conclusion, the confirmed usefulness of the questionnaire has been hereby validated for assessing consumer perceptions of and knowledge about EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel P. F. Guiné
- CERNAS—Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.A.C.); (P.M.R.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sofia G. Florença
- Faculty of Food and Nutrition Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Cristina A. Costa
- CERNAS—Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.A.C.); (P.M.R.C.)
| | - Paula M. R. Correia
- CERNAS—Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.A.C.); (P.M.R.C.)
| | - Manuela Ferreira
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.D.)
| | - João Duarte
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.D.)
| | - Ana P. Cardoso
- CIDEI—Centre for Studies in Education and Innovation, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (A.P.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Sofia Campos
- CIDEI—Centre for Studies in Education and Innovation, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (A.P.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Ofélia Anjos
- School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal;
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Biotecnologia de Plantas da Beira Interior, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
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20
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Espitia Buitrago PA, Hernández LM, Burkart S, Palmer N, Cardoso Arango JA. Forage-Fed Insects as Food and Feed Source: Opportunities and Constraints of Edible Insects in the Tropics. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.724628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Farmed insects can provide an alternative protein source for humans, livestock, and fish, while supporting adaptation to climate change, generating income for smallholder farmers, and reducing the negative impacts of conventional food production, especially in the tropics. However, the quantity, nutritional quality and safety of insects greatly relies on their feed intake. Tropical forages (grasses and legumes) can provide a valuable and yet untapped source of feed for several farmed insect species. In this perspective paper, we provide a viewpoint of how tropical forages can support edible insect production. We also highlight the potential of tropical forage-based diets over those using organic agricultural or urban by-product substrates, due to their versatility, low cost, and lower risk of microbial and chemical hazards. The main bottlenecks relate to dependence on the small number of farmed insect species, and in public policy and market frameworks regarding the use of edible insects as food, feed and in industrial processes. This perspective will serve interested stakeholders in identifying urgent issues at the research, ethical, marketing and policy levels that can prevent the emergence of new, insect-based value chains and business models, and the nutritional, economic and environmental benefits they promise.
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21
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Yellow Mealworm and Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Feed and Food Production in Europe, with Emphasis on Iceland. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112744. [PMID: 34829029 PMCID: PMC8625742 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects are part of the diet of over 2 billion people worldwide; however, insects have not been popular in Europe, neither as food nor as a feed ingredient. This has been changing in recent years, due to increased knowledge regarding the nutritional benefits, the need for novel protein production and the low environmental impact of insects compared to conventional protein production. The purpose of this study is to give an overview of the most popular insects farmed in Europe, yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, and black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, together with the main obstacles and risks. A comprehensive literature study was carried out and 27 insect farming companies found listed in Europe were contacted directly. The results show that the insect farming industry is increasing in Europe, and the success of the frontrunners is based on large investments in technology, automation and economy of scale. The interest of venture capital firms is noticeable, covering 90% of the investment costs in some cases. It is concluded that insect farming in Europe is likely to expand rapidly in the coming years, offering new proteins and other valuable products, not only as a feed ingredient, but also for human consumption. European regulations have additionally been rapidly changing, with more freedom towards insects as food and feed. There is an increased knowledge regarding safety concerns of edible insects, and the results indicate that edible insects pose a smaller risk for zoonotic diseases than livestock. However, knowledge regarding risk posed by edible insects is still lacking, but food and feed safety is essential to put products on the European market.
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22
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Mariutti LRB, Rebelo KS, Bisconsin-Junior A, de Morais JS, Magnani M, Maldonade IR, Madeira NR, Tiengo A, Maróstica MR, Cazarin CBB. The use of alternative food sources to improve health and guarantee access and food intake. Food Res Int 2021; 149:110709. [PMID: 34600699 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To feed and provide Food Security to all people in the world is a big challenge to be achieved with the 2030 Agenda. Undernutrition and obesity are to the opposite of a healthy nutritional status. Both conditions are associated with unbalanced nutrition, absence of food or excess of non-nutritive foods intake. These two nutritional conditions associated with food production are closely related to some goals highlighted by the United Nations in the 2030 Agenda to achieve sustainable world development. In this context, the search for alternative foods whose sustainable production and high nutritional quality guarantee regular access to food for the population must be encouraged. Alternative foods can contribute to Food Security in many ways as they contribute to the local economy and income generation. Popularizing and demystifying the uses of unconventional food plants, ancestral grains, flowers, meliponiculture products, and edible insects as sources of nutrients and non-nutrients is another challenge. Herein, we present an overview of alternative foods - some of them cultivated mostly in Brazil - that can be explored as sources of nutrients to fight hunger and malnutrition, improve food production and the economic growth of nations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Bisconsin-Junior
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Federal Institute of Rondônia, Ariquemes/RO, Brazil
| | - Janne Santos de Morais
- Department of Food Engineering Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marciane Magnani
- Department of Food Engineering Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Nuno Rodrigo Madeira
- Laboratory of Food Science and Techonology, Embrapa Hortaliças, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Andrea Tiengo
- Universidade do Vale do Sapucaí, Pouso Alegre, MG, Brazil
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EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Cubadda F, Frenzel T, Heinonen M, Marchelli R, Neuhäuser‐Berthold M, Poulsen M, Prieto Maradona M, Schlatter JR, van Loveren H, Ververis E, Knutsen HK. Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole yellow mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06778. [PMID: 34466159 PMCID: PMC8385682 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on frozen and dried formulations from whole yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The term yellow mealworm refers to the larval form of the insect species Tenebrio molitor. The NF comprises the frozen and freeze-dried formulations of the yellow mealworm, whole or in the form of powder. The frozen formulation consists mainly of water, crude protein and fat whereas the freeze-dried formulations of crude protein, fat, digestible carbohydrates and fibre (chitin). The Panel notes that the levels of contaminants in the NF depend on the occurrence levels of these substances in the insect feed. The Panel notes furthermore that there are no safety concerns regarding the stability of the NF if the NF complies with the proposed specification limits during its entire shelf-life. The dried formulations of the NF have a high protein content, although the true protein levels in the NF are overestimated when using the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 6.25, due to the presence of non-protein nitrogen from chitin. The applicant proposed to use the NF as whole frozen or whole dried insect, or in the form of powder, added as an ingredient to various food products such as cereal bars, pasta, meat imitates and bakery products. The target population is the general population. The Panel notes that, considering that the NF will not be the sole source of dietary protein, and the composition of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. The submitted toxicity studies from the literature did not raise safety concerns. The Panel considers that the consumption of the NF may induce primary sensitisation and allergic reactions to yellow mealworm proteins and may cause allergic reactions in subjects with allergy to crustaceans and dust mites. Additionally, allergens from the feed may end up in the NF. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed uses and use levels.
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24
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Hadi J, Brightwell G. Safety of Alternative Proteins: Technological, Environmental and Regulatory Aspects of Cultured Meat, Plant-Based Meat, Insect Protein and Single-Cell Protein. Foods 2021; 10:1226. [PMID: 34071292 PMCID: PMC8230205 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Food security and environmental issues have become global crises that need transformative solutions. As livestock production is becoming less sustainable, alternative sources of proteins are urgently required. These include cultured meat, plant-based meat, insect protein and single-cell protein. Here, we describe the food safety aspects of these novel protein sources, in terms of their technological backgrounds, environmental impacts and the necessary regulatory framework for future mass-scale production. Briefly, cultured meat grown in fetal bovine serum-based media can be exposed to viruses or infectious prion, in addition to other safety risks associated with the use of genetic engineering. Plant-based meat may contain allergens, anti-nutrients and thermally induced carcinogens. Microbiological risks and allergens are the primary concerns associated with insect protein. Single-cell protein sources are divided into microalgae, fungi and bacteria, all of which have specific food safety risks that include toxins, allergens and high ribonucleic acid (RNA) contents. The environmental impacts of these alternative proteins can mainly be attributed to the production of growth substrates or during cultivation. Legislations related to novel food or genetic modification are the relevant regulatory framework to ensure the safety of alternative proteins. Lastly, additional studies on the food safety aspects of alternative proteins are urgently needed for providing relevant food governing authorities with sufficient data to oversee that the technological progress in this area is balanced with robust safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hadi
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Gale Brightwell
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea), Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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25
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Tzachor A, Richards CE, Holt L. Future foods for risk-resilient diets. NATURE FOOD 2021; 2:326-329. [PMID: 37117717 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Future foods, such as microalgae, mycoprotein and mealworm, have been suggested as nutritious and sustainable dietary options. Here we consider one of the most profound, yet neglected, benefits of future foods farming systems-their potential to provide essential nutrition in the face of systemic disturbances-and discuss major barriers to realizing this prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Tzachor
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- School of Sustainability, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel.
| | - Catherine E Richards
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lauren Holt
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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26
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Doi H, Gałęcki R, Mulia RN. The merits of entomophagy in the post COVID-19 world. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021; 110:849-854. [PMID: 33564209 PMCID: PMC7862027 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2020, human society underwent several drastic changes due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which generated an unprecedented global impact. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, various pressing concerns underlying food security, such as transport, production, and maintenance of the supply chain, have been raised. SCOPE AND APPROACH The present study aimed to describe and review the merits of entomophagy in the post COVID-19 world, especially with regard to the low risk for zoonotic disease spread, high production rate, and future prospects for inducing entomophagy to enhance the diversity in the food system in comparison to conventional livestock. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS The advantages of entomophagy in the post COVID-19 world have been elucidated herein, with particular emphasis on the minimal risk of zoonotic disease transmission and production efficiency, in addition to the future goal of establishment of entomophagy to expand redundancy and diversity in the food system as against the utility of conventional livestock. In the current scenario, as well as in the post COVID-19 situation, boosting entomophagy may play a pivotal role in global food security, as the aspects already touched upon have amply demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Doi
- Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, 7-1-28 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Remigiusz Gałęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Randy Nathaniel Mulia
- Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, 7-1-28 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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27
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The Changing Face of the Family Enterobacteriaceae (Order: " Enterobacterales"): New Members, Taxonomic Issues, Geographic Expansion, and New Diseases and Disease Syndromes. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:34/2/e00174-20. [PMID: 33627443 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00174-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Enterobacteriaceae has undergone significant morphogenetic changes in its more than 85-year history, particularly during the past 2 decades (2000 to 2020). The development and introduction of new and novel molecular methods coupled with innovative laboratory techniques have led to many advances. We now know that the global range of enterobacteria is much more expansive than previously recognized, as they play important roles in the environment in vegetative processes and through widespread environmental distribution through insect vectors. In humans, many new species have been described, some associated with specific disease processes. Some established species are now observed in new infectious disease settings and syndromes. The results of molecular taxonomic and phylogenetics studies suggest that the current family Enterobacteriaceae should possibly be divided into seven or more separate families. The logarithmic explosion in the number of enterobacterial species described brings into question the relevancy, need, and mechanisms to potentially identify these taxa. This review covers the progression, transformation, and morphogenesis of the family from the seminal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publication (J. J. Farmer III, B. R. Davis, F. W. Hickman-Brenner, A. McWhorter, et al., J Clin Microbiol 21:46-76, 1985, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.21.1.46-76.1985) to the present.
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28
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Barre A, Pichereaux C, Simplicien M, Burlet-Schiltz O, Benoist H, Rougé P. A Proteomic- and Bioinformatic-Based Identification of Specific Allergens from Edible Insects: Probes for Future Detection as Food Ingredients. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020280. [PMID: 33573235 PMCID: PMC7911787 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing development of edible insect flours as alternative sources of proteins added to food and feed products for improving their nutritional value, necessitates an accurate evaluation of their possible adverse side-effects, especially for individuals suffering from food allergies. Using a proteomic- and bioinformatic-based approach, the diversity of proteins occurring in currently consumed edible insects such as silkworm (Bombyx mori), cricket (Acheta domesticus), African migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), and giant milworm beetle (Zophobas atratus), was investigated. Most of them consist of phylogenetically-related protein allergens widely distributed in the different groups of arthropods (mites, insects, crustaceans) and mollusks. However, a few proteins belonging to discrete protein families including the chemosensory protein, hexamerin, and the odorant-binding protein, emerged as proteins highly specific for edible insects. To a lesser extent, other proteins such as apolipophorin III, the larval cuticle protein, and the receptor for activated protein kinase, also exhibited a rather good specificity for edible insects. These proteins, that are apparently missing or much less represented in other groups of arthropods, mollusks and nematods, share well conserved amino acid sequences and very similar three-dimensional structures. Owing to their ability to trigger allergic responses in sensitized people, they should be used as probes for the specific detection of insect proteins as food ingredients in various food products and thus, to assess their food safety, especially for people allergic to edible insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Barre
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Fédération de Recherche (FR3450), Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (AIB), CNRS, 31326 Toulouse, France;
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France;
| | - Mathias Simplicien
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France;
| | - Hervé Benoist
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Pierre Rougé
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-6955-20851
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29
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Kalyanasundaram A, Bastille MO, Lukashow-Moore SP, Kendall RJ. Avian and Emerging Human Oxyspirura Species Compared by Morphology, Pathogenicity, Intermediate Host, and Sequence Homology. J Parasitol 2020; 106:623-624. [PMID: 33009555 DOI: 10.1645/20-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on sequence homology and phylogenetic tree results, the first report of eyeworm Oxyspirura species larvae has been confirmed in a human patient from Vietnam. However, important information related to Oxyspirura larvae was not presented in the case study. This comment provides a more detailed comparison of the Oxyspirura larvae found in the human case study to the avian eyeworm Oxyspirura petrowi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya O Bastille
- The Wildlife Toxicology Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3290
| | | | - Ronald J Kendall
- The Wildlife Toxicology Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3290
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30
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Rahman MT, Sobur MA, Islam MS, Ievy S, Hossain MJ, El Zowalaty ME, Rahman AMMT, Ashour HM. Zoonotic Diseases: Etiology, Impact, and Control. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091405. [PMID: 32932606 PMCID: PMC7563794 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most humans are in contact with animals in a way or another. A zoonotic disease is a disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans or from humans to vertebrate animals. More than 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic in origin. This includes a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, and other pathogens. Factors such as climate change, urbanization, animal migration and trade, travel and tourism, vector biology, anthropogenic factors, and natural factors have greatly influenced the emergence, re-emergence, distribution, and patterns of zoonoses. As time goes on, there are more emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. In this review, we reviewed the etiology of major zoonotic diseases, their impact on human health, and control measures for better management. We also highlighted COVID-19, a newly emerging zoonotic disease of likely bat origin that has affected millions of humans along with devastating global consequences. The implementation of One Health measures is highly recommended for the effective prevention and control of possible zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.R.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Md. Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Md. Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Samina Ievy
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Md. Jannat Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Hossam M. Ashour
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.T.R.); (H.M.A.)
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31
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Espinosa R, Tago D, Treich N. Infectious Diseases and Meat Production. ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS 2020; 76:1019-1044. [PMID: 32836843 PMCID: PMC7399585 DOI: 10.1007/s10640-020-00484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Most infectious diseases in humans originate from animals. In this paper, we explore the role of animal farming and meat consumption in the emergence and amplification of infectious diseases. First, we discuss how meat production increases epidemic risks, either directly through increased contact with wild and farmed animals or indirectly through its impact on the environment (e.g., biodiversity loss, water use, climate change). Traditional food systems such as bushmeat and backyard farming increase the risks of disease transmission from wild animals, while intensive farming amplifies the impact of the disease due to the high density, genetic proximity, increased immunodeficiency, and live transport of farmed animals. Second, we describe the various direct and indirect costs of animal-based infectious diseases, and in particular, how these diseases can negatively impact the economy and the environment. Last, we discuss policies to reduce the social costs of infectious diseases. While existing regulatory frameworks such as the "One Health" approach focus on increasing farms' biosecurity and emergency preparedness, we emphasize the need to better align stakeholders' incentives and to reduce meat consumption. We discuss in particular the implementation of a "zoonotic" Pigouvian tax, and innovations such as insect-based food or cultured meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damian Tago
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
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32
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Panti-May JA, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, García-Prieto L, Servián A, Costa F. Worldwide overview of human infections with Hymenolepis diminuta. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1997-2004. [PMID: 32211990 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hymenolepis diminuta is a zoonotic cestode parasitizing the small intestine of rodents (definitive hosts). Humans can accidentally enter into the life cycle of this tapeworm via the ingestion of infected insects (intermediate hosts) containing cestode cysticercoids in their body cavity. More than two centuries after the first record in humans, there are no accurate estimates of the number of human cases around the world. In order to have a more precise idea about the number of human cases with H. diminuta and the current status of the disease (hymenolepiasis) worldwide, we conducted a literature review of published records on human infection with H. diminuta. One thousand five hundred and sixty-one published records of infection with H. diminuta from 80 countries were identified. This review presents an estimate of the number of human cases with H. diminuta and a current overview of the prevalence, geographic distribution, symptoms, diagnosis, exposure to infective stages, and therapeutic approaches for this underestimated zoonotic tapeworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Alonso Panti-May
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, 97135, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Roger Iván Rodríguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, 97135, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Luis García-Prieto
- Coleccion Nacional de Helmintos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea Servián
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv 120 e/ 61 y 64, La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-040, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
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