1
|
Chiang YR, Lin HT, Chang CW, Lin SM, Lin JHY. Dynamic expression of cathepsin L in the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) gut during Escherichia coli challenge. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298338. [PMID: 38451906 PMCID: PMC10919656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has the potential to serve as a valuable resource for waste bioconversion due to the ability of the larvae to thrive in a microbial-rich environment. Being an ecological decomposer, the survival of BSF larvae (BSFL) relies on developing an efficient defense system. Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a cysteine protease that plays roles in physiological and pathological processes. In this study, the full-length of CTSL was obtained from BSF. The 1,020-bp open reading frame encoded a preprotein of 339 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 32 kDa. The pro-domain contained the conserved ERFNIN, GNYD, and GCNGG motifs, which are all characteristic of CTSL. Homology revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of BSF CTSL shared 74.22-72.99% identity with Diptera flies. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis showed the CTSL was predominantly localized in the gut, especially in the midgut. The mRNA expression of CTSL in different larval stages was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), which revealed that CTSL was expressed in the second to sixth instar, with the highest expression in the fifth instar. Following an immune challenge in vivo using Escherichia coli (E. coli), CTSL mRNA was significantly up-regulated at 6 h post-stimulation. The Z-Phe-Arg-AMC was gradually cleaved by the BSFL extract after 3 h post-stimulation. These results shed light on the potential role of CTSL in the defense mechanism that helps BSFL to survive against pathogens in a microbial-rich environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ru Chiang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Tso Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wei Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - John Han-You Lin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chiang YR, Wang LC, Lin HT, Lin JHY. Bioactivity of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) cathepsin L: Proteolysis of bacteria and regulation of the innate immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:399-408. [PMID: 35176469 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a cysteine endopeptidase involved in protein degradation mainly in lysosomes. Following activation in an acidic environment, it plays a key role in a variety of physiological, immunological, and pathological processes. The biological function of CTSL in teleost remains unclear. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CTSL was expressed mainly in lymphoid organs, head kidney, trunk kidney, and liver, which particularly was expressed in leukocyte-like cells. We performed two forms of recombinant CTSL (rCTSL and rTCTSL) derived from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) to elucidate the role of CTSL in teleost innate immunity, based on differences in immune-related gene expression. We determined that rCTSL has a proteolytic function whereas rTCTSL does not. Under CTSL activation, we observed increases in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IFNγ, CCL-1, CCL-3, epinecidin-1, lysozyme, and IgM. The bacteriolytic activity of rCTSL was more pronounced against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. Our findings indicate CTSL plays multiple roles in the reactions of innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ru Chiang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Chiann Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Tso Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - John Han-You Lin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sankpal NV, Brown TC, Fleming TP, Herndon JM, Amaravati AA, Loynd AN, Gillanders WE. Cancer-associated mutations reveal a novel role for EpCAM as an inhibitor of cathepsin-L and tumor cell invasion. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:541. [PMID: 33980181 PMCID: PMC8114703 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background EpCAM (Epithelial cell adhesion molecule) is often dysregulated in epithelial cancers. Prior studies implicate EpCAM in the regulation of oncogenic signaling pathways and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. It was recently demonstrated that EpCAM contains a thyroglobulin type-1 (TY-1) domain. Multiple proteins with TY-1 domains are known to inhibit cathepsin-L (CTSL), a cysteine protease that promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Analysis of human cancer sequencing studies reveals that somatic EpCAM mutations are present in up to 5.1% of tested tumors. Methods The Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) database was queried to tabulate the position and amino acid changes of cancer associated EpCAM mutations. To determine how EpCAM mutations affect cancer biology we studied C66Y, a damaging TY-1 domain mutation identified in liver cancer, as well as 13 other cancer-associated EpCAM mutations. In vitro and in vivo models were used to determine the effect of wild type (WT) and mutant EpCAM on CTSL activity and invasion. Immunoprecipitation and localization studies tested EpCAM and CTSL protein binding and determined compartmental expression patterns of EpCAM mutants. Results We demonstrate that WT EpCAM, but not C66Y EpCAM, inhibits CTSL activity in vitro, and the TY-1 domain of EpCAM is responsible for this inhibition. WT EpCAM, but not C66Y EpCAM, inhibits tumor cell invasion in vitro and lung metastases in vivo. In an extended panel of human cancer cell lines, EpCAM expression is inversely correlated with CTSL activity. Previous studies have demonstrated that EpCAM germline mutations can prevent EpCAM from being expressed at the cell surface. We demonstrate that C66Y and multiple other EpCAM cancer-associated mutations prevent surface expression of EpCAM. Cancer-associated mutations that prevent EpCAM cell surface expression abrogate the ability of EpCAM to inhibit CTSL activity and tumor cell invasion. Conclusions These studies reveal a novel role for EpCAM as a CTSL inhibitor, confirm the functional relevance of multiple cancer-associated EpCAM mutations, and suggest a therapeutic vulnerability in cancers harboring EpCAM mutations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08239-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narendra V Sankpal
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8109, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Taylor C Brown
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8109, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Timothy P Fleming
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 124 W. Thomas Road, Phoenix, 85013, AZ, USA
| | - John M Herndon
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8109, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Anusha A Amaravati
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8109, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Allison N Loynd
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8109, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - William E Gillanders
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8109, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Two SPRi biosensors for the determination of cathepsin S in blood plasma. Talanta 2021; 225:121900. [PMID: 33592693 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S is an emerging marker for ovarian cancer. Two 'analytically specific' SPRi biosensors for the determination of Cath S have been developed. The reception part of one of the biosensors consists of the rat monoclonal antibody specific for cathepsin S attached to the gold surface via covalent bonds with cysteamine linker, while the second biosensor consists of the inhibitor LY3000328 attached via hydrophobic interaction with the 1-octadecanothiol linker. Under optimized conditions, in terms of pH and receptor concentration, both biosensors have linear response ranges between LOQ (0.14 ng mL-1) and 2.5 ng mL-1, which is suitable for the determination of Cath S in blood plasma samples of ovarian cancer patients and healthy individuals, after corresponding dilution with 0.15 M PBS buffer. Precision and recoveries are quite acceptable: below 7% and 98-101% respectively for the biosensor with antibody, and below 12% and 101-103% for the biosensor with inhibitor. The biosensors were validated by the determination of Cath S in series of plasma from ovarian cancer patients and healthy volunteers using both biosensors and ELISA, giving Pearson coefficients close to 1. Plasma Cath S concentration can be used as an ovarian cancer marker, in view of the highly elevated concentrations detected.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kwon CW, Chang PS. Role of Endogenous Cathepsin L in Muscle Protein Degradation in Olive Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) Surimi Gel. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071901. [PMID: 33800606 PMCID: PMC8037396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of endogenous cathepsin L on surimi gel produced from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The amino acid sequences of six proteins predicted or identified as cathepsin L were obtained from the olive flounder genome database, and a phylogenetic analysis was conducted. Next, cathepsin L activity toward N-α-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-arginine-(7-amino-4-methylcoumarin) (Z-F-R-AMC) was detected in crude olive flounder extract and a crude enzyme preparation. A considerable decrease in the level of myosin heavy chain (MHC) in surimi occurred during autolysis at 60 °C. In contrast, the levels of actin, troponin-T, and tropomyosin decreased only slightly. To prevent protein degradation by cathepsin L, a protease inhibitor was added to surimi. In the presence of 1.0% protease inhibitor, the autolysis of olive flounder surimi at 60 °C was inhibited by 12.2%; the degree of inhibition increased to 44.2% as the inhibitor concentration increased to 3.0%. In addition, the deformation and hardness of modori gel increased as the inhibitor concentration increased to 2.0%. Therefore, cathepsin L plays an important role in protein degradation in surimi, and the quality of surimi gel could be enhanced by inhibiting its activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Kwon
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Pahn-Shick Chang
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Center for Agricultural Microorganism and Enzyme, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-4852
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Basu A, Mills DM, Mitchell D, Ndungo E, Williams JD, Herbert AS, Dye JM, Moir DT, Chandran K, Patterson JL, Rong L, Bowlin TL. Novel Small Molecule Entry Inhibitors of Ebola Virus. J Infect Dis 2015. [PMID: 26206510 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak has highlighted the troubling absence of available antivirals or vaccines to treat infected patients and stop the spread of EBOV. The EBOV glycoprotein (GP) plays critical roles in the early stage of virus infection, including receptor binding and membrane fusion, making it a potential target for the development of anti-EBOV drugs. We report the identification of 2 novel EBOV inhibitors targeting viral entry. METHODS To identify small molecule inhibitors of EBOV entry, we carried out a cell-based high-throughput screening using human immunodeficiency virus-based pseudotyped viruses expressing EBOV-GP. Two compounds were identified, and mechanism-of-action studies were performed using immunoflourescence, AlphaLISA, and enzymatic assays for cathepsin B inhibition. RESULTS We report the identification of 2 novel entry inhibitors. These inhibitors (1) inhibit EBOV infection (50% inhibitory concentration, approximately 0.28 and approximately 10 µmol/L) at a late stage of entry, (2) induce Niemann-Pick C phenotype, and (3) inhibit GP-Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) protein interaction. CONCLUSIONS We have identified 2 novel EBOV inhibitors, MBX2254 and MBX2270, that can serve as starting points for the development of an anti-EBOV therapeutic agent. Our findings also highlight the importance of NPC1-GP interaction in EBOV entry and the attractiveness of NPC1 as an antifiloviral therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Basu
- Microbiotix, Inc, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Esther Ndungo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Andrew S Herbert
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - John M Dye
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
High pressure treatment of brine enhanced pork affects endopeptidase activity, protein solubility, and peptide formation. Food Chem 2012; 134:1556-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
8
|
Smith R, Johansen HT, Nilsen H, Haugen MH, Pettersen SJ, Mælandsmo GM, Abrahamson M, Solberg R. Intra- and extracellular regulation of activity and processing of legumain by cystatin E/M. Biochimie 2012; 94:2590-9. [PMID: 22902879 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Legumain, an asparaginyl endopeptidase, is up-regulated in tumour and tumour-associated cells, and is linked to the processing of cathepsin B, L, and proMMP-2. Although legumain is mainly localized to the endosomal/lysosomal compartments, legumain has been reported to be localized extracellularly in the tumour microenvironment and associated with extracellular matrix and cell surfaces. The most potent endogenous inhibitor of legumain is cystatin E/M, which is a secreted protein synthesised with an export signal. Therefore, we investigated the cellular interplay between legumain and cystatin E/M. As a cell model, HEK293 cells were transfected with legumain cDNA, cystatin E/M cDNA, or both, and over-expressing monoclonal cell lines were selected (termed M38L, M4C, and M3CL, respectively). Secretion of prolegumain from M38L cells was inhibited by treatment with brefeldin A, whereas bafilomycin A1 enhanced the secretion. Cellular processing of prolegumain to the 46 and 36 kDa enzymatically active forms was reduced by treatment with either substance alone. M38L cells showed increased, but M4C cells decreased, cathepsin L processing suggesting a crucial involvement of legumain activity. Furthermore, we observed internalization of cystatin E/M and subsequently decreased intracellular legumain activity. Also, prolegumain was shown to internalize followed by increased intracellular legumain processing and activation. In addition, in M4C cells incomplete processing of the internalized prolegumain was observed, as well as nuclear localized cystatin E/M. Furthermore, auto-activation of secreted prolegumain was inhibited by cystatin E/M, which for the first time shows a regulatory role of cystatin E/M in controlling both intra- and extracellular legumain activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rueda A, Sifuentes C, Gilman RH, Gutiérrez AH, Piña R, Chile N, Carrasco S, Larson S, Mayta H, Verástegui M, Rodriguez S, Gutiérrez-Correa M, García HH, Sheen P, Zimic M. TsAg5, a Taenia solium cysticercus protein with a marginal trypsin-like activity in the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 180:115-9. [PMID: 21893105 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is an endemic parasitic disease caused by Taenia solium larva. Although the mechanism of infection is not completely understood, it is likely driven by proteolytic activity that degrades the intestinal wall to facilitate oncosphere penetration and further infection. We analyzed the publicly available T. solium EST/DNA library and identified two contigs comprising a full-length cDNA fragment very similar to Echinococcus granulosus Ag5 protein. The T. solium cDNA sequence included a proteolytic trypsin-like-domain in the C-terminal region, and a thrombospondin type-1 adherence-domain in the N-terminal region. Both the trypsin-like and adherence domains were expressed independently as recombinant proteins in bacterial systems. TsAg5 showed marginal trypsin-like activity and high sequence similarity to Ag5. The purified antigens were tested in a Western immunoblot assay to diagnose human neurocysticercosis. The sensitivity of the trypsin-like-domain was 96.36% in patients infected with extraparenchymal cysts, 75.44% in patients infected with multiple cysts, and 39.62% in patients with a single cyst. Specificity was 76.70%. The thrombospondin type-1 adherence-domain was not specific for neurocysticercosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Analiz Rueda
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Metcalf JA, Linders B, Wu S, Bigg P, O’Donnell P, Sleeper MM, Whyte MP, Haskins M, Ponder KP. Upregulation of elastase activity in aorta in mucopolysaccharidosis I and VII dogs may be due to increased cytokine expression. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 99:396-407. [PMID: 20044292 PMCID: PMC2838970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) and MPS VII are due to loss-of-function mutations within the genes that encode the lysosomal enzymes alpha-l-iduronidase and beta-glucuronidase, respectively, and result in accumulation of glycosaminoglycans and multisystemic disease. Both disorders are associated with elastin fragmentation and dilatation of the aorta. Here, the pathogenesis and effect of gene therapy on aortic disease in canine models of MPS was evaluated. We found that cathepsin S is upregulated at the mRNA and enzyme activity level, while matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12) is upregulated at the mRNA level, in aortas from untreated MPS I and MPS VII dogs. Both of these proteases can degrade elastin. In addition, mRNA levels for the interleukin 6-like cytokine oncostatin M were increased in MPS I and MPS VII dog aortas, while mRNA for tumor necrosis factor alpha and toll-like receptor 4 were increased in MPS VII dog aortas. These cytokines could contribute to upregulation of the elastases. Neonatal intravenous injection of a retroviral vector expressing beta-glucuronidase to MPS VII dogs reduced RNA levels of cathepsin S and MMP-12 and aortic dilatation was delayed, albeit dilatation developed at late times after gene therapy. A post-mortem aorta from a patient with MPS VII also exhibited elastin fragmentation. We conclude that aortic dilatation in MPS I and MPS VII dogs is likely due to degradation of elastin by cathepsin S and/or MMP-12. Inhibitors of these enzymes or these cytokine-induced signal transduction pathways might reduce aortic disease in patients with MPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Metcalf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| | - Bruce Linders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| | - Susan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| | - Paul Bigg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| | - Patricia O’Donnell
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meg M. Sleeper
- Clinical Studies School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael P. Whyte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis MO
| | - Mark Haskins
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Clinical Studies School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine P. Ponder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu T, Schneider RA, Shah V, Huang Y, Likhotvorik RI, Keshvara L, Hoyt DG. Protein Never in Mitosis Gene A Interacting-1 regulates calpain activity and the degradation of cyclooxygenase-2 in endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2009; 6:20. [PMID: 19545424 PMCID: PMC2708161 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-6-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The peptidyl-proline isomerase, Protein Never in Mitosis Gene A Interacting-1 (PIN1), regulates turnover of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in murine aortic endothelial cells (MAEC) stimulated with E. coli endotoxin (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN). Degradation of iNOS was reduced by a calpain inhibitor, suggesting that PIN1 may affect induction of other calpain-sensitive inflammatory proteins, such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, in MAEC. Methods MAEC, transduced with lentivirus encoding an inactive control short hairpin (sh) RNA or one targeting PIN1 that reduced PIN1 by 85%, were used. Cells were treated with LPS/IFN, calpain inhibitors (carbobenzoxy-valinyl-phenylalaninal (zVF), PD150606), cycloheximide and COX inhibitors to determine the effect of PIN1 depletion on COX-2 and calpain. Results LPS or IFN alone did not induce COX-2. However, treatment with 10 μg LPS plus 20 ng IFN per ml induced COX-2 protein 10-fold in Control shRNA MAEC. Induction was significantly greater (47-fold) in PIN1 shRNA cells. COX-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 production increased 3-fold in KD MAEC, but did not increase in Control cells. The additional increase in COX-2 protein due to PIN1 depletion was post-transcriptional, as induction of COX-2 mRNA by LPS/IFN was the same in cells containing or lacking PIN1. Instead, the loss of COX-2 protein, after treatment with cycloheximide to block protein synthesis, was reduced in cells lacking PIN1 in comparison with Control cells, indicating that degradation of the enzyme was reduced. zVF and PD150606 each enhanced the induction of COX-2 by LPS/IFN. zVF also slowed the loss of COX-2 after treatment with cycloheximide, and COX-2 was degraded by exogenous μ-calpain in vitro. In contrast to iNOS, physical interaction between COX-2 and PIN1 was not detected, suggesting that effects of PIN1 on calpain, rather than COX-2 itself, affect COX-2 degradation. While cathepsin activity was unaltered, depletion of PIN1 reduced calpain activity by 55% in comparison with Control shRNA cells. Conclusion PIN1 reduced calpain activity and slowed the degradation of COX-2 in MAEC, an effect recapitulated by an inhibitor of calpain. Given the sensitivity of COX-2 and iNOS to calpain, PIN1 may normally limit induction of these and other calpain substrates by maintaining calpain activity in endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongzheng Liu
- Division of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, and The Dorothy M, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA,.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Asaad N, Bethel PA, Coulson MD, Dawson JE, Ford SJ, Gerhardt S, Grist M, Hamlin GA, James MJ, Jones EV, Karoutchi GI, Kenny PW, Morley AD, Oldham K, Rankine N, Ryan D, Wells SL, Wood L, Augustin M, Krapp S, Simader H, Steinbacher S. Dipeptidyl nitrile inhibitors of Cathepsin L. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4280-3. [PMID: 19515558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of potent Cathepsin L inhibitors with good selectivity with respect to other cysteine Cathepsins is described and SAR is discussed with reference to the crystal structure of a protein-ligand complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Asaad
- Respiratory & Inflammation Research Area, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ma X, Tittiger M, Knutsen RH, Kovacs A, Schaller L, Mecham RP, Ponder KP. Upregulation of elastase proteins results in aortic dilatation in mucopolysaccharidosis I mice. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 94:298-304. [PMID: 18479957 PMCID: PMC3775334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I), known as Hurler syndrome in the severe form, is a lysosomal storage disease due to alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) deficiency. It results in fragmentation of elastin fibers in the aorta and heart valves via mechanisms that are unclear, but may result from the accumulation of the glycosaminoglycans heparan and dermatan sulfate. Elastin fragmentation causes aortic dilatation and valvular insufficiency, which can result in cardiovascular disease. The pathophysiology of aortic disease was evaluated in MPS I mice. MPS I mice have normal elastic fiber structure and aortic compliance at early ages, which suggests that elastin assembly is normal. Elastin fragmentation and aortic dilatation are severe at 6 months, which is temporally associated with marked increases in mRNA and enzyme activity for two elastin-degrading proteins, matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) and cathepsin S. Upregulation of these genes likely involves activation of STAT proteins, which may be induced by structural stress to smooth muscle cells from accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in lysosomes. Neonatal intravenous injection of a retroviral vector normalized MMP-12 and cathepsin S mRNA levels and prevented aortic disease. We conclude that aortic dilatation in MPS I mice is likely due to degradation of elastin by MMP-12 and/or cathepsin S. This aspect of disease might be ameliorated by inhibition of the signal transduction pathways that upregulate expression of elastase proteins, or by inhibition of elastase activity. This could result in a treatment for patients with MPS I, and might reduce aortic aneurism formation in other disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiucui Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mindy Tittiger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Russell H. Knutsen
- Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Attila Kovacs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura Schaller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert P. Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine P. Ponder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Corresponding author. Address: Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Fax: +1 314 362 8813. (K.P. Ponder)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Burden RE, Snoddy P, Buick RJ, Johnston JA, Walker B, Scott CJ. Recombinant cathepsin S propeptide attenuates cell invasion by inhibition of cathepsin L-like proteases in tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:538-47. [PMID: 18347141 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human cathepsin L along with cathepsin S, K, and V are collectively known as cathepsin L-like proteases due to their high homology. The overexpression and aberrant activity of each of these proteases has been implicated in tumorigenesis. These proteases contain propeptide domains that can potently inhibit both their cognate protease and other proteases within the cathepsin L-like subfamily. In this investigation, we have produced the cathepsin S propeptide recombinantly and have shown that it is a potent inhibitor of the peptidolytic, elastinolytic, and gelatinolytic activities of the cathepsin L-like proteases. In addition, we show that this peptide is capable of significantly attenuating tumor cell invasion in a panel of human cancer cell lines. Furthermore, fusion of an IgG Fc-domain to the COOH terminus of the propeptide resulted in a chimeric protein with significantly enhanced ability to block tumor cell invasion. This Fc fusion protein exhibited enhanced stability in cell-based assays in comparison with the unmodified propeptide species. This approach for the combined inhibition of the cathepsin L-like proteases may prove useful for the further study in cancer and other conditions where their aberrant activity has been implicated. Furthermore, this strategy for simultaneous inhibition of multiple cysteine cathepsins may represent the basis for novel therapeutics to attenuate tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta E Burden
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Efficient degradation-aided selection of protease inhibitors by phage display. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 364:549-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
16
|
Godiksen H, Nielsen HH. New method to discriminate between cathepsin B and cathepsin L in crude extracts from fish muscle based on a simple acidification procedure. Int J Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
Sugano E, Tomita H, Ishiguro SI, Isago H, Tamai M. Nitric oxide-induced accumulation of lipofuscin-like materials is caused by inhibition of cathepsin S. Curr Eye Res 2006; 31:607-16. [PMID: 16877269 DOI: 10.1080/02713680600744851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether nitric oxide (NO) is involved in accumulation of lipofuscin-like material (LFM) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and if this formation is related to NO-mediated modification of cathepsin S (cat S). RPE cell cultures were fed once every day with porcine photoreceptor outer segments (POS) in the presence of NO-donor [S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) or NOC18] for 2 weeks. LFM autofluorescence within the cells was measured by fluorophotometric flow cytometry (FACS). The activity of purified cat S was measured in the presence of NO-donor with or without dithiothreitol (DTT). The following results were observed. SNAP and NOC18 caused LFM accumulation in RPE cells in a dose-dependent manner, and this accumulation was reversed by the addition of NO-scavengers (hydroxycobalamin, carboxy-PTIO). Purified cat S activities were inhibited by NO-donors without DTT, but in the presence of DTT, NO-donors exhibited no inhibitory effect on its activity. Phagocytic challenge of RPE cells increased cat S activity, which was reduced by the addition of NO donors. These results indicated that cat S activity was inhibited by NO-donors and resulted in LFM accumulation in RPE cells. We conclude that NO-mediated inhibition of cat S was caused through protein modification of cat S and resulted in LFM accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Sugano
- Division of Biofunctional Science, Tohoku University Biomedical Engineering Research Organization, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sugano E, Tomita H, Abe T, Yamashita A, Tamai M. Comparative study of cathepsins D and S in rat IPE and RPE cells. Exp Eye Res 2003; 77:203-9. [PMID: 12873451 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4835(03)00115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To investigate differences between activities related to phagocytosis in iris pigment epithelial (IPE) and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, an aspartic protease, cathepsin D (cat D), and a cysteine protease, cathepsin S (cat S), of IPE and RPE were studied. IPE and RPE cells were isolated from Long Evans rat eyes. The origin of the isolated cells was determined by pigmentation and cytokeratin labelling. The mRNA expressions of cat D and cat S in cultured IPE or RPE cells were investigated by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Enzyme activities of cat D and cat S in IPE or RPE cells were measured by using specific fluorogenic substrates, MOCAc-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ile-Leu-Phe-Phe-Arg-Leu-Lys-(Dnp)D-Arg-NH2 and Z-Val-Val-Arg-MCA, respectively. Western blot analysis of both proteins was also performed. The cultured cells, both of IPE and RPE cells were pigmented and showed positive labelling with an anti-cytokeratin monoclonal antibody. The cat D activity in RPE cells was 37 times that in IPE cells. The cat S activity in RPE cells was four times that in IPE cells. On the other hand, mRNA expression levels of cat D in RPE cells were at the same level with IPE cells, cat S mRNA expression in RPE cells were 10 times that in IPE cells. These results were also correlated with the Western blot analysis. In this study, we measured the characteristic expressions of cat D and S in IPE and RPE cells for the first time to compare their lysosomal activities. IPE cells have the lysosomal activities like RPE cells, however, the function of lysosomal activity in IPE cells is beneath RPE's. These results indicated that the ability of ROS digestion in IPE cells was not same as RPE cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Sugano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University, School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Levicar N, Dewey RA, Daley E, Bates TE, Davies D, Kos J, Pilkington GJ, Lah TT. Selective suppression of cathepsin L by antisense cDNA impairs human brain tumor cell invasion in vitro and promotes apoptosis. Cancer Gene Ther 2003; 10:141-51. [PMID: 12536203 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Invasion and metastasis of certain tumors are accompanied by increased mRNA protein levels and enzymatic activity of cathepsin L. Cathepsin L has also been suggested to play a role in the proteolytic cascades associated with apoptosis. To investigate the role of cathepsin L in brain tumor invasion and apoptosis, the human glioma cell line, IPTP, was stably transfected with full-length antisense and sense cDNA of cathepsin L. Down-regulation of cathepsin L by antisense cDNA significantly impaired (up to 70%) glioma cell invasion in vitro and markedly increased glioma cell apoptosis induced by staurosporine. Compared to control and parental cell lines, antisense down-regulation of cathepsin L was associated with an earlier induction of caspase-3 activity. Up-regulation of cathepsin L activity by sense cDNA was associated with reduced apoptosis and later induction of caspase-3 activity. Moreover, down-regulation of cathepsin L lowered the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, whereas up-regulation increased the expression of Bcl-2, indicating that cathepsin L acts upstream of caspase-3. These data show that cathepsin L is an important protein mediating the malignancy of gliomas and its inhibition may diminish their invasion and lead to increased tumor cell apoptosis by reducing apoptotic threshold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Levicar
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Turk V, Turk B, Guncar G, Turk D, Kos J. Lysosomal cathepsins: structure, role in antigen processing and presentation, and cancer. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 2002; 42:285-303. [PMID: 12123721 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(01)00034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kos J, Sekirnik A, Kopitar G, Cimerman N, Kayser K, Stremmer A, Fiehn W, Werle B. Cathepsin S in tumours, regional lymph nodes and sera of patients with lung cancer: relation to prognosis. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1193-200. [PMID: 11710834 PMCID: PMC2375152 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteinase cathepsin S (Cat S) is expressed mainly in lymphatic tissues and has been characterised as a key enzyme in major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) mediated antigen presentation. Cat S has been measured in tissue cytosols of lung parenchyma, lung tumours and lymph nodes and in sera of patients with lung tumours and of healthy controls, by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A difference in Cat S level was found between tumour and adjacent control tissue cytosols of 60 lung cancer patients (median 4.3 vs. 2.8 ng mg(-1) protein). In lymph nodes obtained from 24 patients of the same group, the level of Cat S was significantly higher than in tumours or lung parenchyma (P< 0.001). Additionally, significantly higher levels were found in non-infiltrated than in infiltrated lymph nodes (median 16.6 vs 7.5 ng mg(-1) protein). Patients with low levels of Cat S in tumours and lung parenchyma exhibited a significantly higher risk of death than those with high levels of Cat S (P = 0.025 - tumours; P = 0.02 - parenchyma). Immunohistochemical analysis (IHA) of lung parenchyma revealed a staining reaction in alveolar type II cells, macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells. In regional lymph node tissue, strong staining of Cat S was found in lymphocytes and histiocytes. Nevertheless, Cat S was detected also in tumour cells, independently of their origin. Our results provide evidence that Cat S may be involved in malignant progression. Its role, however, differs from that of the related Cats B and L and could be associated with the immune response rather than with remodelling of extracellular matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang T, Maekawa Y, Sakai T, Nakano Y, Ishii K, Hisaeda H, Dainichi T, Asao T, Katunuma N, Himeno K. Treatment with cathepsin L inhibitor potentiates Th2-type immune response in Leishmania major-infected BALB/c mice. Int Immunol 2001; 13:975-82. [PMID: 11470767 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.8.975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to the activation of CD4 (+) T cells, exogenous proteins must be digested by endo/lysosomal enzymes in antigen-presenting cells (APC) to produce antigenic peptides that are able to be presented on class II molecules of the MHC. Studies described here inspect the functional significance of cathepsin L inhibition for antigen processing and T (h) 1/T (h) 2 differentiation in experimental leishmaniasis. We first demonstrated using in vitro systems that cathepsin L is one of the candidate endo/lysosomal enzymes in processing of soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA) and that its specific inhibitor, CLIK148, modulated the processing of SLA. BALB/c mice are known to be susceptible to infection with Leishmania major. Interestingly, treatment of BALB/c mice with CLIK148 exacerbated the infection by enhancing the development of SLA-specific T (h) 2-type response such as production of IL-4 and generation of T (h) 2-dependent specific IgE/IgG1 antibodies. Moreover, addition of CLIK148 in incubation of a SLA-specific CD4 (+) T cell line with APC up-regulated the production of IL-4. However, CLIK148 did not exert any direct influence on the function of T cells themselves. Taken together, these findings suggest that treatment of host mice with CLIK148 affects the processing of SLA in APC, resulting in the potentiation of T (h) 2-type immune responses and thus leading to exacerbation of the infection. Furthermore, endo/lysosomal cathepsin L was found to be functionally distinct from previously described cathepsins B and D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Zhang
- Department of Parasitology and Immunology, The University of Tokushima School of Medicine, 3 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang T, Maekawa Y, Sakai T, Nakano Y, Ishii K, Hisaeda H, Kominami E, Katunuma N, Asao T, Himeno K. Splenic cathepsin L is maturated from the proform by interferon-gamma after immunization with exogenous antigens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 283:499-506. [PMID: 11327729 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The processing of foreign protein antigens into peptides requires the participation of various endo/lysosomal proteases in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this study, a proenzyme of cathepsin L, procathepsin L, was found to be present in the spleens of naive mice, as demonstrated by immunoblotting. Interestingly, the maturation of cathepsin L from procathepsin L was strongly induced when the host BALB/c mice were immunized with ovalbumin or soluble leishmanial antigen, despite the fact that mouse albumin, a kind of self-antigen, did not have such a potential. Furthermore, foreign antigens, but not self-antigens, could increase the activity of cathepsin L, probably being mediated by interferon-gamma, as demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro experiments. As cathepsin L matured, the efficiency of antigen processing was increased in APCs. These results suggest that endo/lysosomal cathepsin L plays an important role in the immune regulation via antigen processing even in peripheral lymphoid tissues as well as in the thymus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Zhang
- Department of Parasitology and Immunology, University of Tokushima, School of Medicine, Kuramoto-cho 3, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Galbán J, Andreu Y, Sierra JF, de Marcos S, Castillo JR. Intrinsic fluorescence of enzymes and fluorescence of chemically modified enzymes for analytical purposes: a review. LUMINESCENCE 2001; 16:199-210. [PMID: 11312548 DOI: 10.1002/bio.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent years our research group has developed new alternatives for fluorescence enzymatic determinations. First, we observed that the intrinsic fluorescence of enzymes changes during enzymatic reactions, proportionally to the substrate concentration, avoiding the combination of the enzymatic reaction with a fluorophore-involving reaction. The main disadvantage of this method is that the excitation and emission wavelengths of the enzymes are in the UV region of the spectrum. An alternative to overcome this problem consisted of covalently bonding the enzyme to a fluorophore. In this paper, an overview is given of all of the applications and future developments on both types of alternatives that we have developed. Apart from the analytical characteristics of the methods, we have also reviewed all of the information about mathematical models we have elaborated to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Galbán
- Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors Group (GEAS), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, -E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang T, Maekawa Y, Yasutomo K, Ishikawa H, Fawzy Nashed B, Dainichi T, Hisaeda H, Sakai T, Kasai M, Mizuochi T, Asao T, Katunuma N, Himeno K. Pepstatin A-sensitive aspartic proteases in lysosome are involved in degradation of the invariant chain and antigen-processing in antigen presenting cells of mice infected with Leishmania major. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 276:693-701. [PMID: 11027533 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that CA074, a specific inhibitor of cathepsin B, significantly deviated immune responses from the disease-promoting Th2 type to the protective Th1 type in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major. Herein, we found that pepstatin A-sensitive aspartic proteases (PSAP) in lysosomes seem to play a different role from that of cathepsin B in antigen-processing and Ii-degradation. That is, cathepsin B appears to digest 16-, 28-, and 31-kDa peptides of soluble leishmania antigen (SLA), whereas PSAP seems to process mainly 28-kDa peptides. Furthermore, the latter protease contributed to the degradation of Ii but cathepsin B did not. Following treatment with pepstatin A, both Th1 and Th2 responses were profoundly suppressed in resistant DBA/2 mice (H-2(d)) and in susceptible BALB/c mice (H-2(d)), and both strains of mice became markedly susceptible compared with the untreated groups, probably owing to failure in degradation of Ii and partly to failure in digestion of 28-kDa peptide.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/drug effects
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigen Presentation/physiology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Protozoan/metabolism
- Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cathepsin B/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dipeptides/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Leishmania major
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/drug therapy
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Pepstatins/pharmacology
- Pepstatins/therapeutic use
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th2 Cells/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Zhang
- Department of Parasitology and Immunology, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schweiger A, Staib A, Werle B, Krasovec M, Lah TT, Ebert W, Turk V, Kos J. Cysteine proteinase cathepsin H in tumours and sera of lung cancer patients: relation to prognosis and cigarette smoking. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:782-8. [PMID: 10732746 PMCID: PMC2374398 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.1999.0999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate the role of cysteine peptidase cathepsin H (Cath H) in human lung cancer its protein levels were determined in 148 pairs of lung tumour tissue and adjacent non-tumourous lung parenchyma using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Additionally, Cath H levels were determined in sera of 171 patients with malignant tumours, 34 patients with benign lung diseases and 47 healthy controls. The median level of Cath H in tumour tissue was 0.64 times that in the corresponding lung parenchyma. Relating tumour levels with histological type we found higher Cath H levels in small-cell and adenocarcinomas and lower levels in squamous cell carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma and secondary tumours. A significant difference in Cath H level between lung tumour tissue and non-tumourous lung parenchyma was associated with the group of cigarette smokers (156 vs 263 ng mg(-1) protein, P < 0.001). For this group of patients Cath H tumour levels correlated with the survival rate, while for the entire patient population this was not the case. Smokers with high tumour levels of Cath H experienced poor survival. Cath H was significantly higher in sera of patients with malignant and benign lung diseases than in control sera (P < 0.001). The increase was significant for all histological types, being the highest in small-cell and squamous cell carcinomas. Our study reveals that in lung tumours there is different behaviour of Cath H compared with other cysteine peptidases, e.g. cathepsin B and cathepsin L. Variations between tissue and serum levels of Cath H indicate either reduced expression or enhanced secretion of this enzyme in lung tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Schweiger
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|