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Zhang Y, Lu Q. Immune cells in skin inflammation, wound healing, and skin cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:852-865. [PMID: 37718697 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the self-evident importance of cutaneous immunity in the maintenance of body-surface homeostasis, disturbance of the steady-state skin is inextricably intertwined with dysfunction in cutaneous immunity. It is often overlooked by people that skin, well-known as a solid physical barrier, is also a strong immunological barrier, considering the abundant presence of immune cells including lymphocytes, granulocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages. What's more, humoral immune components including cytokines, immunoglobulins, and antimicrobial peptides are also rich in the skin. This review centers on skin inflammation (acute and chronic, infection and aseptic inflammation), wound healing, and skin cancer to elucidate the elaborate network of immune cells in skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jiangwangmiao Street No. 12, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210042, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jiangwangmiao Street No. 12, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210042, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jiangwangmiao Street No. 12, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210042, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jiangwangmiao Street No. 12, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210042, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
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2
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Dobrzyńska M, Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Radziwon P, Pancewicz S, Gęgotek A, Skrzydlewska E. Tick-borne encephalitis virus transmitted singly and in duo with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum bacteria by ticks as pathogens modifying lipid metabolism in human blood. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:28. [PMID: 38438941 PMCID: PMC10910801 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks are vectors of various pathogens, including tick-borne encephalitis virus causing TBE and bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum causing e.g. viral-bacterial co-infections (TBE + LB/HGA), which pose diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Since these infections are usually accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress causing metabolic modifications, including phospholipids, the aim of the study was to assess the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolism (ROS- and enzyme-dependent) products in the blood plasma of patients with TBE and TBE + LB/HGA before and after pharmacotherapy. METHODS The total antioxidant status was determined using 2,20-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid. The phospholipid and free fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by measuring small molecular weight reactive aldehyde, malondialdehyde and neuroprostanes. The reactive aldehyde was determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The activity of enzymes was examined spectrophotometrically. An analysis of endocannabinoids and eicosanoids was performed using a Shimadzu UPLC system coupled with an electrospray ionization source to a Shimadzu 8060 Triple Quadrupole system. Receptor expression was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The reduced antioxidant status as a result of infection was accompanied by a decrease in the level of phospholipid arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in TBE, an increase in DHA in co-infection and in free DHA in TBE with an increase in the level of lipid peroxidation products. The enhanced activity of enzymes metabolizing phospholipids and free PUFAs increased the level of endocannabinoids and eicosanoids, while decreased 15-PGJ2 and PGE2 was accompanied by activation of granulocyte receptors before pharmacotherapy and only tending to normalize after treatment. CONCLUSION Since classical pharmacotherapy does not prevent disorders of phospholipid metabolism, the need to support treatment with antioxidants may be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dobrzyńska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Radziwon
- Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 23, 15-950, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gęgotek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland
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3
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Pan N, Xiu L, Xu Y, Bao X, Liang Y, Zhang H, Liu B, Feng Y, Guo H, Wu J, Li H, Ma C, Sheng S, Wang T, Wang X. Mammary γδ T cells promote IL-17A-mediated immunity against Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in a microbiota-dependent manner. iScience 2023; 26:108453. [PMID: 38034361 PMCID: PMC10687336 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, a common disease for female during lactation period that could cause a health risk for human or huge economic losses for animals, is mainly caused by S. aureus invasion. Here, we found that neutrophil recruitment via IL-17A-mediated signaling was required for host defense against S. aureus-induced mastitis in a mouse model. The rapid accumulation and activation of Vγ4+ γδ T cells in the early stage of infection triggered the IL-17A-mediated immune response. Interestingly, the accumulation and influence of γδT17 cells in host defense against S. aureus-induced mastitis in a commensal microbiota-dependent manner. Overall, this study, focusing on γδT17 cells, clarified innate immune response mechanisms against S. aureus-induced mastitis, and provided a specific response to target for future immunotherapies. Meanwhile, a link between commensal microbiota community and host defense to S. aureus mammary gland infection may unveil potential therapeutic strategies to combat these intractable infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Lei Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Xuemei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Yanchen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Haochi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Bohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Yuanyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Huibo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Haotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Shouxin Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
- Hohhot Inspection and Testing Center, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
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4
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Yan J, Zhu J, Li X, Yang R, Xiao W, Huang C, Zheng C. Blocking LTB 4 signaling-mediated TAMs recruitment by Rhizoma Coptidis sensitizes lung cancer to immunotherapy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 119:154968. [PMID: 37531900 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) induces durable immune responses across a spectrum of advanced cancers and revolutionizes the oncology field. However, only a subset of patients achieves long-lasting clinical benefits. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) usually secrete immunosuppressive cytokines and contribute to the failure of ICB therapy. Therefore, it is crucial to mechanically manipulate the abundance and function of TAMs in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which can offer a promising molecular basis to improve the clinical response efficacy of ICB in cancer patients. PURPOSE This study aims to investigate TAMs in the immunosuppressive microenvironment to identify new therapeutic targets, improve the ability to predict and guide responses to clinical immunotherapy, and develop new strategies for immunotherapy of lung tumors. METHODS Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) xenograft-bearing mouse models were established to analyze the antitumor activity of Rhizoma Coptidis (RC) in vivo. A systems pharmacology strategy was used to predict the correlation between RC and M2 macrophages. The effect of RC on the abundance of M2 macrophages was analyzed by flow cytometry of murine samples. Western blot was performed to analyze the expression of Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) and LTB4 receptor 1 (BLT1) in harvested lung cancer tissues. The impact of blocking leukotriene B4 (LTB4) signaling by RC on the recruitment of M2 macrophages was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Transwell migration assays were conducted to clarify the inhibition of macrophage migration by blocking LTB4. Lta4h-/- mice were used to investigate the sensitivity of immunotherapy to lung cancer by blocking the LTB4 signaling. RESULTS Here, we report that RC, an herbal medicine from the family Ranunculaceae, suppresses the recruitment and immunosuppressive function of TAMs, which in turn sensitizes lung cancer to ICB therapy. Firstly, a systems pharmacology strategy was proposed to identify combinatorial drugs for ICB therapy with a systems biology perspective of drug-target-pathway-TME phenotype. We predicted and verified that RC significantly inhibits tumor growth and the infiltration of M2-TAMs into TME of LLC tumor-bearing mice. Then, RC inhibits the recruitment of macrophages to the tumor TME via blocking LTB4 signaling, and suppresses the expression of immunosuppressive factors (IL-10, TGF-β and VEGF). As a result, RC enables CD8+ T cells to retain their proliferative and infiltrative abilities within the TME. Ultimately, these events promote cytotoxic T-cell-mediated clearance of tumor cells, which is further enhanced by the addition of anti-PD-L1 therapy. Furthermore, we employed LTA4H deficient mice (Lta4h-/- mice) to evaluate the antitumor efficiency, the results showed that the efficacy of immunotherapy was enhanced due to the synergistic effect of LTB4 signaling blockage and ICB inhibition, leading to remarkable inhibition of tumor growth in a mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that RC enhances antitumor immunity, providing a rationale for combining RC with immunotherapies as a potential anti-cancer treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangna Yan
- College of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, PR China
| | - Jinglin Zhu
- College of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, PR China
| | - Ruijie Yang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Parmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Chao Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Chunli Zheng
- College of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, PR China.
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5
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Feng DD, Chen JH, Chen YF, Cao Q, Li BJ, Chen XQ, Jin R, Zhou GP. MALAT1 binds to miR-188-3p to regulate ALOX5 activity in the lung inflammatory response of neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Mol Immunol 2023; 160:67-79. [PMID: 37385102 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) causes high morbidity and mortality in infants, but no effective preventive or therapeutic agents have been developed to combat BPD. In this study, we assessed the expression of MALAT1 and ALOX5 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from BPD neonates, hyperoxia-induced rat models and lung epithelial cell lines. Interestingly, we found upregulated expression of MALAT1 and ALOX5 in the experimental groups, along with upregulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines. According to bioinformatics prediction, MALAT1 and ALOX5 simultaneously bind to miR-188-3p, which was downregulated in the experimental groups above. Silencing MALAT1 or ALOX5 and overexpressing miR-188-3p inhibited apoptosis and promoted the proliferation of hyperoxia-treated A549 cells. Suppressing MALAT1 or overexpressing miR-188-3p increased the expression levels of miR-188-3p but decreased the expression levels of ALOX5. Moreover, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and luciferase assays showed that MALAT1 directly targeted miR-188-3p to regulate ALOX5 expression in BPD neonates. Collectively, our study demonstrates that MALAT1 regulates ALOX5 expression by binding to miR-188-3p, providing novel insights into potential therapeutics for BPD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jia-He Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yu-Fei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Yancheng Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Bing-Jie Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Rui Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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6
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Butrico CE, Klopfenstein N, Green ER, Johnson JR, Peck SH, Ibberson CB, Serezani CH, Cassat JE. Hyperglycemia Increases Severity of Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis and Influences Bacterial Genes Required for Survival in Bone. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0052922. [PMID: 36877063 PMCID: PMC10112148 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00529-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, or elevated blood glucose, renders individuals more prone to developing severe Staphylococcus aureus infections. S. aureus is the most common etiological agent of musculoskeletal infection, which is a common manifestation of disease in hyperglycemic patients. However, the mechanisms by which S. aureus causes severe musculoskeletal infection during hyperglycemia are incompletely characterized. To examine the influence of hyperglycemia on S. aureus virulence during invasive infection, we used a murine model of osteomyelitis and induced hyperglycemia with streptozotocin. We discovered that hyperglycemic mice exhibited increased bacterial burdens in bone and enhanced dissemination compared to control mice. Furthermore, infected hyperglycemic mice sustained increased bone destruction relative to euglycemic controls, suggesting that hyperglycemia exacerbates infection-associated bone loss. To identify genes contributing to S. aureus pathogenesis during osteomyelitis in hyperglycemic animals relative to euglycemic controls, we used transposon sequencing (TnSeq). We identified 71 genes uniquely essential for S. aureus survival in osteomyelitis in hyperglycemic mice and another 61 mutants with compromised fitness. Among the genes essential for S. aureus survival in hyperglycemic mice was the gene encoding superoxide dismutase A (sodA), one of two S. aureus superoxide dismutases involved in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS). We determined that a sodA mutant exhibits attenuated survival in vitro in high glucose and in vivo during osteomyelitis in hyperglycemic mice. SodA therefore plays an important role during growth in high glucose and promotes S. aureus survival in bone. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that hyperglycemia increases the severity of osteomyelitis and identify genes contributing to S. aureus survival during hyperglycemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey E. Butrico
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nathan Klopfenstein
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Erin R. Green
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua R. Johnson
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sun H. Peck
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carolyn B. Ibberson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - C. Henrique Serezani
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (VI4), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James E. Cassat
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (VI4), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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7
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Serezani CH, Divangahi M, Peters-Golden M. Leukotrienes in Innate Immunity: Still Underappreciated after All These Years? JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:221-227. [PMID: 36649580 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators derived from the 5-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonate metabolism. Though best known for their role in asthma, they have broad actions that touch on virtually every aspect of mammalian biology. In a Brief Review published in the journal in 2005, we presented the existing evidence supporting a role for LTs in host defense. In this updated Brief Review, we focus on selected advances since then. We detail new insights into mechanisms and regulation of LT biosynthesis; the protective roles of LTs in the host response to diverse classes of pathogens, with an emphasis on viruses, including SARS-CoV-2; the phagocyte signal transduction mechanisms by which LTs exert their antimicrobial actions; the capacity for overexuberant LT production to promote tissue damage; and roles of LTs in the noninfectious immune-relevant conditions neuroinflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Henrique Serezani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI; and
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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8
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Kratofil RM, Shim HB, Shim R, Lee WY, Labit E, Sinha S, Keenan CM, Surewaard BGJ, Noh JY, Sun Y, Sharkey KA, Mack M, Biernaskie J, Deniset JF, Kubes P. A monocyte-leptin-angiogenesis pathway critical for repair post-infection. Nature 2022; 609:166-173. [PMID: 35948634 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During infection, inflammatory monocytes are thought to be key for bacterial eradication, but this is hard to reconcile with the large numbers of neutrophils that are recruited for each monocyte that migrates to the afflicted tissue, and the much more robust microbicidal functions of the neutrophils. However, unlike neutrophils, monocytes have the capacity to convert to situationally specific macrophages that may have critical functions beyond infection control1,2. Here, using a foreign body coated with Staphylococcus aureus and imaging over time from cutaneous infection to wound resolution, we show that monocytes and neutrophils are recruited in similar numbers with low-dose infection but not with high-dose infection, and form a localization pattern in which monocytes surround the infection site, whereas neutrophils infiltrate it. Monocytes did not contribute to bacterial clearance but converted to macrophages that persisted for weeks after infection, regulating hypodermal adipocyte expansion and production of the adipokine hormone leptin. In infected monocyte-deficient mice there was increased persistent hypodermis thickening and an elevated leptin level, which drove overgrowth of dysfunctional blood vasculature and delayed healing, with a thickened scar. Ghrelin, which opposes leptin function3, was produced locally by monocytes, and reduced vascular overgrowth and improved healing post-infection. In sum, we find that monocytes function as a cellular rheostat by regulating leptin levels and revascularization during wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Kratofil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hanjoo B Shim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raymond Shim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Woo Yong Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elodie Labit
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarthak Sinha
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine M Keenan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bas G J Surewaard
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ji Yeon Noh
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin F Deniset
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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9
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Miek L, Jordan PM, Günther K, Pace S, Beyer T, Kowalak D, Hoerr V, Löffler B, Tuchscherr L, Serhan CN, Gerstmeier J, Werz O. Staphylococcus aureus controls eicosanoid and specialized pro-resolving mediator production via lipoteichoic acid. Immunology 2022; 166:47-67. [PMID: 35143048 PMCID: PMC9426618 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes severe infections associated with inflammation, such as sepsis or osteomyelitis. Inflammatory processes are regulated by distinct lipid mediators (LMs) but how their biosynthetic pathways are orchestrated in S. aureus infections is elusive. We show that S. aureus strikingly not only modulates pro-inflammatory, but also inflammation-resolving LM pathways in murine osteomyelitis and osteoclasts as well as in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) with different phenotype. Targeted LM metabololipidomics using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed massive generation of LM with distinct LM signature profiles in acute and chronic phases of S. aureus-induced murine osteomyelitis in vivo. In human MDM, S. aureus elevated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1), but impaired the levels of 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1), with respective changes in LM signature profiles initiated by these enzymes, that is, elevated PGE2 and impaired specialized pro-resolving mediators, along with reduced M2-like phenotypic macrophage markers. The cell wall component, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), mimicked the impact of S. aureus elevating COX-2/mPGES-1 expression via NF-κB and p38 MAPK signalling in MDM, while the impairment of 15-LOX-1 correlates with reduced expression of Lamtor1. In conclusion, S. aureus dictates LM pathways via LTA resulting in a shift from anti-inflammatory M2-like towards pro-inflammatory M1-like LM signature profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miek
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Kerstin Günther
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Timo Beyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - David Kowalak
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Verena Hoerr
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyJena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyJena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyJena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Charles N. Serhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCenter for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion InjuryBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
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10
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Lentini G, De Gaetano GV, Famà A, Galbo R, Coppolino F, Mancuso G, Teti G, Beninati C. Neutrophils discriminate live from dead bacteria by integrating signals initiated by Fprs and TLRs. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109386. [PMID: 35112724 PMCID: PMC8886525 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby neutrophils respond differentially to live and dead organisms are unknown. We show here that neutrophils produce 5- to 30-fold higher levels of the Cxcl2 chemokine in response to live bacteria, compared with killed bacteria or isolated bacterial components, despite producing similar levels of Cxcl1 or pro-inflammatory cytokines. Secretion of high levels of Cxcl2, which potently activates neutrophils by an autocrine mechanism, requires three signals. The first two signals are provided by two different sets of signal peptides released by live bacteria, which selectively activate formylated peptide receptor 1 (Fpr1) and Fpr2, respectively. Signal 3 originates from Toll-like receptor activation by microbial components present in both live and killed bacteria. Mechanistically, these signaling pathways converge at the level of the p38 MAP kinase, leading to activation of the AP-1 transcription factor and to Cxcl2 induction. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the simultaneous presence of agonists for Fpr1, Fpr2, and Toll-like receptors represents a unique signature associated with viable bacteria, which is sensed by neutrophils and induces Cxcl2-dependent autocrine cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Lentini
- Department of Human PathologyUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | | | - Agata Famà
- Department of Human PathologyUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Roberta Galbo
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Francesco Coppolino
- Department of BiomedicalDental, Morphological and Functional Imaging SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | | | | | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human PathologyUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly,Scylla Biotech SrlMessinaItaly
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11
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Monteith AJ, Miller JM, Maxwell CN, Chazin WJ, Skaar EP. Neutrophil extracellular traps enhance macrophage killing of bacterial pathogens. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj2101. [PMID: 34516771 PMCID: PMC8442908 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils and macrophages are critical to the innate immune response, but cooperative mechanisms used by these cells to combat extracellular pathogens are not well understood. This study reveals that S100A9-deficient neutrophils produce higher levels of mitochondrial superoxide in response to Staphylococcus aureus and, as a result, form neutrophil extracellular traps (suicidal NETosis). Increased suicidal NETosis does not improve neutrophil killing of S. aureus in isolation but augments macrophage killing. NET formation enhances antibacterial activity by increasing phagocytosis by macrophages and by transferring neutrophil-specific antimicrobial peptides to them. Similar results were observed in response to other phylogenetically distinct bacterial pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, implicating this as an immune defense mechanism that broadly enhances antibacterial activity. These results demonstrate that achieving maximal bactericidal activity through NET formation requires macrophages and that accelerated and more robust suicidal NETosis makes neutrophils adept at increasing antibacterial activity, especially when A9 deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Monteith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeanette M. Miller
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C. Noel Maxwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Walter J. Chazin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P. Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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12
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Skaar EP. Imaging Infection Across Scales of Size: From Whole Animals to Single Molecules. Annu Rev Microbiol 2021; 75:407-426. [PMID: 34343016 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041521-121457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, and the threat of infectious diseases to human health is steadily increasing as new diseases emerge, existing diseases reemerge, and antimicrobial resistance expands. The application of imaging technology to the study of infection biology has the potential to uncover new factors that are critical to the outcome of host-pathogen interactions and to lead to innovations in diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. This article reviews current and future opportunities for the application of imaging to the study of infectious diseases, with a particular focus on the power of imaging objects across a broad range of sizes to expand the utility of these approaches. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Skaar
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA;
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13
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Mehrpouya-Bahrami P, Moriarty AK, De Melo P, Keeter WC, Alakhras NS, Nelson AS, Hoover M, Barrios MS, Nadler JL, Serezani CH, Kaplan MH, Galkina EV. STAT4 is expressed in neutrophils and promotes antimicrobial immunity. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e141326. [PMID: 34138758 PMCID: PMC8410094 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is expressed in hematopoietic cells and plays a key role in the differentiation of T helper 1 cells. Although STAT4 is required for immunity to intracellular pathogens, the T cell-independent protective mechanisms of STAT4 are not clearly defined. In this report, we demonstrate that STAT4-deficient mice were acutely sensitive to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. We show that STAT4 was expressed in neutrophils and activated by IL-12 via a JAK2-dependent pathway. We demonstrate that STAT4 was required for multiple neutrophil functions, including IL-12-induced ROS production, chemotaxis, and production of the neutrophil extracellular traps. Importantly, myeloid-specific and neutrophil-specific deletion of STAT4 resulted in enhanced susceptibility to MRSA, demonstrating the key role of STAT4 in the in vivo function of these cells. Thus, these studies identify STAT4 as an essential regulator of neutrophil functions and a component of innate immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Mehrpouya-Bahrami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and,Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Alina K. Moriarty
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Paulo De Melo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - W. Coles Keeter
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Nada S. Alakhras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrew S. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and,Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Madeline Hoover
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Maria S. Barrios
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jerry L. Nadler
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - C. Henrique Serezani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and,Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Elena V. Galkina
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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14
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Roles of Eicosanoids in Regulating Inflammation and Neutrophil Migration as an Innate Host Response to Bacterial Infections. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0009521. [PMID: 34031130 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00095-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids are lipid-based signaling molecules that play a unique role in innate immune responses. The multiple types of eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs), allow the innate immune cells to respond rapidly to bacterial invaders. Bacterial pathogens alter cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostaglandins (PGs) in macrophages, such as PGE2 15d-PGJ2, and lipoxygenase (LOX)-derived leukotriene LTB4, which has chemotactic functions. The PG synthesis and secretion are regulated by substrate availability of arachidonic acid and by the COX-2 enzyme, and the expression of this protein is regulated at multiple levels, both transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally. Bacterial pathogens use virulence strategies such as type three secretion systems (T3SSs) to deliver virulence factors altering the expression of eicosanoid-specific biosynthetic enzymes, thereby modulating the host response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Recent advances have identified a novel role of eicosanoids in inflammasome activation during intracellular infection with bacterial pathogens. Specifically, PGE2 was found to enhance inflammasome activation, driving the formation of pore-induced intracellular traps (PITs), thus trapping bacteria from escaping the dying cell. Finally, eicosanoids and IL-1β released from macrophages are implicated in the efferocytosis of neighboring neutrophils. Neutrophils play an essential role in phagocytosing and degrading PITs and associated bacteria to restore homeostasis. This review focuses on the novel functions of host-derived eicosanoids in the host-pathogen interactions.
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15
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Chinnappan M, Harris-Tryon TA. Novel mechanisms of microbial crosstalk with skin innate immunity. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1484-1495. [PMID: 34252227 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin is an organ with a dynamic ecosystem that harbours pathogenic and commensal microbes, which constantly communicate amongst each other and with the host immune system. Evolutionarily, skin and its microbiota have evolved to remain in homeostasis. However, frequently this homeostatic relationship is disturbed by a variety of factors such as environmental stress, diet, genetic mutations, and the microbiome itself. Commensal microbes also play a major role in the maintenance of microbial homeostasis. In addition to their ability to limit pathogens, many skin commensals such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes have recently been implicated in disease pathogenesis either by directly modulating the host immune components or by supporting the expansion of other pathogenic microbes. Likewise, opportunistic skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus lugdunensis are able to breach the skin and cause disease. Though much has been established about the microbiota's function in skin immunity, we are in a time where newer mechanistic insights rapidly redefine our understanding of the host/microbial interface in the skin. In this review, we provide a concise summary of recent advances in our understanding of the interplay between host defense strategies and the skin microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendran Chinnappan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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16
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Versey Z, da Cruz Nizer WS, Russell E, Zigic S, DeZeeuw KG, Marek JE, Overhage J, Cassol E. Biofilm-Innate Immune Interface: Contribution to Chronic Wound Formation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648554. [PMID: 33897696 PMCID: PMC8062706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed wound healing can cause significant issues for immobile and ageing individuals as well as those living with co-morbid conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. These delays increase a patient’s risk for infection and, in severe cases, can result in the formation of chronic, non-healing ulcers (e.g., diabetic foot ulcers, surgical site infections, pressure ulcers and venous leg ulcers). Chronic wounds are very difficult and expensive to treat and there is an urgent need to develop more effective therapeutics that restore healing processes. Sustained innate immune activation and inflammation are common features observed across most chronic wound types. However, the factors driving this activation remain incompletely understood. Emerging evidence suggests that the composition and structure of the wound microbiome may play a central role in driving this dysregulated activation but the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes require further investigation. In this review, we will discuss the current literature on: 1) how bacterial populations and biofilms contribute to chronic wound formation, 2) the role of bacteria and biofilms in driving dysfunctional innate immune responses in chronic wounds, and 3) therapeutics currently available (or underdevelopment) that target bacteria-innate immune interactions to improve healing. We will also discuss potential issues in studying the complexity of immune-biofilm interactions in chronic wounds and explore future areas of investigation for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Versey
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Emily Russell
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra Zigic
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Katrina G DeZeeuw
- Department of Complex Continuing Care, Saint Vincent Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jonah E Marek
- Department of Complex Continuing Care, Saint Vincent Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Joerg Overhage
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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17
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Klopfenstein N, Brandt SL, Castellanos S, Gunzer M, Blackman A, Serezani CH. SOCS-1 inhibition of type I interferon restrains Staphylococcus aureus skin host defense. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009387. [PMID: 33690673 PMCID: PMC7984627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin innate immune response to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) culminates in the formation of an abscess to prevent bacterial spread and tissue damage. Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) dictate the balance between microbial control and injury. Therefore, intracellular brakes are of fundamental importance to tune the appropriate host defense while inducing resolution. The intracellular inhibitor suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1), a known JAK/STAT inhibitor, prevents the expression and actions of PRR adaptors and downstream effectors. Whether SOCS-1 is a molecular component of skin host defense remains to be determined. We hypothesized that SOCS-1 decreases type I interferon production and IFNAR-mediated antimicrobial effector functions, limiting the inflammatory response during skin infection. Our data show that MRSA skin infection enhances SOCS-1 expression, and both SOCS-1 inhibitor peptide-treated and myeloid-specific SOCS-1 deficient mice display decreased lesion size, bacterial loads, and increased abscess thickness when compared to wild-type mice treated with the scrambled peptide control. SOCS-1 deletion/inhibition increases phagocytosis and bacterial killing, dependent on nitric oxide release. SOCS-1 inhibition also increases the levels of type I and type II interferon levels in vivo. IFNAR deletion and antibody blockage abolished the beneficial effects of SOCS-1 inhibition in vivo. Notably, we unveiled that hyperglycemia triggers aberrant SOCS-1 expression that correlates with decreased overall IFN signatures in the infected skin. SOCS-1 inhibition restores skin host defense in the highly susceptible hyperglycemic mice. Overall, these data demonstrate a role for SOCS-1-mediated type I interferon actions in host defense and inflammation during MRSA skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Klopfenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L Brandt
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sydney Castellanos
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse Essen, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS -e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Amondrea Blackman
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - C Henrique Serezani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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18
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Salina ACG, Brandt SL, Klopfenstein N, Blackman A, Bazzano JMR, Sá-Nunes A, Byers-Glosson N, Brodskyn C, Tavares NM, Da Silva IBS, Medeiros AI, Serezani CH. Leukotriene B 4 licenses inflammasome activation to enhance skin host defense. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30619-30627. [PMID: 33184178 PMCID: PMC7720147 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002732117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial production of inflammatory mediators dictates host defense as well as tissue injury. Inflammasome activation is a constituent of the inflammatory response by recognizing pathogen and host-derived products and eliciting the production of IL-1β and IL-18 in addition to inducing a type of inflammatory cell death termed "pyroptosis." Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a lipid mediator produced quickly (seconds to minutes) by phagocytes and induces chemotaxis, increases cytokine/chemokine production, and enhances antimicrobial effector functions. Whether LTB4 directly activates the inflammasome remains to be determined. Our data show that endogenously produced LTB4 is required for the expression of pro-IL-1β and enhances inflammasome assembly in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, LTB4-mediated Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) activation is required for inflammasome assembly in vivo as well for IL-1β-enhanced skin host defense. Together, these data unveil a new role for LTB4 in enhancing the expression and assembly of inflammasome components and suggest that while blocking LTB4 actions could be a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent inflammasome-mediated diseases, exogenous LTB4 can be used as an adjuvant to boost inflammasome-dependent host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Guerta Salina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Stephanie L Brandt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3082
| | - Nathan Klopfenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Amondrea Blackman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | | | - Anderson Sá-Nunes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Nicole Byers-Glosson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3082
| | - Claudia Brodskyn
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexandra I Medeiros
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil
| | - C Henrique Serezani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232;
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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19
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He R, Chen Y, Cai Q. The role of the LTB4-BLT1 axis in health and disease. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104857. [PMID: 32439596 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a major type of lipid mediator that is rapidly generated from arachidonic acid through sequential action of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) and LTA4 hydrolase (LTA4H) in response to various stimuli. LTB4 is well known to be a chemoattractant for leukocytes, particularly neutrophils, via interaction with its high-affinity receptor BLT1. Extensive attention has been paid to the role of the LTB4-BLT1 axis in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as infectious diseases, allergy, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic disease via mediating recruitment and/or activation of different types of inflammatory cells depending on different stages or the nature of inflammatory response. Recent studies also demonstrated that LTB4 acts on non-immune cells via BLT1 to initiate and/or amplify pathological inflammation in various tissues. In addition, emerging evidence reveals a complex role of the LTB4-BLT1 axis in cancer, either tumor-inhibitory or tumor-promoting, depending on the different target cells. In this review, we summarize both established understanding and the most recent progress in our knowledge about the LTB4-BLT1 axis in host defense, inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Cai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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20
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Redundant and Cooperative Roles for Yersinia pestis Yop Effectors in the Inhibition of Human Neutrophil Exocytic Responses Revealed by Gain-of-Function Approach. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00909-19. [PMID: 31871100 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00909-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis causes a rapid, lethal disease referred to as plague. Y. pestis actively inhibits the innate immune system to generate a noninflammatory environment during early stages of infection to promote colonization. The ability of Y. pestis to create this early noninflammatory environment is in part due to the action of seven Yop effector proteins that are directly injected into host cells via a type 3 secretion system (T3SS). While each Yop effector interacts with specific host proteins to inhibit their function, several Yop effectors either target the same host protein or inhibit converging signaling pathways, leading to functional redundancy. Previous work established that Y. pestis uses the T3SS to inhibit neutrophil respiratory burst, phagocytosis, and release of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we show that Y. pestis also inhibits release of granules in a T3SS-dependent manner. Moreover, using a gain-of-function approach, we discovered previously hidden contributions of YpkA and YopJ to inhibition and that cooperative actions by multiple Yop effectors are required to effectively inhibit degranulation. Independent from degranulation, we also show that multiple Yop effectors can inhibit synthesis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent lipid mediator released by neutrophils early during infection to promote inflammation. Together, inhibition of these two arms of the neutrophil response likely contributes to the noninflammatory environment needed for Y. pestis colonization and proliferation.
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21
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Archer NK, Wang Y, Ortines RV, Liu H, Nolan SJ, Liu Q, Alphonse MP, Dikeman DA, Mazhar M, Miller RJ, Anderson LS, Francis KP, Simon SI, Miller LS. Preclinical Models and Methodologies for Monitoring Staphylococcus aureus Infections Using Noninvasive Optical Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2069:197-228. [PMID: 31523776 PMCID: PMC7745539 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9849-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In vivo whole-animal optical (bioluminescence and fluorescence) imaging of Staphylococcus aureus infections has provided the opportunity to noninvasively and longitudinally monitor the dynamics of the bacterial burden and ensuing host immune responses in live anesthetized animals. Herein, we describe several different mouse models of S. aureus skin infection, skin inflammation, incisional/excisional wound infections, as well as mouse and rabbit models of orthopedic implant infection, which utilized this imaging technology. These animal models and imaging methodologies provide insights into the pathogenesis of these infections and innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as the preclinical evaluation of diagnostic and treatment modalities. Noninvasive approaches to investigate host-pathogen interactions are extremely important as virulent community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains (CA-MRSA) are spreading through the normal human population, becoming more antibiotic resistant and creating a serious threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger V Ortines
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabrina J Nolan
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin P Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dustin A Dikeman
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Momina Mazhar
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leif S Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Lentini G, Famà A, Biondo C, Mohammadi N, Galbo R, Mancuso G, Iannello D, Zummo S, Giardina M, De Gaetano GV, Teti G, Beninati C, Midiri A. Neutrophils Enhance Their Own Influx to Sites of Bacterial Infection via Endosomal TLR-Dependent Cxcl2 Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:660-670. [PMID: 31852751 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The influx of neutrophils to infection sites is a fundamental step in host defenses against the frequent human pathogen group B Streptococcus (GBS) and other extracellular bacteria. Using a mouse model of GBS-induced peritonitis, we show in this study that the chemokines Cxcl1 and Cxcl2 play distinctive roles in enhancing the recruitment and the antibacterial activities of neutrophils in a manner that is linked to differences in the cellular sources of these mediators. Cell depletion experiments demonstrated that neutrophils make a significant contribution to the in vivo production of Cxcl2 but not Cxcl1. In vitro, neutrophils responded weakly to LPS but released high levels of Cxcl2 after stimulation with GBS or other bacteria. Neutrophil-derived Cxcl2 acted in an autocrinous manner to increase its own production and to enhance antibacterial activities, including the release of oxygen radicals. In both neutrophils and macrophages, the production of Cxcl1/2 largely required the presence of functional UNC93B1, a chaperone protein involved in signaling by endosomal TLRs. Moreover, the phenotype of UNC93B1-defective phagocytes could be recapitulated by the simultaneous absence of TLR7, 9, and 13 but not by the absence of individual TLRs. Collectively, our data show that neutrophils recognize Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by means of multiple phagosomal TLRs, resulting in de novo synthesis of Cxcl2, amplification of neutrophil recruitment, and potentiation of their antibacterial activities. These data may be useful to devise alternative therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing the recruitment and the functional activities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes during infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Lentini
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Agata Famà
- Charybdis Vaccines Srl, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Biondo
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Nastaran Mohammadi
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Galbo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; and
| | - Giuseppe Mancuso
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Iannello
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiana Zummo
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Miriam Giardina
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.,Scylla Biotech SRL, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelina Midiri
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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Handschuh J, Amore J, Müller AJ. From the Cradle to the Grave of an Infection: Host-Pathogen Interaction Visualized by Intravital Microscopy. Cytometry A 2019; 97:458-470. [PMID: 31777152 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During infections, interactions between host immune cells and the pathogen occur in distinct anatomical locations and along defined time scales. This can best be assessed in the physiological context of an infection in the living tissue. Consequently, intravital imaging has enabled us to dissect the critical phases and events throughout an infection in real time in living tissues. Specifically, advances in visualizing specific cell types and individual pathogens permitted tracking the early events of tissue invasion of the pathogen, cellular interactions involved in the induction of the immune response as well the events implicated in clearance of the infection. In this respect, two vantage points have evolved since the initial employment of this technique in the field of infection biology. On the one hand, strategies acquired by the pathogen to establish within the host and circumvent or evade the immune defenses have been elucidated. On the other hand, analyzing infections from the immune system's perspective has led to insights into the dynamic cellular interactions that are involved in the initial recognition of the pathogen, immune induction as well as effector function delivery and immunopathology. Furthermore, an increasing interest in probing functional parameters in vivo has emerged, such as the analysis of pathogen reactivity to stress conditions imposed by the host organism in order to mediate clearance upon pathogen encounter. Here, we give an overview on recent intravital microscopy findings of host-pathogen interactions along the course of an infection, from both the immune system's and pathogen's perspectives. We also discuss recent developments and future perspectives in extracting intravital information beyond the localization of pathogens and their interaction with immune cells. Such reporter systems on the pathogen's physiological state and immune cell functions may prove useful in dissecting the functional dynamics of host-pathogen interactions. © 2019 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Handschuh
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Amore
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas J Müller
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Intravital Microscopy of Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
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