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Yu Z, Fredua-Agyeman R, Strelkov SE, Hwang SF. RNA-Seq Bulked Segregant Analysis of an Exotic B. napus ssp. napobrassica (Rutabaga) F 2 Population Reveals Novel QTLs for Breeding Clubroot-Resistant Canola. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4596. [PMID: 38731814 PMCID: PMC11083300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a rutabaga (Brassica napus ssp. napobrassica) donor parent FGRA106, which exhibited broad-spectrum resistance to 17 isolates representing 16 pathotypes of Plasmodiophora brassicae, was used in genetic crosses with the susceptible spring-type canola (B. napus ssp. napus) accession FG769. The F2 plants derived from a clubroot-resistant F1 plant were screened against three P. brassicae isolates representing pathotypes 3A, 3D, and 3H. Chi-square (χ2) goodness-of-fit tests indicated that the F2 plants inherited two major clubroot resistance genes from the CR donor FGRA106. The total RNA from plants resistant (R) and susceptible (S) to each pathotype were pooled and subjected to bulked segregant RNA-sequencing (BSR-Seq). The analysis of gene expression profiles identified 431, 67, and 98 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the R and S bulks. The variant calling method indicated a total of 12 (7 major + 5 minor) QTLs across seven chromosomes. The seven major QTLs included: BnaA5P3A.CRX1.1, BnaC1P3H.CRX1.2, and BnaC7P3A.CRX1.1 on chromosomes A05, C01, and C07, respectively; and BnaA8P3D.CRX1.1, BnaA8P3D.RCr91.2/BnaA8P3H.RCr91.2, BnaA8P3H.Crr11.3/BnaA8P3D.Crr11.3, and BnaA8P3D.qBrCR381.4 on chromosome A08. A total of 16 of the DEGs were located in the major QTL regions, 13 of which were on chromosome C07. The molecular data suggested that clubroot resistance in FGRA106 may be controlled by major and minor genes on both the A and C genomes, which are deployed in different combinations to confer resistance to the different isolates. This study provides valuable germplasm for the breeding of clubroot-resistant B. napus cultivars in Western Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rudolph Fredua-Agyeman
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (Z.Y.); (S.-F.H.)
| | - Stephen E. Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (Z.Y.); (S.-F.H.)
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Dobbs JT, Caballero JRI, Ata JP, Babiker E, Copes WE, Stewart JE. Genomic and Transcriptomic Comparisons of the Twig Blight Pathogen, Passalora sequoiae, with Mycosphaerellaceae Foliar and Conifer Pathogens. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:732-742. [PMID: 37942864 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-23-0271-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Passalora sequoiae is a foliar pathogen to conifer tree species. In this study, we conducted whole-genome and transcriptome analyses on isolates of P. sequoiae collected from symptomatic Leyland cypress leaves from a Christmas tree farm in Mississippi. The objectives for this research were to elucidate the pathogenicity mechanisms of P. sequoiae by characterizing the genome and transcriptome and possibly identify unique and shared predicted genes in comparison with non-conifer/canker and foliar pathogens in the family Mycosphaerellaceae. P. sequoiae was found to be similar to other foliar Mycosphaerellaceae pathogens and likely represents a hemibiotrophic lifestyle based on comparisons across pathogens. The genome and in planta transcriptome highlighted some unique features of P. sequoiae: the significant presence of chitin synthases and fructose-degrading carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, trans-AT PKS genes, and antibiotic gene clusters that were unique to P. sequoiae compared with the other Mycosphaerellaceae species genomes. Several transcripts that were highly expressed in planta were identified as effectors, yet the functions were not characterized. These targets provide ample resources to continue to characterize pathogen-conifer host interactions in conifer foliar pathogens. Furthermore, this research helps build genomic resources for an important plant pathogen on Leyland cypress that will further our ability to develop novel management practices that could begin with breeding for resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Dobbs
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A
| | | | - Jessa P Ata
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A
- Department of Forest Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Ebrahiem Babiker
- Thad Cochran Southern Horticultural Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A
| | - Warren E Copes
- Thad Cochran Southern Horticultural Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A
| | - Jane E Stewart
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A
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Hudson A, Mullens A, Hind S, Jamann T, Balint-Kurti P. Natural variation in the pattern-triggered immunity response in plants: Investigations, implications and applications. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13445. [PMID: 38528659 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) response is triggered at the plant cell surface by the recognition of microbe-derived molecules known as microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns or molecules derived from compromised host cells called damage-associated molecular patterns. Membrane-localized receptor proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors, are responsible for this recognition. Although much of the machinery of PTI is conserved, natural variation for the PTI response exists within and across species with respect to the components responsible for pattern recognition, activation of the response, and the strength of the response induced. This review describes what is known about this variation. We discuss how variation in the PTI response can be measured and how this knowledge might be utilized in the control of plant disease and in developing plant varieties with enhanced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Hudson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Mullens
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Hind
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Tiffany Jamann
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Xu L, Cao L, Li J, Staiger CJ. Cooperative actin filament nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex and formins maintains the homeostatic cortical array in Arabidopsis epidermal cells. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:764-789. [PMID: 38057163 PMCID: PMC10896301 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Precise control over how and where actin filaments are created leads to the construction of unique cytoskeletal arrays within a common cytoplasm. Actin filament nucleators are key players in this activity and include the conserved actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex as well as a large family of formins. In some eukaryotic cells, these nucleators compete for a common pool of actin monomers and loss of one favors the activity of the other. To test whether this mechanism is conserved, we combined the ability to image single filament dynamics in the homeostatic cortical actin array of living Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) epidermal cells with genetic and/or small molecule inhibitor approaches to stably or acutely disrupt nucleator activity. We found that Arp2/3 mutants or acute CK-666 treatment markedly reduced the frequency of side-branched nucleation events as well as overall actin filament abundance. We also confirmed that plant formins contribute to side-branched filament nucleation in vivo. Surprisingly, simultaneous inhibition of both classes of nucleator increased overall actin filament abundance and enhanced the frequency of de novo nucleation events by an unknown mechanism. Collectively, our findings suggest that multiple actin nucleation mechanisms cooperate to generate and maintain the homeostatic cortical array of plant epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lingyan Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- EMBRIO Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Jiménez-Guerrero I, Sonawane M, Eckshtain-Levi N, Tuang ZK, da Silva GM, Pérez-Montaño F, Leibman-Markus M, Gupta R, Noda-Garcia L, Bar M, Burdman S. Natural variation in a short region of the Acidovorax citrulli type III-secreted effector AopW1 is associated with differences in cytotoxicity and host adaptation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:516-540. [PMID: 37864805 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial fruit blotch, caused by Acidovorax citrulli, is a serious disease of melon and watermelon. The strains of the pathogen belong to two major genetic groups: group I strains are strongly associated with melon, while group II strains are more aggressive on watermelon. A. citrulli secretes many protein effectors to the host cell via the type III secretion system. Here we characterized AopW1, an effector that shares similarity to the actin cytoskeleton-disrupting effector HopW1 of Pseudomonas syringae and with effectors from other plant-pathogenic bacterial species. AopW1 has a highly variable region (HVR) within amino acid positions 147 to 192, showing 14 amino acid differences between group I and II variants. We show that group I AopW1 is more toxic to yeast and Nicotiana benthamiana cells than group II AopW1, having stronger actin filament disruption activity, and increased ability to induce cell death and reduce callose deposition. We further demonstrated the importance of some amino acid positions within the HVR for AopW1 cytotoxicity. Cellular analyses revealed that AopW1 also localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, and plant endosomes. We also show that overexpression of the endosome-associated protein EHD1 attenuates AopW1-induced cell death and increases defense responses. Finally, we show that sequence variation in AopW1 plays a significant role in the adaptation of group I and II strains to their preferred hosts, melon and watermelon, respectively. This study provides new insights into the HopW1 family of bacterial effectors and provides first evidence on the involvement of EHD1 in response to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Jiménez-Guerrero
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Monica Sonawane
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noam Eckshtain-Levi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Za Khai Tuang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gustavo Mateus da Silva
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Francisco Pérez-Montaño
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Lianet Noda-Garcia
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Saul Burdman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Wu X, Sun Z, Qi F, Liu H, Zhao M, Wang J, Wang M, Zhao R, Wu Y, Dong W, Zheng Z, Zhang X. Cytological and transcriptomic analysis to unveil the mechanism of web blotch resistance in Peanut. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:518. [PMID: 37884908 PMCID: PMC10601179 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut is an important oil crop worldwide. Peanut web blotch is a fungal disease that often occurs at the same time as other leaf spot diseases, resulting in substantial leaf drop, which seriously affects the peanut yield and quality. However, the molecular mechanism underlying peanut resistance to web blotch is unknown. RESULTS The cytological examination revealed no differences in the conidium germination rate between the web blotch-resistant variety ZH and the web blotch-susceptible variety PI at 12-48 hpi. The appressorium formation rate was significantly higher for PI than for ZH at 24 hpi. The papilla formation rate at 36 hpi and the hypersensitive response rate at 60 and 84 hpi were significantly higher for ZH than for PI. We also compared the transcriptional profiles of web blotch-infected ZH and PI plants at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 84 hpi using an RNA-seq technique. There were more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ZH and PI at 12, 36, 60, and 84 hpi than at 24 and 48 hpi. Moreover, there were more DEGs in PI than in ZH at each time-point. The analysis of metabolic pathways indicated that pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis; monobactam biosynthesis; cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis; and ether lipid metabolism are specific to the active defense of ZH against YY187, whereas porphyrin metabolism as well as taurine and hypotaurine metabolism are pathways specifically involved in the passive defense of ZH against YY187. In the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, most of the interacting proteins were serine acetyltransferases and cysteine synthases, which are involved in the cysteine synthesis pathway. The qRT-PCR data confirmed the reliability of the transcriptome analysis. CONCLUSION On the basis of the PPI network for the significantly enriched genes in the pathways which were specifically enriched at different time points in ZH, we hypothesize that serine acetyltransferases and cysteine synthases are crucial for the cysteine-related resistance of peanut to web blotch. The study results provide reference material for future research on the mechanism mediating peanut web blotch resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wu
- The Shennong Laboratory, Institute of Crop Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Ziqi Sun
- The Shennong Laboratory, Institute of Crop Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Feiyan Qi
- The Shennong Laboratory, Institute of Crop Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Hua Liu
- The Shennong Laboratory, Institute of Crop Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Mingbo Zhao
- The Shennong Laboratory, Institute of Crop Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Juan Wang
- The Shennong Laboratory, Institute of Crop Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- The Shennong Laboratory, Institute of Crop Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Ruifang Zhao
- The Shennong Laboratory, Institute of Crop Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Yue Wu
- The Shennong Laboratory, Institute of Crop Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Wenzhao Dong
- The Shennong Laboratory, Institute of Crop Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- The Shennong Laboratory, Institute of Crop Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.
| | - Xinyou Zhang
- The Shennong Laboratory, Institute of Crop Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China.
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Narayan JA, Manoj VM, Nerkar G, Chakravarthi M, Dharshini S, Subramonian N, Premachandran MN, Valarmathi R, Kumar RA, Gomathi R, Surendar KK, Hemaprabha G, Appunu C. Transgenic sugarcane with higher levels of BRK1 showed improved drought tolerance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:1611-1628. [PMID: 37578541 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Transgenic sugarcane overexpressing BRK1 showed improved tolerance to drought stress through modulation of actin polymerization and formation of interlocking marginal lobes in epidermal leaf cells, a typical feature associated with BRK1 expression under drought stress. BRICK1 (BRK1) genes promote leaf epidermal cell morphogenesis and division in plants that involves local actin polymerization. Although the changes in actin filament organization during drought have been reported, the role of BRK in stress tolerance remains unknown. In our previous work, the drought-tolerant Erianthus arundinaceus exhibited high levels of the BRK gene expression under drought stress. Therefore, in the present study, the drought-responsive gene, BRK1 from Saccharum spontaneum, was transformed into sugarcane to test if it conferred drought tolerance in the commercial sugarcane cultivar Co 86032. The transgenic lines were subjected to drought stress, and analyzed using physiological parameters for drought stress. The drought-induced BRK1-overexpressing lines of sugarcane exhibited significantly higher transgene expression compared with the wild-type control and also showed improved physiological parameters. In addition, the formation of interlocking marginal lobes in the epidermal leaf cells, a typical feature associated with BRK1 expression, was observed in all transgenic BRK1 lines during drought stress. This is the first report to suggest that BRK1 plays a role in sugarcane acclimation to drought stress and may prove to be a potential candidate in genetic engineering of plants for enhanced biomass production under drought stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashwin Narayan
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - V M Manoj
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - Gauri Nerkar
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - M Chakravarthi
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - S Dharshini
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - N Subramonian
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - M N Premachandran
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Valarmathi
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Arun Kumar
- Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Gomathi
- Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - K Krisha Surendar
- Deprtament of Plant Physiology, Paddy Breeding Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - G Hemaprabha
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - C Appunu
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India.
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Hawkins TJ, Kopischke M, Duckney PJ, Rybak K, Mentlak DA, Kroon JTM, Bui MT, Richardson AC, Casey M, Alexander A, De Jaeger G, Kalde M, Moore I, Dagdas Y, Hussey PJ, Robatzek S. NET4 and RabG3 link actin to the tonoplast and facilitate cytoskeletal remodelling during stomatal immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5848. [PMID: 37730720 PMCID: PMC10511709 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the NETWORKED (NET) family are involved in actin-membrane interactions. Here we show that two members of the NET family, NET4A and NET4B, are essential for normal guard cell actin reorganization, which is a process critical for stomatal closure in plant immunity. NET4 proteins interact with F-actin and with members of the Rab7 GTPase RABG3 family through two distinct domains, allowing for simultaneous localization to actin filaments and the tonoplast. NET4 proteins interact with GTP-bound, active RABG3 members, suggesting their function being downstream effectors. We also show that RABG3b is critical for stomatal closure induced by microbial patterns. Taken together, we conclude that the actin cytoskeletal remodelling during stomatal closure involves a molecular link between actin filaments and the tonoplast, which is mediated by the NET4-RABG3b interaction. We propose that stomatal closure to microbial patterns involves the coordinated action of immune-triggered osmotic changes and actin cytoskeletal remodelling likely driving compact vacuolar morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Hawkins
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Großhadener Strasse 4, 82152, Planegg, DE, Germany
| | - Patrick J Duckney
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Katarzyna Rybak
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Großhadener Strasse 4, 82152, Planegg, DE, Germany
| | - David A Mentlak
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Johan T M Kroon
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Mai Thu Bui
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, AUT, Austria
| | | | - Mary Casey
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Geert De Jaeger
- VIB-University Ghent, Center for Plant System Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, BE, Belgium
| | - Monika Kalde
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, AUT, Austria
| | - Patrick J Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Großhadener Strasse 4, 82152, Planegg, DE, Germany.
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9
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Li WB, Song SW, Zhong MM, Liu LG, Su L, Han LB, Xia GX, Sun YD, Wang HY. VILLIN2 regulates cotton defense against Verticillium dahliae by modulating actin cytoskeleton remodeling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:666-679. [PMID: 36881883 PMCID: PMC10152694 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The active structural change of actin cytoskeleton is a general host response upon pathogen attack. This study characterized the function of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) actin-binding protein VILLIN2 (GhVLN2) in host defense against the soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that GhVLN2 possessed actin-binding, -bundling, and -severing activities. A low concentration of GhVLN2 could shift its activity from actin bundling to actin severing in the presence of Ca2+. Knockdown of GhVLN2 expression by virus-induced gene silencing reduced the extent of actin filament bundling and interfered with the growth of cotton plants, resulting in the formation of twisted organs and brittle stems with a decreased cellulose content of the cell wall. Upon V. dahliae infection, the expression of GhVLN2 was downregulated in root cells, and silencing of GhVLN2 enhanced the disease tolerance of cotton plants. The actin bundles were less abundant in root cells of GhVLN2-silenced plants than in control plants. However, upon infection by V. dahliae, the number of actin filaments and bundles in the cells of GhVLN2-silenced plants was raised to a comparable level as those in control plants, with the dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton appearing several hours in advance. GhVLN2-silenced plants exhibited a higher incidence of actin filament cleavage in the presence of Ca2+, suggesting that pathogen-responsive downregulation of GhVLN2 could activate its actin-severing activity. These data indicate that the regulated expression and functional shift of GhVLN2 contribute to modulating the dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in host immune responses against V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuang-Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lan-Gong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li-Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gui-Xian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong-Duo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hai-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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10
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Wang P, Duckney P, Gao E, Hussey PJ, Kriechbaumer V, Li C, Zang J, Zhang T. Keep in contact: multiple roles of endoplasmic reticulum-membrane contact sites and the organelle interaction network in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:482-499. [PMID: 36651025 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Functional regulation and structural maintenance of the different organelles in plants contribute directly to plant development, reproduction and stress responses. To ensure these activities take place effectively, cells have evolved an interconnected network amongst various subcellular compartments, regulating rapid signal transduction and the exchange of biomaterial. Many proteins that regulate membrane connections have recently been identified in plants, and this is the first step in elucidating both the mechanism and function of these connections. Amongst all organelles, the endoplasmic reticulum is the key structure, which likely links most of the different subcellular compartments through membrane contact sites (MCS) and the ER-PM contact sites (EPCS) have been the most intensely studied in plants. However, the molecular composition and function of plant MCS are being found to be different from other eukaryotic systems. In this article, we will summarise the most recent advances in this field and discuss the mechanism and biological relevance of these essential links in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Patrick Duckney
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Erlin Gao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Patrick J Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Chengyang Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jingze Zang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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11
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Czymmek KJ, Duncan KE, Berg H. Realizing the Full Potential of Advanced Microscopy Approaches for Interrogating Plant-Microbe Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:245-255. [PMID: 36947723 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-22-0208-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microscopy has served as a fundamental tool for insight and discovery in plant-microbe interactions for centuries. From classical light and electron microscopy to corresponding specialized methods for sample preparation and cellular contrasting agents, these approaches have become routine components in the toolkit of plant and microbiology scientists alike to visualize, probe and understand the nature of host-microbe relationships. Over the last three decades, three-dimensional perspectives led by the development of electron tomography, and especially, confocal techniques continue to provide remarkable clarity and spatial detail of tissue and cellular phenomena. Confocal and electron microscopy provide novel revelations that are now commonplace in medium and large institutions. However, many other cutting-edge technologies and sample preparation workflows are relatively unexploited yet offer tremendous potential for unprecedented advancement in our understanding of the inner workings of pathogenic, beneficial, and symbiotic plant-microbe interactions. Here, we highlight key applications, benefits, and challenges of contemporary advanced imaging platforms for plant-microbe systems with special emphasis on several recently developed approaches, such as light-sheet, single molecule, super-resolution, and adaptive optics microscopy, as well as ambient and cryo-volume electron microscopy, X-ray microscopy, and cryo-electron tomography. Furthermore, the potential for complementary sample preparation methodologies, such as optical clearing, expansion microscopy, and multiplex imaging, will be reviewed. Our ultimate goal is to stimulate awareness of these powerful cutting-edge technologies and facilitate their appropriate application and adoption to solve important and unresolved biological questions in the field. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk J Czymmek
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, U.S.A
- Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, U.S.A
| | - Keith E Duncan
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, U.S.A
| | - Howard Berg
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, U.S.A
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12
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Lu Y, Zhang Y, Lian N, Li X. Membrane Dynamics Regulated by Cytoskeleton in Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076059. [PMID: 37047032 PMCID: PMC10094514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM), which is composed of a lipid layer implanted with proteins, has diverse functions in plant responses to environmental triggers. The heterogenous dynamics of lipids and proteins in the plasma membrane play important roles in regulating cellular activities with an intricate pathway that orchestrates reception, signal transduction and appropriate response in the plant immune system. In the process of the plasma membrane participating in defense responses, the cytoskeletal elements have important functions in a variety of ways, including regulation of protein and lipid dynamics as well as vesicle trafficking. In this review, we summarized how the plasma membrane contributed to plant immunity and focused on the dynamic process of cytoskeleton regulation of endocytosis and exocytosis and propose future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Na Lian
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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13
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Live-Cell Imaging of Cytoskeletal Responses and Trafficking During Fungal Elicitation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2604:271-284. [PMID: 36773242 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms driving plant defense responses holds the promise to provide new means to reinforce plant defense both through agrochemicals and targeted genetic improvement. The capability to quantify impacts of phytopathogens on subcellular dynamics is particularly important when elucidating the role of specific virulence mechanisms that make contributions toward infection success but do not individually alter disease outcome. Acquiring these data requires an investigator to achieve the successful handling of both plant and microbe prior to observation and an appreciation of the challenges in acquiring images under these conditions. In this chapter we describe a protocol to support the observation of cytoskeletal dynamics surrounding sites of fungal interaction, specifically the powdery mildew Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei on the surface of Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, we also describe a procedure to expose etiolated (dark-grown) hypocotyls to a molecular pattern to activate defense responses in the absence of a phytopathogen with the aim of observing localized actin-dependent trafficking.
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14
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Wang B, Zou M, Pan Q, Li J. Analysis of Actin Array Rearrangement During the Plant Response to Bacterial Stimuli. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2604:263-270. [PMID: 36773241 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to various environmental stresses, among which, microbial pathogens are one of the major threats. Studies have shown that the host actin cytoskeleton undergoes active rearrangement during the plant-microbe interaction. This actin remodeling is required for plant resistance to bacterial infection. In this chapter, we introduce a protocol routinely used in our laboratory to investigate actin dynamics in response to bacterial cues. We describe the bacterial inoculation methods, plant sample preparation, and imaging techniques used to monitor actin responses in different Arabidopsis cell types including epidermal cells from light-grown leaves and dark-grown hypocotyls, as well as guard cells. We further introduce a high-throughput image analysis method for quantifying cytoskeletal changes. This protocol has allowed us to dissect the host cell contribution to actin remodeling and identify actin-binding proteins as stimulus-response regulators of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxiao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Minxia Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiejie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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15
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Ganesan R, Wierz JC, Kaltenpoth M, Flórez LV. How It All Begins: Bacterial Factors Mediating the Colonization of Invertebrate Hosts by Beneficial Symbionts. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0012621. [PMID: 36301103 PMCID: PMC9769632 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00126-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Beneficial associations with bacteria are widespread across animals, spanning a range of symbiont localizations, transmission routes, and functions. While some of these associations have evolved into obligate relationships with permanent symbiont localization within the host, the majority require colonization of every host generation from the environment or via maternal provisions. Across the broad diversity of host species and tissue types that beneficial bacteria can colonize, there are some highly specialized strategies for establishment yet also some common patterns in the molecular basis of colonization. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying the early stage of beneficial bacterium-invertebrate associations, from initial contact to the establishment of the symbionts in a specific location of the host's body. We first reflect on general selective pressures that can drive the transition from a free-living to a host-associated lifestyle in bacteria. We then cover bacterial molecular factors for colonization in symbioses from both model and nonmodel invertebrate systems where these have been studied, including terrestrial and aquatic host taxa. Finally, we discuss how interactions between multiple colonizing bacteria and priority effects can influence colonization. Taking the bacterial perspective, we emphasize the importance of developing new experimentally tractable systems to derive general insights into the ecological factors and molecular adaptations underlying the origin and establishment of beneficial symbioses in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Ganesan
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen C. Wierz
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Laura V. Flórez
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Organismal Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Li P, Zhang Z, Tong Y, Foda BM, Day B. ILEE: Algorithms and toolbox for unguided and accurate quantitative analysis of cytoskeletal images. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213770. [PMID: 36534166 PMCID: PMC9768434 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cytoskeleton plays essential roles in cell signaling and trafficking, broadly associated with immunity and diseases in humans and plants. To date, most studies describing cytoskeleton dynamics and function rely on qualitative/quantitative analyses of cytoskeletal images. While state-of-the-art, these approaches face general challenges: the diversity among filaments causes considerable inaccuracy, and the widely adopted image projection leads to bias and information loss. To solve these issues, we developed the Implicit Laplacian of Enhanced Edge (ILEE), an unguided, high-performance approach for 2D/3D-based quantification of cytoskeletal status and organization. Using ILEE, we constructed a Python library to enable automated cytoskeletal image analysis, providing biologically interpretable indices measuring the density, bundling, segmentation, branching, and directionality of the cytoskeleton. Our data demonstrated that ILEE resolves the defects of traditional approaches, enables the detection of novel cytoskeletal features, and yields data with superior accuracy, stability, and robustness. The ILEE toolbox is available for public use through PyPI and Google Colab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI,Correspondence to Pai Li:
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Yiying Tong
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Bardees M. Foda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI,Molecular Genetics and Enzymology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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17
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The Cytoskeleton in Plant Immunity: Dynamics, Regulation, and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415553. [PMID: 36555194 PMCID: PMC9779068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cytoskeleton, consisting of actin filaments and microtubules, is a highly dynamic filamentous framework involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Recently, research has demonstrated that the plant cytoskeleton undergoes rapid remodeling upon sensing pathogen attacks, coordinating the formation of microdomain immune complexes, the dynamic and turnover of pattern-recognizing receptors (PRRs), the movement and aggregation of organelles, and the transportation of defense compounds, thus serving as an important platform for responding to pathogen infections. Meanwhile, pathogens produce effectors targeting the cytoskeleton to achieve pathogenicity. Recent findings have uncovered several cytoskeleton-associated proteins mediating cytoskeletal remodeling and defense signaling. Furthermore, the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is revealed to further feedback-regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and trigger salicylic acid (SA) signaling, suggesting an extremely complex role of the cytoskeleton in plant immunity. Here, we describe recent advances in understanding the host cytoskeleton dynamics upon sensing pathogens and summarize the effectors that target the cytoskeleton. We highlight advances in the regulation of cytoskeletal remodeling associated with the defense response and assess the important function of the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton in the immune response. Finally, we propose suggestions for future research in this area.
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18
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Yoo SJ, Choi HJ, Noh SW, Cecchini NM, Greenberg JT, Jung HW. Genetic requirements for infection-specific responses in conferring disease resistance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1068438. [PMID: 36523630 PMCID: PMC9745044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1068438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunity in plants arises from defense regulatory circuits that can be conceptualized as modules. Both the types (and isolates) of pathogen and the repertoire of plant receptors may cause different modules to be activated and affect the magnitude of activation. Two major defense enzymes of Arabidopsis are ALD1 and ICS1/SID2. ALD1 is an aminotransferase needed for producing the metabolites pipecolic acid, hydroxy-pipecolic acid, and possibly other defense signals. ICS1/SID2 produces isochorismate, an intermediate in the synthesis of salicylic acid (SA) and SA-derivatives. Metabolites resulting from the activation of these enzymes are found in petiole exudates and may serve as priming signals for systemic disease resistance in Arabidopsis. Mutants lacking ALD1 are known to have reduced SA accumulation. To further investigate the role of ALD1 in relation to the SA-related module, immunity phenotypes of double mutants that disrupt ALD1 and ICS1/SID2 or SA perception by NPR1 were compared with each single mutant after infection by different Pseudomonas strains. Exudates collected from these mutants after infection were also evaluated for their ability to confer disease resistance when applied to wild-type plants. During infection with virulent or attenuated strains, the loss of ALD1 does not increase the susceptibility of npr1 or sid2 mutants, suggesting the main role of ALD1 in this context is in amplifying the SA-related module. In contrast, after an infection that leads to strong pathogen recognition via the cytoplasmic immune receptor RPS2, ALD1 acts additively with both NPR1 and ICS1/SID2 to suppress pathogen growth. The additive effects are observed in early basal defense responses as well as SA-related events. Thus, there are specific conditions that dictate whether the modules independently contribute to immunity to provide additive protection during infection. In the exudate experiments, intact NPR1 and ICS1/SID2, but not ALD1 in the donor plants were needed for conferring immunity. Mixing exudates showed that loss of SID2 yields exudates that suppress active exudates from wild-type or ald1 plants. This indicates that ICS1/SID2 may not only lead to positive defense signals, but also prevent a suppressive signal(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Je Yoo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyo Ju Choi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seong Woo Noh
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Nicolás M. Cecchini
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jean T. Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ho Won Jung
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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19
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Boufleur TR, Massola Júnior NS, Becerra S, Baraldi E, Bibiano LBJ, Sukno SA, Thon MR, Baroncelli R. Comparative transcriptomic provides novel insights into the soybean response to Colletotrichum truncatum infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1046418. [PMID: 36507428 PMCID: PMC9732023 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1046418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Soybean (Glycine max) is among the most important crops in the world, and its production can be threatened by biotic diseases, such as anthracnose. Soybean anthracnose is a seed-borne disease mainly caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum truncatum. Typical symptoms are pre- and post-emergence damping off and necrotic lesions on cotyledons, petioles, leaves, and pods. Anthracnose symptoms can appear early in the field, causing major losses to soybean production. MATERIAL AND METHODS In preliminary experiments, we observed that the same soybean cultivar can have a range of susceptibility towards different strains of C. truncatum, while the same C. truncatum strain can cause varying levels of disease severity in different soybean cultivars. To gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the early response of different soybean cultivars to different C. truncatum strains, we performed pathogenicity assays to select two soybean cultivars with significantly different susceptibility to two different C. truncatum strains and analyzed their transcriptome profiles at different time points of interaction (0, 12, 48, and 120 h post-inoculation, hpi). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The pathogenicity assays showed that the soybean cultivar Gm1 is more resistant to C. truncatum strain 1080, and it is highly susceptible to strain 1059, while cultivar Gm2 shows the opposite behavior. However, if only trivial anthracnose symptoms appeared in the more resistant phenotype (MRP; Gm1-1080; Gm2-1059) upon 120 hpi, in the more susceptible phenotype (MSP; Gm-1059; Gm2- 1080) plants show mild symptoms already at 72 hpi, after which the disease evolved rapidly to severe necrosis and plant death. Interestingly, several genes related to different cellular responses of the plant immune system (pathogen recognition, signaling events, transcriptional reprogramming, and defense-related genes) were commonly modulated at the same time points only in both MRP. The list of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) specific to the more resistant combinations and related to different cellular responses of the plant immune system may shed light on the important host defense pathways against soybean anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís R. Boufleur
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Nelson S. Massola Júnior
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Sioly Becerra
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Líllian B. J. Bibiano
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Serenella A. Sukno
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Michael R. Thon
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Riccardo Baroncelli
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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20
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Aphelenchoides besseyi Ab-FAR-1 Interacts with Arabidopsis thaliana AtADF3 to Interfere with Actin Cytoskeleton, and Promotes Nematode Parasitism and Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012280. [PMID: 36293146 PMCID: PMC9603084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid and retinol binding proteins (FAR) are unique proteins found in nematodes and are considered potential targets for controlling these parasites. However, their functions in nematode parasitism and pathogenicity and interaction with hosts are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the specific roles of rice white tip nematodes (RWTNs), Aphelenchoides besseyi, and a protein, Ab-FAR-1, to elucidate the parasitic and pathogenic processes of nematodes. The results showed that the expression level of Ab-far-1 was significantly up-regulated after A. besseyi infection of the plant. The immunofluorescence and subcellular localisation showed that Ab-FAR-1 was secreted into plant tissues mainly through the body wall of nematodes and might act in the nucleus and cytoplasm of plant cells. The pathogenicity of RWTNs was enhanced in Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing Ab-FAR-1 and inhibited in Ab-far-1 RNAi A. thaliana. Yeast two-hybrid, Co-IP, BiFC, and nematode inoculation experiments showed that Ab-FAR-1 could interact with the A. thaliana actin-depolymerizing factor protein AtADF3, and the A. thaliana adf3 mutant was more susceptible to nematodes. An in vitro actin filament depolymerisation assay demonstrated that Ab-FAR-1 could inhibit AtADF3-mediated depolymerisation of actin filaments, and the turnover process of cellular actin filaments was also affected in A. thaliana overexpressing Ab-FAR-1. In addition, flg22-mediated host defence responses were suppressed in A. thaliana overexpressing Ab-FAR-1 and adf3 mutants. Therefore, this study confirmed that RWTNs can affect the turnover of actin filament remodelling mediated by AtADF3 through Ab-FAR-1 secretion and thus inhibit plant PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), promoting the parasitism and pathogenicity of nematodes.
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Pain C, Tolmie F, Wojcik S, Wang P, Kriechbaumer V. intER-ACTINg: the structure and dynamics of ER and actin are interlinked. J Microsc 2022. [PMID: 35985796 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is the driver of gross ER remodelling and the movement and positioning of other membrane-bound organelles such as Golgi bodies. Rapid ER membrane remodelling is a feature of most plant cells and is important for normal cellular processes, including targeted secretion, immunity and signalling. Modifications to the actin cytoskeleton, through pharmacological agents such as Latrunculin B and phalloidin, or disruption of normal myosin function also affect ER structure and/or dynamics. Here, we investigate the impact of changes in the actin cytoskeleton on structure and dynamics on the ER as well as in return the impact of modified ER structure on the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton. By expressing actin markers that affect actin dynamics, or expressing of ER-shaping proteins that influence ER architecture, we found that the structure of ER-actin networks is closely inter-related; affecting one component is likely to have a direct effect on the other. Therefore, our results indicate that a complicated regulatory machinery and cross-talk between these two structures must exist in plants to co-ordinate the function of ER-actin network during multiple subcellular processes. In addition, when considering organelle structure and dynamics, the choice of actin marker is essential in preventing off-target organelle structure and dynamics modifications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pain
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Frances Tolmie
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Stefan Wojcik
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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22
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Ma Z, Zhu K, Gao Y, Tan S, Miao Y. Molecular condensation and mechanoregulation of plant class I formin, an integrin‐like actin nucleator. FEBS J 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Kexin Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Yong‐Gui Gao
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Suet‐Mien Tan
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
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23
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Silencing of a Cotton Actin-Binding Protein GhWLIM1C Decreases Resistance against Verticillium dahliae Infection. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141828. [PMID: 35890462 PMCID: PMC9316592 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LIM proteins are widely spread in various types of plant cells and play diversely crucial cellular roles through actin cytoskeleton assembly and gene expression regulation. Till now, it has not been clear whether LIM proteins function in plant pathogen defense. In this study, we characterized a LIM protein, GhWLIM1C, in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). We found that GhWLIM1C could bind and bundle the actin cytoskeleton, and it contains two LIM domains (LIM1 and LIM2). Both the two domains could bind directly to the actin filaments. Moreover, the LIM2 domain additionally bundles the actin cytoskeleton, indicating that it possesses a different biochemical activity than LIM1. The expression of GhWLIM1C responds to the infection of the cotton fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae). Silencing of GhWLIM1C decreased cotton resistance to V. dahliae. These may be associated with the down regulated plant defense response, including the PR genes expression and ROS accumulation in the infected cotton plants. In all, these results provide new evidence that a plant LIM protein functions in plant pathogen resistance and the assembly of the actin cytoskeleton are closely related to the triggering of the plant defense response.
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24
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Baez LA, Tichá T, Hamann T. Cell wall integrity regulation across plant species. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:483-504. [PMID: 35674976 PMCID: PMC9213367 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are highly dynamic and chemically complex structures surrounding all plant cells. They provide structural support, protection from both abiotic and biotic stress as well as ensure containment of turgor. Recently evidence has accumulated that a dedicated mechanism exists in plants, which is monitoring the functional integrity of cell walls and initiates adaptive responses to maintain integrity in case it is impaired during growth, development or exposure to biotic and abiotic stress. The available evidence indicates that detection of impairment involves mechano-perception, while reactive oxygen species and phytohormone-based signaling processes play key roles in translating signals generated and regulating adaptive responses. More recently it has also become obvious that the mechanisms mediating cell wall integrity maintenance and pattern triggered immunity are interacting with each other to modulate the adaptive responses to biotic stress and cell wall integrity impairment. Here we will review initially our current knowledge regarding the mode of action of the maintenance mechanism, discuss mechanisms mediating responses to biotic stresses and highlight how both mechanisms may modulate adaptive responses. This first part will be focused on Arabidopsis thaliana since most of the relevant knowledge derives from this model organism. We will then proceed to provide perspective to what extent the relevant molecular mechanisms are conserved in other plant species and close by discussing current knowledge of the transcriptional machinery responsible for controlling the adaptive responses using selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alonso Baez
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tereza Tichá
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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25
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Cao L, Wang W, Zhang W, Staiger CJ. Lipid Signaling Requires ROS Production to Elicit Actin Cytoskeleton Remodeling during Plant Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052447. [PMID: 35269589 PMCID: PMC8910749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In terrestrial plants a basal innate immune system, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), has evolved to limit infection by diverse microbes. The remodeling of actin cytoskeletal arrays is now recognized as a key hallmark event during the rapid host cellular responses to pathogen attack. Several actin binding proteins have been demonstrated to fine tune the dynamics of actin filaments during this process. However, the upstream signals that stimulate actin remodeling during PTI signaling remain poorly characterized. Two second messengers, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphatidic acid (PA), are elevated following pathogen perception or microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) treatment, and the timing of signaling fluxes roughly correlates with actin cytoskeletal rearrangements. Here, we combined genetic analysis, chemical complementation experiments, and quantitative live-cell imaging experiments to test the role of these second messengers in actin remodeling and to order the signaling events during plant immunity. We demonstrated that PHOSPHOLIPASE Dβ (PLDβ) isoforms are necessary to elicit actin accumulation in response to flg22-associated PTI. Further, bacterial growth experiments and MAMP-induced apoplastic ROS production measurements revealed that PLDβ-generated PA acts upstream of ROS signaling to trigger actin remodeling through inhibition of CAPPING PROTEIN (CP) activity. Collectively, our results provide compelling evidence that PLDβ/PA functions upstream of RBOHD-mediated ROS production to elicit actin rearrangements during the innate immune response in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Christopher J. Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (C.J.S.)
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26
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Ma Z, Sun Y, Zhu X, Yang L, Chen X, Miao Y. Membrane nanodomains modulate formin condensation for actin remodeling in Arabidopsis innate immune responses. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:374-394. [PMID: 34726756 PMCID: PMC8774048 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of macromolecules on the plasma membrane concentrates cell surface biomolecules into nanometer- to micrometer-scale clusters (nano- or microdomains) that help the cell initiate or respond to signals. In plant-microbe interactions, the actin cytoskeleton undergoes rapid remodeling during pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). The nanoclustering of formin-actin nucleator proteins at the cell surface has been identified as underlying actin nucleation during plant innate immune responses. Here, we show that the condensation of nanodomain constituents and the self-assembly of remorin proteins enables this mechanism of controlling formin condensation and activity during innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Through intrinsically disordered region-mediated remorin oligomerization and formin interaction, remorin gradually recruits and condenses formins upon PTI activation in lipid bilayers, consequently increasing actin nucleation in a time-dependent manner postinfection. Such nanodomain- and remorin-mediated regulation of plant surface biomolecules is expected to be a general feature of plant innate immune responses that creates spatially separated biochemical compartments and fine tunes membrane physicochemical properties for transduction of immune signals in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yanbiao Sun
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinlu Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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27
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Mapuranga J, Zhang L, Zhang N, Yang W. The haustorium: The root of biotrophic fungal pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:963705. [PMID: 36105706 PMCID: PMC9465030 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.963705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi are among the dreadful pathogens that continuously threaten the production of economically important crops. The interaction of biotrophic fungal pathogens with their hosts necessitates the development of unique infection mechanisms and involvement of various virulence-associated components. Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi have an exceptional lifestyle that supports nutrient acquisition from cells of a living host and are fully dependent on the host for successful completion of their life cycle. The haustorium, a specialized infection structure, is the key organ for biotrophic fungal pathogens. The haustorium is not only essential in the uptake of nutrients without killing the host, but also in the secretion and delivery of effectors into the host cells to manipulate host immune system and defense responses and reprogram the metabolic flow of the host. Although there is a number of unanswered questions in this area yet, results from various studies indicate that the haustorium is the root of biotrophic fungal pathogens. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the haustorium, its structure, composition, and functions, which includes the most recent haustorial transcriptome studies.
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28
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Samal P, Molla KA, Bal A, Ray S, Swain H, Khandual A, Sahoo P, Behera M, Jaiswal S, Iquebal A, Chakraborti M, Behera L, Kar MK, Mukherjee AK. Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals the basis of differential sheath blight disease response in tolerant and susceptible rice genotypes. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:61-73. [PMID: 33811539 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight (ShB) disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA, is one of the devastating diseases and causes severe yield losses all over the world. No completely resistant germplasm is known till now, and as a result, the progress in resistance breeding is unsatisfactory. Basic studies to identify candidate genes, QTLs, and to better understand the host-pathogen interaction are also scanty. In this study, we report the identification of a new ShB-tolerant rice germplasm, CR 1014. Further, we investigated the basis of tolerance by exploring the disease responsive differentially expressed transcriptome and comparing them with that of a susceptible variety, Swarna-Sub1. A total of 815 and 551 genes were found to be differentially regulated in CR 1014 and Swarna-Sub1, respectively, at two different time points. The result shows that the ability to upregulate genes for glycosyl hydrolase, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, cytoskeleton and membrane integrity, the glycolytic pathway, and maintaining photosynthesis make CR 1014 a superior performer in resisting the ShB pathogen. We discuss several putative candidate genes for ShB resistance. The present study, for the first time, revealed the basis of ShB tolerance in the germplasm CR1014 and should prove to be particularly valuable in understanding molecular response to ShB infection. The knowledge could be utilized to devise strategies to manage the disease better.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Archana Bal
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Soham Ray
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Harekrushna Swain
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Ansuman Khandual
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Pritiranjan Sahoo
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Motilal Behera
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Sarika Jaiswal
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistical Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Asif Iquebal
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistical Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Mridul Chakraborti
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Lambodar Behera
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Meera K Kar
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Arup K Mukherjee
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India.
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29
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Sun Y, Zhong M, Li Y, Zhang R, Su L, Xia G, Wang H. GhADF6-mediated actin reorganization is associated with defence against Verticillium dahliae infection in cotton. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1656-1667. [PMID: 34515397 PMCID: PMC8578822 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have revealed that actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs) participate in plant defence responses; however, the functional mechanisms appear intricate and need further exploration. In this study, we identified an ADF6 gene in upland cotton (designated as GhADF6) that is evidently involved in cotton's response to the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. GhADF6 binds to actin filaments and possesses actin severing and depolymerizing activities in vitro and in vivo. When cotton root (the site of the fungus invasion) was inoculated with the pathogen, the expression of GhADF6 was markedly down-regulated in the epidermal cells. By virus-induced gene silencing analysis, the down-regulation of GhADF6 expression rendered the cotton plants tolerant to V. dahliae infection. Accordingly, the abundance of actin filaments and bundles in the root cells was significantly higher than that in the control plant, which phenocopied that of the V. dahliae-challenged wild-type cotton plant. Altogether, our results provide evidence that an increase in filament actin (F-actin) abundance as well as dynamic actin remodelling are required for plant defence against the invading pathogen, which are likely to be fulfilled by the coordinated expressional regulation of the actin-binding proteins, including ADF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongduo Sun
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mengmeng Zhong
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuanbao Li
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ruihui Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lei Su
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Guixian Xia
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
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Guan P, Shi W, Riemann M, Nick P. Dissecting the membrane-microtubule sensor in grapevine defence. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:260. [PMID: 34848701 PMCID: PMC8632924 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Specific populations of plant microtubules cooperate with the plasma membrane to sense and process abiotic stress signals, such as cold stress. The current study derived from the question, to what extent this perception system is active in biotic stress signalling. The experimental system consisted of grapevine cell lines, where microtubules or actin filaments are visualised by GFP, such that their response became visible in vivo. We used the bacterial elicitors harpin (inducing cell-death related defence), or flg22 (inducing basal immunity) in combination with modulators of membrane fluidity, or microtubules. We show that DMSO, a membrane rigidifier, can cause microtubule bundling and trigger defence responses, including activation of phytoalexin transcripts. However, DMSO inhibited the gene expression in response to harpin, while promoting the gene expression in response to flg22. Treatment with DMSO also rendered microtubules more persistent to harpin. Paradoxically, Benzylalcohol (BA), a membrane fluidiser, acted in the same way as DMSO. Neither GdCl3, nor diphenylene iodonium were able to block the inhibitory effect of membrane rigidification on harpin-induced gene expression. Treatment with taxol stabilised microtubule against harpin but amplified the response of PAL transcripts. Therefore, the data support implications of a model that deploys specific responses to pathogen-derived signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyin Guan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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31
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MPK3- and MPK6-mediated VLN3 phosphorylation regulates actin dynamics during stomatal immunity in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6474. [PMID: 34753953 PMCID: PMC8578381 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon perception of pathogens, plants can rapidly close their stomata to restrict pathogen entry into internal tissue, leading to stomatal immunity as one aspect of innate immune responses. The actin cytoskeleton is required for plant defense against microbial invaders. However, the precise functions of host actin during plant immunity remain largely unknown. Here, we report that Arabidopsis villin3 (VLN3) is critical for plant resistance to bacteria by regulating stomatal immunity. Our in vitro and in vivo phosphorylation assays show that VLN3 is a physiological substrate of two pathogen-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinases, MPK3/6. Quantitative analyses of actin dynamics and genetic studies reveal that VLN3 phosphorylation by MPK3/6 modulates actin remodeling to activate stomatal defense in Arabidopsis. Plants can rapidly close stomata to restrict pathogen entry into leaves. Here the authors show that phosphorylation of villin3 by mitogen-activated protein kinases modulates actin remodeling to activate stomatal defense in Arabidopsis.
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32
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Byun MY, Cui LH, Lee A, Oh HG, Yoo YH, Lee J, Kim WT, Lee H. Abiotic Stress-Induced Actin-Depolymerizing Factor 3 From Deschampsia antarctica Enhanced Cold Tolerance When Constitutively Expressed in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:734500. [PMID: 34650582 PMCID: PMC8506025 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.734500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Antarctic flowering plant Deschampsia antarctica is highly sensitive to climate change and has shown rapid population increases during regional warming of the Antarctic Peninsula. Several studies have examined the physiological and biochemical changes related to environmental stress tolerance that allow D. antarctica to colonize harsh Antarctic environments; however, the molecular mechanisms of its responses to environmental changes remain poorly understood. To elucidate the survival strategies of D. antarctica in Antarctic environments, we investigated the functions of actin depolymerizing factor (ADF) in this species. We identified eight ADF genes in the transcriptome that were clustered into five subgroups by phylogenetic analysis. DaADF3, which belongs to a monocot-specific clade together with cold-responsive ADF in wheat, showed significant transcriptional induction in response to dehydration and cold, as well as under Antarctic field conditions. Multiple drought and low-temperature responsive elements were identified as possible binding sites of C-repeat-binding factors in the promoter region of DaADF3, indicating a close relationship between DaADF3 transcription control and abiotic stress responses. To investigate the functions of DaADF3 related to abiotic stresses in vivo, we generated transgenic rice plants overexpressing DaADF3. These transgenic plants showed greater tolerance to low-temperature stress than the wild-type in terms of survival rate, leaf chlorophyll content, and electrolyte leakage, accompanied by changes in actin filament organization in the root tips. Together, our results imply that DaADF3 played an important role in the enhancement of cold tolerance in transgenic rice plants and in the adaptation of D. antarctica to its extreme environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Byun
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Li Hua Cui
- Division of Life Science, Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Andosung Lee
- Division of Life Science, Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Geun Oh
- Division of Life Science, Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yo-Han Yoo
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jungeun Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Woo Taek Kim
- Division of Life Science, Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoungseok Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
- Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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Giovannoni M, Marti L, Ferrari S, Tanaka‐Takada N, Maeshima M, Ott T, De Lorenzo G, Mattei B. The plasma membrane-associated Ca 2+ -binding protein, PCaP1, is required for oligogalacturonide and flagellin-induced priming and immunity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3078-3093. [PMID: 34050546 PMCID: PMC8457133 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Early signalling events in response to elicitation include reversible protein phosphorylation and re-localization of plasma membrane (PM) proteins. Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are a class of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that act as endogenous signals to activate the plant immune response. Previous data on early phosphoproteome changes in Arabidopsis thaliana upon OG perception uncovered the immune-related phospho-regulation of several membrane proteins, among which PCaP1, a PM-anchored protein with actin filament-severing activity, was chosen for its potential involvement in OG- and flagellin-triggered responses. Here, we demonstrate that PCaP1 is required for late, but not early, responses induced by OGs and flagellin. Moreover, pcap1 mutants, unlike the wild type, are impaired in the recovery of full responsiveness to a second treatment with OGs performed 24 h after the first one. Localization studies on PCaP1 upon OG treatment in plants expressing a functional PCaP1-GFP fusion under the control of PCaP1 promoter revealed fluorescence on the PM, organized in densely packed punctate structures, previously reported as microdomains. Fluorescence was found to be associated also with endocytic vesicles, the number of which rapidly increased after OG treatment, suggesting both an endocytic turnover of PCaP1 for maintaining its homeostasis at the PM and an OG-induced endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Giovannoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Lucia Marti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Natsuki Tanaka‐Takada
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Masayoshi Maeshima
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Thomas Ott
- Faculty of Biology, Cell BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS ‐ Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
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Sun H, Zhu X, Li C, Ma Z, Han X, Luo Y, Yang L, Yu J, Miao Y. Xanthomonas effector XopR hijacks host actin cytoskeleton via complex coacervation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4064. [PMID: 34210966 PMCID: PMC8249405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsically disordered region (IDR) is a preserved signature of phytobacterial type III effectors (T3Es). The T3E IDR is thought to mediate unfolding during translocation into the host cell and to avoid host defense by sequence diversification. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism of host subversion via the T3E IDR. We report that the Xanthomonas campestris T3E XopR undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) via multivalent IDR-mediated interactions that hijack the Arabidopsis actin cytoskeleton. XopR is gradually translocated into host cells during infection and forms a macromolecular complex with actin-binding proteins at the cell cortex. By tuning the physical-chemical properties of XopR-complex coacervates, XopR progressively manipulates multiple steps of actin assembly, including formin-mediated nucleation, crosslinking of F-actin, and actin depolymerization, which occurs through competition for actin-depolymerizing factor and depends on constituent stoichiometry. Our findings unravel a sophisticated strategy in which bacterial T3E subverts the host actin cytoskeleton via protein complex coacervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinlu Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuanxi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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Takáč T, Křenek P, Komis G, Vadovič P, Ovečka M, Ohnoutková L, Pechan T, Kašpárek P, Tichá T, Basheer J, Arick M, Šamaj J. TALEN-Based HvMPK3 Knock-Out Attenuates Proteome and Root Hair Phenotypic Responses to flg22 in Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:666229. [PMID: 33995462 PMCID: PMC8117018 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.666229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) integrate elicitor perception with both early and late responses associated with plant defense and innate immunity. Much of the existing knowledge on the role of plant MAPKs in defense mechanisms against microbes stems from extensive research in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of barley (Hordeum vulgare) MPK3 in response to flagellin peptide flg22, a well-known bacterial elicitor. Using differential proteomic analysis we show that TALEN-induced MPK3 knock-out lines of barley (HvMPK3 KO) exhibit constitutive downregulation of defense related proteins such as PR proteins belonging to thaumatin family and chitinases. Further analyses showed that the same protein families were less prone to flg22 elicitation in HvMPK3 KO plants compared to wild types. These results were supported and validated by chitinase activity analyses and immunoblotting for HSP70. In addition, differential proteomes correlated with root hair phenotypes and suggested tolerance of HvMPK3 KO lines to flg22. In conclusion, our study points to the specific role of HvMPK3 in molecular and root hair phenotypic responses of barley to flg22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavel Křenek
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavol Vadovič
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ludmila Ohnoutková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tibor Pechan
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Petr Kašpárek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Tereza Tichá
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jasim Basheer
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Mark Arick
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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Jiang SC, Engle NL, Banday ZZ, Cecchini NM, Jung HW, Tschaplinski TJ, Greenberg JT. ALD1 accumulation in Arabidopsis epidermal plastids confers local and non-autonomous disease resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2710-2726. [PMID: 33463678 PMCID: PMC8006555 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis plastid-localized ALD1 protein acts in the lysine catabolic pathway that produces infection-induced pipecolic acid (Pip), Pip derivatives, and basal non-Pip metabolite(s). ALD1 is indispensable for disease resistance associated with Pseudomonas syringae infections of naïve plants as well as those previously immunized by a local infection, a phenomenon called systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Pseudomonas syringae is known to associate with mesophyll as well as epidermal cells. To probe the importance of epidermal cells in conferring bacterial disease resistance, we studied plants in which ALD1 was only detectable in the epidermal cells of specific leaves. Local disease resistance and many features of SAR were restored when ALD1 preferentially accumulated in the epidermal plastids at immunization sites. Interestingly, SAR restoration occurred without appreciable accumulation of Pip or known Pip derivatives in secondary distal leaves. Our findings establish that ALD1 has a non-autonomous effect on pathogen growth and defense activation. We propose that ALD1 is sufficient in the epidermis of the immunized leaves to activate SAR, but basal ALD1 and possibly a non-Pip metabolite(s) are also needed at all infection sites to fully suppress bacterial growth. Thus, epidermal plastids that contain ALD1 play a key role in local and whole-plant immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chuan Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Zeeshan Zahoor Banday
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicolás M Cecchini
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ho Won Jung
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Jean T Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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37
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Ma Z, Liu X, Nath S, Sun H, Tran TM, Yang L, Mayor S, Miao Y. Formin nanoclustering-mediated actin assembly during plant flagellin and DSF signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108884. [PMID: 33789103 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to bacterial infection acutely with actin remodeling during plant immune responses. The mechanisms by which bacterial virulence factors (VFs) modulate plant actin polymerization remain enigmatic. Here, we show that plant-type-I formin serves as the molecular sensor for actin remodeling in response to two bacterial VFs: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) diffusible signal factor (DSF), and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flagellin in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Both VFs regulate actin assembly by tuning the clustering and nucleation activity of formin on the plasma membrane (PM) at the nano-sized scale. By being integrated within the cell-wall-PM-actin cytoskeleton (CW-PM-AC) continuum, the dynamic behavior and function of formins are highly dependent on each scaffold layer's composition within the CW-PM-AC continuum during both DSF and PTI signaling. Our results reveal a central mechanism for rapid actin remodeling during plant-bacteria interactions, in which bacterial signaling molecules fine tune plant formin nanoclustering in a host mechanical-structure-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Sangeeta Nath
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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Wang H, Riemann M, Liu Q, Siegrist J, Nick P. Glycyrrhizin, the active compound of the TCM drug Gan Cao stimulates actin remodelling and defence in grapevine. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110712. [PMID: 33288019 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Actin remodelling by a membrane-associated oxidative process can sense perturbations of membrane integrity and activate defence. In the current work, we show that glycyrrhizin, a muscle relaxant used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, can activate oxidative burst and actin remodelling in tobacco BY-2 cells, which could be suppressed by diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidases. Glycyrrhizin caused a dose-dependent delay of proliferation, and induced cell death, which was suppressed by addition of indole-acetic acid, a natural auxin that can mitigate RboH dependent actin remodelling. To test, whether the actin remodelling induced by glycyrrhizin was followed by activation of defence, several events of basal immunity were probed. We found that glycyrrhizin induced a transient extracellular alkalinisation, indicative of calcium influx. Furthermore, transcripts of phytoalexins genes, were activated in cells of the grapevine Vitis rupestris, and this induction was followed by accumulation of the glycosylated stilbene α-piceid. We also observed that glycyrrhizin was able to induce actin bundling in leaves of a transgenic grape, especially in guard cells. We discuss these data in frame of a model, where glycyrrhizin, through stimulation of RboH, can cause actin remodelling, followed by defence responses, such as calcium influx, induction of phytoalexins transcripts, and accumulation of stilbene glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Qiong Liu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Johannes Siegrist
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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García-González J, van Gelderen K. Bundling up the Role of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Primary Root Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:777119. [PMID: 34975959 PMCID: PMC8716943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary root growth is required by the plant to anchor in the soil and reach out for nutrients and water, while dealing with obstacles. Efficient root elongation and bending depends upon the coordinated action of environmental sensing, signal transduction, and growth responses. The actin cytoskeleton is a highly plastic network that constitutes a point of integration for environmental stimuli and hormonal pathways. In this review, we present a detailed compilation highlighting the importance of the actin cytoskeleton during primary root growth and we describe how actin-binding proteins, plant hormones, and actin-disrupting drugs affect root growth and root actin. We also discuss the feedback loop between actin and root responses to light and gravity. Actin affects cell division and elongation through the control of its own organization. We remark upon the importance of longitudinally oriented actin bundles as a hallmark of cell elongation as well as the role of the actin cytoskeleton in protein trafficking and vacuolar reshaping during this process. The actin network is shaped by a plethora of actin-binding proteins; however, there is still a large gap in connecting the molecular function of these proteins with their developmental effects. Here, we summarize their function and known effects on primary root growth with a focus on their high level of specialization. Light and gravity are key factors that help us understand root growth directionality. The response of the root to gravity relies on hormonal, particularly auxin, homeostasis, and the actin cytoskeleton. Actin is necessary for the perception of the gravity stimulus via the repositioning of sedimenting statoliths, but it is also involved in mediating the growth response via the trafficking of auxin transporters and cell elongation. Furthermore, auxin and auxin analogs can affect the composition of the actin network, indicating a potential feedback loop. Light, in its turn, affects actin organization and hence, root growth, although its precise role remains largely unknown. Recently, fundamental studies with the latest techniques have given us more in-depth knowledge of the role and organization of actin in the coordination of root growth; however, there remains a lot to discover, especially in how actin organization helps cell shaping, and therefore root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Judith García-González,
| | - Kasper van Gelderen
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Kasper van Gelderen,
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Peptide-Based Identification of Phytophthora Isolates and Phytophthora Detection in Planta. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249463. [PMID: 33322721 PMCID: PMC7763169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora is arguably one of the most damaging genera of plant pathogens. This pathogen is well suited to transmission via the international plant trade, and globalization has been promoting its spread since the 19th century. Early detection is essential for reducing its economic and ecological impact. Here, a shotgun proteomics approach was utilized for Phytophthora analysis. The collection of 37 Phytophthora isolates representing 12 different species was screened for species-specific peptide patterns. Next, Phytophthora proteins were detected in planta, employing model plants Solanum tuberosum and Hordeum vulgare. Although the evolutionarily conserved sequences represented more than 10% of the host proteome and limited the pathogen detection, the comparison between qPCR and protein data highlighted more than 300 protein markers, which correlated positively with the amount of P. infestans DNA. Finally, the analysis of P. palmivora response in barley revealed significant alterations in plant metabolism. These changes included enzymes of cell wall metabolism, ROS production, and proteins involved in trafficking. The observed root-specific attenuation in stress-response mechanisms, including the biosynthesis of jasmonates, ethylene and polyamines, and an accumulation of serotonin, provided the first insight into molecular mechanisms behind this particular biotic interaction.
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41
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Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase 3 regulates actin cytoskeleton organization and immunity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6234. [PMID: 33277490 PMCID: PMC7718926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity are two primary forms of innate immunity in land plants. The molecular components and connecting nodes of pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity are not fully understood. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK3 is a key regulator of both pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity. In vitro and in vivo phosphorylation assays, coupled with genetic and cell biology-based analyses, show that actin-depolymerization factor 4 (ADF4) is a physiological substrate of CPK3, and that phosphorylation of ADF4 by CPK3 governs actin cytoskeletal organization associated with pattern-triggered immunity. CPK3 regulates stomatal closure induced by flg22 and is required for resistance to Pst DC3000. Our data further demonstrates that CPK3 is required for resistance to Pst DC3000 carrying the effector AvrPphB. These results suggest that CPK3 is a missing link between cytoskeleton organization, pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity. Remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton occurs during plant immune responses to pathogens. Here Lu et al. show that this process requires the calcium-dependent kinase CPK3 which phosphorylates actin depolymerizing factor 4 and is required for both PAMP and effector-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis.
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Bhandari DD, Brandizzi F. Plant endomembranes and cytoskeleton: moving targets in immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 58:8-16. [PMID: 33099211 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens attack plant cells to divert resources toward pathogen proliferation. To resist pathogens, plant cells rely on multilayered signaling pathways that hinge upon the secretory pathway for the synthesis and trafficking of pathogen sensors and defense molecules. In recent years, significant strides have been made in the understanding of the functional relationship between pathogen response and membrane traffic. Here we discuss how the plant cytoskeleton and endomembranes are targeted by pathogen effectors and highlight an emerging role of membrane contact sites in biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak D Bhandari
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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43
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Leontovyčová H, Kalachova T, Janda M. Disrupted actin: a novel player in pathogen attack sensing? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1605-1609. [PMID: 32259281 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is widely involved in plant immune responses. The majority of studies show that chemical disruption of the actin cytoskeleton increases plant susceptibility to pathogen infection. Similarly, several pathogens have adopted this as a virulence strategy and produce effectors that affect cytoskeleton integrity. Such effectors either exhibit actin-depolymerizing activity themselves or prevent actin polymerization. Is it thus possible for plants to recognize the actin's status and launch a counterattack? Recently we showed that chemical depolymerization of actin filaments can trigger resistance to further infection via the specific activation of salicylic acid (SA) signalling. This is accompanied by several defence-related, but SA-independent, effects (e.g. callose deposition, gene expression), relying on vesicular trafficking and phospholipid metabolism. These data suggest that the role of actin in plant-pathogen interactions is more complex than previously believed. It raises the question of whether plants have evolved a mechanism of sensing pathological actin disruption that eventually triggers defence responses. If so, what is the molecular basis of it? Otherwise, why does actin depolymerization specifically influence SA content but not any other phytohormone? Here we propose an updated model of actin's role in plant-microbe interactions and suggest some future directions of research to be conducted in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Leontovyčová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tetiana Kalachova
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Janda
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Department Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (LMU), Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
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44
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Pimm ML, Hotaling J, Henty-Ridilla JL. Profilin choreographs actin and microtubules in cells and cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 355:155-204. [PMID: 32859370 PMCID: PMC7461721 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Actin and microtubules play essential roles in aberrant cell processes that define and converge in cancer including: signaling, morphology, motility, and division. Actin and microtubules do not directly interact, however shared regulators coordinate these polymers. While many of the individual proteins important for regulating and choreographing actin and microtubule behaviors have been identified, the way these molecules collaborate or fail in normal or disease contexts is not fully understood. Decades of research focus on Profilin as a signaling molecule, lipid-binding protein, and canonical regulator of actin assembly. Recent reports demonstrate that Profilin also regulates microtubule dynamics and polymerization. Thus, Profilin can coordinate both actin and microtubule polymer systems. Here we reconsider the biochemical and cellular roles for Profilin with a focus on the essential cytoskeletal-based cell processes that go awry in cancer. We also explore how the use of model organisms has helped to elucidate mechanisms that underlie the regulatory essence of Profilin in vivo and in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Pimm
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Jessica Hotaling
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Jessica L Henty-Ridilla
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States.
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45
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Galotto G, Abreu I, Sherman C, Liu B, Gonzalez-Guerrero M, Vidali L. Chitin Triggers Calcium-Mediated Immune Response in the Plant Model Physcomitrella patens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:911-920. [PMID: 32240064 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-20-0064-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of a plant immune response is the increase of the cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) concentration following infection, which results in the downstream activation of immune response regulators. The bryophyte Physcomitrella patens has been shown to mount an immune response when exposed to bacteria, fungi, or chitin elicitation, in a manner similar to the one observed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nevertheless, whether the response of P. patens to microorganism exposure is Ca2+ mediated is currently unknown. Here, we show that P. patens plants treated with chitin oligosaccharides exhibit Ca2+ oscillations, and that a calcium ionophore can stimulate the expression of defense-related genes. Treatment with chitin oligosaccharides also results in an inhibition of growth, which can be explained by the depolymerization of the apical actin cytoskeleton of tip growing cells. These results suggest that chitin-triggered calcium oscillations are conserved and were likely present in the common ancestor of bryophytes and vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galotto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Sherman
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
| | - Boyuan Liu
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Guerrero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
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Ortega-Ortega Y, Carrasco-Castilla J, Juárez-Verdayes MA, Toscano-Morales R, Fonseca-García C, Nava N, Cárdenas L, Quinto C. Actin Depolymerizing Factor Modulates Rhizobial Infection and Nodule Organogenesis in Common Bean. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061970. [PMID: 32183068 PMCID: PMC7139724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin plays a critical role in the rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Cytoskeletal rearrangements and changes in actin occur in response to Nod factors secreted by rhizobia during symbiotic interactions with legumes. These cytoskeletal rearrangements are mediated by diverse actin-binding proteins, such as actin depolymerization factors (ADFs). We examined the function of an ADF in the Phaseolus vulgaris-rhizobia symbiotic interaction (PvADFE). PvADFE was preferentially expressed in rhizobia-inoculated roots and nodules. PvADFE promoter activity was associated with root hairs harbouring growing infection threads, cortical cell divisions beneath root hairs, and vascular bundles in mature nodules. Silencing of PvADFE using RNA interference increased the number of infection threads in the transgenic roots, resulting in increased nodule number, nitrogen fixation activity, and average nodule diameter. Conversely, overexpression of PvADFE reduced the nodule number, nitrogen fixation activity, average nodule diameter, as well as NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) and EARLY NODULIN2 (ENOD2) transcript accumulation. Hence, changes in ADFE transcript levels affect rhizobial infection and nodulation, suggesting that ADFE is fine-tuning these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Ortega-Ortega
- Departamento de Biociencias y Agrobiotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada-CONACYT, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Janet Carrasco-Castilla
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos 17 León, León 37358, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Marco A. Juárez-Verdayes
- Departamento de Docencia, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Toscano-Morales
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Citlali Fonseca-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Wu H, Zhang W, Schuster M, Moch M, Windoffer R, Steinberg G, Staiger CJ, Panstruga R. Alloxan Disintegrates the Plant Cytoskeleton and Suppresses mlo-Mediated Powdery Mildew Resistance. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:505-518. [PMID: 31738423 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recessively inherited mutant alleles of Mlo genes (mlo) confer broad-spectrum penetration resistance to powdery mildew pathogens in angiosperm plants. Although a few components are known to be required for mlo resistance, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying this type of immunity remains elusive. In this study, we identified alloxan (5,5-dihydroxyl pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione) and some of its structural analogs as chemical suppressors of mlo-mediated resistance in monocotyledonous barley (Hordeum vulgare) and dicotyledonous Arabidopsis thaliana. Apart from mlo resistance, alloxan impairs nonhost resistance in Arabidopsis. Histological analysis revealed that the chemical reduces callose deposition and hydrogen peroxide accumulation at attempted fungal penetration sites. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that alloxan interferes with the motility of cellular organelles (peroxisomes, endosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum) and the pathogen-triggered redistribution of the PEN1/SYP121 t-SNARE protein. These cellular defects are likely the consequence of disassembly of actin filaments and microtubules upon alloxan treatment. Similar to the situation in animal cells, alloxan elicited the temporary accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cotyledons and rosette leaves of Arabidopsis plants. Our results suggest that alloxan may destabilize cytoskeletal architecture via induction of an early transient ROS burst, further leading to the failure of molecular and cellular processes that are critical for plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpo Wu
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Martin Schuster
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Marcin Moch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlinweg 2, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Reinhard Windoffer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlinweg 2, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Gero Steinberg
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52056, Germany
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48
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Tang G, Chen A, Dawood DH, Liang J, Chen Y, Ma Z. Capping proteins regulate fungal development, DON-toxisome formation and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:173-187. [PMID: 31693278 PMCID: PMC6988429 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is an important trichothecene mycotoxin produced by the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. DON is synthesized in organized endoplasmic reticulum structures called toxisomes. However, the mechanism for toxisome formation and the components of toxisomes are not yet fully understood. In a previous study, we found that myosin I (FgMyo1)-actin cytoskeleton participated in toxisome formation. In the current study, we identified two new components of toxisomes, the actin capping proteins (CAPs) FgCapA and FgCapB. These two CAPs form a heterodimer in F. graminearum, and physically interact with FgMyo1 and Tri1. The deletion mutants ΔFgcapA and ΔFgcapB and the double deletion mutant ΔΔFgcapA/B dramatically reduced hyphal growth, asexual and sexual reproduction and endocytosis. More importantly, the deletion mutants markedly disrupted toxisome formation and DON production, and attenuated virulence in planta. Collectively, these results suggest that the actin CAPs are associated with toxisome formation and contribute to the virulence and development of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Ahai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Dawood H. Dawood
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- Department of Agriculture ChemistryFaculty of AgricultureMansoura UniversityMansoura35516Egypt
| | - Jingting Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
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49
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Wang X, Mao T. Understanding the functions and mechanisms of plant cytoskeleton in response to environmental signals. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:86-96. [PMID: 31542697 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive multiple physiological and environmental signals in order to fine-tune their growth and development. The highly dynamic plant cytoskeleton, including actin and microtubule networks, can rapidly alter their organization, stability and dynamics in response to internal and external stimuli, which is considered vital for plant growth and adaptation to the environment. The cytoskeleton-associated proteins have been shown to be key regulatory molecules in mediating cytoskeleton reorganization in response to multiple environmental signals, such as light, salt, drought and biotic stimuli. Recent findings, including our studies, have expanded knowledge about the functions and underlying mechanisms of the plant cytoskeleton in environmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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50
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Sun G, Feng C, Guo J, Zhang A, Xu Y, Wang Y, Day B, Ma Q. The tomato Arp2/3 complex is required for resistance to the powdery mildew fungus Oidium neolycopersici. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2664-2680. [PMID: 31038756 PMCID: PMC7747227 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3 complex), a key regulator of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, has been linked to multiple cellular processes, including those associated with response to stress. Herein, the Solanum habrochaites ARPC3 gene, encoding a subunit protein of the Arp2/3 complex, was identified and characterized. ShARPC3 encodes a 174-amino acid protein possessing a conserved P21-Arc domain. Silencing of ShARPC3 resulted in enhanced susceptibility to the powdery mildew pathogen Oidium neolycopersici (On-Lz), demonstrating a role for ShARPC3 in defence signalling. Interestingly, a loss of ShARPC3 coincided with enhanced susceptibility to On-Lz, a process that we hypothesize is the result of a block in the activity of SA-mediated defence signalling. Conversely, overexpression of ShARPC3 in Arabidopsis thaliana, followed by inoculation with On-Lz, showed enhanced resistance, including the rapid induction of hypersensitive cell death and the generation of reactive oxygen. Heterologous expression of ShARPC3 in the arc18 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (i.e., ∆arc18) resulted in complementation of stress-induced phenotypes, including high-temperature tolerance. Taken together, these data support a role for ShARPC3 in tomato through positive regulation of plant immunity in response to O. neolycopersici pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chanjing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ancheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuanliu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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