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Sheneman KR, Cummins TD, Merchant ML, Hood JL, Uriarte SM, Lawrenz MB. Yersinia pestis Actively Inhibits the Production of Extracellular Vesicles by Human Neutrophils. J Extracell Vesicles 2025; 14:e70074. [PMID: 40240908 PMCID: PMC12003101 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.70074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2025] [Indexed: 04/18/2025] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is the etiologic agent of the plague. A hallmark of plague is subversion of the host immune response by disrupting host signalling pathways required for inflammation. This non-inflammatory environment permits bacterial colonization and has been shown to be essential for disease manifestation. Previous work has shown that Y. pestis inhibits phagocytosis and degranulation by neutrophils. Manipulation of these key vesicular trafficking pathways suggests that Y. pestis influences extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion, cargo selection, trafficking and/or maturation. Our goals were to define the EV population produced by neutrophils in response to Y. pestis and determine how these vesicles might influence inflammation. Towards these goals, EVs were isolated from human neutrophils infected with Y. pestis or a mutant lacking bacterial effector proteins known to manipulate host cell signalling. Mass spectrometry data revealed that cargoes packaged in EVs isolated from mutant infected cells were enriched with antimicrobial and cytotoxic proteins, contents which differed from uninfected and Y. pestis infected cells. Further, EVs produced in response to Y. pestis lacked inflammatory properties observed in those isolated from neutrophils responding to the mutant. Together, these data demonstrate that Y. pestis actively inhibits the production of antimicrobial EVs produced by neutrophils, likely contributing to immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn R. Sheneman
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentuckyUSA
| | - Timothy D. Cummins
- Department of Medicine and Proteomics Technology CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentuckyUSA
| | - Michael L. Merchant
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentuckyUSA
| | - Joshua L. Hood
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentuckyUSA
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology COBREUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentuckyUSA
| | - Silvia M. Uriarte
- Department of Oral Immunology & Infectious DiseaseUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentuckyUSA
| | - Matthew B. Lawrenz
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentuckyUSA
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious DiseasesUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentuckyUSA
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2
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Zhang B, Orning P, Lehman JW, Dinis A, Torres-Ulloa L, Elling R, Kelliher MA, Bertin J, Proulx MK, Goguen JD, Ryan L, Kandasamy RK, Espevik T, Pai AA, Fitzgerald KA, Lien E. Raver1 links Ripk1 RNA splicing to caspase-8-mediated pyroptotic cell death, inflammation, and pathogen resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2025; 122:e2420802122. [PMID: 39946533 PMCID: PMC11848402 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2420802122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 02/19/2025] Open
Abstract
Multiple cell death and inflammatory signaling pathways converge on two critical factors: receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1) and caspase-8. Careful regulation of these molecules is critical to control apoptosis, pyroptosis, and inflammation. Here, we found a pivotal role of Raver1 as an essential regulator of Ripk1 pre-mRNA splicing, expression, and functionality and the subsequent caspase-8-dependent inflammatory cell death. We show that Raver1 influences mRNA diversity primarily by repressing alternative exon inclusion. Macrophages from Raver1-deficient mice exhibit altered splicing of Ripk1. As a result, Raver1-deficient primary macrophages display diminished cell death and decreased interleukin-18 and interleukin-1ß production, when infected with Yersinia bacteria, or by restraining TGF-ß-activated kinase 1 or IKKβ in the presence of lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor family members, or interferon-γ. These responses are accompanied by reduced activation of caspase-8, Gasdermin D and E, and caspase-1 in the absence of Raver1. Consequently, Raver1-deficient mice showed heightened susceptibility to Yersinia infection. Raver1 and RIPK1 also controlled the expression and function of the C-type lectin receptor Mincle. Our study underscores the critical regulatory role of Raver1 in modulating innate immune responses and highlights its significance in directing in vivo and in vitro inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyao Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Pontus Orning
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim7491, Norway
| | - Jesse W. Lehman
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01655
| | - Alexandre Dinis
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Leslie Torres-Ulloa
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01655
| | - Roland Elling
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79106, Germany
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79106, Germany
| | - Michelle A. Kelliher
- Department of Molecular Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - John Bertin
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA19426
- Sanofi, Immunology and Inflammation Research Therapeutic Area, Cambridge, MA02141
| | - Megan K. Proulx
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01655
| | - Jon D. Goguen
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01655
| | - Liv Ryan
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim7491, Norway
| | - Richard K. Kandasamy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim7491, Norway
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN55905
| | - Terje Espevik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim7491, Norway
- Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim7006, Norway
| | - Athma A. Pai
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01655
| | - Katherine A. Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim7491, Norway
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Egil Lien
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim7491, Norway
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3
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Ren D, Ye X, Chen R, Jia X, He X, Tao J, Jin T, Wu S, Zhang H. Activation and evasion of inflammasomes during viral and microbial infection. Cell Mol Life Sci 2025; 82:56. [PMID: 39833559 PMCID: PMC11753444 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-025-05575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2024] [Revised: 10/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2025] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
The inflammasome is a cytoplasmic multiprotein complex that induces the maturation of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) or pyroptosis by activating caspases, which play critical roles in regulating inflammation, cell death, and various cellular processes. Multiple studies have shown that the inflammasome is a key regulator of the host defence response against pathogen infections. During the process of pathogenic microbe invasion into host cells, the host's innate immune system recognizes these microbes by activating inflammasomes, triggering inflammatory responses to clear the microbes and initiate immune responses. Moreover, microbial pathogens have evolved various mechanisms to inhibit or evade the activation of inflammasomes. Therefore, we review the interactions between viruses and microbes with inflammasomes during the invasion process, highlight the molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation induced by microbial pathogen infection, and highlight the corresponding strategies that pathogens employ to evade inflammasome activity. Finally, we also discuss potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of pathogenic microbial infections via the targeting of inflammasomes and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ren
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Xiaoou Ye
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Ruiming Chen
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Xiuzhi Jia
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Xianhong He
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China.
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Songquan Wu
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China.
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China.
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Malik HS, Bliska JB. Guards and decoys: RIPoptosome and inflammasome pathway regulators of bacterial effector-triggered immunity. PLoS Pathog 2025; 21:e1012884. [PMID: 39883598 PMCID: PMC11781737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2025] Open
Abstract
Virulent microbes produce proteins that interact with host cell targets to promote pathogenesis. For example, virulent bacterial pathogens have proteins called effectors that are typically enzymes and are secreted into host cells. To detect and respond to the activities of effectors, diverse phyla of host organisms evolved effector-triggered immunity (ETI). In ETI, effectors are often sensed indirectly by detection of their virulence activities in host cells. ETI mechanisms can be complex and involve several classes of host proteins. Guards monitor the functional or physical integrity of another host protein, the guardee or decoy, and become activated to initiate an immune response when the guardee or decoy is modified or disrupted by an effector. A guardee typically has an intrinsic anti-pathogen function and is the intended target of an effector. A decoy structurally mimics a host protein that has intrinsic anti-pathogen activity and is unintentionally targeted by an effector. A decoy can be an individual protein, or a protein domain integrated into a guard. Here, we review the origins of ETI and focus on 5 mechanisms, in which the key steps of a pathway can include activation of a caspase by a RIPoptosome or inflammasome, formation of pores in the plasma membrane, release of cytokines and ending in cell death by pyroptosis. Survey of the 5 mechanisms, which have been shown to be host protective in mouse models of bacterial infection, reveal how distinct regulators of RIPoptosome or inflammasome pathways can act as guards or integrated decoys to trigger ETI. Common themes are highlighted and the limited mechanistic understanding of ETI bactericidal activity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleema Sadia Malik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - James B. Bliska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
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5
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Sheneman KR, Cummins TD, Merchant ML, Hood JL, Uriarte SM, Lawrenz MB. Yersinia pestis actively inhibits the production of extracellular vesicles by human neutrophils. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.12.20.629761. [PMID: 39763979 PMCID: PMC11702605 DOI: 10.1101/2024.12.20.629761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is the etiologic agent of the plague. A hallmark of plague is subversion of the host immune response by disrupting host signaling pathways required for inflammation. This non-inflammatory environment permits bacterial colonization and has been shown to be essential for disease manifestation. Previous work has shown that Y. pestis inhibits phagocytosis and degranulation by neutrophils. Manipulation of these key vesicular trafficking pathways suggests that Y. pestis influences EV secretion, cargo selection, trafficking, and/or maturation. Our goal was to define the EV population produced by neutrophils in response to Y. pestis and determine how these vesicles might influence inflammation. Toward these goals, EVs were isolated from human neutrophils infected with Y. pestis or a mutant lacking bacterial effector proteins known to manipulate host cell signaling. Mass spectrometry data revealed that cargoes packaged in EVs isolated from mutant infected cells were enriched with antimicrobials and cytotoxic proteins, contents which differed from uninfected and Y. pestis infected cells. Further, EVs produced in response to Y. pestis lacked inflammatory properties observed in those isolated from neutrophils responding to the mutant. Together, these data demonstrate that Y. pestis actively inhibits the production of antimicrobial EVs produced by neutrophils, likely contributing to immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy D Cummins
- Department of Medicine and Proteomics Technology Center, University of Louisville
| | | | - Joshua L Hood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology COBRE, University of Louisville
| | - Silvia M Uriarte
- Department of Oral Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Louisville
| | - Matthew B Lawrenz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville
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Nadella V, Kanneganti TD. Inflammasomes and their role in PANoptosomes. Curr Opin Immunol 2024; 91:102489. [PMID: 39340880 PMCID: PMC11609005 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2024.102489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein signaling structures in the innate immune system that drive cell death and inflammatory responses. These protein complexes generally comprise an innate immune sensor, the adaptor protein ASC, and the inflammatory protease caspase-1. Inflammasomes are formed when a cytosolic sensor, also known as a pattern recognition receptor, senses its cognate ligand, which can include microbial components, endogenous damage/danger signals, or environmental stimuli. Inflammasome assembly leads to autoproteolytic cleavage and activation of caspase-1. This activation, in turn, induces proteolytic maturation and release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, and the activation of the pore-forming molecule gasdermin D to induce cell death, known as pyroptosis. Recent studies have identified inflammasomes as integral components of larger cell death complexes, known as PANoptosomes. These PANoptosomes regulate PANoptosis, an innate immune cell death pathway initiated by innate immune sensors and driven by caspases and receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinases. PANoptosome assembly and activation leads to cell lysis, inflammation, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines, damage-associated molecular patterns, and alarmins. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of different inflammasomes and their role in PANoptosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Nadella
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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7
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Spirrison AN, Lannigan DA. RSK1 and RSK2 as therapeutic targets: an up-to-date snapshot of emerging data. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:1047-1059. [PMID: 39632509 PMCID: PMC11801519 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2433123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The four members of the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family are serine/threonine protein kinases, which are phosphorylated and activated by ERK1/2. RSK1/2/3 are further phosphorylated by PDK1. Receiving inputs from two major signaling pathways places RSK as a key signaling node in numerous pathologies. A plethora of RSK1/2 substrates have been identified, and in the majority of cases the causative roles these RSK substrates play in the pathology are unknown. AREAS COVERED The majority of studies have focused on RSK1/2 and their functions in a diverse group of cancers. However, RSK1/2 are known to have important functions in cardiovascular disease and neurobiological disorders. Based on the literature, we identified substrates that are common in these pathologies with the goal of identifying fundamental physiological responses to RSK1/2. EXPERT OPINION The core group of targets in pathologies driven by RSK1/2 are associated with the immune response. However, there is a paucity of the literature addressing RSK function in inflammation, which is critical to know as the pan RSK inhibitor, PMD-026, is entering phase II clinical trials for metastatic breast cancer. A RSK inhibitor has the potential to be used in numerous diverse diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah A. Lannigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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8
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Zhang B, Orning P, Lehman JW, Dinis A, Torres-Ulloa L, Elling R, Kelliher MA, Bertin J, Proulx MK, Ryan L, Kandasamy R, Espevik T, Pai AA, Fitzgerald KA, Lien E. Raver1 links Ripk1 RNA splicing to caspase-8-mediated pyroptotic cell death, inflammation, and pathogen resistance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.11.27.625707. [PMID: 39651143 PMCID: PMC11623576 DOI: 10.1101/2024.11.27.625707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2024]
Abstract
Multiple cell death and inflammatory signaling pathways converge on two critical factors: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1) and caspase-8. Careful regulation of these molecules is critical to control apoptosis, pyroptosis and inflammation. Here we discovered a pivotal role of Raver1 as an essential regulator of Ripk1 pre-mRNA splicing, expression, and functionality, and the subsequent caspase-8-dependent inflammatory cell death. Macrophages from Raver1 -deficient mice exhibit altered splicing of Ripk1 , accompanied by diminished cell death and reduced activation of caspase-8, Gasdermin D and E, caspase-1, as well as decreased interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1ß production. These effects were triggered by Yersinia bacteria, or by restraining TAK1 or IKKβ in the presence of LPS, TNF family members, or IFNγ. Consequently, animals lacking Raver1 showed heightened susceptibility to Yersinia infection. Raver1 and RIPK1 also controlled the expression and function of the C-type lectin receptor Mincle. Our study underscores the critical regulatory role of Raver1 in modulating innate immune responses and highlights its significance in directing in vivo and in vitro inflammatory processes. Significance Caspase-8 and the kinase RIPK1 are at focal points of several inflammation and cell death pathways. Thus, a careful regulation of their actions is needed. Our work identifies the RNA splicing factor Raver1 as a critical factor directing the splicing of Ripk1 in order to modulate RIPK1/caspase-8-driven pyroptosis, apoptosis and inflammation. Raver1 is central for macrophage responses to Yersinia bacteria, initiated after blockade of kinases TAK1 and IKK, measured as activation of RIPK1, caspase-8, Gasdermin D, caspase-3, IL-1ß and IL-18. Importantly, Raver1 is necessary for host resistance to Yersinia infection in vivo . We propose that Raver1 is key for correct tuning of RIPK1-caspase-8 dependent processes.
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9
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Brady A, Mora Martinez LC, Hammond B, Whitefoot-Keliin KM, Haribabu B, Uriarte SM, Lawrenz MB. Distinct mechanisms of type 3 secretion system recognition control LTB4 synthesis in neutrophils and macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012651. [PMID: 39423229 PMCID: PMC11524448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 10/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is an inflammatory lipid produced in response to pathogens that is critical for initiating the inflammatory cascade needed to control infection. However, during plague, Yersinia pestis inhibits the timely synthesis of LTB4 and subsequent inflammation. Using bacterial mutants, we previously determined that Y. pestis inhibits LTB4 synthesis via the action of the Yop effector proteins that are directly secreted into host cells through a type 3 secretion system (T3SS). Here, we show that the T3SS is the primary pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) required for production of LTB4 in response to both Yersinia and Salmonella. However, we also unexpectantly discovered that T3SS-mediated LTB4 synthesis by neutrophils and macrophages require the activation of two distinctly different host signaling pathways. We identified that phagocytosis and the NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome significantly impact LTB4 synthesis by macrophages but not neutrophils. Instead, the SKAP2/PLC signaling pathway is required for T3SS-mediated LTB4 production by neutrophils. Finally, while recognition of the T3SS is required for LTB4 production, we also discovered that a second unrelated PAMP-mediated signal activates the MAP kinase pathway needed for synthesis. Together, these data demonstrate significant differences in the host factors and signaling pathways required by macrophages and neutrophils to quickly produce LTB4 in response to bacteria. Moreover, while macrophages and neutrophils might rely on different signaling pathways for T3SS-dependent LTB4 synthesis, Y. pestis has evolved virulence mechanisms to counteract this response by either leukocyte to inhibit LTB4 synthesis and colonize the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Brady
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Leonardo C. Mora Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn M. Whitefoot-Keliin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Bodduluri Haribabu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Microbiomics, Inflammation and Pathogenicity, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Silvia M. Uriarte
- Deptartment of Oral Immunology & Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Lawrenz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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10
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Zhang Z, Yang Z, Wang S, Wang X, Mao J. Overview of pyroptosis mechanism and in-depth analysis of cardiomyocyte pyroptosis mediated by NF-κB pathway in heart failure. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117367. [PMID: 39214011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes has become an essential topic in heart failure research. The abnormal accumulation of these biological factors, including angiotensin II, advanced glycation end products, and various growth factors (such as connective tissue growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor beta, among others), activates the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in cardiovascular diseases, ultimately leading to pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes. Therefore, exploring the underlying molecular biological mechanisms is essential for developing novel drugs and therapeutic strategies. However, our current understanding of the precise regulatory mechanism of this complex signaling pathway in cardiomyocyte pyroptosis is still limited. Given this, this study reviews the milestone discoveries in the field of pyroptosis research since 1986, analyzes in detail the similarities, differences, and interactions between pyroptosis and other cell death modes (such as apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis), and explores the deep connection between pyroptosis and heart failure. At the same time, it depicts in detail the complete pathway of the activation, transmission, and eventual cardiomyocyte pyroptosis of the NF-κB signaling pathway in the process of heart failure. In addition, the study also systematically summarizes various therapeutic approaches that can inhibit NF-κB to reduce cardiomyocyte pyroptosis, including drugs, natural compounds, small molecule inhibitors, gene editing, and other cutting-edge technologies, aiming to provide solid scientific support and new research perspectives for the prevention and treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Xianliang Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China.
| | - Jingyuan Mao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China.
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11
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Brady A, Mora-Martinez LC, Hammond B, Haribabu B, Uriarte SM, Lawrenz MB. Distinct Mechanisms of Type 3 Secretion System Recognition Control LTB 4 Synthesis in Neutrophils versus Macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.01.601466. [PMID: 39005373 PMCID: PMC11244889 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is critical for initiating the inflammatory cascade in response to infection. However, Yersinia pestis colonizes the host by inhibiting the timely synthesis of LTB4 and inflammation. Here, we show that the bacterial type 3 secretion system (T3SS) is the primary pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) responsible for LTB4 production by leukocytes in response to Yersinia and Salmonella, but synthesis is inhibited by the Yop effectors during Yersinia interactions. Moreover, we unexpectedly discovered that T3SS-mediated LTB4 synthesis by neutrophils and macrophages require two distinct host signaling pathways. We show that the SKAP2/PLC signaling pathway is essential for LTB4 production by neutrophils but not macrophages. Instead, phagocytosis and the NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome are needed for LTB4 synthesis by macrophages. Finally, while recognition of the T3SS is required for LTB4 production, we also discovered a second unrelated PAMP-mediated signal independently activates the MAP kinase pathway needed for LTB4 synthesis. Together, these data demonstrate significant differences in the signaling pathways required by macrophages and neutrophils to quickly respond to bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Brady
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Leonardo C. Mora-Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Bodduluri Haribabu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Microbiomics, Inflammation and Pathogenicity, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Silvia M. Uriarte
- Deptartment of Oral Immunology & Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Lawrenz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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12
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Jastrab JB, Kagan JC. Strategies of bacterial detection by inflammasomes. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:835-850. [PMID: 38636521 PMCID: PMC11103797 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian innate immunity is regulated by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and guard proteins, which use distinct strategies to detect infections. PRRs detect bacterial molecules directly, whereas guards detect host cell manipulations by microbial virulence factors. Despite sensing infection through different mechanisms, both classes of innate immune sensors can activate the inflammasome, an immune complex that can mediate cell death and inflammation. Inflammasome-mediated immune responses are crucial for host defense against many bacterial pathogens and prevent invasion by non-pathogenic organisms. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which inflammasomes are stimulated by PRRs and guards during bacterial infection, and the strategies used by virulent bacteria to evade inflammasome-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan B Jastrab
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Gu D, Li A, Zang X, Huang T, Guo Y, Jiao X, Pan Z. Salmonella Enteritidis antitoxin DinJ inhibits NLRP3-dependent canonical inflammasome activation in macrophages. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0050523. [PMID: 38477589 PMCID: PMC11003228 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00505-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a pivotal component of the innate immune system, acting as a multiprotein complex that plays an essential role in detecting and responding to microbial infections. Salmonella Enteritidis have evolved multiple mechanisms to regulate inflammasome activation and evade host immune system clearance. Through screening S. Enteritidis C50336ΔfliC transposon mutant library, we found that the insertion mutant of dinJ increased inflammasome activation. In this study, we demonstrated the genetic connection between the antitoxin DinJ and the toxin YafQ in S. Enteritidis, confirming their co-transcription. The deletion mutant ΔfliCΔdinJ increased cell death and IL-1β secretion in J774A.1 cells. Western blotting analysis further showed elevated cleaved Caspase-1 product (p10 subunits) and IL-1β secretion in cells infected with ΔfliCΔdinJ compared to cells infected with ΔfliC. DinJ was found to inhibit canonical inflammasome activation using primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from Casp-/- C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, DinJ specifically inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation, as demonstrated in BMDMs from Nlrp3-/- and Nlrc4-/- mice. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments confirmed the translocation of DinJ into host cells during infection. Finally, we revealed that DinJ could inhibit the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 in vivo, contributing to S. Enteritidis evading host immune clearance. In summary, our findings provide insights into the role of DinJ in modulating the inflammasome response during S. Enteritidis infection, highlighting its impact on inhibiting inflammasome activation and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xirui Zang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Koirala R, Fongsaran C, Poston T, Rogge M, Rogers B, Thune R, Dubytska L. Edwardsiella ictaluri T3SS effector EseN is a phosphothreonine lyase that inactivates ERK1/2, p38, JNK, and PDK1 and modulates cell death in infected macrophages. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0300323. [PMID: 37796003 PMCID: PMC10714789 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03003-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This work has global significance in the catfish industry, which provides food for increasing global populations. E. ictaluri is a leading cause of disease loss, and EseN is an important player in E. ictaluri virulence. The E. ictaluri T3SS effector EseN plays an essential role in establishing infection, but the specific role EseN plays is not well characterized. EseN belongs to a family of phosphothreonine lyase effectors that specifically target host mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways important in regulating host responses to infection. No phosphothreonine lyase equivalents are known in eukaryotes, making this family of effectors an attractive target for indirect narrow-spectrum antibiotics. Targeting of major vault protein and PDK1 kinase by EseN has not been reported in EseN homologs in other pathogens and may indicate unique functions of E. ictaluri EseN. EseN targeting of PDK1 is particularly interesting in that it is linked to an extraordinarily diverse group of cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Koirala
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chanida Fongsaran
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tanisha Poston
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Matthew Rogge
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bryan Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald Thune
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lidiya Dubytska
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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15
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Malik HS, Magnotti F, Loeven NA, Delgado JM, Kettenbach AN, Henry T, Bliska JB. Phosphoprotein phosphatase activity positively regulates oligomeric pyrin to trigger inflammasome assembly in phagocytes. mBio 2023; 14:e0206623. [PMID: 37787552 PMCID: PMC10653879 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02066-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pyrin, a unique cytosolic receptor, initiates inflammatory responses against RhoA-inactivating bacterial toxins and effectors like Yersinia's YopE and YopT. Understanding pyrin regulation is crucial due to its association with dysregulated inflammatory responses, including Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF), linked to pyrin gene mutations. FMF mutations historically acted as a defense mechanism against plague. Negative regulation of pyrin through PKN phosphorylation is well established, with Yersinia using the YopM effector to promote pyrin phosphorylation and counteract its activity. This study highlights the importance of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity in positively regulating pyrin inflammasome assembly in phagocytic cells of humans and mice. Oligomeric murine pyrin has S205 phosphorylated before inflammasome assembly, and this study implicates the dephosphorylation of murine pyrin S205 by two catalytic subunits of PP2A in macrophages. These findings offer insights for investigating the regulation of oligomeric pyrin and the balance of kinase and phosphatase activity in pyrin-associated infectious and autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleema S. Malik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Flora Magnotti
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nicole A. Loeven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jose M. Delgado
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Arminja N. Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - James B. Bliska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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16
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Abstract
The immune system of multicellular organisms protects them from harmful microbes. To establish an infection in the face of host immune responses, pathogens must evolve specific strategies to target immune defense mechanisms. One such defense is the formation of intracellular protein complexes, termed inflammasomes, that are triggered by the detection of microbial components and the disruption of homeostatic processes that occur during bacterial infection. Formation of active inflammasomes initiates programmed cell death pathways via activation of inflammatory caspases and cleavage of target proteins. Inflammasome-activated cell death pathways such as pyroptosis lead to proinflammatory responses that protect the host. Bacterial infection has the capacity to influence inflammasomes in two distinct ways: activation and perturbation. In this review, we discuss how bacterial activities influence inflammasomes, and we discuss the consequences of inflammasome activation or evasion for both the host and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice I Herrmann
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James P Grayczyk
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Current affiliation: Oncology Discovery, Abbvie, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA;
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Chai Q, Lei Z, Liu CH. Pyroptosis modulation by bacterial effector proteins. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101804. [PMID: 37406548 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a proinflammatory form of programmed cell death featured with membrane pore formation that causes cellular swelling and allows the release of intracellular inflammatory mediators. This cell death process is elicited by the activation of the pore-forming proteins named gasdermins, and is intricately orchestrated by diverse regulatory factors in mammalian hosts to exert a prompt immune response against infections. However, growing evidence suggests that bacterial pathogens have evolved to regulate host pyroptosis for evading immune clearance and establishing progressive infection. In this review, we highlight current understandings of the functional role and regulatory network of pyroptosis in host antibacterial immunity. Thereafter, we further discuss the latest advances elucidating the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens modulate pyroptosis through adopting their effector proteins to drive infections. A better understanding of regulatory mechanisms underlying pyroptosis at the interface of host-bacterial interactions will shed new light on the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and contribute to the development of promising therapeutic strategies against bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zehui Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
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18
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Barnett KC, Li S, Liang K, Ting JPY. A 360° view of the inflammasome: Mechanisms of activation, cell death, and diseases. Cell 2023; 186:2288-2312. [PMID: 37236155 PMCID: PMC10228754 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are critical sentinels of the innate immune system that respond to threats to the host through recognition of distinct molecules, known as pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs), or disruptions of cellular homeostasis, referred to as homeostasis-altering molecular processes (HAMPs) or effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Several distinct proteins nucleate inflammasomes, including NLRP1, CARD8, NLRP3, NLRP6, NLRC4/NAIP, AIM2, pyrin, and caspases-4/-5/-11. This diverse array of sensors strengthens the inflammasome response through redundancy and plasticity. Here, we present an overview of these pathways, outlining the mechanisms of inflammasome formation, subcellular regulation, and pyroptosis, and discuss the wide-reaching effects of inflammasomes in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Barnett
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Sirui Li
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kaixin Liang
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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19
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Zhong X, Zeng H, Zhou Z, Su Y, Cheng H, Hou Y, She Y, Feng N, Wang J, Shao F, Ding J. Structural mechanisms for regulation of GSDMB pore-forming activity. Nature 2023; 616:598-605. [PMID: 36991125 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocyte-derived granzyme A (GZMA) cleaves GSDMB, a gasdermin-family pore-forming protein1,2, to trigger target cell pyroptosis3. GSDMB and the charter gasdermin family member GSDMD4,5 have been inconsistently reported to be degraded by the Shigella flexneri ubiquitin-ligase virulence factor IpaH7.8 (refs. 6,7). Whether and how IpaH7.8 targets both gasdermins is undefined, and the pyroptosis function of GSDMB has even been questioned recently6,8. Here we report the crystal structure of the IpaH7.8-GSDMB complex, which shows how IpaH7.8 recognizes the GSDMB pore-forming domain. We clarify that IpaH7.8 targets human (but not mouse) GSDMD through a similar mechanism. The structure of full-length GSDMB suggests stronger autoinhibition than in other gasdermins9,10. GSDMB has multiple splicing isoforms that are equally targeted by IpaH7.8 but exhibit contrasting pyroptotic activities. Presence of exon 6 in the isoforms dictates the pore-forming, pyroptotic activity in GSDMB. We determine the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the 27-fold-symmetric GSDMB pore and depict conformational changes that drive pore formation. The structure uncovers an essential role for exon-6-derived elements in pore assembly, explaining pyroptosis deficiency in the non-canonical splicing isoform used in recent studies6,8. Different cancer cell lines have markedly different isoform compositions, correlating with the onset and extent of pyroptosis following GZMA stimulation. Our study illustrates fine regulation of GSDMB pore-forming activity by pathogenic bacteria and mRNA splicing and defines the underlying structural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Zhong
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huan Zeng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ya Su
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | | | - Yanjie Hou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang She
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Na Feng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jia Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Shao
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China.
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, PR China.
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Jingjin Ding
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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20
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Hou Y, Zeng H, Li Z, Feng N, Meng F, Xu Y, Li L, Shao F, Ding J. Structural mechanisms of calmodulin activation of Shigella effector OspC3 to ADP-riboxanate caspase-4/11 and block pyroptosis. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:261-272. [PMID: 36624349 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The caspase-4/11-GSDMD pyroptosis axis recognizes cytosolic lipopolysaccharide for antibacterial defenses. Shigella flexneri employs an OspC3 effector to block pyroptosis by catalyzing NAD+-dependent arginine ADP-riboxanation of caspase-4/11. Here, we identify Ca2+-free calmodulin (CaM) that binds and stimulates OspC3 ADP-riboxanase activity. Crystal structures of OspC3-CaM and OspC3-caspase-4 binary complexes reveal unique CaM binding to an OspC3 N-terminal domain featuring an ADP-ribosyltransferase-like fold and specific recognition of caspase-4 by an OspC3 ankryin repeat domain, respectively. CaM-OspC3-caspase-4 ternary complex structures show that NAD+ binding reorganizes the catalytic pocket, in which D231 and D177 activate the substrate arginine for initial ADP-ribosylation and ribosyl 2'-OH in the ADP-ribosylated arginine, respectively, for subsequent deamination. We also determine structures of unmodified and OspC3-ADP-riboxanated caspase-4. Mechanisms derived from this series of structures covering the entire process of OspC3 action are supported by biochemical analyses in vitro and functional validation in S. flexneri-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Hou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Zeng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Zilin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Feng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fanyi Meng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Xu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Shao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China.
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jingjin Ding
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China.
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21
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Chen KW, Brodsky IE. Yersinia interactions with regulated cell death pathways. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 71:102256. [PMID: 36584489 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell death in response to infection is conserved across all kingdoms of life. In metazoans, cell death upon bacterial infection is primarily carried out by the cysteine and aspartate protease and receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase families. The Gram-negative bacterial genus Yersinia includes pathogens that cause disease in humans and other animals ranging from plague to gastrointestinal infections. Pathogenic Yersiniae express a type-III secretion system (T3SS), which translocates effectors that disrupt phagocytosis and innate immune signaling to evade immune defenses and replicate extracellularly in infected tissues. Blockade of innate immune signaling, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, and the membrane-disrupting activity of the T3SS translocon pore, are all sensed by innate immune cells. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the pathways that regulate Yersinia-induced cell death, and how manipulation of these cell death pathways over the course of infection promotes bacterial dissemination or host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen W Chen
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, United States; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, United States.
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22
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Yang R, Atkinson S, Chen Z, Cui Y, Du Z, Han Y, Sebbane F, Slavin P, Song Y, Yan Y, Wu Y, Xu L, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Hinnebusch BJ, Stenseth NC, Motin VL. Yersinia pestis and Plague: some knowns and unknowns. ZOONOSES (BURLINGTON, MASS.) 2023; 3:5. [PMID: 37602146 PMCID: PMC10438918 DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Since its first identification in 1894 during the third pandemic in Hong Kong, there has been significant progress of understanding the lifestyle of Yersinia pestis, the pathogen that is responsible for plague. Although we now have some understanding of the pathogen's physiology, genetics, genomics, evolution, gene regulation, pathogenesis and immunity, there are many unknown aspects of the pathogen and its disease development. Here, we focus on some of the knowns and unknowns relating to Y. pestis and plague. We notably focus on some key Y. pestis physiological and virulence traits that are important for its mammal-flea-mammal life cycle but also its emergence from the enteropathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Some aspects of the genetic diversity of Y. pestis, the distribution and ecology of plague as well as the medical countermeasures to protect our population are also provided. Lastly, we present some biosafety and biosecurity information related to Y. pestis and plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifu Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Steve Atkinson
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zongmin Du
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanping Han
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Florent Sebbane
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philip Slavin
- Division of History and Politics, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LJ, UK
| | - Yajun Song
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanfeng Yan
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yarong Wu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chutian Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - B. Joseph Hinnebusch
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Nils Chr. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vladimir L. Motin
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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23
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Liao Y, Wang X, Huang L, Qian H, Liu W. Mechanism of pyroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases and its therapeutic potential by traditional Chinese medicine. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1122104. [PMID: 36713841 PMCID: PMC9880437 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are disorders characterized by degenerative degeneration of neurons and loss of their function. NDs have a complicated pathophysiology, of which neuroinflammation and neuronal death are significant factors. The inflammatory process known as pyroptosis ("fiery death") is caused by a family of pore-forming proteins called Gasdermins (GSDMs), which appears downstream from the activation of the inflammasome. Clear evidence of enhanced pyroptosis-related proteins activity in common NDs has coincided with abnormal aggregation of pathological proteins (such as Aβ, tau, α-synuclein et al.), making pyroptosis an attractive direction for the recent study of NDs. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms driving pyroptosis, the mechanistic links between pyroptosis and NDs, and emerging therapeutic strategies in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to inhibit pyroptosis for the treatment of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Liao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liting Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hu Qian
- Department of Breast Cancer Oncology, Foshan No 1 Hospital, Foshan, China,*Correspondence: Hu Qian, ; Wei Liu,
| | - Wei Liu
- The First Clinical Medicine College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,Integrative Cancer Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Hu Qian, ; Wei Liu,
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24
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Bronnec P, Sousa J, Henry T. Inducing Pyroptosis Via the Pyrin Inflammasome. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2641:37-47. [PMID: 37074640 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3040-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The pyrin inflammasome detects bacterial toxins and effectors that inhibit RhoA GTPases and triggers inflammatory cytokine release and a fast cell death termed pyroptosis. In addition, various endogenous molecules, drugs, synthetic molecules, or mutations can trigger pyrin inflammasome activation. The pyrin protein differs between humans and mice, and the repertoire of pyrin activators is also species-specific. Here, we present the various pyrin inflammasome activators, inhibitors, the kinetics of pyrin activation in response to the various activators, and their species specificity. In addition, we present different methods to monitor pyrin-mediated pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bronnec
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jeremy Sousa
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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25
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Abstract
The major function of the mammalian immune system is to prevent and control infections caused by enteropathogens that collectively have altered human destiny. In fact, as the gastrointestinal tissues are the major interface of mammals with the environment, up to 70% of the human immune system is dedicated to patrolling them The defenses are multi-tiered and include the endogenous microflora that mediate colonization resistance as well as physical barriers intended to compartmentalize infections. The gastrointestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue are also protected by sophisticated interleaved arrays of active innate and adaptive immune defenses. Remarkably, some bacterial enteropathogens have acquired an arsenal of virulence factors with which they neutralize all these formidable barriers to infection, causing disease ranging from mild self-limiting gastroenteritis to in some cases devastating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA,CONTACT Micah J. Worley Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Bldg, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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26
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Patil P, Doshi G. Deciphering the Role of Pyroptosis Impact on Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1166-1183. [PMID: 38164730 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501267496231102114410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Pyroptosis has become a noteworthy area of focus in recent years due to its association with inflammatory diseases. Pyroptosis is a type of programmed cell death accompanied by an inflammatory response, and the discovery of the gasdermin family has expanded the study of pyroptosis. The primary characteristics of pyroptosis include cell expansion, membrane penetration, and the ejection of cell contents. In healthy physiology, pyroptosis is an essential part of the host's defence against pathogen infection. Excessive Pyroptosis, however, can lead to unchecked and persistent inflammatory responses, including the emergence of inflammatory diseases. More precisely, gasdermin family members have a role in the creation of membrane holes during pyroptosis, which leads to cell lysis. It is also related to how pro-inflammatory intracellular substances, including IL-1, IL-18, and High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), are used. Two different signalling pathways, one of which is regulated by caspase-1 and the other by caspase-4/5/11, are the primary causes of pyroptosis. Cardiovascular diseases are often associated with cell death and acute or chronic inflammation, making this area of research particularly relevant. In this review, we first systematically summarize recent findings related to Pyroptosis, exploring its characteristics and the signalling pathway mechanisms, as well as various treatment strategies based on its modulation that has emerged from the studies. Some of these strategies are currently undergoing clinical trials. Additionally, the article elaborates on the scientific evidence indicating the role of Pyroptosis in various cardiovascular diseases. As a whole, this should shed insight into future paths and present innovative ideas for employing Pyroptosis as a strong disease-fighting weapon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, VLM Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Gaurav Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, VLM Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai, 400056, India
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27
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Lizcano-Perret B, Lardinois C, Wavreil F, Hauchamps P, Herinckx G, Sorgeloos F, Vertommen D, Gatto L, Michiels T. Cardiovirus leader proteins retarget RSK kinases toward alternative substrates to perturb nucleocytoplasmic traffic. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1011042. [PMID: 36508477 PMCID: PMC9779665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins from some unrelated pathogens, including small RNA viruses of the family Picornaviridae, large DNA viruses such as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and even bacteria of the genus Yersinia can recruit cellular p90-ribosomal protein S6 kinases (RSKs) through a common linear motif and maintain the kinases in an active state. On the one hand, pathogens' proteins might hijack RSKs to promote their own phosphorylation (direct target model). On the other hand, some data suggested that pathogens' proteins might dock the hijacked RSKs toward a third interacting partner, thus redirecting the kinase toward a specific substrate. We explored the second hypothesis using the Cardiovirus leader protein (L) as a paradigm. The L protein is known to trigger nucleocytoplasmic trafficking perturbation, which correlates with hyperphosphorylation of phenylalanine-glycine (FG)-nucleoporins (FG-NUPs) such as NUP98. Using a biotin ligase fused to either RSK or L, we identified FG-NUPs as primary partners of the L-RSK complex in infected cells. An L protein mutated in the central RSK-interaction motif was readily targeted to the nuclear envelope whereas an L protein mutated in the C-terminal domain still interacted with RSK but failed to interact with the nuclear envelope. Thus, L uses distinct motifs to recruit RSK and to dock the L-RSK complex toward the FG-NUPs. Using an analog-sensitive RSK2 mutant kinase, we show that, in infected cells, L can trigger RSK to use NUP98 and NUP214 as direct substrates. Our data therefore illustrate a novel virulence mechanism where pathogens' proteins hijack and retarget cellular protein kinases toward specific substrates, to promote their replication or to escape immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Lizcano-Perret
- Molecular Virology unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cécile Lardinois
- Molecular Virology unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fanny Wavreil
- Molecular Virology unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hauchamps
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gaëtan Herinckx
- MASSPROT platform, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Sorgeloos
- Molecular Virology unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Vertommen
- MASSPROT platform, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Gatto
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Michiels
- Molecular Virology unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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28
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Oh C, Li L, Verma A, Reuven AD, Miao EA, Bliska JB, Aachoui Y. Neutrophil inflammasomes sense the subcellular delivery route of translocated bacterial effectors and toxins. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111688. [PMID: 36417874 PMCID: PMC9827617 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In neutrophils, caspase-11 cleaves gasdermin D (GSDMD), causing pyroptosis to clear cytosol-invasive bacteria. In contrast, caspase-1 also cleaves GSDMD but seems to not cause pyroptosis. Here, we show that this pyroptosis-resistant caspase-1 activation is specifically programmed by the site of translocation of the detected microbial virulence factors. We find that pyrin and NLRC4 agonists do not trigger pyroptosis in neutrophils when they access the cytosol from endosomal compartment. In contrast, when the same ligands penetrate through the plasma membrane, they cause pyroptosis. Consistently, pyrin detects extracellular Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ΔyopM in neutrophils, driving caspase-1-GSDMD pyroptosis. This pyroptotic response drives PAD4-dependent H3 citrullination and results in extrusion of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Our data indicate that caspase-1, GSDMD, or PAD4 deficiency renders mice more susceptible to Y. pseudotuberculosis ΔyopM infection. Therefore, neutrophils induce pyroptosis in response to caspase-1-activating inflammasomes triggered by extracellular bacterial pathogens, but after they phagocytose pathogens, they are programmed to forego pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhoon Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Lupeng Li
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ambika Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Arianna D Reuven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03768, USA
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - James B Bliska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03768, USA
| | - Youssef Aachoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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29
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Magnotti F, Chirita D, Dalmon S, Martin A, Bronnec P, Sousa J, Helynck O, Lee W, Kastner DL, Chae JJ, McDermott MF, Belot A, Popoff M, Sève P, Georgin-Lavialle S, Munier-Lehmann H, Tran TA, De Langhe E, Wouters C, Jamilloux Y, Henry T. Steroid hormone catabolites activate the pyrin inflammasome through a non-canonical mechanism. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111472. [PMID: 36223753 PMCID: PMC9626387 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyrin inflammasome acts as a guard of RhoA GTPases and is central to immune defenses against RhoA-manipulating pathogens. Pyrin activation proceeds in two steps. Yet, the second step is still poorly understood. Using cells constitutively activated for the pyrin step 1, a chemical screen identifies etiocholanolone and pregnanolone, two catabolites of testosterone and progesterone, acting at low concentrations as specific step 2 activators. High concentrations of these metabolites fully and rapidly activate pyrin, in a human specific, B30.2 domain-dependent manner and without inhibiting RhoA. Mutations in MEFV, encoding pyrin, cause two distinct autoinflammatory diseases pyrin-associated autoinflammation with neutrophilic dermatosis (PAAND) and familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Monocytes from PAAND patients, and to a lower extent from FMF patients, display increased responses to these metabolites. This study identifies an unconventional pyrin activation mechanism, indicates that endogenous steroid catabolites can drive autoinflammation, through the pyrin inflammasome, and explains the "steroid fever" described in the late 1950s upon steroid injection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Magnotti
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, University Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Daria Chirita
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, University Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Dalmon
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, University Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Amandine Martin
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, University Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Bronnec
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, University Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jeremy Sousa
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, University Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Helynck
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3523, Chemistry and Biocatalysis Unit, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Wonyong Lee
- Inflammatory Disease Section, Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel L Kastner
- Inflammatory Disease Section, Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jae Jin Chae
- Inflammatory Disease Section, Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael F McDermott
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexandre Belot
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, University Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology, Reference Centre for Rheumatic, AutoImmune and Systemic Diseases in Children (RAISE), Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, CHU Lyon, Lyon, France; LIFE, Lyon Immunopathology Federation, Lyon, France
| | | | - Pascal Sève
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Croix-Rousse, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Georgin-Lavialle
- Sorbonne University, Department of Internal Medicine, Tenon Hospital, DMU 3ID, AP-HP, National Reference Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Inflammatory Amyloidosis (CEREMAIA), INSERM U938, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3523, Chemistry and Biocatalysis Unit, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Tu Anh Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, Carémeau Hospital, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Ellen De Langhe
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine Wouters
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunology & Immunobiology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yvan Jamilloux
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, University Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; LIFE, Lyon Immunopathology Federation, Lyon, France; Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Croix-Rousse, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France.
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, University Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
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30
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Pan Y, Cai W, Huang J, Cheng A, Wang M, Yin Z, Jia R. Pyroptosis in development, inflammation and disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:991044. [PMID: 36189207 PMCID: PMC9522910 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.991044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early 2000s, caspase-1, an important molecule that has been shown to be involved in the regulation of inflammation, cell survival and diseases, was given a new function: regulating a new mode of cell death that was later defined as pyroptosis. Since then, the inflammasome, the inflammatory caspases (caspase-4/5/11) and their substrate gasdermins (gasdermin A, B, C, D, E and DFNB59) has also been reported to be involved in the pyroptotic pathway, and this pathway is closely related to the development of various diseases. In addition, important apoptotic effectors caspase-3/8 and granzymes have also been reported to b involved in the induction of pyroptosis. In our article, we summarize findings that help define the roles of inflammasomes, inflammatory caspases, gasdermins, and other mediators of pyroptosis, and how they determine cell fate and regulate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Cai
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Anchun Cheng, ; Renyong Jia,
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Anchun Cheng, ; Renyong Jia,
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31
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Reprogramming of Cell Death Pathways by Bacterial Effectors as a Widespread Virulence Strategy. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0061421. [PMID: 35467397 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00614-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of programmed cell death (PCD) processes during bacterial infections is an evolving arms race between pathogens and their hosts. The initiation of apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis pathways are essential to immunity against many intracellular and extracellular bacteria. These cellular self-destructive mechanisms are used by the infected host to restrict and eliminate bacterial pathogens. Without a tight regulatory control, host cell death can become a double-edged sword. Inflammatory PCDs contribute to an effective immune response against pathogens, but unregulated inflammation aggravates the damage caused by bacterial infections. Thus, fine-tuning of these pathways is required to resolve infection while preserving the host immune homeostasis. In turn, bacterial pathogens have evolved secreted virulence factors or effector proteins that manipulate PCD pathways to promote infection. In this review, we discuss the importance of controlled cell death in immunity to bacterial infection. We also detail the mechanisms employed by type 3 secreted bacterial effectors to bypass these pathways and their importance in bacterial pathogenesis.
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32
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Activation and manipulation of inflammasomes and pyroptosis during bacterial infections. Biochem J 2022; 479:867-882. [PMID: 35438136 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Following detection of pathogen infection and disrupted cellular homeostasis, cells can activate a range of cell death pathways, such as apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, as part of their defence strategy. The initiation of pro-inflammatory, lytic pyroptosis is controlled by inflammasomes, which respond to a range of cellular perturbations. As is true for many host defence pathways, pathogens have evolved multiple mechanisms to subvert this pathway, many of which have only recently been described. Herein, we will discuss the mechanisms by which inflammasomes sense pathogen invasion and initiate pyroptosis and the effector mechanisms used by pathogens to suppress this pathway and preserve their niche.
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33
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Wei Y, Yang L, Pandeya A, Cui J, Zhang Y, Li Z. Pyroptosis-Induced Inflammation and Tissue Damage. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167301. [PMID: 34653436 PMCID: PMC8844146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell deaths are pathways involving cells playing an active role in their own destruction. Depending on the signaling system of the process, programmed cell death can be divided into two categories, pro-inflammatory and non-inflammatory. Pyroptosis is a pro-inflammatory form of programmed cell death. Upon cell death, a plethora of cytokines are released and trigger a cascade of responses from the neighboring cells. The pyroptosis process is a double-edged sword, could be both beneficial and detrimental in various inflammatory disorders and disease conditions. A physiological outcome of these responses is tissue damage, and sometimes death of the host. In this review, we focus on the inflammatory response triggered by pyroptosis, and resulting tissue damage in selected organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ankit Pandeya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jian Cui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou,China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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A case of convergent evolution: Several viral and bacterial pathogens hijack RSK kinases through a common linear motif. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2114647119. [PMID: 35091472 PMCID: PMC8812568 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114647119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes have been coevolving with their host for millions of years, exploiting host resources to their own benefit. We show that viral and bacterial pathogens convergently evolved to hijack cellular mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p90-ribosomal S6-kinases (RSKs). Theiler's virus leader (L) protein binds RSKs and prevents their dephosphorylation, thus maintaining the kinases active. Recruitment of RSKs enables L-protein-mediated inhibition of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2 (EIF2AK2 or PKR) and stress granule formation. Strikingly, ORF45 protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and YopM protein of Yersinia use the same peptide motif as L to recruit and activate RSKs. All three proteins interact with a conserved surface-located loop of RSKs, likely acting as an allosteric regulation site. Some unrelated viruses and bacteria thus evolved to harness RSKs in a common fashion, yet to target distinct aspects of innate immunity. As documented for Varicella zoster virus ORF11, additional pathogens likely evolved to hijack RSKs, using a similar short linear motif.
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Kul Cinar O, Putland A, Wynne K, Eleftheriou D, Brogan PA. Hereditary Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases: Therapeutic Stratification. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:867679. [PMID: 35573950 PMCID: PMC9096795 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.867679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary systemic autoinflammatory diseases (SAIDs) are rare, often severe conditions characterised by mutations in the key regulators of innate immune responses. Dramatic advances in the molecular genetics and next-generation sequencing in the past decade enabled identification of novel mutations that play a pivotal role in the mechanistic pathways of inflammation. Although genetic testing may not always provide straightforward guidance in diagnosis and clinical decision making, through translational research, it sheds light into molecular immunopathogenesis, particularly in IL-1 inflammasome and cytokine signalling pathways. These remarkable insights provided a better understanding of autoinflammatory conditions and their association with the innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as leading to development of cytokine-targetted biologic treatments. Use of targetted therapeutics not only helps control disease flares, reduce acute-phase responses and prevent devastating complications such as amyloidosis, but also improves health-related quality of lives and support patients to pursue almost a normal life. Herein, we discuss the commonest monogenic SAIDs, describe their immunopathology, and summarise the approaches in the management and targetted treatment of these conditions, including presentation of novel data based on a cohort of children with these rare diseases from a single quaternary referral centre in London.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovgu Kul Cinar
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Medicine, National Amyloidosis Centre and Centre for Acute Phase Proteins, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amber Putland
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Wynne
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Despina Eleftheriou
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Section of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Child Health, University College London Great Ormond Street, London, United Kingdom.,Paediatric Rheumatology, ARUK Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Brogan
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Section of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Child Health, University College London Great Ormond Street, London, United Kingdom
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Tummers B, Green DR. The evolution of regulated cell death pathways in animals and their evasion by pathogens. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:411-454. [PMID: 34898294 PMCID: PMC8676434 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The coevolution of host-pathogen interactions underlies many human physiological traits associated with protection from or susceptibility to infections. Among the mechanisms that animals utilize to control infections are the regulated cell death pathways of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Over the course of evolution these pathways have become intricate and complex, coevolving with microbes that infect animal hosts. Microbes, in turn, have evolved strategies to interfere with the pathways of regulated cell death to avoid eradication by the host. Here, we present an overview of the mechanisms of regulated cell death in Animalia and the strategies devised by pathogens to interfere with these processes. We review the molecular pathways of regulated cell death, their roles in infection, and how they are perturbed by viruses and bacteria, providing insights into the coevolution of host-pathogen interactions and cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Tummers
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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Chirita D, Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Magnotti F. Functional Assessment of Disease-Associated Pyrin Variants. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2523:179-195. [PMID: 35759198 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2449-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pyrin inflammasome detects effectors and toxins that inhibit RhoA GTPases and triggers inflammatory cytokines release and a fast cell death termed pyroptosis. Ancient plague pandemics in the Mediterranean basin have selected in the human population pyrin variants that can trigger an autoinflammatory disease termed familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). In addition, distinct mutations in MEFV, the gene encoding pyrin, cause a different rare autoinflammatory disease termed pyrin-associated autoinflammation with neutrophilic dermatosis (PAAND). As of today, more than 385 MEFV variants have been described although for most of them, whether they are pathogenic variant or benign polymorphism is unknown.Here, we describe different methods using primary human monocytes or engineered monocytic cell lines to functionally characterize MEFV variants, determine their potential pathogenicity, and classify them as either FMF-like or PAAND-like variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Chirita
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yvan Jamilloux
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
- Internal Medicine, University Hospital Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Lyon, France.
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - Flora Magnotti
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Lyon, France.
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Li X, Xiao GY, Guo T, Song YJ, Li QM. Potential therapeutic role of pyroptosis mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome in type 2 diabetes and its complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:986565. [PMID: 36387904 PMCID: PMC9646639 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.986565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a new way of programmed cell death, pyroptosis plays a vital role in many diseases. In recent years, the relationship between pyroptosis and type 2 diabetes (T2D) has received increasing attention. Although the current treatment options for T2D are abundant, the occurrence and development of T2D appear to continue, and the poor prognosis and high mortality of patients with T2D remain a considerable burden in the global health system. Numerous studies have shown that pyroptosis mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome can affect the progression of T2D and its complications; targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome has potential therapeutic effects. In this review, we described the molecular mechanism of pyroptosis more comprehensively, discussed the most updated progress of pyroptosis mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome in T2D and its complications, and listed some drugs and agents with potential anti-pyroptosis effects. Based on the available evidence, exploring more mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway may bring more options and benefits for preventing and treating T2D and drug development.
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Role of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Virulence Plasmid in Pathogen-Phagocyte Interactions in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00142021. [PMID: 34910573 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0014-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an Enterobacteriaceae family member that is commonly transmitted by the fecal-oral route to cause infections. From the small intestine, Y. pseudotuberculosis can invade through Peyer's patches and lymph vessels to infect the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Infection of MLNs by Y. pseudotuberculosis results in the clinical presentation of mesenteric lymphadenitis. MLNs are important for immune responses to intestinal pathogens and microbiota in addition to their clinical relevance to Y. pseudotuberculosis infections. A characteristic of Y. pseudotuberculosis infection in MLNs is the formation of pyogranulomas. Pyogranulomas are composed of neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, and lymphocytes surrounding extracellular microcolonies of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Key elements of the complex pathogen-host interaction in MLNs have been identified using mouse infection models. Y. pseudotuberculosis requires the virulence plasmid pYV to induce the formation of pyogranulomas in MLNs. The YadA adhesin and the Ysc-Yop type III secretion system (T3SS) are encoded on pYV. YadA mediates bacterial binding to host receptors, which engages the T3SS to preferentially translocate seven Yop effectors into phagocytes. The effectors promote pathogenesis by blocking innate immune defenses such as superoxide production, degranulation, and inflammasome activation, resulting in survival and growth of Y. pseudotuberculosis. On the other hand, certain effectors can trigger immune defenses in phagocytes. For example, YopJ triggers activation of caspase-8 and an apoptotic cell death response in monocytes within pyogranulomas that limits dissemination of Y. pseudotuberculosis from MLNs to the bloodstream. YopE can be processed as an antigen by phagocytes in MLNs, resulting in T and B cell responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis. Immune responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis in MLNs can also be detrimental to the host in the form of chronic lymphadenopathy. This review focuses on interactions between Y. pseudotuberculosis and phagocytes mediated by pYV that concurrently promote pathogenesis and host defense in MLNs. We propose that MLN pyogranulomas are immunological arenas in which opposing pYV-driven forces determine the outcome of infection in favor of the pathogen or host.
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Sontyana B, Shrivastava R, Battu S, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Phagosome maturation and modulation of macrophage effector function by intracellular pathogens: target for therapeutics. Future Microbiol 2021; 17:59-76. [PMID: 34877879 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important cells that regulate various innate functions. Macrophages after engulfment of pathogens proceed for phagosome maturation and finally fuse with lysosomes to kill pathogens. Although pathogen degradation is one of the important functions of phagosomes, various immune-effector functions of macrophages are also dependent on the phagosome maturation process. This review discusses signaling processes regulating phagosome maturation as well as various effector functions of macrophages such as apoptosis, antigen presentation, autophagy and inflammasome that are dependent on the phagosome maturation process. It also discusses strategies adopted by various intracellular pathogens to counteract these functions to evade intracellular destruction mechanisms. These studies may give direction for the development of new therapeutics to control various intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahmaji Sontyana
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohini Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Srikanth Battu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India
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Rodríguez-Frías F, Quer J, Tabernero D, Cortese MF, Garcia-Garcia S, Rando-Segura A, Pumarola T. Microorganisms as Shapers of Human Civilization, from Pandemics to Even Our Genomes: Villains or Friends? A Historical Approach. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2518. [PMID: 34946123 PMCID: PMC8708650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Universal history is characterized by continuous evolution, in which civilizations are born and die. This evolution is associated with multiple factors, among which the role of microorganisms is often overlooked. Viruses and bacteria have written or decisively contributed to terrible episodes of history, such as the Black Death in 14th century Europe, the annihilation of pre-Columbian American civilizations, and pandemics such as the 1918 Spanish flu or the current COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, it is clear that we could not live in a world without these tiny beings. Endogenous retroviruses have been key to our evolution and for the regulation of gene expression, and the gut microbiota helps us digest compounds that we could not otherwise process. In addition, we have used microorganisms to preserve or prepare food for millennia and more recently to obtain drugs such as antibiotics or to develop recombinant DNA technologies. Due to the enormous importance of microorganisms for our survival, they have significantly influenced the population genetics of different human groups. This paper will review the role of microorganisms as "villains" who have been responsible for tremendous mortality throughout history but also as "friends" who help us survive and evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rodríguez-Frías
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Vall d’Hebron Institut Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.C.); (S.G.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Josep Quer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Liver Unit, Liver Disease Laboratory-Viral Hepatitis, Vall d’Hebron Institut Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Tabernero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Maria Francesca Cortese
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Vall d’Hebron Institut Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.C.); (S.G.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Selene Garcia-Garcia
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Vall d’Hebron Institut Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.C.); (S.G.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ariadna Rando-Segura
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Tomas Pumarola
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
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Abstract
Pathogens have evolved smart strategies to invade hosts and hijack their immune responses. One such strategy is the targeting of the host RhoGTPases by toxins or virulence factors to hijack the cytoskeleton dynamic and immune processes. In response to this microbial attack, the host has evolved an elegant strategy to monitor the function of virulence factors and toxins by sensing the abnormal activity of RhoGTPases. This innate immune strategy of sensing bacterial effector targeting RhoGTPase appears to be a bona fide example of effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Here, we review recently discovered mechanisms by which the host can sense the activity of these toxins through NOD and NOD-like receptors (NLRs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Boyer
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, C3M, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
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Lian L, Xue J, Li W, Ren J, Tang F, Liu Y, Xue F, Dai J. VscF in T3SS1 Helps to Translocate VPA0226 in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:652432. [PMID: 33869083 PMCID: PMC8047418 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.652432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Vibrio parahaemolyticus, type III secretion system 1 (T3SS1) is a major virulence factor that delivers effectors into the host eukaryotic cytoplasm; however, studies on its infection mechanism are currently limited. To determine the function of the vscF gene, we constructed the vscF deletion mutant ΔvscF and complementation strain CΔvscF. Compared with those of wild-type POR-1 and CΔvscF, the cytotoxic, adherent, and apoptotic abilities of ΔvscF in HeLa cells were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Furthermore, in infected HeLa cells, the mutant strain reduced the translocation rates of VP1683 and VP1686 effectors compared to the wild-type and complementation strains. A BLAST search showed that vscF is homologous to the MixH needle protein of Shigella flexneri, indicating that the vscF gene encodes the needle protein of T3SS1 in V. parahaemolyticus. Additional translocation assays showed that VPA0226 translocated into the HeLa eukaryotic cytoplasm via T3SS1, secretion assays showed that VPA0226 can be secreted to supernatant by T3SS1, indicating that VPA0226 belongs to the unpublished class of T3SS1 effectors. In conclusion, our data indicate an essential role of vscF in V. parahaemolyticus T3SS1 and revealed that VPA0226 can be secreted into the host cell cytoplasm via T3SS1. This study provides insights into a previously unexplored aspect of T3SS1, which is expected to contribute to the understanding of its infection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Lian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanjun Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianluan Ren
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Yu P, Zhang X, Liu N, Tang L, Peng C, Chen X. Pyroptosis: mechanisms and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:128. [PMID: 33776057 PMCID: PMC8005494 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1315] [Impact Index Per Article: 328.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, pyroptosis has received more and more attention because of its association with innate immunity and disease. The research scope of pyroptosis has expanded with the discovery of the gasdermin family. A great deal of evidence shows that pyroptosis can affect the development of tumors. The relationship between pyroptosis and tumors is diverse in different tissues and genetic backgrounds. In this review, we provide basic knowledge of pyroptosis, explain the relationship between pyroptosis and tumors, and focus on the significance of pyroptosis in tumor treatment. In addition, we further summarize the possibility of pyroptosis as a potential tumor treatment strategy and describe the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy caused by pyroptosis. In brief, pyroptosis is a double-edged sword for tumors. The rational use of this dual effect will help us further explore the formation and development of tumors, and provide ideas for patients to develop new drugs based on pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pian Yu
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nian Liu
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Tang
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Peng
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Ta A, Vanaja SK. Inflammasome activation and evasion by bacterial pathogens. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 68:125-133. [PMID: 33338767 PMCID: PMC7925435 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune system plays an essential role in combating infectious diseases by recognizing invading pathogens and activating host defense response. Inflammasomes complexes are a central component of the cytosolic innate immune surveillance and are vital in host defense against bacterial pathogens. Bacterial products or pathogen-induced modifications in the intracellular environment are sensed by the inflammasome receptors that form complexes that serve as a platform for caspase-1-dependent or caspase-11-dependent induction of pyroptosis and secretion of cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18. However, several pathogenic bacteria have developed strategies to evade inflammasome activation. This review highlights the recent advances in the mechanism of inflammasome activation by bacterial pathogens and some of the bacterial evasion strategies of inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atri Ta
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Sivapriya Kailasan Vanaja
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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The structure and function of protein kinase C-related kinases (PRKs). Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:217-235. [PMID: 33522581 PMCID: PMC7925014 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C-related kinase (PRK) family of serine/threonine kinases, PRK1, PRK2 and PRK3, are effectors for the Rho family small G proteins. An array of studies have linked these kinases to multiple signalling pathways and physiological roles, but while PRK1 is relatively well-characterized, the entire PRK family remains understudied. Here, we provide a holistic overview of the structure and function of PRKs and describe the molecular events that govern activation and autoregulation of catalytic activity, including phosphorylation, protein interactions and lipid binding. We begin with a structural description of the regulatory and catalytic domains, which facilitates the understanding of their regulation in molecular detail. We then examine their diverse physiological roles in cytoskeletal reorganization, cell adhesion, chromatin remodelling, androgen receptor signalling, cell cycle regulation, the immune response, glucose metabolism and development, highlighting isoform redundancy but also isoform specificity. Finally, we consider the involvement of PRKs in pathologies, including cancer, heart disease and bacterial infections. The abundance of PRK-driven pathologies suggests that these enzymes will be good therapeutic targets and we briefly report some of the progress to date.
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History of the Plague: An Ancient Pandemic for the Age of COVID-19. Am J Med 2021; 134:176-181. [PMID: 32979306 PMCID: PMC7513766 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During the fourteenth century, the bubonic plague or Black Death killed more than one third of Europe or 25 million people. Those afflicted died quickly and horribly from an unseen menace, spiking high fevers with suppurative buboes (swellings). Its causative agent is Yersinia pestis, creating recurrent plague cycles from the Bronze Age into modern-day California and Mongolia. Plague remains endemic in Madagascar, Congo, and Peru. This history of medicine review highlights plague events across the centuries. Transmission is by fleas carried on rats, although new theories include via human body lice and infected grain. We discuss symptomatology and treatment options. Pneumonic plague can be weaponized for bioterrorism, highlighting the importance of understanding its clinical syndromes. Carriers of recessive familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) mutations have natural immunity against Y. pestis. During the Black Death, Jews were blamed for the bubonic plague, perhaps because Jews carried FMF mutations and died at lower plague rates than Christians. Blaming minorities for epidemics echoes across history into our current coronavirus pandemic and provides insightful lessons for managing and improving its outcomes.
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Moghaddas F. Monogenic autoinflammatory disorders: beyond the periodic fever. Intern Med J 2021; 50:151-164. [PMID: 31260149 DOI: 10.1111/imj.14414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have seen an exponential increase in the number of monogenic autoinflammatory disorders described, coinciding with improved genetic sequencing techniques. This group of disorders has evolved to be heterogeneous and certainly more complex than the original four 'periodic fever syndromes' caused by innate immune over-activation. This review aims to provide an update on the classic periodic fever syndromes as well as introducing the broadening spectrum of clinical features seen in more recently described conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Moghaddas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Allergy, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Jing W, Lo Pilato J, Kay C, Man SM. Activation mechanisms of inflammasomes by bacterial toxins. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13309. [PMID: 33426791 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic innate immune complexes, which assemble in mammalian cells in response to microbial components and endogenous danger signals. A major family of inflammasome activators is bacterial toxins. Inflammasome sensor proteins, such as the nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-like receptor (NLR) family members NLRP1b and NLRP3, and the tripartite motif family member Pyrin+ efflux triggered by pore-forming toxins or by other toxin-induced homeostasis-altering events such as lysosomal rupture. Pyrin senses perturbation of host cell functions induced by certain enzymatic toxins resulting in impairment of RhoA GTPase activity. Assembly of the inflammasome complex activates the cysteine protease caspase-1, leading to the proteolytic cleavage of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and the pore-forming protein gasdermin D causing pyroptosis. In this review, we discuss the latest progress in our understanding on the activation mechanisms of inflammasome complexes by bacterial toxins and effector proteins and explore avenues for future research into the relationships between inflammasomes and bacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Jing
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jordan Lo Pilato
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Callum Kay
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Hanford HE, Von Dwingelo J, Abu Kwaik Y. Bacterial nucleomodulins: A coevolutionary adaptation to the eukaryotic command center. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009184. [PMID: 33476322 PMCID: PMC7819608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Through long-term interactions with their hosts, bacterial pathogens have evolved unique arsenals of effector proteins that interact with specific host targets and reprogram the host cell into a permissive niche for pathogen proliferation. The targeting of effector proteins into the host cell nucleus for modulation of nuclear processes is an emerging theme among bacterial pathogens. These unique pathogen effector proteins have been termed in recent years as "nucleomodulins." The first nucleomodulins were discovered in the phytopathogens Agrobacterium and Xanthomonas, where their nucleomodulins functioned as eukaryotic transcription factors or integrated themselves into host cell DNA to promote tumor induction, respectively. Numerous nucleomodulins were recently identified in mammalian pathogens. Bacterial nucleomodulins are an emerging family of pathogen effector proteins that evolved to target specific components of the host cell command center through various mechanisms. These mechanisms include: chromatin dynamics, histone modification, DNA methylation, RNA splicing, DNA replication, cell cycle, and cell signaling pathways. Nucleomodulins may induce short- or long-term epigenetic modifications of the host cell. In this extensive review, we discuss the current knowledge of nucleomodulins from plant and mammalian pathogens. While many nucleomodulins are already identified, continued research is instrumental in understanding their mechanisms of action and the role they play during the progression of pathogenesis. The continued study of nucleomodulins will enhance our knowledge of their effects on nuclear chromatin dynamics, protein homeostasis, transcriptional landscapes, and the overall host cell epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Hanford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Juanita Von Dwingelo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Predicative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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