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Chen YL, Chen YH, Su PF, Ou HT, Tai AS. Robust inference for causal mediation analysis of recurrent event data. Stat Med 2024. [PMID: 38772875 DOI: 10.1002/sim.10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Recurrent events, including cardiovascular events, are commonly observed in biomedical studies. Understanding the effects of various treatments on recurrent events and investigating the underlying mediation mechanisms by which treatments may reduce the frequency of recurrent events are crucial tasks for researchers. Although causal inference methods for recurrent event data have been proposed, they cannot be used to assess mediation. This study proposed a novel methodology of causal mediation analysis that accommodates recurrent outcomes of interest in a given individual. A formal definition of causal estimands (direct and indirect effects) within a counterfactual framework is given, and empirical expressions for these effects are identified. To estimate these effects, a semiparametric estimator with triple robustness against model misspecification was developed. The proposed methodology was demonstrated in a real-world application. The method was applied to measure the effects of two diabetes drugs on the recurrence of cardiovascular disease and to examine the mediating role of kidney function in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lin Chen
- Institute of Statistics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Hong Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fang Su
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Tz Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - An-Shun Tai
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Ji L, Lu J, Gao L, Ying C, Sun J, Han J, Zhao W, Gao Y, Wang K, Zheng X, Xie D, Ding J, Zhao J, Yu Q, Wang T. Efficacy and safety of cetagliptin as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:3671-3681. [PMID: 37661308 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, cetagliptin, as monotherapy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and inadequate glycaemic control. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 504 eligible patients with T2D were enrolled and randomized to cetagliptin 50 mg once daily, cetagliptin 100 mg once daily or placebo at a ratio of 2:2:1 for 24 weeks of double-blind treatment, then all patients received cetagliptin 100 mg once daily for 28 weeks of open-label treatment. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change in HbA1c level from baseline at week 24. RESULTS After 24 weeks, HbA1c from baseline was significantly reduced with cetagliptin 50 mg (-1.08%) and cetagliptin 100 mg (-1.07%) compared with placebo (-0.35%). The placebo-subtracted HbA1c reduction was -0.72% with cetagliptin 50 mg and 100 mg. Patients with a baseline HbA1c of 8.5% or higher had a greater HbA1c reduction with cetagliptin than those patients with a baseline HbA1c of less than 8.5%. Both doses studied led to a significantly higher proportion of patients (42.3% with 100 mg and 45.0% with 50 mg) achieving an HbA1c of less than 7.0% compared with placebo (12.9%). Cetagliptin also significantly lowered fasting plasma glucose and 2-hour postmeal plasma glucose relative to placebo. The incidence of adverse experiences was similar between cetagliptin and placebo. No drug-related hypoglycaemia was reported. CONCLUSIONS Cetagliptin monotherapy was effective and well tolerated in Chinese patients with T2D who had inadequate glycaemic control on exercise and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linong Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinmiao Lu
- CGeneTech Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Leili Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changjiang Ying
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei Petro China Central Hospital, Langfang, China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Pepole's Hospital of Changzhi City, Changzhi, China
| | - Yunming Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Pepole's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Boai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Daosheng Xie
- Beijing Noahpharm Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Qiang Yu
- CGeneTech Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
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Pelluri R, Kongara S, Nagasubramanian VR, Mahadevan S, Chimakurthy J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of teneligliptin for treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:855-867. [PMID: 36624224 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM There are efficacy and safety concerns related to teneligliptin treatment. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was undertaken to comprehensively profile the efficacy and safety of teneligliptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Thirteen studies were chosen from a search of scientific databases for RCTs using teneligliptin as a monotherapy or as an adjunct to other glycemic agents with pre-specified inclusion criteria. We calculated weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in each included trial and pooled the data using a random-effects model. RESULTS Thirteen studies enrolled 2853 patients were identified. Teneligliptin treatment was associated with weight gain (vs. placebo, weighted mean difference (WMD) 0.28 kg; 95% CI - 0.20-0.77 kg; I2 = 86%; P = 0.25). Compared to monotherapy, add on therapy with teneligliptin showed significant improvement in FPG mg/dl levels (WMD - 16.75 mg/dl; 95% CI - 19.38 to - 14.13 mg/dl), HOMA-β (WMD 7.91; 95% CI 5.38-10.45) and HOMA-IR (WMD - 0.27; 95% CI - 0.46 to - 0.07). The improvement in HbA1c was greater with monotherapy (WMD - 8.88 mmol/mol; 95% CI - 9.59 to - 8.08 mmol/mol). There was no significant risk of any hypoglycemia with teneligliptin compared to placebo (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.44-1.60; I2 = 0%; P = 0.60). However, the risk was 1.84 times high when combined with other glycemic agents. The risk of cardiovascular events was comparable, regardless of treatment duration when compared to placebo or any other active comparator (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.40-1.57; I2 = 0%; P = 0.50). [PROSPERO, CRD42022360785]. CONCLUSIONS Teneligliptin is an effective and safe therapeutic option for patients with T2DM, both as monotherapy and as add-on therapy. However, additional large-scale, high-quality, long-term follow-up clinical trials with diverse ethnic populations are required to confirm its long-term efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pelluri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Vignan Pharmacy College, Guntur, 522213, India
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endo-Life Speciality Hospital, Guntur, 522001, India
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education Research, (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - S Kongara
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endo-Life Speciality Hospital, Guntur, 522001, India.
| | - V R Nagasubramanian
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education Research, (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India.
| | - S Mahadevan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, (Deemed to Be University), Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - J Chimakurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research, (Deemed to Be University), Guntur, 522213, India
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Lu J, Hao Y, Zhang F, Pan H, Ding J, Yu Q, Wang T. Disposition study of the novel dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor cetagliptin in rats. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:468-475. [PMID: 35708192 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2091494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor is a class of oral antihyperglycemic agents and therapeutic approach for type 2 diabetes. Cetagliptin is a novel oral and selective DPP-4 inhibitor and developed as a promising candidate for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.This study aimed to evaluate the metabolism and excretion of cetagliptin in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, and to detect and identify metabolites of cetagliptin.The SD rats were administered with a single oral dose of 6 mg/kg with approximately 100 µCi of [14C] cetagliptin. The mean total recovery of radioactivity was 90.20% within 168h in SD rats excreta. Cetagliptin was the major radioactive component in SD rats plasma, urine and eliminated primarily by faecal excretion. The recovery of cetagliptin in urine and feces was 25.15% and 13.85% of the dose, respectively. Cetagliptin was well absorbed after oral administration in SD rats based on the total recovery of radioactivity in BDC SD rats bile and urine.Six major metabolites were observed and identified in SD rats, comprising 0.20 to 4.53% of total plasma AUC. These major metabolites were the hydroxylated, N-sulphate and N-carbamoyl glucuronic acid conjugates of the cetagliptin, two metabolites formed by glucuronide of a hydroxylated metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmiao Lu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Hunan, China.,CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Hao
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuzhi Zhang
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiping Pan
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juping Ding
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Wang
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, China
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Wang SC, Wang XY, Liu CT, Chou RH, Chen ZB, Huang PH, Lin SJ. The Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Linagliptin Ameliorates Endothelial Inflammation and Microvascular Thrombosis in a Sepsis Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063065. [PMID: 35328486 PMCID: PMC8949150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of sepsis involves inflammation and hypercoagulability, which lead to microvascular thrombosis and compromised organ perfusion. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors, e.g., linagliptin, are commonly used anti-diabetic drugs known to exert anti-inflammatory effects. However, whether these drugs confer an anti-thrombotic effect that preserves organ perfusion in sepsis remains to be investigated. In the present study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with linagliptin to examine its anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects under tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α treatment. To validate findings from in vitro experiments and provide in vivo evidence for the identified mechanism, a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome was used, and pulmonary microcirculatory thrombosis was measured. In TNF-α-treated HUVECs and LPS-injected mice, linagliptin suppressed expressions of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) via a nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)–dependent pathway. Linagliptin attenuated tissue factor expression via the Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. In LPS-injected mice, linagliptin pretreatment significantly reduced thrombosis in the pulmonary microcirculation. These anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects were independent of blood glucose level. Together the present results suggest that linagliptin exerts protective effects against endothelial inflammation and microvascular thrombosis in a mouse model of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Chih Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (S.-C.W.); (R.-H.C.); (S.-J.L.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Yu Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Te Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 116, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hsing Chou
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (S.-C.W.); (R.-H.C.); (S.-J.L.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Zhen Bouman Chen
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.B.C.); (P.-H.H.); Tel.: +626-256-4673 (Z.B.C.); +886-2-28757374 (P.-H.H.); Fax: +886-2-28757375 (P.-H.H.)
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (S.-C.W.); (R.-H.C.); (S.-J.L.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Z.B.C.); (P.-H.H.); Tel.: +626-256-4673 (Z.B.C.); +886-2-28757374 (P.-H.H.); Fax: +886-2-28757375 (P.-H.H.)
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (S.-C.W.); (R.-H.C.); (S.-J.L.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Center, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Lu J, Wang L, Zhou S, Zhou C, Xie L, Chen J, Tang D, Tian X, Xie D, Ding J, Wang T, Yu Q, Ding J, Shao F. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo and Positive-Controlled Study in Healthy Volunteers to Evaluate Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Multiple Oral Doses of Cetagliptin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:2946-2958. [PMID: 34965609 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties, safety and tolerability of cetagliptin. METHODS Forty-eight healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Three cohorts were investigated in sequential order: 50, 100 and 200 mg cetagliptin. Positive control (sitagliptin 100mg) was designed as open label. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties. Safety and tolerability were assessed throughout the study. RESULTS Following multiple oral doses, cetagliptin was rapidly absorbed and reached peak plasma concentrations after approximately 1.0-1.5 h. Plasma cetagliptin concentrations increased at a rate greater than dose. Accumulation of cetagliptin was modest, and steady state was generally achieved at day 5. Doses ≥ 50 mg of cetagliptin administered once daily will result in sustained DPP-4 inhibition (≥ 80%). The EC50 of DPP-4 inhibition for cetagliptin (5.29 ng/mL) was lower than that of sitagliptin (7.03 ng/mL). Active GLP-1 concentrations were significantly increased in the cetagliptin groups by 2.3 to 3.1fold at day 1 and 3.1 to 3.6 fold at steady state compared with that of placebo, and active GLP-1 concentrations were increased with increasing dose. Compared with sitagliptin, doses ≥ 100 mg QD of cetagliptin produced postprandial increases in active GLP-1 level and induced to long-lasting glucose-lowering efficacy. Across all doses of cetagliptin studied, cetagliptin was well tolerated. CONCLUSION Cetagliptin demonstrates the great potential for treatment with type 2 diabetes patients based on the inhibition of DPP-4, the increase in GLP-1 and insulin, the decrease in glucose, and might more effective in DPP-4 inhibition than sitagliptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmiao Lu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sufeng Zhou
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Xie
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Tang
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xusheng Tian
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daosheng Xie
- Beijing noahpharm Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Juping Ding
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Wang
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinsong Ding
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Sharma M, Agrawal SS. Bioequivalence study of different brands of vildagliptin in healthy human subjects. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Vildagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor used to treat diabetes mellitus. No bioequivalence study data have been published for the Indian population comparing bioequivalence of vildagliptin brands Galvus, Zomelis, and Jalra. This study aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence between three brands of vildagliptin 50 mg tablet (test 1, Zomelis; test 2, Jalra; and reference, Galvus) and to compare these test formulations with the reference formulation to meet the regulatory requirements of bioequivalence of CDSCO, India. The study was conducted in the clinical research center of the college after enrolling 12 healthy volunteers. This study was a single-dose, randomized, open-label, balanced, three treatment, three period, under fasting condition in 12 adult healthy volunteers. After overnight fasting, the subjects received a single dose of either of any three brands of the vildagliptin tablet (T1—test 1; T2—test 2; and R—reference). The washout period was 7 days. Randomization was in the way of T1T2R in the first period, T2T1R in the second period, and RT1T2 in the third period. Blood samples were collected, after that drug concentration in the plasma was measured with the help of HPLC. Outcome measures 90% confidence interval of the geometric mean ratios (test/reference) for the LnCmax, LnAUC0-t, and LnAUC0-∞ was calculated.
Results
The AUC0-t was 1390.03, 1401.50, and 1409.37 ng h/ml for the T1, T2, and R, respectively. Cmax was 287.89, 287.41, and 285.17 ng/ml for the T1, T2, and R, respectively. AUC0-∞ was 1452.03, 1467.59, and 1473.53 ng h/ml for the T1, T2, and R, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters between the T1, T2, and R. The geometric mean ratios for T1/R for LnCmax, LnAUC0-t, and LnAUC0-∞ were 1.0014 (90% CI, 1.0002–1.0026), 0.9992 (90% CI, 0.9971–1.0013), and 0.9994 (90% CI, 0.9973–1.0016), respectively. For the T2/R, geometric mean ratios for LnCmax, LnAUC0-t, and LnAUC0-∞ were 1.0003 (90% CI, 0.9992–1.0013), 0.9988 (90% CI, 0.9969–1.0008), and 0.9985 (90% CI, 0.9961–1.0010), respectively.
Conclusion
In this single-dose study involving Indian healthy volunteers under fasting conditions, the three brands of vildagliptin (Zomelis, Jalra, and Galvus) were bioequivalent as per the bioequivalence criterion of CDSCO, India.
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Novel Potent and Selective DPP-4 Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis and Molecular Docking Study of Dihydropyrimidine Phthalimide Hybrids. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020144. [PMID: 33670273 PMCID: PMC7918823 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have emerged as anti-hyperglycemic agents that improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients, either as monotherapy or in combination with other antidiabetic drugs. Methods: A novel series of dihydropyrimidine phthalimide hybrids was synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo DPP-4 inhibition activity and selectivity using alogliptin as reference. Oral glucose tolerance test was assessed in type 2 diabetic rats after chronic treatment with the synthesized hybrids ± metformin. Cytotoxicity and antioxidant assays were performed. Additionally, molecular docking study with DPP-4 and structure activity relationship of the novel hybrids were also studied. Results: Among the synthesized hybrids, 10g, 10i, 10e, 10d and 10b had stronger in vitro DPP-4 inhibitory activity than alogliptin. Moreover, an in vivo DPP-4 inhibition assay revealed that 10g and 10i have the strongest and the most extended blood DPP-4 inhibitory activity compared to alogliptin. In type 2 diabetic rats, hybrids 10g, 10i and 10e exhibited better glycemic control than alogliptin, an effect that further supported by metformin combination. Finally, 10j, 10e, 10h and 10d had the highest radical scavenging activity in DPPH assay. Conclusions: Hybrids 10g, 10i and 10e are potent DPP-4 inhibitors which may be beneficial for T2DM treatment.
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Syam YM, Anwar MM, Abd El-Karim SS, Elseginy SA, Essa BM, Sakr TM. New quinoxaline compounds as DPP-4 inhibitors and hypoglycemics: design, synthesis, computational and bio-distribution studies. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36989-37010. [PMID: 35494381 PMCID: PMC9043576 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06799k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current work represents the design and synthetic approaches of a new set of compounds 6–10 bearing the 1,4-dimethyl-2,3-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline-6-sulfonamide scaffold. The biological evaluation revealed that most of the new compounds were promising selective dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-4) inhibitors and in vivo hypoglycemic agents utilizing linagliptin as a standard drug. The acute toxicity examination confirmed the safety profile of all compounds. Molecular docking studies related the significant DPP-4 suppression activity of compounds 9a, 10a, 10f, 10g to their nice fitting in the active pocket of DPP-4. In addition, the molecular dynamic study exhibited the stability of both 10a and 10g within the active site of DPP-4. The QSAR study showed that the difference between the predicted activities is very close to the experimental suppression effect. Moreover, both compounds 10a and 10g obeyed Lipinski's rule, indicating their efficient oral bioavailability. Compound 10a was radiolabeled, forming the 131I-SQ compound 10a to study the pharmacokinetic profile of this set of compounds. The biodistribution pattern hit the target protein since the tracer accumulated mainly in the visceral organs where DPP-4 is secreted in a high-level, thus with consequent stimulation of insulin secretion, leading to the target hypoglycemic effect. The current work represents the design and synthetic approaches of a new set of compounds 6–10 bearing the 1,4-dimethyl-2,3-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline-6-sulfonamide scaffold.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin M. Syam
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Manal M. Anwar
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Somaia S. Abd El-Karim
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Samia A. Elseginy
- Green Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Basma M. Essa
- Radioactive Isotopes and Generator Department, Hot Laboratories Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), P.O. Box 13759, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tamer M. Sakr
- Radioactive Isotopes and Generator Department, Hot Laboratories Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), P.O. Box 13759, Cairo, Egypt
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Ye F, Zhang Z, Zhao W, Ding J, Wang Y, Dang X. Two methods for the preparation of sitagliptin phosphate via chemical resolution and asymmetric hydrogenation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:4805-4809. [PMID: 35424414 PMCID: PMC8694546 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10273c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Two effective processes have been developed for the preparation of sitagliptin phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Ningxia Normal University
- Guyuan
- China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Ningxia Normal University
- Guyuan
- China
| | - Wenxia Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Ningxia Normal University
- Guyuan
- China
| | - Jianhai Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Ningxia Normal University
- Guyuan
- China
| | - Yali Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Ningxia Normal University
- Guyuan
- China
| | - Xueyan Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Ningxia Normal University
- Guyuan
- China
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11
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Chen X, Gumina G, Virga KG. Recent Advances in Drug Repurposing for Parkinson's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5340-5362. [PMID: 30027839 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180719144850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mostly affects older people, Parkinson's disease is a growing health threat to our ever-aging population. Despite remarkable advances in our understanding of this disease, all therapeutics currently available only act to improve symptoms but cannot stop the disease progression. Therefore, it is essential that more effective drug discovery methods and approaches are developed, validated, and used for the discovery of disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson's disease. Drug repurposing, also known as drug repositioning, or the process of finding new uses for existing or abandoned pharmaceuticals, has been recognized as a cost-effective and timeefficient way to develop new drugs, being equally promising as de novo drug discovery in the field of neurodegeneration and, more specifically for Parkinson's disease. The availability of several established libraries of clinical drugs and fast evolvement in disease biology, genomics and bioinformatics has stimulated the momentums of both in silico and activity-based drug repurposing. With the successful clinical introduction of several repurposed drugs for Parkinson's disease, drug repurposing has now become a robust alternative approach to the discovery and development of novel drugs for this disease. In this review, recent advances in drug repurposing for Parkinson's disease will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC 29325, United States
| | - Giuseppe Gumina
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC 29325, United States
| | - Kristopher G Virga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, William Carey University School of Pharmacy, Biloxi, MS 39532, United States
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12
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Huang PK, Lin SR, Chang CH, Tsai MJ, Lee DN, Weng CF. Natural phenolic compounds potentiate hypoglycemia via inhibition of Dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15585. [PMID: 31666589 PMCID: PMC6821704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) is a surface glycoprotein that can degrade glucagon like pepetide-1 (GLP-1) by decreasing blood sugar. Herbal medicines for diabetic therapy are widely used with acceptable efficacy but unsatisfied in advances. DPP IV was chosen as a template to employ molecular docking via Discovery Studio to search for natural phenolic compounds whether they have the inhibitory function of DPP IV. Then, docking candidates were validated and further performed signal pathway via Caco-2, C2C12, and AR42J cells. Lastly, a diet-induced diabetes in mice were applied to examine the efficacy and toxicity of hit natural phenolic products in long-term use (in vivo). After screening, curcumin, syringic acid, and resveratrol were found in high affinity with DPP IV enzymes. In enzymatic tests, curcumin and resveratrol showed potential inhibition of DPP IV. In vitro assays, curcumin inhibited of DPP IV activity in Caco-2 cells and ERK phosphorylation in C2C12 cells. Additionally, curcumin attenuated blood sugar in S961-treated C57BL/6 mice and in diet-induced diabetic ICR mice and long-term regulate HbA1c in diabetic mice. Curcumin targeted to DPP IV for reducing blood glucose, it possesses potential and alternative substitution of synthetic clinical drugs for the medication of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Kai Huang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Shian-Ren Lin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - May-Jwan Tsai
- Neural regeneration Laboratory, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Der-Nan Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, 26047, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan. .,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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13
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Sato N, Nakamura Y, Yamadera S, Inagaki M, Kenmotsu S, Saito H, Oguchi T, Tsuji M, Chokki H, Ohsawa I, Gotoh H, Iwai S, Kiuchi Y. Linagliptin Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation Concentration-Dependently And -Independently. J Inflamm Res 2019; 12:285-291. [PMID: 31695471 PMCID: PMC6814358 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s221761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, including linagliptin, prevent inflammation. However, the in vitro effects of linagliptin are unclear. Moreover, although linagliptin inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, the anti-inflammatory effects of linagliptin in this context are not concentration-dependent. In the absence of LPS-binding protein (LBP), the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS involve pathways other than the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 pathway. Here, we aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of linagliptin in an experimental model in which LBP was added to the medium. Methods Human U937 monocytes were cultured at 1 × 106 cells/mL in Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium and differentiated into macrophages using phorbol myristate acetate. All processes were carried out in medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). After 48 hrs of culture, we replaced the medium and pretreated the cells with 100, 250, 500, or 2500 nM linagliptin for 1 hr. We exchanged the medium again, and the cells were treated with 1 ng/mL LPS with or without 100, 250, 500, or 2500 nM linagliptin. Interleukin (IL)-6 and LBP in the supernatant, nuclear factor (NF)-κB/p65 in the nucleus, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells, as important markers of the mechanism of inflammation induction by LPS, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results Linagliptin significantly prevented LPS-stimulated IL-6 production and intranuclear NF-κB/p65 levels in a concentration-dependent manner. LPS-induced intracellular ROS levels were significantly decreased by linagliptin at all concentrations. LBP levels were markedly higher in FBS-containing medium than in medium without FBS. However, LBP levels did not change following administration of linagliptin and/or LPS. Conclusion Concentration-dependent and -independent inflammatory suppression was observed following linagliptin treatment in the context of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses. Thus, our findings suggested that linagliptin induced two different mechanisms to repress inflammation, i.e., TLR4-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sato
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Research Center, Tanabe Pharmacy Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Saiyu Soka Hospital, Soka City, Saitama-ken, Japan
| | - Shiho Yamadera
- Department of Hospital Pharmaceutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inagaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Fuculty of Arts and Sciences at Fujiyoshida, Showa University, Fujiyoshida City, Yamanashi-ken, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Kenmotsu
- Fuculty of Arts and Sciences at Fujiyoshida, Showa University, Fujiyoshida City, Yamanashi-ken, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saito
- Department of Hospital Pharmaceutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Oguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Chokki
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Ohsawa
- Department of Nephrology, Saiyu Soka Hospital, Soka City, Saitama-ken, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Gotoh
- Department of Nephrology, Saiyu Soka Hospital, Soka City, Saitama-ken, Japan
| | - Shinichi Iwai
- Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Kiuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Chen CY, Wu VC, Lin CJ, Lin CS, Pan CF, Chen HH, Lin YF, Huang TM, Chen L, Wu CJ. Improvement in Mortality and End-Stage Renal Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes After Acute Kidney Injury Who Are Prescribed Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors. Mayo Clin Proc 2018; 93:1760-1774. [PMID: 30343892 PMCID: PMC7126857 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To focus on the potential beneficial effects of the pleiotropic effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4is) on attenuating progression of diabetic kidney disease in reducing the long-term effect of the acute kidney injury (AKI) to chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data from the National Health Insurance Research Database from January 1, 1999, to July 31, 2011, were analyzed, and patients with diabetes weaning from dialysis-requiring AKI were identified. Cox proportional hazards models and inverse-weighted estimates of the probability of treatment were used to adjust for treatment selection bias. The outcomes were incident end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events, and hospitalized heart failure. RESULTS Of a total of 6165 patients with diabetes weaning from dialysis-requiring AKI identified, 5635 (91.4%) patients were DPP4i nonusers and 530 (8.6%) patients were DPP4i users. Compared with DPP4i nonusers, DPP4i users had a lower risk of ESRD (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70-0.94; P=.04) and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.23-0.34; P<.001) after adjustments for CKD, advanced CKD, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker use. In contrast, the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and hospitalized heart failure did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSION Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor users had a lower risk of ESRD and mortality than did nonusers among patients with diabetes after weaning from dialysis-requiring AKI. Therefore, a prospective study of AKI to CKD transitions after episodes of AKI is needed to optimally target DPP4i interventions.
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Key Words
- aki, acute kidney injury
- aki-d, dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury
- ckd, chronic kidney disease
- dm, diabetes mellitus
- dpp4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4
- dpp4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitior
- esrd, end-stage renal disease
- hhf, hospitalized heart failure
- hr, hazard ratio
- icd-9-cm, international classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification
- iptw, inverse probability of treatment weighting
- kim-1, kidney injury molecule-1
- mace, major adverse cardiovascular event
- mi, myocardial infarction
- mpr, medication possession ratio
- nhi, national health insurance
- nhird, national health insurance research database
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jui Lin
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Medicine, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Pan
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Min Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Likwang Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Medicine, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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15
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Zhu MR, Zhou J, Jin Y, Gao LH, Li L, Yang JR, Lu CM, Zhao QH, Xie MJ. A manganese-salen complex as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:1232-1239. [PMID: 30171949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A manganese Schiff base complex with N,N'-1,2-phenylenediamine-bis(salicyladimine) was synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. This complex was administered intragastrically to alloxan-diabetic mice 3 weeks. In vivo tests showed that the complex significantly lowered serum glucose levels in alloxan-diabetic mice at doses of 77 mg V kg-1. Meanwhile, this complex was investigated as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The compound exhibit moderate inhibition against DPP-IV and possessed an IC50 value of 30 μM. Lineweaver-Burk transformation of the inhibition kinetics data demonstrated that it was a noncompetitive inhibitor of DPP-IV and Ki value was 136.3 μM. Moreover, molecular modeling studies suggested that the complex could fit well within the active-site cleft of DPP-IV. An acute toxicity study showed that animals treated intragastically with complex 1 at a dose of 5.0 g/kg did not show any significantly abnormal signs. These preliminary results suggest that the manganese Schiff base complex can induce a hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Rong Zhu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Jin
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Hui Gao
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ling Li
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jun-Ru Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun-Mei Lu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Qi Hua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming-Jin Xie
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
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16
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Bagnoli E, FitzGerald U. Mitral cells and the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor: The sweet smell of success? Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:422-439. [PMID: 30120857 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) is often affected at very early stages of neurodegenerative disorders, in the so-called "prodromal" phase. In Parkinson's disease (PD), olfactory disturbances appear years before motor symptoms arise. Additionally, pathological alpha-synuclein aggregates are found in olfactory regions before spreading to other areas of the brain. Being positioned at the frontier between the brain and a potentially hostile environment, could explain the particular vulnerability of the OB. Mitral cells (MCs), the principal projecting neurons of the olfactory system, are involved in the pathogenesis and in the prion-like progression of PD. They are affected by Lewy pathology and are thought to contribute to the axonal transport of misfolded alpha-synuclein to other regions of the brain. Here, we first describe the main markers reported to distinguish MCs from other olfactory neurons. We focus on the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R), a membrane protein specifically expressed in MCs. After summarizing OB pathology, we explore the idea of targeting specifically MCs with GLP-1 or its analogues. Exenatide has shown great promise as a neuroprotective and neurorestorative agent and has been used in a clinical trial for clinical PD. Since GLP-1R activation has the ability to mitigate many facets of prodromal PD pathology, we postulate that once a robust biomarker is in place that is capable of identifying individuals in the prodromal phase of PD, homing in on GLP-1R could assist in deferring, or eradicating to a significant degree, the clinical manifestation of this debilitating human disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bagnoli
- CÚRAM, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Una FitzGerald
- CÚRAM, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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17
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Mandal A, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Gastrointestinal hormones in regulation of memory. Peptides 2018; 102:16-25. [PMID: 29466709 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The connection between the gastrointestinal hormones and the brain has been established many years ago. This relation is termed the gut-brain axis (GBA). The GBA is a bidirectional communication which not only regulates gastrointestinal homeostasis but is also linked with higher emotional and cognitive functions. Hypothalamus plays a critical role in the regulation of energy metabolism, nutrient partitioning and control of feeding behaviors. Various gut hormones are released inside the gastrointestinal tract on food intake. These hormones act peripherally and influence the different responses of the tissues to the food intake, but do also have effects on the brain. The hypothalamus, in turn, integrates visceral function with limbic system structures such as hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex. The hippocampus has been known for its involvement in the cognitive function and the modulation of synaptic plasticity. This review aims to establish the role of various gut hormones in learning and memory, through the interaction of various receptors in the hippocampus. Understanding their role in memory can also aid in finding novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of the neurological disorders associated with memory dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Mandal
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
| | - Lokesh K Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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18
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Li N, Wang LJ, Jiang B, Li XQ, Guo CL, Guo SJ, Shi DY. Recent progress of the development of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:145-157. [PMID: 29609120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a fast growing chronic metabolic disorder around the world. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a new promising target during type 2 diabetes glycemic control. Thus, a number of potent DPP-4 inhibitors were developed and play a rapidly evolving role in the management of type 2 diabetes in recent years. This article reviews the development of synthetic and natural DPP-4 inhibitors from 2012 to 2017 and provides their physico-chemical properties, biological activities against DPP-4 and selectivity over dipeptidyl peptidase-8/9. Moreover, the glucose-lowering mechanisms and the active site of DPP-4 are also discussed. We also discuss strategies and structure-activity relationships for identifying potent DPP-4 inhibitors, which will provide useful information for developing potent DPP-4 drugs as type 2 diabtes treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xiang-Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Chuan-Long Guo
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Shu-Ju Guo
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Da-Yong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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19
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Sangle GV, Patil M, Deshmukh NJ, Shengule SA, Kamble S, Vuppalavanchu KK, Kale S, Baig MLA, Singh G, Shaikh J, Tripathi J, Aravindababu P. Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters following single dose of sitagliptin in healthy Indian males. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 74:561-569. [PMID: 29511780 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-018-2433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV inhibitor approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, is reported to be more efficacious in Indian patients than non-Indian patient population. The objective of the study was to evaluate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters of single-dose sitagliptin 100 mg (Januvia) in healthy Indian male participants. METHOD In a randomised, single-dose, open-label, three-treatment, three-period, three-sequence, crossover bioavailability study, 18 healthy male participants received single-dose of sitagliptin under fasted and fed conditions. PK parameters (Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-∞ and t1/2) were determined using Phoenix WinNonlin software. PD parameters [DPP-IV inhibition, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin] were determined using established methods. RESULTS PK parameters expressed in mean (SD) were Cmax 491.7 (135.9) ng/mL; AUC0-∞ 4256.1 (509.9) ng· hr/mL, Tmax 2.9 (1.0) hr and t1/2 10.4 (3.0) hr. The weighted average (WA) plasma DPP-4 inhibition over 24 h was 89.6% and WA of plasma active GLP-1 over 2 h after standardised meal (geometric mean ratio) was 11.1 (9.9) pM/L which is two- to- four fold higher compared to that reported in other populations. The mean average (SD) AUC of plasma insulin over 2 h of standardised meal was 47.9 (24.9) μIU/mL. CONCLUSION Although, there are differences in pharmacokinetic parameters, no clinically meaningful differences were observed with respect to DPP-IV inhibition between Indian and non-Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V Sangle
- Diabetes Research Lab, New Drug Discovery, Wockhardt Research Centre, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Mohan Patil
- Diabetes Research Lab, New Drug Discovery, Wockhardt Research Centre, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitin J Deshmukh
- Diabetes Research Lab, New Drug Discovery, Wockhardt Research Centre, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushant A Shengule
- Diabetes Research Lab, New Drug Discovery, Wockhardt Research Centre, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shantibhushan Kamble
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Department, Wockhardt Research Centre, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Vuppalavanchu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Department, Wockhardt Research Centre, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushil Kale
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Department, Wockhardt Research Centre, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mirza Layeeq Ahmed Baig
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Department, Wockhardt Research Centre, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Geetchandra Singh
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Department, Wockhardt Research Centre, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Javed Shaikh
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Department, Wockhardt Research Centre, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jitendra Tripathi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Department, Wockhardt Research Centre, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Aravindababu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Department, Wockhardt Research Centre, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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Salim HM, Fukuda D, Higashikuni Y, Tanaka K, Hirata Y, Yagi S, Soeki T, Shimabukuro M, Sata M. Teneligliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, attenuated pro-inflammatory phenotype of perivascular adipose tissue and inhibited atherogenesis in normoglycemic apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 96-98:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Xie MJ, Zhu MR, Lu CM, Jin Y, Gao LH, Li L, Zhou J, Li FF, Zhao QH, Liu HK, Sadler PJ, Sanchez-Cano C. Synthesis and characterization of oxidovanadium complexes as enzyme inhibitors targeting dipeptidyl peptidase IV. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 175:29-35. [PMID: 28692886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two oxidovanadium(IV) complexes carrying Schiff base ligands obtained from the condensation of 4,5-dichlorobenzene-1,2-diamine and salicylaldehyde derivatives were synthesised and characterised, including their X-ray crystallographic structures. They were evaluated as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. These compounds were moderate inhibitors of DPP-IV, with IC50 values of ca. 40μM. In vivo tests showed that complexes 1 and 2 could lower significantly the level of glucose in the blood of alloxan-diabetic mice at doses of 22.5mgV·kg-1 and 29.6mgV·kg-1, respectively. Moreover, molecular modeling studies suggested that the oxidovanadium complexes 1 and 2 could fit well into the active-site cleft of the kinase domain of DPP-IV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of vanadium complexes capable of inhibiting DPP-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jin Xie
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
| | - Ming-Rong Zhu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun-Mei Lu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Jin
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Hui Gao
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling Li
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Fan-Fang Li
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Qi Hua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong-Ke Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Carlos Sanchez-Cano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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Design of potent dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors by employing a strategy to form a salt bridge with Lys554. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3565-3571. [PMID: 28579121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a design strategy to obtain potent DPP-4 inhibitors by incorporating salt bridge formation with Lys554 in the S1' pocket. By applying the strategy to the previously identified templates, quinoline 4 and pyridines 16a, 16b, and 17 have been identified as subnanomolar or nanomolar inhibitors of human DPP-4. Docking studies suggested that a hydrophobic interaction with Tyr547 as well as the salt bridge interaction is important for the extremely high potency. The design strategy would be useful to explore a novel design for DPP-4 inhibitors having a distinct structure with a unique binding mode.
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Ma J, Li H, Hu X, Yang L, Chen Q, Hu C, Chen Z, Tian X, Yang Y, Luo Y, Gan R, Yang J. CMD-05, a novel promising clinical anti-diabetic drug candidate, in vivo and vitro studies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46628. [PMID: 28406239 PMCID: PMC5390258 DOI: 10.1038/srep46628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor has been expected to be a new class of anti-diabetic agent. The present study was designed to characterize the pharmacological profiles of CMD-05, a novel DPP-IV inhibitor discovered in our laboratory, in vitro and in vivo. The IC50 of CMD-05 on DPP-IV inhibitory activity was approximately 12 nM while vildagliptin was 3.5 nM in vitro. In diabetes rat model established by high fat diet/low dose streptozotocin, CMD-05 inhibited DPP-IV activity, significantly improved glucose tolerance, increased GLP-1 and insulin levels in plasma. Long-term administration of CMD-05 decreased HbA1c and TG levels and improved the islet function without significantly effect on body weight. Furthermore, CMD-05 reduced INS-1 cell apoptosis and increased GLP-1 secretion in NCI-H716. After oral administration, CMD-05 reached peak concentration at 30 min with half-life of 288 minutes and the inhibitory rate of DPP-IV greater than 50% lasted for 15 h. In fasted normal rats, CMD-05 didn't cause significant hypoglycemia. CMD-05 had a lower cytotoxicity than vildagliptin in vitro and its maximum tolerance dose in mice is beyond 2000 mg/kg. These results indicated that CMD-05 has similar activity with vildagliptin in vivo and has a much longer half-life and lower cytotoxicity than vildagliptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiangnan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Congli Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Run Gan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
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Ren X, Liu G, Wang Y, Zhang W, Xue F, Li R, Yu W. Influence of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitor Sitagliptin on Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1/2 Signaling in Rats with Diabetic Nephropathy. Pharmacology 2017; 100:1-13. [PMID: 28329747 DOI: 10.1159/000455874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of sitagliptin on the kidneys of rats with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and its influence on extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling were investigated. Male Wistar rats (n = 40) were randomly assigned to normal control, DN, low-dose sitagliptin intervention (ST1), or high-dose sitagliptin intervention (ST2) groups. Animals were euthanized after a 16-week treatment, and blood glucose (BG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), urinary albumin excretion rate (AER), serum creatinine (Scr), creatinine clearance rate (Ccr), active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels, kidney hypertrophy index, and renal pathohistology were determined. Immunohistochemical methods and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to detect protein and mRNA expression of podocalyxin, ERK1/2, GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). After 16 weeks, BG, AER, Scr, HbA1c and the kidney hypertrophy index were all significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in ST1 and ST2 groups, while Ccr and active GLP-1 levels were increased (p < 0.05), with changes more pronounced in ST2 (p < 0.05). Glomerular pathological lesions were also improved following sitagliptin treatment, especially in ST2. Immunohistochemical and real-time PCR revealed that protein and mRNA expression levels of podocalyxin and GLP-1R were increased significantly in ST1 and ST2, while expression of ERK1/2 and TGF-β was decreased (p < 0.05). Sitagliptin therefore delayed DN progression, possibly via the inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling and promotion of the interaction between GLP-1 and the GLP-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Ren
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Dayi Hospital (Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences), Taiyuan, China
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25
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Nakamura Y, Inagaki M, Tsuji M, Gocho T, Handa K, Hasegawa H, Yura A, Kawakami T, Ohsawa I, Goto Y, Gotoh H, Kiuchi Y. Linagliptin Has Wide-Ranging Anti-Inflammatory Points of Action in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. JAPANESE CLINICAL MEDICINE 2016; 7:27-32. [PMID: 27980448 PMCID: PMC5140011 DOI: 10.4137/jcm.s39317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the potential anti-inflammatory effects, linagliptin, a therapeutic dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, is used as an effective drug for diabetic patients for whom inflammation is a prognosis-related factor. We investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism of linagliptin using seven markers. METHODS We pretreated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), with linagliptin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The cytosolic fractions were evaluated for protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase B (PKB), protein kinase C (PKC), ratio of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), activator protein 1 (AP-1), and adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). RESULTS Linagliptin increased the PKA and PKC activities and the cAMP levels in LPS-treated cells. However, it inhibited LPS-induced PKB phosphorylation, ratio of ROS and Cu/Zn SOD, and LPS-stimulated AP-1 nuclear translocation. CONCLUSION We reaffirmed the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of linagliptin. These effects might be related to the three protein kinases. Our findings suggest that linagliptin has a wide range of anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saiyu Soka Hospital, Soka City, Saitama-ken, Japan.; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inagaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Showa University, Fujiyoshida City, Yamanashi-ken, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Gocho
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Handa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hasegawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yura
- Department of Toyosu Clinic Preventive Medicine Center, School of Medicine, Showa University, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kawakami
- Department of Toyosu Clinic Preventive Medicine Center, School of Medicine, Showa University, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Ohsawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saiyu Soka Hospital, Soka City, Saitama-ken, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Goto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saiyu Soka Hospital, Soka City, Saitama-ken, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Gotoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saiyu Soka Hospital, Soka City, Saitama-ken, Japan
| | - Yuji Kiuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Faidley TD, Leiting B, Pryor KD, Lyons K, Hickey GJ, Thompson DR. Inhibition of Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Does Not Increase Circulating IGF-1 Concentrations in Growing Pigs. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 231:1373-8. [PMID: 16946406 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inactivates a variety of bioactive peptides, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH). Inhibiting DPP-IV in order to increase circulating GLP-1 is of interest as a treatment for Type II diabetes. Inactivation of DPP-IV may also increase circulating GHRH, potentially enhancing growth in domestic animals. To test the hypothesis that inhibition of DPP-IV activity will influence the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis, growing pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus, 78 kg) were treated with a DPP-IV inhibitor (Compound 1, the 2,5-difluorophenyl analog of the triazolopiperazine MK0431, sitagliptin), and plasma concentrations of IGF-1 were monitored. Pigs were administered either sterile saline (0.11 ml/kg followed by a continuous infusion at 2 ml/hr for 72 hrs, controls, n = 2), Compound 1 (2.78 mg/kg followed by a continuous infusion at 0.327 mg/kg·hr for 72 hrs, n = 4) or GHRH (0.11 ml/kg sterile saline, followed by a continuous infusion of GHRH at 2.5 μg/kg hr for 48 hrs, n = 4). Plasma concentrations of Compound 1 were maintained at 1 μM, which resulted in a 90% inhibition of circulating DPP-IV activity. Relative to the predose 24-hr period, area under the IGF-1 concentration curve (AUC) tended to be lower (P = 0.062) with Compound 1 (–79 ± 130 ng/ml hr) than controls (543 ± 330 ng/ml hr). GHRH treatment increased the IGF-1 AUC (1210 ± 160 ng/ml hr, P = 0.049 vs. controls and P = 0.001 vs. Compound 1). We conclude that inhibition of DPP-IV does not alter the circulating levels of IGF-1 in the growing pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Faidley
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Branchburg Farm, 203 River Road, Somerville, NJ 08876, USA.
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27
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Athauda D, Foltynie T. Insulin resistance and Parkinson's disease: A new target for disease modification? Prog Neurobiol 2016; 145-146:98-120. [PMID: 27713036 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that patients with Type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease and share similar dysregulated pathways suggesting common underlying pathological mechanisms. Historically insulin was thought solely to be a peripherally acting hormone responsible for glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism. However accumulating evidence indicates insulin can cross the blood-brain-barrier and influence a multitude of processes in the brain including regulating neuronal survival and growth, dopaminergic transmission, maintenance of synapses and pathways involved in cognition. In conjunction, there is growing evidence that a process analogous to peripheral insulin resistance occurs in the brains of Parkinson's disease patients, even in those without diabetes. This raises the possibility that defective insulin signalling pathways may contribute to the development of the pathological features of Parkinson's disease, and thereby suggests that the insulin signalling pathway may potentially be a novel target for disease modification. Given these growing links between PD and Type 2 diabetes it is perhaps not unsurprising that drugs used the treatment of T2DM are amongst the most promising treatments currently being prioritised for repositioning as possible novel treatments for PD and several clinical trials are under way. In this review, we will examine the underlying cellular links between insulin resistance and the pathogenesis of PD and then we will assess current and future pharmacological strategies being developed to restore neuronal insulin signalling as a potential strategy for slowing neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Athauda
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
| | - T Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
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28
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Nakamura Y, Hasegawa H, Tsuji M, Oguchi T, Mihara M, Suzuki H, Nishida K, Inoue M, Shimizu T, Ohsawa I, Gotoh H, Goto Y, Inagaki M, Oguchi K. Linagliptin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-stimulated interleukin-6 production, intranuclear p65 expression, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41100-016-0030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP) receptor as a therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease: mechanisms of action. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:802-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Addy C, Tatosian DA, Glasgow XS, Gendrano IN, Sisk CM, Kauh EA, Stoch SA, Wagner JA. Effects of Age, Sex, and Obesity on the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Omarigliptin in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2016; 5:374-82. [PMID: 27627193 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Omarigliptin is being developed as a potent, once-weekly, oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluated the effects of age, sex, and obesity on the pharmacokinetics of omarigliptin in healthy subjects. A single oral dose of omarigliptin 10 mg (n = 6/panel) or placebo (n = 2/panel) was administered in the fasted state to elderly nonobese men and women, young obese (30 ≤ body mass index [BMI] ≤ 35 kg/m(2) ) men and women, and young nonobese women of nonchildbearing potential. Plasma was collected at selected postdose times for evaluation of omarigliptin concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with historical data from a previously-conducted single-dose study in young, healthy, nonobese men. There were no clinically significant differences in omarigliptin AUC0-∞ , the primary pharmacokinetic parameter for assessing efficacy and safety, based on age, sex, or BMI (pooled nonobese elderly versus pooled nonobese young, young nonobese female versus young nonobese male, and pooled young obese versus pooled young nonobese). There were no serious adverse events or hypoglycemic events attributable to omarigliptin administration. Demographic factors and BMI had no meaningful effect on omarigliptin pharmacokinetics, suggesting that dose adjustment based on age, sex, or obesity is not required.
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Shi S, Koya D, Kanasaki K. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and kidney fibrosis in diabetes. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2016; 9:1. [PMID: 26877767 PMCID: PMC4752740 DOI: 10.1186/s13069-016-0038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease worldwide and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Recent evidence revealed that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors may exhibit a protective effect against DN. In fact, the kidney is the organ where the DPP-4 activity is the highest level per organ weight. A preclinical analysis revealed that DPP-4 inhibitors also ameliorated kidney fibrosis. In this review, we analyzed recent reports in this field and explore the renoprotective effects and possible mechanism of the DPP-4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Shi
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan ; The Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000 People's Republic of China
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan ; Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan ; Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan
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Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Effects of Multiple-dose Administration of Omarigliptin, a Once-weekly Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor, in Obese Participants With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Ther 2016; 38:516-30. [PMID: 26869191 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Omarigliptin (MK-3102) is a potent, oral, long-acting dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor approved in Japan and in global development as a once-weekly treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of omarigliptin in obese participants with and without T2DM. METHODS This was a Phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study of 50-mg omarigliptin administered once weekly for 4 weeks. Participants included 24 obese but otherwise healthy subjects (panel A; omarigliptin, n = 18; placebo, n = 6) and 8 obese patients with T2DM (treatment naive, hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5% and ≤ 10.0% [panel B]; omarigliptin, n = 6; placebo, n = 2). Participants were 45 to 65 years of age with a body mass index of ≥ 30 and ≤ 40 kg/m(2). Blood sampling occurred at select time points, depending on the study panel, to evaluate the PK properties of omarigliptin, DPP-4 activity, active glucagon-like peptide 1 levels, and plasma glucose concentrations. Body weight was an exploratory end point. Due to sparse sampling in panel A, a thorough PK analysis was performed in obese patients with T2DM (panel B) only. PD analyses were performed in the overall study population (pooled panels A and B). FINDINGS PK profiles in obese participants with and without T2DM were similar to those observed in nonobese reference subjects (historical data). Steady state was achieved after 1 or 2 weekly doses in obese participants with and without T2DM. In obese patients with T2DM, omarigliptin was rapidly absorbed, with a median Tmax of 1 to 2.5 hours (days 1 and 22). Compared with those in reference subjects, the geometric mean ratios (95% CI) (Obese T2DM/reference) for steady-state plasma AUC0-168h, Cmax, and C168h were 0.80 (0.65-0.98), 0.86 (0.53-1.41), and 1.08 (0.88-1.33), respectively. Trough DPP-4 activity was inhibited by ~90%; postprandial (PP) 4-hour weighted mean active GLP-1 concentrations were increased ~2-fold; and PP glucose was significantly reduced with omarigliptin versus placebo in the pooled population. Omarigliptin was generally well-tolerated in the pooled population, and there were no hypoglycemic events. Consistent with other DPP-4 inhibitors, omarigliptin had no effect on body weight in this short-duration study. IMPLICATIONS The administration of omarigliptin was generally well-tolerated in obese participants with and without T2DM, and the favorable PK and PD profiles support once-weekly dosing. Omarigliptin may provide an important once-weekly treatment option for patients with T2DM. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01088711.
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Linagliptin but not Sitagliptin inhibited transforming growth factor-β2-induced endothelial DPP-4 activity and the endothelial-mesenchymal transition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:184-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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34
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Jeong HU, Kim JH, Lee DY, Shim HJ, Lee HS. In Vitro Metabolic Pathways of the New Anti-Diabetic Drug Evogliptin in Human Liver Preparations. Molecules 2015; 20:21802-15. [PMID: 26690104 PMCID: PMC6332232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Evogliptin ((R)-4-((R)-3-amino-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butanoyl)-3-(tert-butoxymethyl)-piperazin-2-one), is a new dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor used for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. The in vitro metabolic pathways of evogliptin were identified in human hepatocytes, liver microsomes, and liver S9 fractions using liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Five metabolites of evogliptin-4-oxoevogliptin (M1), 4(S)-hydroxyevogliptin (M2), 4(R)-hydroxyevogliptin (M3), 4(S)-hydroxyevogliptin glucuronide (M4), and evogliptin N-sulfate (M5)—were identified in human liver preparations by comparison with authentic standards. We characterized the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes responsible for evogliptin hydroxylation to 4(S)-hydroxyevogliptin (M2) and 4(R)-hydroxyevogliptin (M3) and the UGT enzymes responsible for glucuronidation of 4(S)-hydroxyevogliptin (M2) to 4(S)-hydroxy-evogliptin glucuronide (M4). CYP3A4/5 played the major role in the hydroxylation of evogliptin to 4(S)-hydroxyevogliptin (M2) and 4(R)-hydroxyevogliptin (M3). Glucuronidation of 4(S)-hydroxy-evogliptin (M2) to 4(S)-hydroxyevogliptin glucuronide (M4) was catalyzed by the enzymes UGT2B4 and UGT2B7. These results suggest that the interindividual variability in the metabolism of evogliptin in humans is a result of the genetic polymorphism of the CYP and UGT enzymes responsible for evogliptin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Uk Jeong
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Korea.
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Korea.
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Research Center, Dong-A ST Co., Yongin 446-905, Korea.
| | - Hyun Joo Shim
- Research Center, Dong-A ST Co., Yongin 446-905, Korea.
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Korea.
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Hayes M, Tiwari BK. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Peptides in Foods: An Overview of Sources, Downstream Processing Steps and Associated Bioactivities. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22485-508. [PMID: 26393573 PMCID: PMC4613320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides and carbohydrates are sourced from a myriad of plant, animal and insects and have huge potential for use as food ingredients and pharmaceuticals. However, downstream processing bottlenecks hinder the potential use of these natural bioactive compounds and add cost to production processes. This review discusses the health benefits and bioactivities associated with peptides and carbohydrates of natural origin and downstream processing methodologies and novel processes which may be used to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hayes
- The Food BioSciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | - Brijesh K Tiwari
- The Food BioSciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
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Interactions of DPP-4 and integrin β1 influences endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Kidney Int 2015; 88:479-89. [PMID: 25830763 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrin β1 and dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 play roles in endothelial cell biology. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A inhibits endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) through VEGF-R2, but through VEGF-R1 promotes EndMT by reducing the bioavailability of VEGF-A. Here we tested whether DPP-4-integrin β1 interactions have a role in EndMT in the renal fibrosis of diabetic nephropathy. In streptozotocin-induced fibrotic kidneys in diabetic CD-1 mice, levels of endothelial DPP-4, integrin β1, and phospho-integrin β1 were all higher and associated with plasma cystatin C elevation. The DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin ameliorated kidney fibrosis, reduced plasma cystatin C levels, and suppressed endothelial levels of DPP-4, integrin β1, and phospho-integrin β1. In cultured endothelial cells, DPP-4 and integrin β1 physically interacted. Suppression of DPP-4 by siRNA was associated with suppression of integrin β1 and vice versa. Knockdown of either integrin β1 or DPP-4 resulted in the silencing of TGF-β2-induced TGF-β receptor heterodimer formation, smad3 phosphorylation, and EndMT. DPP-4 negatively regulated endothelial viability signaling by VEGF-R2 suppression and VEGF-R1 induction in endothelial cells. Thus, DPP-4 and integrin β1 interactions regulate key endothelial cell signal transduction in both physiological and pathological conditions including EndMT. Hence, inhibiting DPP-4 may be a therapeutic target for treating kidney fibrosis in diabetes.
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Abstract
DPP-4 specifically degrades the incretin hormone GLP-1 and GIP, both of which are vital modulators of blood glucose homeostasis. Attributed to its potential biological function, DPP-4 inhibition has presently represented an attractive therapeutic strategy for treating diabetes and aroused a significant interest in the pharmaceutical industry. Chemical stability, selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties have been continuously emphasized during the long journey of R&D centered on DPP-4 inhibitors. The current landscape of the development of DPP-4 inhibitors is outlined in this review, with a focus on rational drug design and structural optimization to pursue chemical stability, selectivity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, the structure-activity relationships, based on reported DPP-4 inhibitors, will be discussed.
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Kushwaha RN, Srivastava R, Mishra A, Rawat AK, Srivastava AK, Haq W, Katti SB. Design, synthesis, biological screening, and molecular docking studies of piperazine-derived constrained inhibitors of DPP-IV for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 85:439-46. [PMID: 25216392 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Novel piperazine-derived conformationally constrained compounds were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for in vitro Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activities. From a library of compounds synthesized, 1-(2-(4-(7-Chloro-4-quinolyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetyl)pyrrolidine (2g) was identified as a potential DPP-IV inhibitor exhibiting better inhibitory activity than P32/98, reference inhibitor. The in vivo studies carried out in STZ and db/db mice models indicated that the compound 2g showed moderate antihyperglycemic activity as compared to the marketed drug Sitagliptin. A two-week repeated dose study in db/db mice revealed that compound 2g significantly declined blood glucose levels with no evidence of hypoglycemia risk. Furthermore, it showed improvement in insulin resistance reversal and antidyslipidemic properties. Molecular docking studies established good binding affinity of compound 2g at the DPP-IV active site and are in favor of the observed biological data. These data collectively suggest that compound 2g is a good lead molecule for further optimization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram N Kushwaha
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India
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Gu N, Park MK, Kim TE, Bahng MY, Lim KS, Cho SH, Yoon SH, Cho JY, Jang IJ, Yu KS. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of evogliptin (DA-1229), a novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:1709-21. [PMID: 25336915 PMCID: PMC4199987 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s65678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Evogliptin (DA-1229) is a novel, potent, and selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor in clinical development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and tolerability of evogliptin after repeated oral administration in healthy subjects. Patients and methods A block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose, dose-escalation study was performed in a total of 30 subjects. Repeated once-daily doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg evogliptin or the same doses of placebo were orally administered to ten subjects in each dosage group for 10 days. Subjects in each group were randomized to receive evogliptin or placebo with a ratio of 8:2. Pharmacokinetics of evogliptin were evaluated, with its concentrations in serial plasma and urine samples collected following the first and last administrations. DPP-IV activity and glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose, and insulin levels were quantified to evaluate evogliptin’s pharmacodynamics on the first and last dosing days. Results All participants completed the study without any serious or severe adverse event. The evogliptin plasma concentration reached its peak within 4–5 hours and decreased relatively slowly, with a terminal elimination half-life of 33–39 hours. Repeated administration resulted in a 1.4- to 1.5-fold accumulation. Evogliptin’s systemic exposure and inhibition of plasma DPP-IV activity increased in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of DPP-IV activity >80% was sustained over 24 hours in all evogliptin dose groups and provided an increase in postprandial active glucagon-like peptide-1 levels by 1.5- to 2.4-fold. Postprandial glucose levels in the evogliptin-treated groups were reduced 20%–35% compared to placebo, but were not accompanied by increased insulin levels. Conclusion Repeated administration of evogliptin in healthy subjects was well tolerated and exhibited linear pharmacokinetics within the 5–20 mg dose range. A once-daily regimen of 5–20 mg evogliptin effectively inhibited DPP-IV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namyi Gu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dongguk University College of Medicine and Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyu Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dong-A University College of Medicine and Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Eun Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kunkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Bahng
- Clinical Development Department, Dong-A ST Co, Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Soo Lim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Yoon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jin Jang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Elevated risk of type 2 diabetes for development of Alzheimer disease: a key role for oxidative stress in brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1693-706. [PMID: 24949886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among the elderly and is characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognition. Epidemiological data show that the incidence of AD increases with age and doubles every 5 years after 65 years of age. From a neuropathological point of view, amyloid-β-peptide (Aβ) leads to senile plaques, which, together with hyperphosphorylated tau-based neurofibrillary tangles and synapse loss, are the principal pathological hallmarks of AD. Aβ is associated with the formation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species, and induces calcium-dependent excitotoxicity, impairment of cellular respiration, and alteration of synaptic functions associated with learning and memory. Oxidative stress was found to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which (i) represents another prevalent disease associated with obesity and often aging, and (ii) is considered to be a risk factor for AD development. T2DM is characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from increased hepatic glucose production, impaired insulin production and peripheral insulin resistance, which close resemble to the brain insulin resistance observed in AD patients. Furthermore, growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of insulin resistance and vice versa. This review article provides molecular aspects and the pharmacological approaches from both preclinical and clinical data interpreted from the point of view of oxidative stress with the aim of highlighting progresses in this field.
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Tanwar O, Tanwar L, Shaquiquzzaman M, Alam MM, Akhter M. Structure based virtual screening of MDPI database: discovery of structurally diverse and novel DPP-IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3447-51. [PMID: 24948564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) has been emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Structure based virtual screening (SBVS) of Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI) database was performed using Glide and Gold against DPP-IV enzyme. Six promising hits were identified and tested for DPP-IV inhibition. Three compounds were found to be active at low micromolar concentration. The 3-(1-hydrazinyl-1-(phenylamino)ethyl)-4-hydroxy-1-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one (compound A) was found to be the most potent hit with an IC50 of 0.73 μM. These three compounds (A, B and D) were then assessed for their glucose lowering effects in glucose fed hyperglycemic female Wistar rats. The glucose lowering effects of compounds also confirms their potential as anti-diabetic agents. The present study demonstrates a successful utilization of in silico SBVS tools in identification of novel and potential DPP-IV inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omprakash Tanwar
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility (BIF), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Lalima Tanwar
- School of Biochemistry, DAVV, Khandwa Road, Indore, India
| | - Md Shaquiquzzaman
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility (BIF), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Md Mumtaz Alam
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility (BIF), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mymoona Akhter
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility (BIF), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Fejős I, Urbancsok Z, Zhou W, Sohajda T, Hu W, Szente L, Béni S. Separation of alogliptin enantiomers in cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis: a validated method. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2885-91. [PMID: 24585460 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The single enantiomer drug, alogliptin (Alo, Nesina®) is a novel, orally available and selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor used for the treatment of type II diabetes. Following its pKa determination by CE-pH titration, a validated chiral CE method has been developed to separate Alo enantiomers. Preliminary screening of the native CDs and their ten derivatives revealed that sulfopropylated-γ-CD, sulfopropylated-β-CD and sulfopropylated-γ-CD, sulfobutyl-ether-β-CD (SBE-β-CD) and sulfobutyl-ether-γ-CD enabled enantioresolution. Furthermore, cavity size dependent enantiomer migration order reversal was observed between γ- and β-CD derivatives. To improve enantioseparation, buffer composition and pH, CD concentration, applied voltage, temperature, and injection parameters were optimized for the Alo/ SBE-β-CD system, yielding a resolution of 8.34. RSD percentage of the resolution value, migration times, and corrected peak areas were below 3 and 5% during testing repeatability and intermediate precision. LOD and LOQ values were found to be 2 and 6 μg/mL, respectively, for each enantiomer. Calibration lines ranging from 6 to 250 μg/mL were constructed with r(2) > 0.9997. Robustness could be successfully verified by using the Plackett-Burman statistical experimental design. The optimized system containing 5 mM SBE-β-CD in a 25 mM acetate buffer at pH 4.75 was found promising to detect 0.1% distomer in the presence of the API.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Fejős
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Tanwar O, Deora GS, Tanwar L, Kumar G, Janardhan S, Alam M, Akhter M. Novel hydrazine derivatives as selective DPP-IV inhibitors: findings from virtual screening and validation through molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2118. [PMID: 24687332 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates and validates the discovery of two novel hydrazine derivatives as selective dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors. Virtual screening (VS) of publicly available databases was performed using virtual screening workflow (VSW) of Schrödinger software against DPP-IV and the most promising hits were selected. Selectivity was further assessed by docking the hits against homology modeled structures of DPP8 and DPP9. Two novel hydrazine derivatives were selected for further studies based on their selectivity threshold. To assess their correct binding modes and stability of their complexes with enzyme, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation studies were performed against the DPP-IV protein and the results revealed that they had a better binding affinity towards DPP-IV as compared to DPP 8 and DPP 9. The binding poses were further validated by docking these ligands with different softwares (Glide and Gold). The proposed binding modes of hydrazines were found to be similar to sitagliptine and alogliptine. Thus, the study reveals the potential of hydrazine derivatives as highly selective DPP-IV inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omprakash Tanwar
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility (BIF), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
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Nakagami H, Pang Z, Shimosato T, Moritani T, Kurinami H, Koriyama H, Tenma A, Shimamura M, Morishita R. The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor teneligliptin improved endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance in the SHR/NDmcr-cp rat model of metabolic syndrome. Hypertens Res 2014; 37:629-35. [PMID: 24621463 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, hypertension and metabolic syndrome are major risk factors for the occurrence of cardiovascular events. In this study, we used spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR)/NDmcr-cp (cp/cp) (SHRcp) rats as a model for metabolic syndrome to examine the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibition on hypertension, glucose metabolism and endothelial dysfunction. First, we confirmed that SHRcp rats showed very severe obesity, hypertension and endothelial dysfunction phenotypes from 14 to 54 weeks of age. Next, we examined whether the DPP-4 inhibitor teneligliptin (10 mg kg(-1) per day per os for 12 weeks) could modify any of these phenotypes. Treatment with teneligliptin significantly improved hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, as evidenced by an oral glucose tolerance test and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, respectively. Teneligliptin showed no effects on systolic blood pressure or heart rate. In regard to endothelial function, the vasodilator response to acetylcholine was significantly impaired in SHRcp rats when compared with WKY rats. Long-term treatment with teneligliptin significantly attenuated endothelial dysfunction through the upregulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide synthase mRNA. These results demonstrate that long-term treatment with teneligliptin significantly improved endothelial dysfunction and glucose metabolism in a rat model of metabolic syndrome, suggesting that teneligliptin treatment might be beneficial for patients with hypertension and/or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakagami
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zhengda Pang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Hitomi Kurinami
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koriyama
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiko Tenma
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
| | - Munehisa Shimamura
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Insulin, IGF-1 and GLP-1 signaling in neurodegenerative disorders: targets for disease modification? Prog Neurobiol 2014; 118:1-18. [PMID: 24582776 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin and Insulin Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) play a major role in body homeostasis and glucose regulation. They also have paracrine/autocrine functions in the brain. The Insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway contributes to the control of neuronal excitability, nerve cell metabolism and cell survival. Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), known as an insulinotropic hormone has similar functions and growth like properties as insulin/IGF-1. Growing evidence suggests that dysfunction of these pathways contribute to the progressive loss of neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), the two most frequent neurodegenerative disorders. These findings have led to numerous studies in preclinical models of neurodegenerative disorders targeting insulin/IGF-1 and GLP-1 signaling with currently available anti-diabetics. These studies have shown that administration of insulin, IGF-1 and GLP-1 agonists reverses signaling abnormalities and has positive effects on surrogate markers of neurodegeneration and behavioral outcomes. Several proof-of-concept studies are underway that attempt to translate the encouraging preclinical results to patients suffering from AD and PD. In the first part of this review, we discuss physiological functions of insulin/IGF-1 and GLP-1 signaling pathways including downstream targets and receptors distribution within the brain. In the second part, we undertake a comprehensive overview of preclinical studies targeting insulin/IGF-1 or GLP-1 signaling for treating AD and PD. We then detail the design of clinical trials that have used anti-diabetics for treating AD and PD patients. We close with future considerations that treat relevant issues for successful translation of these encouraging preclinical results into treatments for patients with AD and PD.
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Bastos IMD, Motta FN, Grellier P, Santana JM. Parasite prolyl oligopeptidases and the challenge of designing chemotherapeuticals for Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and African trypanosomiasis. Curr Med Chem 2014; 20:3103-15. [PMID: 23514419 PMCID: PMC3778648 DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320250006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The trypanosomatids Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma brucei spp. cause Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis, respectively. It is estimated that over 10 million people worldwide suffer from these neglected diseases, posing enormous social and economic problems in endemic areas. There are no vaccines to prevent these infections and chemotherapies are not adequate. This picture indicates that new chemotherapeutic agents must be developed to treat these illnesses. For this purpose, understanding the biology of the pathogenic trypanosomatid-host cell interface is fundamental for molecular and functional characterization of virulence factors that may be used as targets for the development of inhibitors to be used for effective chemotherapy. In this context, it is well known that proteases have crucial functions for both metabolism and infectivity of pathogens and are thus potential drug targets. In this regard, prolyl oligopeptidase and oligopeptidase B, both members of the S9 serine protease family, have been shown to play important roles in the interactions of pathogenic protozoa with their mammalian hosts and may thus be considered targets for drug design. This review aims to discuss structural and functional properties of these intriguing enzymes and their potential as targets for the development of drugs against Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M D Bastos
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Pan X, Li X, Lu Q, Yu W, Li W, Zhang Q, Deng F, Liu F. Efficient synthesis of sitagliptin phosphate, a novel DPP-IV inhibitor, via a chiral aziridine intermediate. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Deng J, Lamb JR, Mckeown AP, Miller S, Muglia P, Guest PC, Bahn S, Domenici E, Rahmoune H. Identification of altered dipeptidyl-peptidase activities as potential biomarkers for unipolar depression. J Affect Disord 2013; 151:667-672. [PMID: 23948634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in circulatory aminopeptidases [dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), Prolyl-oligopeptidase (POP) and Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP)] activities have been found to be associated with psychiatric illnesses and inflammatory diseases. METHODS The discriminatory indices of aminopeptidases activities were assessed by enzymatic assays in plasma samples from 240 unipolar depression (UD) patients and 264 matched controls. In addition the relationship between soluble and cellular DPP-IV activity was determined in plasma and blood cells from healthy subjects. RESULTS Greater than 95% of the plasma DPP-IV activity could be blocked by inhibitors, demonstrating the specificity of the assay. Also, DPP-IV protein and activity levels were strongly correlated. In contrast, only 50% of the membrane-bound activity in blood cells was inhibited, which suggested that other similar peptidases may be present in these cells. UD patients had decreased plasma levels of DPP-IV and POP activities compared to healthy controls with a concomitant increase in LAP activity. Finally, testing of the LAP/DPP-IV ratio resulted in good discrimination of UD patients from controls with an area under the curve-receiver operating characteristic of 0.70. LIMITATIONS Further biological validation studies using different cohorts are warranted. CONCLUSIONS The finding that plasma DPP-IV activity was decreased and LAP activity was increased in UD patients suggests the potential value for testing the levels of these enzymes for improved classification of patients. In addition, the changes in these enzymes, suggests that the proteolytic maturation of their proneuropeptide and prohormone subtrates may also be affected in UD, resulting in altered production of the associated bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingti Deng
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2GG, UK
| | - Jonathan R Lamb
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2GG, UK
| | - Astrid P Mckeown
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2GG, UK
| | - Sam Miller
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2GG, UK
| | - Pierandrea Muglia
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Via Fleming 4, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Paul C Guest
- Cambridge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Research, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Cambridge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Research, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Via Fleming 4, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Hassan Rahmoune
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2GG, UK; Cambridge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Research, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK.
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Sharma MC. WITHDRAWN: Molecular modeling and pharmacophore approach substituted benzimidazole derivatives as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Food protein hydrolysates as a source of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory peptides for the management of type 2 diabetes. Proc Nutr Soc 2013; 73:34-46. [PMID: 24131508 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665113003601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing and it is estimated that by 2030 approximately 366 million people will be diagnosed with this condition. The use of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors is an emerging strategy for the treatment of T2DM. DPP-IV is a ubiquitous aminodipeptidase that cleaves incretins such as glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), resulting in a loss in their insulinotropic activity. Synthetic DPP-IV drug inhibitors are being used to increase the half-life of the active GLP-1 and GIP. Dietary intervention is accepted as a key component in the prevention and management of T2DM. Therefore, identification of natural food protein-derived DPP-IV inhibitors is desirable. Peptides with DPP-IV inhibitory activity have been identified in a variety of food proteins. This review aims to provide an overview of food protein hydrolysates as a source of the DPP-IV inhibitory peptides with particular focus on milk proteins. In addition, the proposed modes of inhibition and structure-activity relationship of peptide inhibitors are discussed. Milk proteins and associated peptides also display insulinotropic activity and help regulate blood glucose in healthy and diabetic subjects. Therefore, milk protein derived peptide inhibitors may be a unique multifunctional peptide approach for the management of T2DM.
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