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Cintineo HP, Bello ML, Walker AJ, Chandler AJ, McFadden BA, Arent SM. Monitoring training, performance, biomarkers, and psychological state throughout a competitive season: a case study of a triathlete. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1895-1910. [PMID: 38236302 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ironman triathletes undergo high workloads during competition preparation which can result in nonfunctional overreaching or overtraining syndrome if not matched with adequate recovery. PURPOSE The purpose of this case study was to observe changes in physiological and psychological status over the course of a competitive season in a free-living triathlete. METHODS The subject was a 41-year-old triathlete competing in three 113.1-km events. Over the course of a 40-week period, the participant arrived at the laboratory every 4 weeks and underwent body composition testing via air displacement plethysmography, a blood draw for analysis of various biomarkers, and a treadmill-based lactate threshold test. Workload during training and competitions was monitored via a wearable heart rate-monitoring device. RESULTS Throughout the season, training volume remained high (12.5 ± 3.4 h/week) and body mass and fat-free mass (FFM) continuously decreased, while biomarkers including cortisol, testosterone, and markers of immunological status exhibited minor changes. Laboratory performance remained relatively consistent, while competition performance continually improved. Following the completion of the competitive period, training volume decreased, FFM remained below baseline levels, free cortisol increased, and both free and total testosterone decreased. CONCLUSIONS Workload and recovery seem to have been properly managed throughout the season, evidenced by minimal fluctuations in endocrine and immunological markers. The reason for changes observed in testosterone, cortisol, and body composition following the last competition is unclear, though it may be attributed to changes in stressors and recovery practices outside of training. It is recommended that athletes follow a structured plan during the transition period into the offseason to ensure recovery of physiological state and to set up a productive offseason.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry P Cintineo
- Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO, USA
| | - Marissa L Bello
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alan J Walker
- Department of Exercise Science, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA, USA
| | - Alexa J Chandler
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bridget A McFadden
- Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Wu SI, Lee MC, Chen WL, Huang CC. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PS23 increases ghrelin levels and modulates microbiota composition: a post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled study. Food Funct 2024. [PMID: 38805370 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01328j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Muscle damage can occur due to excessive, high-intensity, or inappropriate exercise. It is crucial for athletes and sports enthusiasts to have access to ways that expedite their recovery and alleviate discomfort. Our previous clinical trial demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and muscle damage-ameliorating properties of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PS23 (PS23), prompting us to further explore the role of this probiotic in muscle damage recovery. This post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled study investigated potential mediators between the intake of PS23 and the prevention of strength loss after muscle damage. We recruited 105 students from a sports university who had participated in the previously published clinical trial. These participants were randomly allocated to three groups, receiving capsuled live PS23 (L-PS23), heat-treated PS23 (HT-PS23), or a placebo over a period of six weeks. Baseline and endpoint measurements were taken for the levels of circulating ghrelin and other blood markers, stress, mood, quality of life, and the fecal microbiota. A significant increase in ghrelin levels was recorded in the L-PS23 group compared to the other groups. Additionally, both L-PS23 and HT-PS23 interventions led to positive shifts in the gut microbiota composition, particularly in elevated Lacticaseibacillus, Blautia, and Lactobacillus populations. The abundance of these bacteria was positively correlated with exercise performance and inversely correlated with inflammatory markers. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with PS23 may enhance exercise performance and influence muscle damage by increasing ghrelin levels and modulating the gut microbiota composition. Further clarification of the possible mechanisms and clinical implications is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-I Wu
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
- Section of Psychiatry and Suicide Prevention Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lin Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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3
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Aldanyowi SN, AlOraini LI. Personalizing Injury Management and Recovery: A Cross-Sectional Investigation of Musculoskeletal Injuries and Quality of Life in Athletes. Orthop Res Rev 2024; 16:137-151. [PMID: 38779612 PMCID: PMC11108760 DOI: 10.2147/orr.s460748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The study explores the impact of Musculoskeletal Injuries on the quality of life in youth athletes, aiming to understand the extent of these injuries' effects on their physical and mental wellbeing. Patients and Methods This cross-sectional study included 130 youth athletes, using questionnaires to collect data on demographics, training exposures (averaging 11±3.8 hours/week), overuse symptoms (using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire), acute injury history, and overall wellbeing (assessed by the RAND 36-item Short Form Health Survey). Results Findings indicated that 55.4% of participants had suffered an acute injury in the past 6 months, leading to an average of 4 weeks of time loss. The mean score for OSTRC-O Scores was 16.8±6.4, with knee overuse averaging 21.3± 8.8. In terms of wellbeing, physical and mental health scores were 82.4±15.3 and 81.7±14.1 respectively. There were significant correlations between higher overuse scores and poorer physical functioning (r=-0.42), bodily pain (r=-0.38), vitality (r=-0.32), and mental health (r=-0.31). Acute injuries were linked with worse physical functioning and role limitations. Regression analysis showed that both overuse and acute injuries predicted poorer physical health. Conclusion The study underscores the significant prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries among youth athletes and delineates their profound impact on the quality of life, encompassing both the physical and mental health realms. These findings advocate for the critical integration of preventive measures and personalized training protocols, spotlighting the pivotal role of comprehensive biopsychosocial strategies in nurturing athletes' overall wellbeing. By prioritizing the quality of life as a key outcome, this research advocates for a more nuanced approach to injury management and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud N Aldanyowi
- Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, King Faisal University Eastern Province, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Li S, Kempe M, Brink M, Lemmink K. Effectiveness of Recovery Strategies After Training and Competition in Endurance Athletes: An Umbrella Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:55. [PMID: 38753045 PMCID: PMC11098991 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recovery strategies are used to enhance performance and reduce injury risk in athletes. In previous systematic reviews, individual recovery strategies were investigated to clarify their effectiveness for mixed groups of athletes. However, the current evidence is ambiguous, and a clear overview of (training) recovery for endurance athletes is still lacking. METHODS We conducted an umbrella review based on a literature search in PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science. Reviews published in English and before December 2022 were included. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses were eligible if they investigated the effectiveness of one or more recovery strategies compared with a placebo or control group after a training session in endurance athletes. RESULTS Twenty-two reviews (nine systematic reviews, three meta-analyses, and ten systematic reviews with meta-analyses included) met the inclusion criteria. In total, sixty-three studies with 1100 endurance athletes were included in our umbrella review. Out of the sixty-three studies, eight provided information on training recovery time frame for data synthesis. Among them, cryotherapy and compression garments showed positive effects, while applying massage showed no effect. In general, none of the included recovery strategies showed consistent benefits for endurance athletes. CONCLUSION There is no particular recovery strategy that can be advised to enhance recovery between training sessions or competitions in endurance athletes. However, individual studies suggest that compression garments and cryotherapy are effective training recovery strategies. Further research should improve methodology and focus on the different time courses of the recovery process. REGISTRATION The review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews with the number CRD42021260509.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthias Kempe
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Brink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Lemmink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Malin K, Dąbrowska I, Grzędzicka J, Ostaszewski P, Carter C. Immunology of Physical Exercise: Is Equus caballus an Appropriate Animal Model for Human Athletes? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5210. [PMID: 38791248 PMCID: PMC11121269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Domestic horses routinely participate in vigorous and various athletic activities. This enables the horse to serve as a model for studying athletic physiology and immunology in other species, including humans. For instance, as a model of physical efforts, such as endurance rides (long-distance running/aerobic exercise) and races (anaerobic exercise), the horse can be useful in evaluating post-exercise response. Currently, there has been significant interest in finding biomarkers, which characterize the advancement of training and adaptation to physical exercise in the horse. The parallels in cellular responses to physical exercises, such as changes in receptor expression and blood cell activity, improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the body's response to intense physical activity. This study focuses on the changes in levels of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and cellular response in the context of post-exercise immune response. Both the direction of changes in cytokine levels and cellular responses of the body, such as proliferation and expression of surface markers on lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils, show cross-functional similarities. This review reveals that horses are robust research models for studying the immune response to physical exercise in human athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malin
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Izabela Dąbrowska
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jowita Grzędzicka
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Ostaszewski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Craig Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
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Kodesh E, Navot-Mintzer D, Livshitz L, Shub I, Or T. The effects of a multi-day cross-country mountain bike race on myocardial function, stress, inflammation and cardiac biomarkers in amateur master athletes. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:425-442. [PMID: 36134901 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2125316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of a multi-day mountain bike race on amateur master athlete cyclists (AMA). AMA (50±5 years) completed 2 stages of a mountain bike race. Six weeks before racing, echocardiography, blood and maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) were performed. One hour after completion of each race stage, echocardiography measurements were taken and blood was sampled for stress, inflammatory and cardiac biomarkers. Main outcomes of the CPET were maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) 50.7±6.5 ml/kg/min; maximal power 328±45 Watt and ventilatory threshold of 86%VO2max. Participants completed 95.7km with an elevation of 1650m on the first day, and 92.5km with an elevation of 1410m on the second day, with completion times of 357±42 and 390 ±43 minutes, respectively. After racing, increases in Creatine Phosphokinase and C-reactive protein (3-6 fold) (p<0.001), Troponin I (4-fold) (p<0.001) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-Pro BNP) (4-7-fold) (p<0.001) were noted, with a reduction in the myocardial global work index of 17-24% (p<0.001). No correlations were found between Troponin I or NT-Pro BNP and myocardial global work index. Highly aerobically fit AMA participating in demanding endurance events demonstrated elevated stress, inflammatory, muscle damage and cardiac biomarkers. However, these changes did not significantly correlate with altered cardiac function. In addition, consecutive days of demanding prolonged cycling exercise did not have cumulative effects on the measured myocardial parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Kodesh
- Physical Therapy department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dalya Navot-Mintzer
- The Ribstein Center for Sports Medicine and Research, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
| | - Liora Livshitz
- Cardiology Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Idit Shub
- The Ribstein Center for Sports Medicine and Research, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
| | - Tsafrir Or
- Cardiology Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Israel
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Timpmann S, Rips L, Olveti I, Mooses M, Mölder H, Varblane A, Lille HR, Gapeyeva H, Ööpik V. Seasonal Variation in Vitamin D Status Does Not Interfere with Improvements in Aerobic and Muscular Endurance in Conscripts during Basic Military Training. Nutrients 2024; 16:1306. [PMID: 38732553 PMCID: PMC11085734 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering a lack of respective data, the primary objective of this study was to assess whether seasonal variation in vitamin D status (D-status) affects the extent of improvement in physical performance (PP) in conscripts during basic military training (BMT). D-status, PP and several blood parameters were measured repeatedly in conscripts whose 10-week BMT started in July (cohort S-C; n = 96) or in October (cohort A-C; n = 107). D-status during BMT was higher in S-C compared to A-C (overall serum 25(OH)D 61.4 ± 16.1 and 48.5 ± 20.7 nmol/L, respectively; p < 0.0001). Significant (p < 0.05) improvements in both aerobic and muscular endurance occurred in both cohorts during BMT. Pooled data of the two cohorts revealed a highly reliable (p = 0.000) but weak (R2 = 0.038-0.162) positive association between D-status and PP measures both at the beginning and end of BMT. However, further analysis showed that such a relationship occurred only in conscripts with insufficient or deficient D-status, but not in their vitamin D-sufficient companions. Significant (p < 0.05) increases in serum testosterone-to-cortisol ratio and decreases in ferritin levels occurred during BMT. In conclusion, a positive association exists between D-status and PP measures, but seasonal variation in D-status does not influence the extent of improvement in PP in conscripts during BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Timpmann
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (S.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Leho Rips
- Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 1a L. Puusepa St., 50406 Tartu, Estonia;
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Military Disaster Medicine, Estonian National Defense College, 12 Riia St., 51010 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Indrek Olveti
- 2nd Infantry Brigade, Estonian Defense Forces, Sirgu Village, Luunja Parish, 62216 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Martin Mooses
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (S.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Hanno Mölder
- Medical Centre of the 2nd Infantry Brigade CSS Battalion, Estonian Defense Forces, 3a Kose Road, 65603 Võru, Estonia;
| | - Ahti Varblane
- Joint Headquarters of the Estonian Defense Forces, 58 Juhkentali St., 15007 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Hele-Reet Lille
- Centre of Military Disaster Medicine, Estonian National Defense College, 12 Riia St., 51010 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Helena Gapeyeva
- Clinic of Medical Rehabilitation, II Rehabilitation Department, East Tallinn Central Hospital, 104 Pärnu St., 11312 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Vahur Ööpik
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (S.T.); (M.M.)
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8
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Pryor JL, Sweet DK, Rosbrook P, Qiao J, Looney DP, Mahmood S, Rideout T. Endocrine Responses to Heated Resistance Exercise in Men and Women. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00429. [PMID: 38595219 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pryor, JL, Sweet, DK, Rosbrook, P, Qiao, J, Looney, DP, Mahmood, S, and Rideout, T. Endocrine responses to heated resistance exercise in men and women. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-We examined the endocrine responses of 16 (female = 8) resistance trained volunteers to a single bout of whole-body high-volume load resistance exercise in hot (HOT; 40° C) and temperate (TEMP; 20° C) environmental conditions. Thermoregulatory and heart rate (HR) data were recorded, and venous blood was acquired before and after resistance exercise to assess serum anabolic and catabolic hormones. In men, testosterone increased after resistance exercise in HOT and TEMP (p < 0.01), but postexercise testosterone was not different between condition (p = 0.51). In women, human growth hormone was different between condition at pre-exercise (p = 0.02) and postexercise (p = 0.03). After controlling for pre-exercise values, the between-condition postexercise difference was abolished (p = 0.16). There were no differences in insulin-like growth factor-1 for either sex (p ≥ 0.06). In women, cortisol increased from pre-exercise to postexercise in HOT (p = 0.04) but not TEMP (p = 0.19), generating a between-condition difference at postexercise (p < 0.01). In men, cortisol increased from pre-exercise to postexercise in HOT only (p < 0.01). Rectal temperature increased to a greater extent in HOT compared with TEMP in both men (p = 0.01) and women (p = 0.02). Heart rate increased after exercise under both conditions in men and women (p = 0.01), but only women experience greater postexercise HR in HOT vs. TEMP (p = 0.04). The addition of heat stress to resistance exercise session did not overtly shift the endocrine response toward an anabolic or catabolic response. When acute program variables are prescribed to increase postresistance exercise anabolic hormones, adding heat stress is not synergistic but does increase physiologic strain (i.e., elevated HR and rectal temperature).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luke Pryor
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and
| | - Daniel K Sweet
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and
| | - Paul Rosbrook
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and
| | - JianBo Qiao
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and
| | - David P Looney
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Saleh Mahmood
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and
| | - Todd Rideout
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and
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Ayaz A, Zaman W, Radák Z, Gu Y. Harmony in Motion: Unraveling the Nexus of Sports, Plant-Based Nutrition, and Antioxidants for Peak Performance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:437. [PMID: 38671884 PMCID: PMC11047508 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate interplay between plant-based nutrition, antioxidants, and their impact on athletic performance forms the cornerstone of this comprehensive review. Emphasizing the pivotal importance of dietary choices in the realm of sports, this paper sets the stage for an in-depth exploration of how stress and physical performance are interconnected through the lens of nutrition. The increasing interest among athletes in plant-based diets presents an opportunity with benefits for health, performance, and recovery. It is essential to investigate the connection between sports, plants, and antioxidants. Highlighting the impact of nutrition on recovery and well-being, this review emphasizes how antioxidants can help mitigate oxidative stress. Furthermore, it discusses the growing popularity of plant-based diets among athletes. It elaborates on the importance of antioxidants in combating radicals addressing stress levels while promoting cellular health. By identifying rich foods, it emphasizes the role of a balanced diet in ensuring sufficient intake of these beneficial compounds. Examining stress within the context of sports activities, this review provides insights into its mechanisms and its impact on athletic performance as well as recovery processes. This study explores the impact of plant-based diets on athletes including their types, potential advantages and challenges. It also addresses the drawbacks of relying on plant-based diets, concerns related to antioxidant supplementation and identifies areas where further research is needed. Furthermore, the review suggests directions for research and potential innovations in sports nutrition. Ultimately it brings together the aspects of sports, plant-based nutrition, and antioxidants to provide a perspective for athletes, researchers and practitioners. By consolidating existing knowledge, it offers insights that can pave the way for advancements in the ever-evolving field of sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ayaz
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Wajid Zaman
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Zsolt Radák
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary;
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
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10
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Henze AS, Matits L, Huth J, Mauch F. Relationship Between Objective and Subjective Markers of Muscle Recovery in Professional Handball Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:393-399. [PMID: 38266635 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relationship between items of the Short Recovery and Stress Scale (SRSS) related to physical stress and recovery and the biomarker creatine kinase (CK) in professional handball. METHODS CK and SRSS items (physical performance capability, overall recovery, muscular stress, and overall stress) were assessed in an observational study of 16 adult male professional handball players from a team in the highest German league during the 2019-20 preseason. Their preseason training schedule included several microcycles, each consisting of 3 consecutive days of intense training followed by a rest day. On 5 of these rest days, when players were classified as nonrested, and the 5 immediately following days, when players were classified as rested, players completed the SRSS between 8:00 and 9:00 AM, followed by blood sampling. Correlations between SRSS items were performed using Kendall τ. The relationship between each SRSS item and CK levels over time was examined using a mixed-effects model with a random intercept. RESULTS CK levels and SRSS stress items were significantly higher and SRSS recovery items were significantly lower in nonrested players. SRSS items were significantly positively or negatively correlated (all items: P < .001) and showed a significant effect indicating lower CK levels in rested players (all items: P ≤ .001; ηp2=.1-.32). CONCLUSIONS The investigated SRSS items may be a viable option for assessing muscle recovery in adult male professional handball players in a cost-effective and noninvasive manner. They can be used as a single monitoring tool or as part of a multimodal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander-Stephan Henze
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lynn Matits
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
- Division of Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Frieder Mauch
- Sportklinik Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Sportheum Sportklinik Fellbach, Fellbach, Germany
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11
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Li J, Zhang F, Lyu H, Yin P, Shi L, Li Z, Zhang L, Di CA, Tang P. Evolution of Musculoskeletal Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2303311. [PMID: 38561020 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system, constituting the largest human physiological system, plays a critical role in providing structural support to the body, facilitating intricate movements, and safeguarding internal organs. By virtue of advancements in revolutionized materials and devices, particularly in the realms of motion capture, health monitoring, and postoperative rehabilitation, "musculoskeletal electronics" has actually emerged as an infancy area, but has not yet been explicitly proposed. In this review, the concept of musculoskeletal electronics is elucidated, and the evolution history, representative progress, and key strategies of the involved materials and state-of-the-art devices are summarized. Therefore, the fundamentals of musculoskeletal electronics and key functionality categories are introduced. Subsequently, recent advances in musculoskeletal electronics are presented from the perspectives of "in vitro" to "in vivo" signal detection, interactive modulation, and therapeutic interventions for healing and recovery. Additionally, nine strategy avenues for the development of advanced musculoskeletal electronic materials and devices are proposed. Finally, concise summaries and perspectives are proposed to highlight the directions that deserve focused attention in this booming field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Houchen Lyu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Pengbin Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhiyi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
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12
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Pernigoni M, Calleja-González J, Lukonaitienė I, Tessitore A, Stanislovaitienė J, Kamarauskas P, Conte D. Comparative Effectiveness of Active Recovery and Static Stretching During Post-Exercise Recovery in Elite Youth Basketball. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:272-280. [PMID: 37039750 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2195457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of active recovery (AR) versus static stretching (SS) during post-exercise recovery in basketball. Methods: Using a counterbalanced crossover design, 17 elite youth male players completed two 90-min training sessions, followed by either AR or SS. Differences in jump height (CMJ), heart rate variability (Ln-rMSSD), muscle soreness (VAS), perceived recovery (TQR) and hormonal biomarkers (cortisol, testosterone, testosterone:cortisol ratio) between interventions were assessed at pre-session, post-session (except hormonal biomarkers), post-recovery and 24 h post-session. Differences in Ln-rMSSD were additionally assessed upon awakening on training day, and the following morning. Results: No significant differences were found between interventions at corresponding time points (p > .05). However, the within-intervention time course of recovery differed, as CMJ values were lower at post-recovery, compared with all other time points, in SS only (p < .05, effect size [ES] moderate-to-very large). Additionally, Ln-rMSSD values failed to return to baseline at post-recovery in AR only (p < .05, ES large-to-very large). Similarly, TQR scores were impaired at post-session and post-recovery in AR only (p < .05, ES moderate-to-large). No differences were reported for the remaining variables (p > .05). Conclusion: Differences between AR and SS were probably due to short-term phenomena, indicating that neither strategy was likely superior for improving recovery in the longer term. Overall, neither strategy seemed to significantly improve post-exercise recovery.
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13
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Tossici G, Zurloni V, Nitri A. Stress and sport performance: a PNEI multidisciplinary approach. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1358771. [PMID: 38495423 PMCID: PMC10940545 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1358771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress control is essential for avoiding a state of anxiety in sport competitions, as this state may have negative effects on other psychological variables of athletes, decreasing their self-confidence and harming their attentional control. In the present contribution a distress intervention model developed from a PNEI perspective will be sketched out. Our theoretical-methodological proposal consists of the definition of an integrated protocol of psycho-biological assessment and intervention on the allostatic load and on the levels of distress/eustress detectable in the sport environment, in relation to the person's health/well-being condition and the impact of this condition on the quality of sport performance. This paradigm has the potential to explore both the psychological dimension of stress management and the psycho-educational and psycho-physical dimension, according to a truly integrated approach to the athlete's health and psychophysical well-being. Its multidisciplinary nature requires close cooperation between different professional figures, such as the mental coach, psychologist, nutritionist, osteopath, and physiotherapist, as well as biologists, physicians and kinesiologists, both in planning and in implementation and monitoring at all stages. The potential impact of the model on sport performance will be deeply discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tossici
- “Riccardo Massa” Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentino Zurloni
- “Riccardo Massa” Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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14
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Baghdassarian HM, Lewis NE. Resource allocation in mammalian systems. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108305. [PMID: 38215956 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Cells execute biological functions to support phenotypes such as growth, migration, and secretion. Complementarily, each function of a cell has resource costs that constrain phenotype. Resource allocation by a cell allows it to manage these costs and optimize their phenotypes. In fact, the management of resource constraints (e.g., nutrient availability, bioenergetic capacity, and macromolecular machinery production) shape activity and ultimately impact phenotype. In mammalian systems, quantification of resource allocation provides important insights into higher-order multicellular functions; it shapes intercellular interactions and relays environmental cues for tissues to coordinate individual cells to overcome resource constraints and achieve population-level behavior. Furthermore, these constraints, objectives, and phenotypes are context-dependent, with cells adapting their behavior according to their microenvironment, resulting in distinct steady-states. This review will highlight the biological insights gained from probing resource allocation in mammalian cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hratch M Baghdassarian
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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15
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Rocha KN, da Silva JAF, de Jesus DP. Capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C 4 D) for rapid and simple determination of lactate in sweat. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:392-399. [PMID: 38072648 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
An analytical method based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) using capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4 D) was developed and validated for fast, straightforward, and reliable determination of lactate in artificial and human sweat samples. The background electrolyte was composed of equimolar concentrations (10 mmol/L) of 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid and histidine, with 0.2 mmol/L of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as electroosmotic flow inverter. The limit of detection and quantification were 3.1 and 10.3 µmol/L, respectively. Recoveries in the 97 to 118% range were obtained using sweat samples spiked with lactate at three concentration levels, indicating an acceptable accuracy. The intraday and interday precisions were 1.49 and 7.08%, respectively. The proposed CE-C4 D method can be a starting point for monitoring lactate concentrations in sweat samples for diagnostics, physiological studies, and sports performance assessment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kionnys N Rocha
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José A Fracassi da Silva
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dosil P de Jesus
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Oliveira TM, Ferreira TJ, Franca PAP, da Cruz RR, Bara-Filho MG, Cahuê FLC, Valente AP, Pierucci APTR. A Decrease in Branched-Chain Amino Acids after a Competitive Male Professional Volleyball Game-A Metabolomic-Based Approach. Metabolites 2024; 14:115. [PMID: 38393007 PMCID: PMC10890579 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A competitive volleyball game is a highly metabolic and physically demanding event for professional players. This study aimed to investigate whether a single game at the end of a preseason promotes changes in the biochemical markers of physical exercise responses and the metabolomic profile of professional volleyball players. This cross-sectional study included 13 male Brazilian professional volleyball players. Food intake, body composition, heart rate, physical movement variables, and blood biochemical indicators were evaluated. For non-target metabolomic analysis, serum samples were subjected to 500 MHz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Data analysis showed no significant difference in the biochemical indicators after the game (p > 0.05). The level of metabolites present in the groups of the main components (β-hydroxybutyrate, arginine/lysine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine) had decreased after the game. However, formic acid and histidine levels increased. Among the compounds not part of the main components, hypoxanthine and tyrosine increased, whereas low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein levels decreased. After the game, the metabolomic profiles of players showed significant negative variations in essential amino acids (leucine, valine, and isoleucine). These decreases might be influenced by athlete diet and reduced glycogen storage due to lower carbohydrate intake, potentially impacting serum-essential amino acid levels via oxidation in skeletal muscle. The study provides insights for developing metabolic compensation strategies in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taillan Martins Oliveira
- Laboratory of Food Development for Special Health Purpose and Education (DAFEE), Nutrition Institute Josué de Castro (INJC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tathiany Jéssica Ferreira
- Laboratory of Food Development for Special Health Purpose and Education (DAFEE), Nutrition Institute Josué de Castro (INJC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Albuquerque Penna Franca
- Laboratory of Food Development for Special Health Purpose and Education (DAFEE), Nutrition Institute Josué de Castro (INJC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rudson Ribeiro da Cruz
- Laboratory of Food Development for Special Health Purpose and Education (DAFEE), Nutrition Institute Josué de Castro (INJC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Luiz Candido Cahuê
- Laboratory of Food Development for Special Health Purpose and Education (DAFEE), Nutrition Institute Josué de Castro (INJC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Valente
- Medical Biochemistry Institute, National Center for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anna Paola Trindade Rocha Pierucci
- Laboratory of Food Development for Special Health Purpose and Education (DAFEE), Nutrition Institute Josué de Castro (INJC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Watkins BA, Smith BJ, Volpe SL, Shen CL. Exerkines, Nutrition, and Systemic Metabolism. Nutrients 2024; 16:410. [PMID: 38337694 PMCID: PMC10857119 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The cornerstones of good health are exercise, proper food, and sound nutrition. Physical exercise should be a lifelong routine, supported by proper food selections to satisfy nutrient requirements based on energy needs, energy management, and variety to achieve optimal metabolism and physiology. The human body is sustained by intermediary and systemic metabolism integrating the physiologic processes for cells, tissues, organs, and systems. Recently, interest in specific metabolites, growth factors, cytokines, and hormones called exerkines has emerged to explain cooperation between nutrient supply organs and the brain during exercise. Exerkines consist of different compounds described as signaling moiety released during and after exercise. Examples of exerkines include oxylipin 12, 13 diHOME, lipid hormone adiponectin, growth factor BDNF, metabolite lactate, reactive oxygen species (ROS), including products of fatty acid oxidation, and cytokines such as interleukin-6. At this point, it is believed that exerkines are immediate, fast, and long-lasting factors resulting from exercise to support body energy needs with an emphasis on the brain. Although exerkines that are directly a product of macronutrient metabolism such as lactate, and result from catabolism is not surprising. Furthermore, other metabolites of macronutrient metabolism seem to be candidate exerkines. The exerkines originate from muscle, adipose, and liver and support brain metabolism, energy, and physiology. The purpose of this review is to integrate the actions of exerkines with respect to metabolism that occurs during exercise and propose other participating factors of exercise and brain physiology. The role of diet and macronutrients that influence metabolism and, consequently, the impact of exercise will be discussed. This review will also describe the evidence for PUFA, their metabolic and physiologic derivatives endocannabinoids, and oxylipins that validate them being exerkines. The intent is to present additional insights to better understand exerkines with respect to systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Watkins
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brenda J. Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Stella Lucia Volpe
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
- Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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18
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Rodden J, Ortega DG, Costa PB. Sitting Less, Recovering Faster: Investigating the Relationship between Daily Sitting Time and Muscle Recovery following Intense Exercise: A Pilot Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:24. [PMID: 38390924 PMCID: PMC10885058 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) There is growing concern surrounding the adverse effects of prolonged sitting on health, yet its impact on post-exercise recovery remains relatively unexplored. This study aimed to better understand the potential influence of habitual prolonged sitting on recovery time and the unfavorable impact prolonged sitting may have on time to recovery, as assessed by muscle damage and inflammatory markers and an isokinetic dynamometer. (2) Nine college-age men (mean age ± SD = 22.1 ± 3.1 years, body mass = 80.9 ± 15.7 kg, height = 171 ± 9.0 cm, Body Mass Index (BMI) = 27.6 ± 4.9 kg·m2) participated in an exhaustive exercise protocol. Creatine Kinase (CK), Myoglobin (Mb), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), White Blood Cell Count (WBC), Peak Torque (PT), and muscle soreness were measured at baseline and 0, 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise. Dietary and exercise logs were maintained during the 5-day testing procedure. (3) No significant differences were observed in muscle damage markers (CK [p = 0.068] and Mb [p = 0.128]), inflammatory markers (CRP [p = 0.814] and WBC [p = 0.140]), or PT [p = 0.255]) at any time point. However, a significant positive correlation was found between daily sitting time and the percent increase in CK concentration from 0 h to 72 h (r = 0.738, p = 0.023). Strong correlations were also noted between prolonged sitting and percent change in Mb concentration at 48 h (r = 0.71, p = 0.033) and 72 h (r = 0.889, p = 0.001). There was a significant two-way interaction for time × velocity (p = 0.043) for PT with a simple main effect for time at 60°·s-1 (p = 0.038). No significant associations were detected between daily carbohydrate or protein intake and recovery markers (p > 0.05). (4) The findings suggest minimizing daily sitting time may expedite and potentially aid muscle recovery after an intense exercise bout, although further research is warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Rodden
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Dolores G Ortega
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Pablo B Costa
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
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19
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Spanakis M, Fragkiadaki P, Renieri E, Vakonaki E, Fragkiadoulaki I, Alegakis A, Kiriakakis M, Panagiotou N, Ntoumou E, Gratsias I, Zoubaneas E, Morozova GD, Ovchinnikova MA, Tsitsimpikou C, Tsarouhas K, Drakoulis N, Skalny AV, Tsatsakis A. Advancing athletic assessment by integrating conventional methods with cutting-edge biomedical technologies for comprehensive performance, wellness, and longevity insights. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 5:1327792. [PMID: 38260814 PMCID: PMC10801261 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1327792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In modern athlete assessment, the integration of conventional biochemical and ergophysiologic monitoring with innovative methods like telomere analysis, genotyping/phenotypic profiling, and metabolomics has the potential to offer a comprehensive understanding of athletes' performance and potential longevity. Telomeres provide insights into cellular functioning, aging, and adaptation and elucidate the effects of training on cellular health. Genotype/phenotype analysis explores genetic variations associated with athletic performance, injury predisposition, and recovery needs, enabling personalization of training plans and interventions. Metabolomics especially focusing on low-molecular weight metabolites, reveal metabolic pathways and responses to exercise. Biochemical tests assess key biomarkers related to energy metabolism, inflammation, and recovery. Essential elements depict the micronutrient status of the individual, which is critical for optimal performance. Echocardiography provides detailed monitoring of cardiac structure and function, while burnout testing evaluates psychological stress, fatigue, and readiness for optimal performance. By integrating this scientific testing battery, a multidimensional understanding of athlete health status can be achieved, leading to personalized interventions in training, nutrition, supplementation, injury prevention, and mental wellness support. This scientifically rigorous approach hereby presented holds significant potential for improving athletic performance and longevity through evidence-based, individualized interventions, contributing to advances in the field of sports performance optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Spanakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Computational Bio-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elisavet Renieri
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Irene Fragkiadoulaki
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Athanasios Alegakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Mixalis Kiriakakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | - Ioannis Gratsias
- Check Up Medicus Biopathology & Ultrasound Diagnostic Center – Polyclinic, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Galina Dmitrievna Morozova
- Bioelementology and Human Ecology Center, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Alekseevna Ovchinnikova
- Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov Univercity), Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anatoly Viktorovich Skalny
- Bioelementology and Human Ecology Center, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Medical Elementology Department, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Computational Bio-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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20
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Cintineo HP, Chandler AJ, Mastrofini GF, Lints BS, McFadden BA, Arent SM. Effects of Minimal-Equipment Resistance Training and Blood Flow Restriction on Military-Relevant Performance Outcomes. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:55-65. [PMID: 38085621 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cintineo, HP, Chandler, AJ, Mastrofini, GF, Lints, BS, McFadden, BA, and Arent, SM. Effects of minimal-equipment resistance training and blood flow restriction on military-relevant performance outcomes. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 55-65, 2024-This study compared minimal-equipment resistance training (RT) with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) to traditional-equipment RT on performance and body composition changes over 6 weeks. Reserve officers' training corps cadets and midshipmen (N = 54, 40.7% female) were randomized into traditional-equipment RT (TRAD), minimal-equipment RT (MIN), or minimal-equipment RT with BFR (MIN + BFR). Performance and body composition were assessed pretraining and post-training, and measures of intensity and workload were evaluated throughout. Performance assessments included the army combat fitness test (ACFT), countermovement vertical jump, 3RM bench press, and V̇O2max; body composition measures included body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and muscle and tendon thickness. All groups trained 4 days per week after a full-body routine. Data were analyzed by mixed-effects models (α = 0.05). Group-by-time interactions for 3RM deadlift and 3RM bench press (p < 0.004) showed larger improvements for TRAD compared with MIN and MIN + BFR. Time main effects for all other performance variables, body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and muscle thickness (p ≤ 0.035) indicated improvements in all groups. A group-by-time interaction for blood lactate (p < 0.001) and group main effects for heart rate (p < 0.001) and workload variables (p < 0.008) indicated higher intensity and workload for MIN and MIN + BFR compared with TRAD. A sex-by-time interaction for 3RM deadlift (p = 0.008) and sex-by-group-by-time interaction for 3RM bench press (p = 0.018) were also found. Minimal-equipment RT improved performance and body composition, although strength improvements were greater with traditional equipment. Minimal-equipment RT and minimal-equipment RT with BFR exhibited higher exertion levels than TRAD, although adaptations were similar. Overall, individuals can improve performance and body composition using portable, field-expedient RT equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry P Cintineo
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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21
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Cervone DT, Moreno-Justicia R, Quesada JP, Deshmukh AS. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics approaches to interrogate skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14334. [PMID: 36973869 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Acute exercise and chronic exercise training elicit beneficial whole-body changes in physiology that ultimately depend on profound alterations to the dynamics of tissue-specific proteins. Since the work accomplished during exercise owes predominantly to skeletal muscle, it has received the majority of interest from exercise scientists that attempt to unravel adaptive mechanisms accounting for salutary metabolic effects and performance improvements that arise from training. Contemporary scientists are also beginning to use mass spectrometry-based proteomics, which is emerging as a powerful approach to interrogate the muscle protein signature in a more comprehensive manner. Collectively, these technologies facilitate the analysis of skeletal muscle protein dynamics from several viewpoints, including changes to intracellular proteins (expression proteomics), secreted proteins (secretomics), post-translational modifications as well as fiber-, cell-, and organelle-specific changes. This review aims to highlight recent literature that has leveraged new workflows and advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics to further our understanding of training-related changes in skeletal muscle. We call attention to untapped areas in skeletal muscle proteomics research relating to exercise training and metabolism, as well as basic points of contention when applying mass spectrometry-based analyses, particularly in the study of human biology. We further encourage researchers to couple the hypothesis-generating and descriptive nature of omics data with functional analyses that propel our understanding of the complex adaptive responses in skeletal muscle that occur with acute and chronic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Cervone
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roger Moreno-Justicia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Júlia Prats Quesada
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Atul S Deshmukh
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Proteomics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Di Credico A, Petri C, Cataldi S, Greco G, Suarez-Arrones L, Izzicupo P. Heart rate variability, recovery and stress analysis of an elite rally driver and co-driver during a competition period. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504231223034. [PMID: 38179721 PMCID: PMC10771059 DOI: 10.1177/00368504231223034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
To ensure both optimal health and performances, monitoring physiological and psychological states is of main importance for athletes. It is well known that monitoring heart rate variability and using validated questionnaires is useful for monitoring both the health and training status of athletes of different sports. Motorsports such as rally require high levels of physical and mental preparation thus information about psychophysiological status of rally athletes is fundamental. The aim of this study was to assess the autonomic regulation, stress, recovery conditions of one driver and one co-driver competing at the Italian National Rally Championship during their competition period. Heart rate variability parameters, acute recovery and stress states were assessed the day before, during the two days of race and the day following the races. Results showed that driver and co-driver had a sharp decrease of mean RR intervals, root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats, and standard deviation of the N-N interval during race days, while the stress index showed the inverse trend, and this behaviour was clearly visible in the Poincaré plots and power spectrum density graphs. The acute recovery and stress states questionnaire showed significant differences in recovery and stress scoring for the driver but not for the co-driver, although the trends were similar. This study describes the psychophysiological demands of a rally competition period suggesting that a daily evaluation of heart rate variability, recovery, stress states is useful for monitoring health status in rally athletes and could be implemented to make decision about training and recovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Credico
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristian Petri
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Stefania Cataldi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of the Study of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of the Study of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Pascal Izzicupo
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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23
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Hacker S, Keck J, Reichel T, Eder K, Ringseis R, Krüger K, Krüger B. Biomarkers in Endurance Exercise: Individualized Regulation and Predictive Value. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2023; 2023:6614990. [PMID: 38654913 PMCID: PMC11022769 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6614990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The high interindividual variability of exercise response complicates the efficient use of blood-based biomarkers in sports. To address this problem, a useful algorithm to characterize the individual regulation and predictive value of different candidate markers will be developed. Forty-nine participants completed two identical exercise trials. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 3 hours after, and 24 hours after completion of exercise. Plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL-) 1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, creatine kinase (CK), cortisol, c-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured. Individualized regulation was analyzed using k-means clustering and a Group Assignment Quality (GAQ) score. Regression trees with a bootstrapped-aggregated approach were used to assess the predictive qualities of the markers. For most of the markers studied, a distinction can be made between individuals who show a stronger or weaker response to a particular endurance training program. The regulation of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and CK exhibited a high degree of stability within the individuals. Regarding the predictive power of the markers, for all dependent variables, the most accurate predictions were obtained for cortisol and IL-8 based on the baseline value. For CK, a good prediction of recovery of maximal strength and subjective feeling of exhaustion can be made. For IL-1RA and TBARS, especially their reregulation can be predicted if the baseline level is known. Focusing individual variations in biomarker responses, our results suggest the combined use of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and CK for the personalized management of stress and recovery cycles following endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hacker
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Johannes Keck
- Nemolab, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Britta Krüger
- Nemolab, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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24
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Bukvić F, Ivković A, Čičak H, Dukić L, Šimundić AM, Marijančević D, Pašalić D. The Association of Serum Calprotectin with Fitness Indicators and Biochemical Markers in High-Level Athletes: A Continuous Dynamic Monitoring during One Competitive Season. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:243. [PMID: 38133110 PMCID: PMC10748013 DOI: 10.3390/sports11120243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the associations between several biochemical indicators and the dynamics of concentration change across four physical fitness phases over the period of a competitive season. Furthermore, associations between serum calprotectin and biomarkers of inflammation or muscle injury and physical indicators were examined. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twenty professional male water polo players (median age: 28 (22-42)) were included in this study. Serum creatine kinase activity was determined by the automated photometric UV method. The concentrations of calprotectin, C-reactive protein, and myoglobin were measured using an automated immunoturbidimetric method, while an automated immunochemistry method was employed for interleukin-6, troponin I, and cortisol determination. Tests of repeated strength, maximal strength, and static strength were used to evaluate physical activity. RESULTS Serum calprotectin concentrations expressed in median and IQR were significantly different: T1: 2.92 g/mL (2.47; 3.86); T2: 2.35 g/mL (1.26; 2.87); T3: 2.27 g/mL (1.60; 3.27); and T4: 1.47 g/mL (1.04; 2.85) (p = 0.004). Cortisol concentration and CK activity showed significant changes among phases (p = 0.049 and p = 0.014, respectively). Each physical activity examined showed a significant seasonal decrease (all p values were 0.001). Calprotectin serum concentration and indicators of muscular injury, inflammation, and physical activity were found to be correlated during particular stages of the seasonal examination. CONCLUSIONS Calprotectin values determined throughout one competitive season decreased as training intensity among water polo players increased. Serum calprotectin concentrations and indicators were related to biochemical markers of inflammation and muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frane Bukvić
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital ‘Sveti Duh’, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (F.B.); (A.I.)
| | - Alan Ivković
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital ‘Sveti Duh’, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (F.B.); (A.I.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Helena Čičak
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital ‘Sveti Duh’, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (H.Č.); (L.D.); (A.-M.Š.)
| | - Lora Dukić
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital ‘Sveti Duh’, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (H.Č.); (L.D.); (A.-M.Š.)
| | - Ana-Maria Šimundić
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital ‘Sveti Duh’, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (H.Č.); (L.D.); (A.-M.Š.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Marijančević
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Centre ‘Sestre Milosrdnice’, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Daria Pašalić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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25
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DeJong Lempke AF, Stracciolini A, Willwerth SB, Ackerman KE, d'Hemecourt PA, Meehan WP, Whitney KE. Clinical assessment, treatment, and referral trends for adolescent runners seeking care at an injured runners' clinic. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2023:PRM220082. [PMID: 38007679 DOI: 10.3233/prm-220082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Over a 10-year time frame, this study aimed to evaluate diagnosis, treatment, and referral trends for adolescent runners seeking care for running-related injuries (RRIs) at a clinic that specializes in running medicine. METHODS This study was a retrospective chart review of 392 adolescent runners (2,326 encounters) who sought care for RRIs between the years 2011 and 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize clinical assessments, referrals, assistive devices, and medications prescribed or administered overall and by injury type. Chi-square analyses were used to compare proportions of services rendered across the 10-year time frame. RESULTS Patients most frequently received manual evaluations or special tests during clinic visits. Most visits resulted in at least one referral (91%), primarily for physical therapy or gait-training. Assistive devices and medications/supplements were offered at only 18% of patient visits. The majority of assessments (X2 = 69.7, p = 0.002), treatments (X2: 23.6-43.8, p: < 0.001-0.003), and referrals (X2 = 132, p < 0.001) were for shin injuries. Larger proportions of nutrition assessments (X2 = 40.7, p < 0.001), interventions (X2 = 26.8, p = 0.003), and referrals (X2 = 27.5, p = 0.002) were performed in or after the year 2015. CONCLUSION Clinic visits for shin injuries required the most clinical resources per episode of care. There were observed shifts in clinical assessment and treatment approaches to include more expanded nutritional and physiologic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F DeJong Lempke
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Stracciolini
- Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah B Willwerth
- The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pierre A d'Hemecourt
- Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William P Meehan
- Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin E Whitney
- Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Nogal B, Vinogradova S, Jorge M, Torkamani A, Fabian P, Blander G. Dose response of running on blood biomarkers of wellness in generally healthy individuals. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293631. [PMID: 37967046 PMCID: PMC10651037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is effective toward delaying or preventing chronic disease, with a large body of evidence supporting its effectiveness. However, less is known about the specific healthspan-promoting effects of exercise on blood biomarkers in the disease-free population. In this work, we examine 23,237 generally healthy individuals who self-report varying weekly running volumes and compare them to 4,428 generally healthy sedentary individuals, as well as 82 professional endurance runners. We estimate the significance of differences among blood biomarkers for groups of increasing running levels using analysis of variance (ANOVA), adjusting for age, gender, and BMI. We attempt and add insight to our observational dataset analysis via two-sample Mendelian randomization (2S-MR) using large independent datasets. We find that self-reported running volume associates with biomarker signatures of improved wellness, with some serum markers apparently being principally modified by BMI, whereas others show a dose-effect with respect to running volume. We further detect hints of sexually dimorphic serum responses in oxygen transport and hormonal traits, and we also observe a tendency toward pronounced modifications in magnesium status in professional endurance athletes. Thus, our results further characterize blood biomarkers of exercise and metabolic health, particularly regarding dose-effect relationships, and better inform personalized advice for training and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartek Nogal
- InsideTracker, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Milena Jorge
- InsideTracker, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ali Torkamani
- The Scripps Translational Science Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Fabian
- InsideTracker, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gil Blander
- InsideTracker, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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27
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Haller N, Reichel T, Zimmer P, Behringer M, Wahl P, Stöggl T, Krüger K, Simon P. Blood-Based Biomarkers for Managing Workload in Athletes: Perspectives for Research on Emerging Biomarkers. Sports Med 2023; 53:2039-2053. [PMID: 37341908 PMCID: PMC10587296 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
At present, various blood-based biomarkers have found their applications in the field of sports medicine. This current opinion addresses biomarkers that warrant consideration in future research for monitoring the athlete training load. In this regard, we identified a variety of emerging load-sensitive biomarkers, e.g., cytokines (such as IL-6), chaperones (such as heat shock proteins) or enzymes (such as myeloperoxidase) that could improve future athlete load monitoring as they have shown meaningful increases in acute and chronic exercise settings. In some cases, they have even been linked to training status or performance characteristics. However, many of these markers have not been extensively studied and the cost and effort of measuring these parameters are still high, making them inconvenient for practitioners so far. We therefore outline strategies to improve knowledge of acute and chronic biomarker responses, including ideas for standardized study settings. In addition, we emphasize the need for methodological advances such as the development of minimally invasive point-of-care devices as well as statistical aspects related to the evaluation of these monitoring tools to make biomarkers suitable for regular load monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Haller
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Behringer
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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28
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Lyssikatos C, Wang Z, Liu Z, Warden SJ, Bonewald L, Brotto M. γ-Aminobutyric acids (GABA) and serum GABA/AABA (G/A) ratio as potential biomarkers of physical performance and aging. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17083. [PMID: 37816783 PMCID: PMC10564855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Declining physical performance with age and disease is an important indicator of declining health. Biomarkers that identify declining physical performance would be useful in predicting treatment outcomes and identifying potential therapeutics. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a muscle autocrine factor, is a potent inhibitor of muscle function and works as a muscle relaxant. L-α-aminobutyric acid (L-AABA) is a biomarker for malnutrition, liver damage, and depression. We sought to determine if GABA and L-AABA may be useful for predicting physical performance. Serum levels of GABA and L-AABA were quantified in 120 individuals divided by age, sex, and physical capacity into low, average, and high performer groups. Analyses explored correlations between serum levels and physical performance. Both GABA and the ratio of GABA/AABA (G/A), but not AABA, were highly positively associated with age (Pearson correlations r = 0.35, p = 0.0001 for GABA, r = 0.31, p = 0.0007 for G/A, n = 120). GABA showed negative associations in the whole cohort with physical performance [fast gait speed, 6 min walk test (6MWT), PROMIS score, and SF36PFS raw score] and with subtotal and femoral neck bone mineral density. L-AABA was positively associated with usual gait speed, 6MWT, total SPPB score, and SF36PFS raw score in the total cohort of 120 human subjects, also with 6MWT and SF36PFS raw score in the 60 male subjects, but no associations were observed in the 60 females. As both GABA and L-AABA appear to be indicative of physical performance, but in opposite directions, we examined the G/A ratio. Unlike GABA, the G/A ratio showed a more distinct association with mobility tests such as total SPPB score, usual and fast gait speed, 6MWT, and SF36PFS raw score in the males, regardless of age and metabolic status. Serum G/A ratio could be potentially linked to physical performance in the male population. Our findings strongly suggest that GABA, L-AABA, and the G/A ratio in human serum may be useful markers for both age and physical function. These new biomarkers may significantly enhance the goal of identifying universal biomarkers to accurately predict physical performance and the beneficial effects of exercise training for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Lyssikatos
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas-Arlington, 655 W. Mitchell Street, Science-Engineering-Innovation Research (SEIR) Suite 272, Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stuart J Warden
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lynda Bonewald
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas-Arlington, 655 W. Mitchell Street, Science-Engineering-Innovation Research (SEIR) Suite 272, Arlington, TX, 76010, USA.
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29
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Trillaud E, Klemmer P, Malin SK, Erdbrügger U. Tracking Biomarker Responses to Exercise in Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2023; 25:299-311. [PMID: 37428393 PMCID: PMC10505098 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-023-01252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Strong evidence is evolving that physical exercise prevents hypertension and reduces blood pressure in patients with pre- and manifest HTN. Yet, identifying and confirming the effectiveness of exercise are challenging. Herein, we discuss conventional and novel biomarkers such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) which may track responses to HTN before and after exercise. RECENT FINDINGS Evolving data shows that improved aerobic fitness and vascular function as well as lowered oxidative stress, inflammation, and gluco-lipid toxicity are leading biomarkers considered to promote HTN, but they explain only about a half of the pathophysiology. Novel biomarkers such as EVs or microRNA are providing additional input to understand the complex mechanisms involved in exercise therapy for HTN patients. Conventional and novel biomarkers are needed to fully understand the integrative "cross-talk" between tissues to regulate vasculature physiology for blood pressure control. These biomarker studies will lead to more specific disease markers and the development of even more personalized therapy in this field. However, more systematic approaches and randomized controlled trials in larger cohorts are needed to assess exercise effectiveness across the day and with different exercise types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Trillaud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Footwear R&D, On AG, Zurich, 8005, Switzerland.
| | - Philip Klemmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Steven K Malin
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- The New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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30
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Skorski S, Pitsch W, Barth V, Walter M, Pfeiffer M, Ferrauti A, Kellmann M, Hecksteden A, Meyer T. Individualised reference ranges for markers of muscle recovery assessment in soccer. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1829-1837. [PMID: 36226544 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2134052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Recently an individualisation algorithm has been developed and shown to significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy of creatine kinase (CK) and urea in endurance sports and Badminton. In this study, the applicability and benefit of this algorithm was evaluated using repeated measures data from 161 professional German soccer players monitored during the 2015-2017 seasons. Venous blood samples were collected after a day off (recovered state) and after a minimum of two strenuous training sessions within 48 h (non-recovered state) and analysed for CK and urea. Group-based reference ranges were derived from that same dataset to ensure the best possible reference for comparison. A z-test was conducted to analyse differences in error rates between individualised and group-based classifications. CK values for the individualised approach showed significantly lower error rates in the assessment of muscle recovery compared to both a population-based (p < .001; z-value: -17.01; test-pass error rate: 21 vs. 67%; test-fail: 19 vs. 64%) and a group-based cut-off (p < .001; z-value: -15.29; test-pass error rate: 65%; test-fail: 67%). It could be concluded that the assessment of muscle recovery in soccer using individualised interpretations of blood-borne markers may offer higher diagnostic accuracy than a population-based and a sample-specific group-based approach.HighlightsAssessing muscle recovery via CK using individualised ranges seems to offer a higher diagnostic accuracy than a sample-specific group-based analysis.Using an individualised algorithm seems to be a promising approach to overcome diagnostic problems arising from large inter- and intraindividual variability in blood parameters as it significantly improved the diagnostic accuracy of CK as a recovery marker.As recovery assessment in elite soccer ultimately aims at the accurate detection of differences in the individual player this algorithm seems to offer coaches and sport scientists a more sensitive approach compared to group-specific evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Skorski
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Werner Pitsch
- Institute of Sport Science, Dept. Sociology and Economy of Sports, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Vanessa Barth
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Max Walter
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Mark Pfeiffer
- Institute of Sports Science, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Michael Kellmann
- School of Human Movement Studies and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anne Hecksteden
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
- Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Institute of Sport Science, Innsbruck, Austria
- Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Physiology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
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31
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Christison KS, Sol JA, Gurney SC, Dumke CL. Twenty-Four Percent of Wildland Firefighters Reach Critical Levels of Serum Creatine Kinase During 80-Hour Critical Training. Wilderness Environ Med 2023; 34:334-340. [PMID: 37258394 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wildland firefighters (WLFFs) must undergo a 2-wk critical training (CT) period prior to deployment to the field. This stress may result in clinical risks, including severe muscle damage and rhabdomyolysis. We aimed to document the effects of WLFFs' CT on physiologic markers of muscle damage and soreness. METHODS Two interagency hotshot crews (n=25) were followed during spring 2022 for 80 h of training. Activity counts as well as records of upper-body (US) and lower-body (LS) muscle soreness were collected daily. Body weight (BW) and skinfold measurements were recorded on Day 1 (D1) and D11 to estimate body fat (BF) and lean body weight (LBW). Blood was collected on D1 and D11 to measure muscle and liver damage markers. RESULTS Critical training resulted in significant elevations in creatine kinase (CK) (216.9±57.4 U/L vs 5166.4±1927.8 U/L, P=0.017) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (175.5±4.0 IU/L vs 340.0±42.6 IU/L, P=0.001) despite no significant changes in BW, BF, LBW, cortisol, or testosterone. Main effects of time were seen in US and LS, peaking on D11 (US: 5.2±0.4 cm, P<0.001; LS: 5.5±0.4 cm, P<0.001). Those who spent the most minutes with activity counts of >1500 counts/min showed the greatest increase in CK and LDH. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that WLFFs undergo significant physiologic stressors, resulting in muscle soreness and damage during CT, with 6 of the 25 subjects reaching critical levels of serum CK. It appears that much of the muscle damage and soreness occurred because of unaccustomed WLFF job-specific tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Christison
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
| | - Joseph A Sol
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT; United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Technology and Development Program, Missoula, MT
| | - Shae C Gurney
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
| | - Charles L Dumke
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
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32
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Hoen L, Pfeffer D, Schmidt JR, Kraft J, Hildebrand J, Kalkhof S. Hydration Status of Geriatric Patients Is Associated with Changes in Plasma Proteome, Especially in Proteins Involved in Coagulation. Nutrients 2023; 15:3789. [PMID: 37686821 PMCID: PMC10490147 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to multifactorial reasons, such as decreased thirst and decreased total body water, elderly patients are vulnerable to dehydration. The study aims to investigate whether moderate dehydration or hyperhydration affects the blood proteome. Blood samples, medication, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) details were collected from 131 geriatric patients (77 women and 54 men aged 81.1 ± 7.2 years). Based on an evaluation by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analyses (BIVAs) of this cohort, for each hydration status (dehydrated, hyperhydrated, and control), five appropriate blood plasma samples for both males and females were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Overall, 262 proteins for female patients and 293 proteins for male patients could be quantified. A total of 38 proteins had significantly different abundance, showing that hydration status does indeed affect the plasma proteome. Protein enrichment analysis of the affected proteins revealed "Wound Healing" and "Keratinization" as the two main biological processes being dysregulated. Proteins involved in clot formation are especially affected by hydration status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hoen
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Friedrich-Streib-Str. 2, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Pfeffer
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Friedrich-Streib-Str. 2, 96450 Coburg, Germany
- Division of Geriatrics, Klinikum Coburg GmbH, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Johannes R. Schmidt
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology—IZI, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Kraft
- Division of Geriatrics, Klinikum Coburg GmbH, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Janosch Hildebrand
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Friedrich-Streib-Str. 2, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Friedrich-Streib-Str. 2, 96450 Coburg, Germany
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology—IZI, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Ferreira RO, Frazão DR, Ferreira MKM, Magno MB, Fagundes NCF, Rosing CK, Maia LC, Lima RR. Periodontal disease and sports performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Sports Med 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37497651 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2023.2235048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between athletic performance and periodontal disease (PD). Observational studies published up to April 2022 were searched in online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, LILACS, OpenGrey, and Google Scholar). PECO statement focused on studies with professional athletes (Participants) with PD (Exposition) compared to those with healthy periodontium (Comparison) and its effects on sports performance (outcome). Searches were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines (registration protocol: 10.17605/OSF.IO/7ADH6) and risk of bias evaluation according to the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. A total of 793 references were retrieved, of which eight were considered eligible. Two studies did not show an association between clinical PD parameters and performance. A meta-analysis with 396 participants suggested a relationship between PD and self-reported reduction in sports performance (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-2.31; p = 0.03; I2 = 0%) with moderate quality of evidence accordingly GRADE analysis. Despite the differences in performance evaluations between studies, PD was associated with reduced self-reported sports performance. Additional studies assessing confounding factors and objective assessment of PD and performance are needed to clarify the real effect of both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Railson Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Deborah Ribeiro Frazão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Maria Karolina Martins Ferreira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Marcela Baraúna Magno
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Małkowska P, Sawczuk M. Cytokines as Biomarkers for Evaluating Physical Exercise in Trained and Non-Trained Individuals: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11156. [PMID: 37446334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and exercise training have numerous health benefits, including the prevention and management of chronic diseases, improvement of cardiovascular health, and enhancement of mental well-being. However, the effectiveness of training programs can vary widely among individuals due to various factors, such as genetics, lifestyle, and environment. Thus, identifying reliable biomarkers to evaluate physical training effectiveness and personalize training programs is crucial. Cytokines are signaling molecules produced by immune cells that play a vital role in inflammation and tissue repair. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the potential use of cytokines as biomarkers for evaluating training effectiveness. This review article aims to provide an overview of cytokines, their potential as biomarkers, methods for measuring cytokine levels, and factors that can affect cytokine levels. The article also discusses the potential benefits of using cytokines as biomarkers, such as monitoring muscle damage and inflammation, and the potential for personalized training programs based on cytokine responses. We believe that the use of cytokines as biomarkers holds great promise for optimizing training programs and improving overall health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Małkowska
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
- Doctoral School, University of Szczecin, 70-384 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek Sawczuk
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
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Haller N, Behringer M, Reichel T, Wahl P, Simon P, Krüger K, Zimmer P, Stöggl T. Blood-Based Biomarkers for Managing Workload in Athletes: Considerations and Recommendations for Evidence-Based Use of Established Biomarkers. Sports Med 2023; 53:1315-1333. [PMID: 37204619 PMCID: PMC10197055 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Blood-based biomarkers can provide an objective individualized measure of training load, recovery, and health status in order to reduce injury risk and maximize performance. Despite enormous potentials, especially owing to currently evolving technology, such as point-of-care testing, and advantages, in terms of objectivity and non-interference with the training process, there are several pitfalls in the use and interpretation of biomarkers. Confounding variables such as preanalytical conditions, inter-individual differences, or an individual chronic workload can lead to variance in resting levels. In addition, statistical considerations such as the detection of meaningful minimal changes are often neglected. The lack of generally applicable and individual reference levels further complicates the interpretation of level changes and thus load management via biomarkers. Here, the potentials and pitfalls of blood-based biomarkers are described, followed by an overview of established biomarkers currently used to support workload management. Creatine kinase is discussed in terms of its evidence for workload management to illustrate the limited applicability of established markers for workload management to date. We conclude with recommendations for best practices in the use and interpretation of biomarkers in a sport-specific context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Haller
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria
| | - Michael Behringer
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria.
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria.
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Mishica C, Kyröläinen H, Valtonen M, Holmberg HC, Linnamo V. Performance-related physiological changes induced by one year of endurance training in young athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1149968. [PMID: 37234748 PMCID: PMC10206302 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1149968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is generally recognized as the single best indicator of aerobic fitness in youth, interpretation of this parameter and the extent to which it can be improved by training remain controversial, as does the relative importance of VO2max for performance in comparison to other factors such as power production. Here, we examined the influence of endurance training on the VO2max, muscle power and sports-related performance of cross-country skiers attending a school specializing in sports, as well as potential relationships between any changes observed to one another and/or to perceived stress scale (Cohen) and certain blood parameters. Methods On two separate occasions, prior to the competition season and separated by one year of endurance training, the 12 participants (5 males, 7 females, 17 ± 1 years) carried out tests for VO2max on a treadmill, explosive power utilizing countermovement jumps (CMJ) and ski-specific maximal double pole performance (DPP) employing roller skis on a treadmill. Blood levels of ferritin (Fer), vitamin D (VitD) and hemoglobin (Hg) were monitored, and stress assessed with a questionnaire. Results DPP improved by 10 ± 8% (P < 0.001), but no other significant changes were observed. There were no significant correlations between the changes in DPP and any other variable. Discussion Whereas one year of endurance training improved the cross-country ski-specific performance of young athletes significantly, the increase in their maximal oxygen uptake was minimal. Since DPP was not correlated with VO2max, jumping power or the levels of certain blood parameters, the improvement observed probably reflected better upper-body performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mishica
- Sports Technology Unit Vuokatti, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Maarit Valtonen
- Research Institute for Olympic Sports (KIHU), Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Vesa Linnamo
- Sports Technology Unit Vuokatti, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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37
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Sontag SA, Cabarkapa D, Fry AC. Testosterone and Cortisol Salivary Samples Are Stable Across Multiple Freeze-Thaw Cycles. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:915-918. [PMID: 36730584 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sontag, SA, Cabarkapa, D, and Fry, AC. Testosterone and cortisol salivary samples are stable across multiple freeze-thaw cycles. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 915-918, 2023-When processing salivary samples for biomarker analysis, avoiding multiple freeze-thaw cycles is generally recommended. However, confusing tissue handling instructions or challenges with collections in the field sometimes makes this problematic. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine if the stability of salivary testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) hormones remains unchanged when exposed to multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Seven healthy recreationally active adults provided salivary samples at rest (i.e., 1600 hours) for analysis of T and C. Samples were separated into 4 aliquots for each hormone and underwent 4 freeze-thaw cycles (T1-T4 and C1-C4) before being analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The overall analysis of variance model was significant for T ( p = 0.008) and nonsignificant for C ( p = 0.820). A follow-up post hoc comparison indicated significant differences in salivary hormonal concentrations between T1 and T4 ( p = 0.029), T2 and T4 ( p = 0.007), and T3 and T4 ( p = 0.032). The findings of this study indicate that salivary steroid hormones seem to be relatively stable following multiple freeze-thaw cycles. However, C seems to be more stable when exposed to multiple freeze-thaw cycles, as T concentrations did reveal a significant decrease by the fourth thaw cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Sontag
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK; and
| | - Dimitrije Cabarkapa
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory - Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Andrew C Fry
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory - Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
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Myagkova MA, Bobrova ZV, Orlova EM, Petrochenko SN. Comparative Determination of Natural Antibodies for the Assessment of the Cardiovascular System and the Level of Human Difficulty. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2023; 509:73-77. [PMID: 37340297 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672923700096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of natural antibodies to β-endorphin, angiotensin, dopamine, serotonin, parameters of the cardiovascular system and anxiety levels was carried out for 241 athletes of various qualifications and sports. The obtained indicators of the cardiovascular system were compared with reference values. A significant increase in the level of natural antibodies to angiotensin was established for all groups of athletes. In the case of dopamine, serotonin, these differences are associated with the qualification of the athlete, for β-endorphin, differences in the level of the indicator depending on the sport were found. A group of individuals with high levels of situational and personal anxiety was found among highly qualified athletes. An increase in blood pressure in athletes of cyclic sports and martial arts is adaptive, and in athletes of speed-strength sports it leads to a change in the walls of the myocardium. As a result of the study, the possibility of a comprehensive determination of natural antibodies and functional indicators as diagnostic markers for assessing the state of the human cardiovascular system has been shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Myagkova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Substances Federal Research Center for Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow oblast, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Z V Bobrova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Substances Federal Research Center for Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow oblast, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - E M Orlova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Substances Federal Research Center for Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow oblast, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - S N Petrochenko
- Institute of Physiologically Active Substances Federal Research Center for Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow oblast, Chernogolovka, Russia.
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39
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Xia WT, Qiu WR, Yu WK, Xu ZC, Zhang SH. Identifying TME signatures for cervical cancer prognosis based on GEO and TCGA databases. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15096. [PMID: 37095983 PMCID: PMC10121839 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mortality rate from cervical cancer (CESC), a malignant tumor that affects women, has increased significantly globally in recent years. The discovery of biomarkers points to a direction for the diagnosis of cervical cancer with the advancement of bioinformatics technology. The goal of this study was to look for potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of CESC using the GEO and TCGA databases. Because of the high dimension and small sample size of the omic data, or the use of biomarkers generated from a single omic data, the diagnosis of cervical cancer may be inaccurate and unreliable. The purpose of this study was to search the GEO and TCGA databases for potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of CESC. We begin by downloading CESC (GSE30760) DNA methylation data from GEO, then perform differential analysis on the downloaded methylation data and screen out the differential genes. Then, using estimation algorithms, we score immune cells and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment and perform survival analysis on the gene expression profile data and the most recent clinical data of CESC from TCGA. Then, using the 'limma' package and Venn plot in R language to perform differential analysis of genes and screen out overlapping genes, these overlapping genes were then subjected to GO and KEGG functional enrichment analysis. The differential genes screened by the GEO methylation data and the differential genes screened by the TCGA gene expression data were intersected to screen out the common differential genes. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of gene expression data was then created in order to discover important genes. The PPI network's key genes were crossed with previously identified common differential genes to further validate them. The Kaplan-Meier curve was then used to determine the prognostic importance of the key genes. Survival analysis has shown that CD3E and CD80 are important for the identification of cervical cancer and can be considered as potential biomarkers for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao Xia
- School of Information Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen, China
| | - Wang-Ren Qiu
- School of Information Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Wang-Ke Yu
- School of Information Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen, China
| | - Zhao-Chun Xu
- School of Information Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen, China
| | - Shou-Hua Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China
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40
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Drole K, Paravlic A, Steffen K, Doupona M. Effects of physical, psychosocial and dual-career loads on injuries and illnesses among elite handball players: protocol of prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069104. [PMID: 36863744 PMCID: PMC9990604 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health problems in sport cause a major burden on several pillars: sport clubs, health and insurance system and mostly the individual athlete. There is limited knowledge in supporting dual-career athletes firmed on evidence-based research in injury/illness prevention, load and stress management. The main goal of this research approach is to determine how specific physical, psychosocial and dual-career loads affect the occurrence of injuries and illnesses in elite handball players and how much of a variation in the athlete's load leads to an occurrence of an injury/illness. A secondary aim is to determine the association between objective and subjective measures of stress as well as examine the benefits of certain biomarkers to monitor stress, load and injury/illness occurrence in athletes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This prospective cohort study, as part of a PhD project, will be carried out on 200 elite handball players of first men's handball league in Slovenia during an entire handball season, lasting from July 2022 to June 2023. Primary outcomes, including health problems, loads and stress, will be assessed weekly on a player level. Other player-related outcomes will include anthropometry, life event survey and blood biomarkers (cortisol, free testosterone and Ig-A), which will be taken three to five times across the observation period according to the players' training cycle. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The project was approved by the National Medical Ethics Committee of Slovenia (number: 0120-109/2022/3) and will be conducted in compliance with the most recent version of Helsinki Declaration. The study results will be published as peer-reviewed articles, congress presentations and as a Doctoral thesis. The results will not only be of importance for the medical and sports community for development of new injury prevention and rehabilitation strategies but also for structuring the correct policy recommendations for athletes' general health. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT0547129.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Drole
- Institute of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Armin Paravlic
- Institute of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sport Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kathrin Steffen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mojca Doupona
- Institute of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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41
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Lisano JK, Flores VA, Kisiolek JN, Stewart LK. Regular Use of Cannabis in Female Athletes Is Associated With a Reduction in Early Anaerobic Power Production. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:616-622. [PMID: 36820704 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lisano, JK, Flores, VA, Kisiolek, JN, and Stewart, LK. Regular use of cannabis in female athletes is associated with a reduction in early anaerobic power production. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 616-622, 2023-Despite a growing number of claims related to the ability of cannabis use to affect health and performance, there is limited research available, especially in female athletes. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether chronic cannabis use in physically active female athletes is related to altered health and performance. Healthy, physically active, female cannabis users (CU: n = 12) and noncannabis users (NU: n = 12) with an average age of 23.8 ± 3.7 years and 19.3 ± 4.2% body fat completed athletic performance and health assessments. Significance was set at alpha = 0.05. The age of onset of regular cannabis use was 20.1 ± 2.8 years in CU with an average duration of cannabis use of 5.8 ± 3.1 years. There were no differences between groups with respect to body size, body composition, pulmonary function, cardiorespiratory function, or muscular strength. Cannabis users produced significantly less power in the first 2 stages of the Wingate assessment, but CU experienced significantly less anaerobic fatigue. Although body composition and cardiovascular fitness were comparable, average C-reactive protein concentration classified CU with higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Athletes and coaches who rely heavily on anaerobic performance should consider these findings because they indicate that regular cannabis use may affect early power production and CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon K Lisano
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado
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Gacek M, Wojtowicz A, Popek A. Personality Determinants of Exercise-Related Nutritional Behaviours among Polish Team Sport Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4025. [PMID: 36901036 PMCID: PMC10001531 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A proper diet increases the effectiveness of training and accelerates post-workout regeneration. One of the factors determining eating behaviour are personality traits, including those included in the Big Five model, i.e., neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The aim of this study was to analyse the personality determinants of peri-exercise nutritional behaviours among an elite group of Polish athletes practicing team sports. The study was conducted in a group of 213 athletes, using the author's validated questionnaire of exercise-related nutrition behaviours and the NEO-PI-R (Neuroticism Extraversion Openness-Personality Inventory-Revised). A statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's linear correlation and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients as well as a multiple regression analysis, assuming a significance level of α = 0.05. It has been shown that the level of the overall index regarding normal peri-exercise eating behaviours decreased with increasing neuroticism (r = -0.18) and agreeableness (r = -0.18). An analysis of the relationship between the personality traits (sub-scales) of the Big Five model demonstrated that the overall index of proper peri-exercise nutrition decreased with the intensification of three neuroticism traits, i.e., hostility/anger (R = -0.20), impulsiveness/immoderation (R = -0.18), and vulnerability to stress/learned helplessness (R = -0.19), and four traits of agreeableness, i.e., straightforwardness/morality (R = -0.17), compliance/cooperation (R = -0.19), modesty (R = -0.14), and tendermindedness/sympathy (R = -0.15) (p < 0.05). A multiple regression analysis exhibited that the full model consisting of all the analysed personality traits explained 99% of the variance concerning the level of the proper peri-exercise nutrition index. In conclusion, the index of proper nutrition under conditions of physical effort decreases along with the intensification of neuroticism and agreeableness among Polish athletes professionally practicing team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gacek
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wojtowicz
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Popek
- Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław, 37-500 Jarosław, Poland
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Jakše B, Jakše B. A FOUR-YEAR CYCLE COMPARISON OF THE NUTRITIONAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH STATUS OF AN ELITE-LEVEL FEMALE ARTISTIC GYMNAST: CASE STUDY REPORT FROM SLOVENIA. SCIENCE OF GYMNASTICS JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.52165/sgj.15.1.27-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Regular monitoring of body composition, nutrition, health, and motor skills are crucial for further training process planning and performance progress. With the same protocol and methods, we evaluated a four-year change (2018 vs. 2022) in the nutritional and cardiovascular health status of the currently most successful elite-level adult female artistic gymnast in Slovenia. Detailed body composition and dietary intake were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and a standardized food questionnaire FFQ. The blood lipids and safety factors, blood pressure, and serum micronutrients (e.g., B12, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron) status were measured. The four-year comparison showed an improved body composition status: decreased body fat mass/percentage, android fat percentage, and android/gynoid ratio, while other anthropometrical and body composition parameters remained essentially unchanged. We also measured an improvement of some and worsening of other cardiovascular health serum variables (i.e., decreased total cholesterol but increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and S-glucose), most likely due to the differences in assessed dietary intake (i.e., lower total fat, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake but higher cholesterol intake and still high free sugar and saturated fat intake, despite higher fiber). Notably, nutrient intakes that are generally of concern (fiber (borderline low intake), eicosapentaenoic omega-3 fatty acids and docosahexaenoic omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B12 and D, calcium (borderline low intake), iron, and zinc) were within recommended ranges. However, the athlete’s vitamin E and potassium intakes were not adequate. Furthermore, in 2018, the athlete did not consume dietary supplements, while she now regularly uses several dietary supplements, including enriched plant-based protein powder, isolated vitamin B12, C, D, and iron. Moreover, the athlete had significantly lower than recommended serum levels of 25(OH)D, probably due to insufficient regular intake of vitamin D in the form of a dietary supplement (1000 IU/d). Moreover, from the micronutrient serum, phosphorus, and iron levels that deviated from the reference values in the 2018 study, in the current study, they were found to be within referenced ranges (i.e., iron status was markedly improved). This kind of screening toolbox, using valid, sensitive, and affordable methods and with rapid organizational implementation, may be a viable format for regular monitoring.
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Zheng J, Wu F, Wang F, Cheng J, Zou H, Li Y, Du J, Kan J. Biomarkers of Micronutrients and Phytonutrients and Their Application in Epidemiological Studies. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040970. [PMID: 36839326 PMCID: PMC9959711 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional biomarkers can be used as important indicators of nutritional status and play crucial roles in the prevention as well as prognosis optimization of various metabolism-related diseases. Measuring dietary with the deployment of biomarker assessments provides quantitative nutritional information that can better predict the health outcomes. With the increased availability of nutritional biomarkers and the development of assessment tools, the specificity and sensitivity of nutritional biomarkers have been greatly improved. This enables efficient disease surveillance in nutrition research. A wide range of biomarkers have been used in different types of studies, including clinical trials, observational studies, and qualitative studies, to reflect the relationship between diet and health. Through a comprehensive literature search, we reviewed the well-established nutritional biomarkers of vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients, and their association with epidemiological studies, to better understand the role of nutrition in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianheng Zheng
- Nutrilite Health Institute, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Sequanta Technologies Co., Ltd., 240 Hedan Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Feijie Wang
- Nutrilite Health Institute, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junrui Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Hong Zou
- Sequanta Technologies Co., Ltd., 240 Hedan Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Sequanta Technologies Co., Ltd., 240 Hedan Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jun Du
- Nutrilite Health Institute, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Juntao Kan
- Nutrilite Health Institute, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-2305-6982
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Flatebo C, Conkright WR, Beckner ME, Batchelor RH, Kippin TE, Heikenfeld J, Plaxco KW. Efforts toward the continuous monitoring of molecular markers of performance. J Sci Med Sport 2023:S1440-2440(23)00028-2. [PMID: 36841706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Technologies supporting the continuous, real-time measurement of blood oxygen saturation and plasma glucose levels have improved our ability to monitor performance status. Our ability to monitor other molecular markers of performance, however, including the hormones known to indicate overtraining and general health, has lagged. That is, although a number of other molecular markers of performance status have been identified, we have struggled to develop viable technologies supporting their real-time monitoring in the body. Here we review biosensor approaches that may support such measurements, as well as the molecules potentially of greatest interest to monitor. DESIGN Narrative literature review. METHOD Literature review. RESULTS Significant effort has been made to harness the specificity, affinity, and generalizability of biomolecular recognition in a platform technology supporting continuous in vivo molecular measurements. Most biosensor approaches, however, are either not generalizable to most targets, or fail when challenged in the complex environments found in vivo. Electrochemical aptamer-based sensors, in contrast, are the first technology to simultaneously achieve both of these critical attributes. In an effort to illustrate the potential of this platform technology, we both critically review the literature describing it and briefly survey some of the molecular performance markers we believe will prove advantageous to monitor using it. CONCLUSIONS Electrochemical aptamer-based sensors may be the first truly generalizable technology for monitoring specific molecules in situ in the body and how adaptation of the platform to subcutaneous microneedles will enable the real-time monitoring of performance markers via a wearable, minimally invasive device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Flatebo
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California Santa Barbara, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tod E Kippin
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Jason Heikenfeld
- Biomedical, Electrical, and Chemical Engineering, Director Novel Devices Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, USA
| | - Kevin W Plaxco
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California Santa Barbara, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biological Engineering Graduate Program, University of California Santa Barbara, USA.
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Mackala K, Michalik K, Makaruk H. Sports Diagnostics-Maximizing the Results or Preventing Injuries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2470. [PMID: 36767837 PMCID: PMC9916279 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sports diagnostics is a comprehensive scientific concept and comprises an aspect of training monitoring and/or sports medicine [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mackala
- Department of Track and Field, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamil Michalik
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hubert Makaruk
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health, The Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-809 Biala Podlaska, Poland
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Varillas-Delgado D, Gutierrez-Hellín J, Maestro A. Genetic Profile in Genes Associated with Sports Injuries in Elite Endurance Athletes. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:64-71. [PMID: 35921847 DOI: 10.1055/a-1917-9212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Injuries are a complex trait that can stem from the interaction of several genes. The aim of this research was to examine the relationship between muscle performance-related genes and overuse injury risk in elite endurance athletes, and to examine the feasibility of determining a total genotype score that significantly correlates with injury. A cohort of 100 elite endurance athletes (50 male and 50 female) was selected. AMPD1 (rs17602729), ACE (rs4646994), ACTN3 (rs1815739), CKM (rs8111989) and MLCK ([rs2849757] and [rs2700352]) polymorphisms were genotyped by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real time-PCR). Injury characteristics during the athletic season were classified following the Consensus Statement for injuries evaluation. The mean total genotype score (TGS) in non-injured athletes (68.263±13.197 arbitrary units [a.u.]) was different from that of injured athletes (50.037±17.293 a.u., p<0.001). The distribution of allelic frequencies in the AMPD1 polymorphism was also different between non-injured and injured athletes (p<0.001). There was a TGS cut-off point (59.085 a.u.) to discriminate non-injured from injured athletes with an odds ratio of 7.400 (95% CI 2.548-21.495, p<0.001). TGS analysis appears to correlate with elite endurance athletes at higher risk for injury. Further study may help to develop this as one potential tool to help predict injury risk in this population.
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Reichel T, Held S, Schwarz A, Hacker S, Wesemann F, Donath L, Krüger K. Acute response of biomarkers in plasma from capillary blood after a strenuous endurance exercise bout. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:179-189. [PMID: 36227377 PMCID: PMC9813032 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aims to investigate the acute response of potential exercise-sensitive biomarkers in capillary plasma to an acute incremental running test. In a second step, their concentration was compared to the changes in the venous serum. METHODS Thirty-seven active young female and male adults completed a VO2max ramp test on a treadmill. Before and after exercise, capillary blood from the earlobe and venous blood were taken and synchronized. Concentrations of Interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, Interferon (IFN)-y, CC-chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, Matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-9, Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), Cluster of differentiation (CD)163, S100 Ca2+ -binding protein (S100) A8, S100A9, S100B, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Myeloperoxidase (MPO) were determined by magnetic bead-based multiplex assay. RESULTS Capillary plasma concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, IFN-y, CCL-2, MMP-9, SPARC, CD163, S100A9, S100B, and BDNF increased after exercise (p < 0.05). Comparing the values from capillary plasma and venous serum, ICCs classified as good were found for IFN-y (post), while the ICCs for IL-1β, IL-8, IL-17A, CCL-2, MMP-9 (post), SPARC, and BDNF (post) were classified as moderate. For all other parameters, only weak ICCs were found. CONCLUSION As in the venous serum, there was an increase in most markers in the capillary plasma. However, acceptable to low associations can be found in the concentration levels of these proteins between the compartments. Thus, this source of blood sampling could find some biomarker applications in sports practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kugelberg 62, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Steffen Held
- Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anthony Schwarz
- Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hacker
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kugelberg 62, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian Wesemann
- Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Donath
- Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kugelberg 62, 35394 Giessen, Germany
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Pérez-Castillo ÍM, Rueda R, Bouzamondo H, López-Chicharro J, Mihic N. Biomarkers of post-match recovery in semi-professional and professional football (soccer). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1167449. [PMID: 37113691 PMCID: PMC10126523 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1167449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-level football (soccer) players face intense physical demands that result in acute and residual fatigue, impairing their physical performance in subsequent matches. Further, top-class players are frequently exposed to match-congested periods where sufficient recovery times are not achievable. To evaluate training and recovery strategies, the monitoring of players' recovery profiles is crucial. Along with performance and neuro-mechanical impairments, match-induced fatigue causes metabolic disturbances denoted by changes in chemical analytes that can be quantified in different body fluids such as blood, saliva, and urine, thus acting as biomarkers. The monitoring of these molecules might supplement performance, neuromuscular and cognitive measurements to guide coaches and trainers during the recovery period. The present narrative review aims to comprehensively review the scientific literature on biomarkers of post-match recovery in semi-professional and professional football players as well as provide an outlook on the role that metabolomic studies might play in this field of research. Overall, no single gold-standard biomarker of match-induced fatigue exists, and a range of metabolites are available to assess different aspects of post-match recovery. The use of biomarker panels might be suitable to simultaneously monitoring these broad physiological processes, yet further research on fluctuations of different analytes throughout post-match recovery is warranted. Although important efforts have been made to address the high interindividual heterogeneity of available markers, limitations inherent to these markers might compromise the information they provide to guide recovery protocols. Further research on metabolomics might benefit from evaluating the long-term recovery period from a high-level football match to shed light upon new biomarkers of post-match recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José López-Chicharro
- Real Madrid, Medical Services, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: José López-Chicharro,
| | - Niko Mihic
- Real Madrid, Medical Services, Madrid, Spain
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Liang W, Le L, Yaling C, Hongbo Y, Yu Z, Yunzhu D. Can Yoga Pranayama Practices Improve Burnout in Elite Mountain Bikers: A Single-arm Pilot Study. Int J Yoga 2023; 16:49-55. [PMID: 37583533 PMCID: PMC10424275 DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_184_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mountain bike (MTB) racing is a highly intensive physical activity and requires a high degree of technical ability to perform at the elite athlete level, which might compromise mental well-being, increasing symptoms of anxiety and depression through overtraining, injury, and burnout. Yoga Pranayama is the key to bringing about psychosomatic integration and harmony. This study aimed to explore the effects of yoga pranayama practices (YPP) on elite mountain bikers' burnout. This is a single-arm pilot study. Twenty-seven subjects practiced 30 sessions of YPP seven times a week for 1 month. The outcomes measured were blood biochemical parameters accompanied by complete blood count and athlete burnout score. Cubital vein blood test and burnout questionnaire were conducted at baseline and after 1 month. Test results showed a significant decrease in cortisol (CO) (P = 0.001) and urea nitrogen (P < 0.001) and an increase in testosterone: CO ratio (P = 0.001). This study indicates that YPP might improve burnout in elite mountain bikers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Office of Graduate Studies, India-China Yoga College (International Tai Chi College), Yunan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Li Le
- Office of Graduate Studies, India-China Yoga College (International Tai Chi College), Yunan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Cun Yaling
- Office of Graduate Studies, Sports Institute, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan Hongbo
- Chenggong Sports Training Base, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhang Yu
- Chenggong Sports Training Base, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Deng Yunzhu
- Chenggong Sports Training Base, Yunnan Province, China
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