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Hesselman MC, Zeeb M, Rusert P, Pasin C, Mamrosh J, Kariuki S, Pichler I, Sickmann M, Kaufmann MM, Schmidt D, Friedrich N, Metzner KJ, Rindler A, Kuster H, Adams C, Thebus R, Huber M, Yerly S, Leuzinger K, Perreau M, Koller R, Dollenmaier G, Frigerio S, Westfall DH, Deng W, deCamp AC, Juraska M, Edupuganti S, Mgodi N, Murrell H, Garrett N, Wagh K, Mullins JI, Williamson C, Moore PL, Günthard HF, Kouyos RD, Trkola A. Rare twin cysteine residues in the HIV-1 envelope variable region 1 link to neutralization escape and breadth development. Cell Host Microbe 2025; 33:279-293.e6. [PMID: 39909038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2025.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Revised: 11/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 02/07/2025]
Abstract
Identifying HIV-1 envelope (Env) traits associated with neutralization cross-reactivity is crucial for vaccine design. Variable loops 1 and 2 (V1V2), positioned at the Env trimer apex, are key regions linked to neutralization. We describe non-canonical cysteine (Cys) residues in V1 that are enriched in individuals with elite neutralization breadth. Analyzing over 65,000 V1 sequences from the CATNAP database, AMP trials, and longitudinal HIV-1 cohorts (SHCS, ZPHI, and CAPRISA), we found that Env variants with extra V1 Cys are present at low levels and fluctuate over time. Extra V1 Cys associate with elite plasma neutralization, and two additional Cys are preferred, suggesting stabilization through disulfide bonds. Among 34 broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb)-inducer Envs, 17.6% had elongated V1 regions with extra Cys. These extra Cys moderately increased neutralization resistance and altered bnAb epitope accessibility. Collectively, altering epitope exposure alongside Env stabilization renders the V1 twin Cys motif a promising feature for HIV-1 bnAb immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Hesselman
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marius Zeeb
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Pasin
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Mamrosh
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Eldoret, 30100 Eldoret, Kenya; Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ian Pichler
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Sickmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Masako M Kaufmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolas Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin J Metzner
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Rindler
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Kuster
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Craig Adams
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ruwayhida Thebus
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital Geneva, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Matthieu Perreau
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roger Koller
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Simona Frigerio
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Dylan H Westfall
- Department of Microbiology at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Wenjie Deng
- Department of Microbiology at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nyaradzo Mgodi
- University of Zimbabwe Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Hugh Murrell
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4041 Durban, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4013 Durban, South Africa
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Microbiology at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4013 Durban, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Disease of the National Health Laboratory Services, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4013 Durban, South Africa
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Webb NE, Sevareid CM, Sanchez C, Tobin NH, Aldrovandi GM. Natural Variation in HIV-1 Entry Kinetics Map to Specific Residues and Reveal an Interdependence Between Attachment and Fusion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.25.600587. [PMID: 38979136 PMCID: PMC11230229 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.25.600587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
HIV-1 entry kinetics reflect the fluid motion of the HIV envelope glycoprotein through at least three major structural configurations that drive virus-cell membrane fusion. The lifetime of each state is an important component of potency for inhibitors that target them. We used the time-of-addition inhibitor assay and a novel analytical strategy to define the kinetics of pre-hairpin exposure (using T20) and co-receptor engagement (via. maraviroc), through a characteristic delay metric, across a variety of naturally occurring HIV Env isolates. Among 257 distinct HIV-1 envelope isolates we found a remarkable breadth of T20 and maraviroc delays ranging from as early as 30 seconds to as late as 60 minutes. The most extreme delays were observed among transmission-linked clade C isolates. We identified four single-residue determinants of late T20 and maraviroc delays that are associated with either receptor engagement or gp41 function. Comparison of these delays with T20 sensitivity suggest co-receptor engagement and fusogenic activity in gp41 act cooperatively but sequentially to drive entry. Our findings support current models of entry where co-receptor engagement drives gp41 eclipse and have strong implications for the design of entry inhibitors and antibodies that target transient entry states. Author Summary The first step of HIV-1 infection is entry, where virus-cell membrane fusion is driven by the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein through a series of conformational changes. Some of the most broadly active entry inhibitors work by binding conformations that exist only transiently during entry. The lifetimes of these states and the kinetics of entry are important elements of inhibitor activity for which little is known. We demonstrate a remarkable range of kinetics among 257 diverse HIV-1 isolates and find that this phenotype is highly flexible, with multiple single-residue determinants. Examination of the kinetics of two conformational landmarks shed light on novel kinetic features that offer new details about the role of co-receptor engagement and provide a framework to explain entry inhibitor synergy.
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Lauver MD, Lukacher AE. JCPyV VP1 Mutations in Progressive MultifocalLeukoencephalopathy: Altering Tropismor Mediating Immune Evasion? Viruses 2020; 12:v12101156. [PMID: 33053912 PMCID: PMC7600905 DOI: 10.3390/v12101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are ubiquitous human pathogens that cause lifelong, asymptomatic infections in healthy individuals. Although these viruses are restrained by an intact immune system, immunocompromised individuals are at risk for developing severe diseases driven by resurgent viral replication. In particular, loss of immune control over JC polyomavirus can lead to the development of the demyelinating brain disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Viral isolates from PML patients frequently carry point mutations in the major capsid protein, VP1, which mediates virion binding to cellular glycan receptors. Because polyomaviruses are non-enveloped, VP1 is also the target of the host's neutralizing antibody response. Thus, VP1 mutations could affect tropism and/or recognition by polyomavirus-specific antibodies. How these mutations predispose susceptible individuals to PML and other JCPyV-associated CNS diseases remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we review the current understanding of polyomavirus capsid mutations and their effects on viral tropism, immune evasion, and virulence.
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Lauver MD, Goetschius DJ, Netherby-Winslow CS, Ayers KN, Jin G, Haas DG, Frost EL, Cho SH, Bator CM, Bywaters SM, Christensen ND, Hafenstein SL, Lukacher AE. Antibody escape by polyomavirus capsid mutation facilitates neurovirulence. eLife 2020; 9:e61056. [PMID: 32940605 PMCID: PMC7541085 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
JCPyV polyomavirus, a member of the human virome, causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an oft-fatal demyelinating brain disease in individuals receiving immunomodulatory therapies. Mutations in the major viral capsid protein, VP1, are common in JCPyV from PML patients (JCPyV-PML) but whether they confer neurovirulence or escape from virus-neutralizing antibody (nAb) in vivo is unknown. A mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) with a sequence-equivalent JCPyV-PML VP1 mutation replicated poorly in the kidney, a major reservoir for JCPyV persistence, but retained the CNS infectivity, cell tropism, and neuropathology of the parental virus. This mutation rendered MuPyV resistant to a monoclonal Ab (mAb), whose specificity overlapped the endogenous anti-VP1 response. Using cryo-EM and a custom sub-particle refinement approach, we resolved an MuPyV:Fab complex map to 3.2 Å resolution. The structure revealed the mechanism of mAb evasion. Our findings demonstrate convergence between nAb evasion and CNS neurovirulence in vivo by a frequent JCPyV-PML VP1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lauver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Daniel J Goetschius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | | | - Katelyn N Ayers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Daniel G Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Elizabeth L Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Sung Hyun Cho
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Carol M Bator
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Stephanie M Bywaters
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Neil D Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Susan L Hafenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Aron E Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
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5
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Exploring the molecular details of the coevolution of HIV-1 Envelope with broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in infected individuals over time provides insights for vaccine design. Since mid-2017, the number of individuals described in such publications has nearly tripled. New publications have extended such studies to new epitopes on Env and provided more detail on previously known sites. RECENT FINDINGS Studies of two donors - one of them an infant, the other with three lineages targeting the same site - has deepened our understanding of V3-glycan-directed lineages. A V2-apex-directed lineage showed remarkable similarity to a lineage from a previously described donor, revealing general principles for this class of bNAbs. Understanding development of CD4 binding site antibodies has been enriched by the study of a VRC01-class lineage. Finally, the membrane-proximal external region is a new addition to the set of epitopes studied in this manner, with early development events explored in a study of three lineages from a single donor. SUMMARY These studies provide templates for immunogen design to elicit bNAbs against a widened set of epitopes, generating new directions in the quest for an HIV vaccine.
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6
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although the goal of preventive HIV vaccine design is primarily the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), recent evidence suggests that a protective response will also benefit from Fc effector functions. Here, we provide an update on the antibody response to HIV infection, including both Fab and Fc-mediated antibody responses. We also highlight recent studies showing the interplay between these functions, focusing primarily on studies published in the last year. RECENT FINDINGS Identification and characterization of bNAb donors continues to provide insights into viral factors that are potentially translatable to vaccine design. Improved and more diverse measures of Fc effector function, and modulators thereof, are enabling a deeper understanding of their role in infection. New data providing mechanistic links between the innate and adaptive humoral immune responses are creating exciting opportunities for vaccine strategies, with the aim of eliciting a polyfunctional protective response. SUMMARY New insights into the overall humoral response to HIV infection are defining diverse and synergistic mechanisms required for antibody protection from HIV through vaccination.
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7
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Alam MM, Kuwata T, Tanaka K, Alam M, Takahama S, Shimura K, Matsuoka M, Fukuda N, Morioka H, Tamamura H, Matsushita S. Synergistic inhibition of cell-to-cell HIV-1 infection by combinations of single chain variable fragments and fusion inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 20:100687. [PMID: 31650039 PMCID: PMC6804516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell spread of HIV permits ongoing viral replication in the presence of antiretroviral therapy and is suggested to be a major contributor to sexual transmission by mucosal routes. Fusion inhibitors that prevent viral entry have been developed, but their clinical applications have been limited by weak antiviral activity, short half-life, and the low genetic barrier to development of resistance. We examined the inhibitory activities of a series of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) targeting the V3 and CD4i epitopes against both cell-free and cell-to-cell HIV infection. We found that all anti-V3 scFvs, including two newly constructed scFvs, showed broad neutralization activity against a panel of subtype B viruses compared with the corresponding IgGs. All scFvs neutralized cell-free infection by HIV-1JR-FL WT and fusion inhibitor-resistant mutants. In addition, all anti-V3 scFvs and some CD4i scFvs significantly inhibited cell fusion, while their IgG counterparts did not. Furthermore, scFvs-fusion inhibitors combinations, such as C34 and SC34, showed synergistic inhibition of cell fusion by both HIV-1JR-FL WT and fusion inhibitor-resistant mutants. The most prominent combinational effect was observed for 916B2 CD4i scFv with SC34. The delayed fusion kinetics of fusion inhibitor-resistant mutants partly explain their synergistic inhibition by such combinations. Our data demonstrate the advantages of using scFvs over their parent IgGs for inhibiting both cell-free and cell-to-cell infection. High synergistic inhibition of cell fusion by using scFvs-fusion inhibitors combinations suggests the possibility of intensification therapy adding this combination to current anti-HIV treatment regimens. Newly constructed anti-V3 scFvs showed broader HIV-1 neutralization activity. HIV-1 cell fusion was inhibited by scFvs better than the corresponding IgGs. Combinations of scFvs with fusion inhibitors synergistically inhibit cell fusion. Combination therapy with scFvs and fusion inhibitors may be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mamun Alam
- Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection Clinical Retrovirology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeo Kuwata
- Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection Clinical Retrovirology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tanaka
- Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection Clinical Retrovirology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Muntasir Alam
- Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection Clinical Retrovirology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shokichi Takahama
- Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection Clinical Retrovirology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Natsuki Fukuda
- Department of Analytical and Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morioka
- Department of Analytical and Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection Clinical Retrovirology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Kinchen VJ, Zahid MN, Flyak AI, Soliman MG, Learn GH, Wang S, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Ray SC, Cox AL, Crowe JE, Bjorkman PJ, Shaw GM, Bailey JR. Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Mediated Clearance of Human Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:717-730.e5. [PMID: 30439341 PMCID: PMC6250073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role that broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) play in natural clearance of human hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we investigate the mechanism by which bNAbs, isolated from two humans who spontaneously cleared HCV infection, contribute to HCV control. Using viral gene sequences amplified from longitudinal plasma of the two subjects, we found that these bNAbs, which target the front layer of the HCV envelope protein E2, neutralized most autologous HCV strains. Acquisition of resistance to bNAbs by some autologous strains was accompanied by progressive loss of E2 protein function, and temporally associated with HCV clearance. These data demonstrate that bNAbs can mediate clearance of human HCV infection by neutralizing infecting strains and driving escaped viruses to an unfit state. These immunopathologic events distinguish HCV from HIV-1 and suggest that development of an HCV vaccine may be achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Kinchen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Muhammad N Zahid
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew I Flyak
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mary G Soliman
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Stuart C Ray
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrea L Cox
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Justin R Bailey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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9
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Ji Y, Han X, Tian W, Gao Y, Jin S, Zhang L, Shang H. V4 region of the HIV-1 envelope gene mediates immune escape and may not promote the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies. Vaccine 2018; 36:7700-7707. [PMID: 30389191 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To date, inducing the production of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 in humans has been unsuccessful. Several studies have explored the coevolution of HIV-1 and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), but little is known about what affects the lack of bnAbs after long-term infection. A better understanding of the coevolution of the virus and nAbs in cases involving no bnAb production will help in the design of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. An individual with acute CRF01_AE HIV-1 infection who lacked bnAbs at just over 2 years post-infection (p.i.) was identified from a cohort of HIV negative men who have sex with men. The coevolution of the viral envelope gene and nAbs was studied over 741 days p.i. Strain-specific antibodies (ss-Abs) to the transmitted/founder (T/F) virus developed within 54 days p.i., but plasma collected at subsequent time points could not neutralize synchronous viruses until 557 days p.i., when the plasma acquired low-level synchronous but not heterologous neutralizing activity. The V4 region of envelope gene mutated firstly and continually evolve up to 2 years p.i. Multiple variations in the V4 region, including substitutions, deletions and glycosylation mutations, were driven by ss-Abs and mediated immune escape partially by impacting the binding of nAbs to the virus. The remarkable variations in the V4 region mediated immune escape from ss-Abs and contributed to the affinity maturation of ss-Abs against the T/F virus but may not promote the development of bnAbs. Thus, the V4 region might not be a good target for an HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangtao Ji
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Wen Tian
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Su Jin
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084,China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084,China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China.
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10
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Abstract
A large array of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV have been isolated and described, particularly in the last decade. This continually expanding array of bnAbs has crucially led to the identification of novel epitopes on the HIV envelope protein via which antibodies can block a broad range of HIV strains. Moreover, these studies have produced high-resolution understanding of these sites of vulnerability on the envelope protein. They have also clarified the mechanisms of action of bnAbs and provided detailed descriptions of B cell ontogenies from which they arise. However, it is still not possible to predict which HIV-infected individuals will go onto develop breath nor is it possible to induce neutralization breadth by immunization in humans. This review aims to discuss the major insights gained so far and also to evaluate the requirement to continue isolating and characterizing new bnAbs. While new epitopes may remain to be uncovered, a clearer probable benefit of further bnAb characterization is a greater understanding of key decision points in bnAb development within the anti-HIV immune response. This in turn may lead to new insights into how to trigger bnAbs by immunization and more clearly define the challenges to using bnAbs as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
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11
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Landais E, Moore PL. Development of broadly neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1 infected elite neutralizers. Retrovirology 2018; 15:61. [PMID: 30185183 PMCID: PMC6125991 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), able to prevent viral entry by diverse global viruses, are a major focus of HIV vaccine design, with data from animal studies confirming their ability to prevent HIV infection. However, traditional vaccine approaches have failed to elicit these types of antibodies. During chronic HIV infection, a subset of individuals develops bNAbs, some of which are extremely broad and potent. This review describes the immunological and virological factors leading to the development of bNAbs in such "elite neutralizers". The features, targets and developmental pathways of bNAbs from their precursors have been defined through extraordinarily detailed within-donor studies. These have enabled the identification of epitope-specific commonalities in bNAb precursors, their intermediates and Env escape patterns, providing a template for vaccine discovery. The unusual features of bNAbs, such as high levels of somatic hypermutation, and precursors with unusually short or long antigen-binding loops, present significant challenges in vaccine design. However, the use of new technologies has led to the isolation of more than 200 bNAbs, including some with genetic profiles more representative of the normal immunoglobulin repertoire, suggesting alternate and shorter pathways to breadth. The insights from these studies have been harnessed for the development of optimized immunogens, novel vaccine regimens and improved delivery schedules, which are providing encouraging data that an HIV vaccine may soon be a realistic possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Landais
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, 10004, USA
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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Subbaraman H, Schanz M, Trkola A. Broadly neutralizing antibodies: What is needed to move from a rare event in HIV-1 infection to vaccine efficacy? Retrovirology 2018; 15:52. [PMID: 30055627 PMCID: PMC6064177 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is considered crucial for an effective, preventive HIV-1 vaccine. Led by the discovery of a new generation of potent bnAbs, the field has significantly advanced over the past decade. There is a wealth of knowledge about the development of bnAbs in natural infection, their specificity, potency, breadth and function. Yet, devising immunogens and vaccination regimens that evoke bnAb responses has not been successful. Where are the roadblocks in their development? What can we learn from natural infection, where bnAb induction is possible but rare? Herein, we will reflect on key discoveries and discuss open questions that may bear crucial insights needed to move towards creating effective bnAb vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Subbaraman
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merle Schanz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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