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Polini B, Zallocco L, Gado F, Ferrisi R, Ricardi C, Zuccarini M, Carnicelli V, Manera C, Ronci M, Lucacchini A, Zucchi R, Giusti L, Chiellini G. A Proteomic Approach Identified TFEB as a Key Player in the Protective Action of Novel CB2R Bitopic Ligand FD22a against the Deleterious Effects Induced by β-Amyloid in Glial Cells. Cells 2024; 13:875. [PMID: 38786097 PMCID: PMC11119469 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are progressive multifactorial disorders of the nervous system sharing common pathogenic features, including intracellular misfolded protein aggregation, mitochondrial deficit, and inflammation. Taking into consideration the multifaceted nature of NDDs, development of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) has evolved as an attractive therapeutic strategy. Compounds that target the cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2R) are rapidly emerging as novel effective MTDLs against common NDDs, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). We recently developed the first CB2R bitopic/dualsteric ligand, namely FD22a, which revealed the ability to induce neuroprotection with fewer side effects. To explore the potential of FD22a as a multitarget drug for the treatment of NDDs, we investigated here its ability to prevent the toxic effect of β-amyloid (Aβ25-35 peptide) on human cellular models of neurodegeneration, such as microglia (HMC3) and glioblastoma (U87-MG) cell lines. Our results displayed that FD22a efficiently prevented Aβ25-35 cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects in both cell lines and counteracted β-amyloid-induced depression of autophagy in U87-MG cells. Notably, a quantitative proteomic analysis of U87-MG cells revealed that FD22a was able to potently stimulate the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) by activating its master transcriptional regulator TFEB, ultimately increasing the potential of this novel CB2R bitopic/dualsteric ligand as a multitarget drug for the treatment of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Polini
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (B.P.); (C.R.); (V.C.); (R.Z.)
| | - Lorenzo Zallocco
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Francesca Gado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.G.); (R.F.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Rebecca Ferrisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.G.); (R.F.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Caterina Ricardi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (B.P.); (C.R.); (V.C.); (R.Z.)
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. D’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Vittoria Carnicelli
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (B.P.); (C.R.); (V.C.); (R.Z.)
| | | | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. D’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (M.R.)
- Interuniversitary Consortium for Engineering and Medicine (COIIM), 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio Lucacchini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (B.P.); (C.R.); (V.C.); (R.Z.)
| | - Laura Giusti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Grazia Chiellini
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (B.P.); (C.R.); (V.C.); (R.Z.)
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Chen H, Hinz K, Zhang C, Rodriguez Y, Williams SN, Niu M, Ma X, Chao X, Frazier AL, McCarson KE, Wang X, Peng Z, Liu W, Ni HM, Zhang J, Swerdlow RH, Ding WX. Late-Life Alcohol Exposure Does Not Exacerbate Age-Dependent Reductions in Mouse Spatial Memory and Brain TFEB Activity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.23.581774. [PMID: 38464149 PMCID: PMC10925107 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.23.581774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is believed to affect Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, but the contributing mechanisms are not well understood. A potential mediator of the proposed alcohol-AD connection is autophagy, a degradation pathway that maintains organelle and protein homeostasis. Autophagy is in turn regulated through the activity of Transcription factor EB (TFEB), which promotes lysosome and autophagy-related gene expression. To explore the effect of alcohol on brain TFEB and autophagy, we exposed young (3-month old) and aged (23-month old) mice to two alcohol-feeding paradigms and assessed biochemical, transcriptome, histology, and behavioral endpoints. In young mice, alcohol decreased hippocampal nuclear TFEB staining but increased SQSTM1/p62, LC3-II, ubiquitinated proteins, and phosphorylated Tau. Hippocampal TFEB activity was lower in aged mice than it was in young mice, and Gao-binge alcohol feeding did not worsen the age-related reduction in TFEB activity. To better assess the impact of chronic alcohol exposure, we fed young and aged mice alcohol for four weeks before completing Morris Water and Barnes Maze spatial memory testing. The aged mice showed worse spatial memory on both tests. While alcohol feeding slightly impaired spatial memory in the young mice, it had little effect or even slightly improved spatial memory in the aged mice. These findings suggest that aging is a far more important driver of spatial memory impairment and reduced autophagy flux than alcohol consumption.
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Miceli C, Leri M, Stefani M, Bucciantini M. Autophagy-related proteins: Potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of aging-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 89:101967. [PMID: 37270146 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a key role in cellular, tissue and organismal homeostasis and in the production of the energy load needed at critical times during development and in response to nutrient shortage. Autophagy is generally considered as a pro-survival mechanism, although its deregulation has been linked to non-apoptotic cell death. Autophagy efficiency declines with age, thus contributing to many different pathophysiological conditions, such as cancer, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, liver disease, autoimmune diseases, infections, and neurodegeneration. Accordingly, it has been proposed that the maintenance of a proper autophagic activity contributes to the extension of the lifespan in different organisms. A better understanding of the interplay between autophagy and risk of age-related pathologies is important to propose nutritional and life-style habits favouring disease prevention as well as possible clinical applications aimed at promoting long-term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Miceli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Manuela Leri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Stefani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Bucciantini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Zhang C, Chen H, Rodriguez Y, Ma X, Swerdlow RH, Zhang J, Ding WX. A perspective on autophagy and transcription factor EB in Alcohol-Associated Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115576. [PMID: 37127251 PMCID: PMC11009931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of progressive dementia and there is no truly efficacious treatment. Accumulating evidence indicates that impaired autophagic function for removal of damaged mitochondria and protein aggregates such as amyloid and tau protein aggregates may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Epidemiologic studies have implicated alcohol abuse in promoting AD, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of selective autophagy for mitochondria and protein aggregates and how these mechanisms are impaired by aging and alcohol consumption. We also discuss potential genetic and pharmacological approaches for targeting autophagy/mitophagy, as well as lysosomal and mitochondrial biogenesis, for the potential prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yssa Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Xiaowen Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Motility, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Jana M, Dutta D, Poddar J, Pahan K. Activation of PPARα Exhibits Therapeutic Efficacy in a Mouse Model of Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1814-1829. [PMID: 36697260 PMCID: PMC10010460 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2447-21.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) is a fatal inherited neurodegenerative disease of children that occurs because of defective function of the lysosomal membrane glycoprotein CLN3. JNCL features glial activation and accumulation of autofluorescent storage material containing subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase (SCMAS), ultimately resulting into neuronal loss. Until now, no effective therapy is available for JNCL. This study underlines the possible therapeutic importance of gemfibrozil, an activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and a lipid-lowering drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration in an animal model of JNCL. Oral gemfibrozil treatment reduced microglial and astroglial activation, attenuated neuroinflammation, restored the level of transcription factor EB (TFEB; the master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis), and decreased the accumulation of storage material SCMAS in somatosensory barrel field (SBF) cortex of Cln3Δex7/8 (Cln3ΔJNCL) mice of both sexes. Accordingly, gemfibrozil treatment also improved locomotor activities of Cln3ΔJNCL mice. While investigating the mechanism, we found marked loss of PPARα in the SBF cortex of Cln3ΔJNCL mice, which increased after gemfibrozil treatment. Oral gemfibrozil also stimulated the recruitment of PPARα to the Tfeb gene promoter in vivo in the SBF cortex of Cln3ΔJNCL mice, indicating increased transcription of Tfeb in the CNS by gemfibrozil treatment via PPARα. Moreover, disease pathologies aggravated in Cln3ΔJNCL mice lacking PPARα (Cln3ΔJNCLΔPPARα) and gemfibrozil remained unable to decrease SCMAS accumulation, reduce glial activation, and improve locomotor performance of Cln3ΔJNCLΔPPARα mice. These results suggest that activation of PPARα may be beneficial for JNCL and that gemfibrozil may be repurposed for the treatment of this incurable disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite intense investigations, no effective therapy is available for JNCL, an incurable inherited lysosomal storage disorder. Here, we delineate that oral administration of gemfibrozil, a lipid-lowering drug, decreases glial inflammation, normalizes and/or upregulates TFEB, and reduces accumulation of autofluorescent storage material in SBF cortex to improve locomotor activities in Cln3Δex7/8 (Cln3ΔJNCL) mice. Aggravation of disease pathology in Cln3ΔJNCL mice lacking PPARα (Cln3ΔJNCLΔPPARα) and inability of gemfibrozil to decrease SCMAS accumulation, reduce glial activation, and improve locomotor performance of Cln3ΔJNCLΔPPARα mice delineates an important role of PPARα in this process. These studies highlight a new property of gemfibrozil and indicate its possible therapeutic use in JNCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabendu Jana
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Debashis Dutta
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Jit Poddar
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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Gebrie A. Transcription factor EB as a key molecular factor in human health and its implication in diseases. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231157209. [PMID: 36891126 PMCID: PMC9986912 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231157209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor EB, as a component of the microphthalmia family of transcription factors, has been demonstrated to be a key controller of autophagy-lysosomal biogenesis. Transcription factor EB is activated by stressors such as nutrition and deprivation of growth factors, hypoxia, lysosomal stress, and mitochondrial injury. To achieve the ultimate functional state, it is controlled in a variety of modes, such as in its rate of transcription, post-transcriptional control, and post-translational alterations. Due to its versatile role in numerous signaling pathways, including the Wnt, calcium, AKT, and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathways, transcription factor EB-originally identified to be an oncogene-is now well acknowledged as a regulator of a wide range of physiological systems, including autophagy-lysosomal biogenesis, response to stress, metabolism, and energy homeostasis. The well-known and recently identified roles of transcription factor EB suggest that this protein might play a central role in signaling networks in a number of non-communicable illnesses, such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, drug resistance mechanisms, immunological disease, and tissue growth. The important developments in transcription factor EB research since its first description are described in this review. This review helps to advance transcription factor EB from fundamental research into therapeutic and regenerative applications by shedding light on how important a role it plays in human health and disease at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemu Gebrie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Tseng CS, Chao YW, Liu YH, Huang YS, Chao HW. Dysregulated proteostasis network in neuronal diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1075215. [PMID: 36910151 PMCID: PMC9998692 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1075215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term maintenance of synaptic connections is important for brain function, which depends on varying proteostatic regulations to govern the functional integrity of neuronal proteomes. Proteostasis supports an interconnection of pathways that regulates the fate of proteins from synthesis to degradation. Defects in proteostatic signaling are associated with age-related functional decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have advanced our knowledge of how cells have evolved distinct mechanisms to safely control protein homeostasis during synthesis, folding and degradation, and in different subcellular organelles and compartments. Neurodegeneration occurs when these protein quality controls are compromised by accumulated pathogenic proteins or aging to an irreversible state. Consequently, several therapeutic strategies, such as targeting the unfolded protein response and autophagy pathways, have been developed to reduce the burden of misfolded proteins and proved useful in animal models. Here, we present a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining proteostatic networks, along with some examples linking dysregulated proteostasis to neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-San Tseng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuian Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wen Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Iron-induced cytotoxicity mediated by endolysosomal TRPML1 channels is reverted by TFEB. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1047. [PMID: 36522443 PMCID: PMC9755144 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increased brain iron content has been consistently reported in sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, and an increase in cytosolic free iron is known to cause oxidative stress and cell death. However, whether iron also accumulates in susceptible brain areas in humans or in mouse models of familial PD remains unknown. In addition, whilst the lysosome functions as a critical intracellular iron storage organelle, little is known about the mechanisms underlying lysosomal iron release and how this process is influenced by lysosome biogenesis and/or lysosomal exocytosis. Here, we report an increase in brain iron content also in PD patients due to the common G2019S-LRRK2 mutation as compared to healthy age-matched controls, whilst differences in iron content are not observed in G2019S-LRRK2 knockin as compared to control mice. Chemically triggering iron overload in cultured cells causes cytotoxicity via the endolysosomal release of iron which is mediated by TRPML1. TFEB expression reverts the iron overload-associated cytotoxicity by causing lysosomal exocytosis, which is dependent on a TRPML1-mediated increase in cytosolic calcium levels. Therefore, approaches aimed at increasing TFEB levels, or pharmacological TRPML1 activation in conjunction with iron chelation may prove beneficial against cell death associated with iron overload conditions such as those associated with PD.
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Mahali S, Martinez R, King M, Verbeck A, Harari O, Benitez BA, Horie K, Sato C, Temple S, Karch CM. Defective proteostasis in induced pluripotent stem cell models of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:508. [PMID: 36494352 PMCID: PMC9734180 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired proteostasis is associated with normal aging and is accelerated in neurodegeneration. This impairment may lead to the accumulation of protein, which can be toxic to cells and tissue. In a subset of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau pathology (FTLD-tau) cases, pathogenic mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene are sufficient to cause tau accumulation and neurodegeneration. However, the pathogenic events triggered by the expression of the mutant tau protein remain poorly understood. Here, we show that molecular networks associated with lysosomal biogenesis and autophagic function are disrupted in brains from FTLD-tau patients carrying a MAPT p.R406W mutation. We then used human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons and 3D cerebral organoids from patients carrying the MAPT p.R406W mutation and CRISPR/Cas9, corrected controls to evaluate proteostasis. MAPT p.R406W was sufficient to induce morphological and functional deficits in the lysosomal pathway in iPSC-neurons. These phenotypes were reversed upon correction of the mutant allele with CRISPR/Cas9. Treatment with mTOR inhibitors led to tau degradation specifically in MAPT p.R406W neurons. Together, our findings suggest that MAPT p.R406W is sufficient to cause impaired lysosomal function, which may contribute to disease pathogenesis and serve as a cellular phenotype for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha Mahali
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Melvin King
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anthony Verbeck
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruno A Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kanta Horie
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chihiro Sato
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Liu X, Ye M, Ma L. The emerging role of autophagy and mitophagy in tauopathies: From pathogenesis to translational implications in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1022821. [PMID: 36325189 PMCID: PMC9618726 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1022821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, affecting more than 55 million individuals worldwide in 2021. In addition to the "amyloid hypothesis," an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that phosphorylated tau plays an important role in AD pathogenesis. Both soluble tau oligomers and insoluble tau aggregates in the brain can induce structural and functional neuronal damage through multiple pathways, eventually leading to memory deficits and neurodegeneration. Autophagy is an important cellular response to various stress stimuli and can generally be categorized into non-selective and selective autophagy. Recent studies have indicated that both types of autophagy are involved in AD pathology. Among the several subtypes of selective autophagy, mitophagy, which mediates the selective removal of mitochondria, has attracted increasing attention because dysfunctional mitochondria have been suggested to contribute to tauopathies. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on the bidirectional association between abnormal tau proteins and defective autophagy, as well as mitophagy, which might constitute a vicious cycle in the induction of neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation, another important feature in the pathogenesis and progression of AD, has been shown to crosstalk with autophagy and mitophagy. Additionally, we comprehensively discuss the relationship between neuroinflammation, autophagy, and mitophagy. By elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms governing these pathologies, we highlight novel therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy, mitophagy and neuroinflammation, such as those using rapamycin, urolithin, spermidine, curcumin, nicotinamide, and actinonin, for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Liu
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
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Gu Z, Cao H, Zuo C, Huang Y, Miao J, Song Y, Yang Y, Zhu L, Wang F. TFEB in Alzheimer's disease: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic implications. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 173:105855. [PMID: 36031168 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder, is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease worldwide. The primary pathological hallmarks of AD are the deposition of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Autophagy, a pathway of clearing damaged organelles, macromolecular aggregates, and long-lived proteins via lysosomal degradation, has emerged as critical for proteostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). Studies have demonstrated that defective autophagy is strongly implicated in AD pathogenesis. Transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master transcriptional regulator of autophagy, enhances the expression of related genes that control autophagosome formation, lysosome function, and autophagic flux. The study of TFEB has greatly increased over the last decade, and the dysfunction of TFEB has been reported to be strongly associated with the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. Here, we delineate the basic understanding of TFEB dysregulation involved in AD pathogenesis, highlighting the existing work that has been conducted on TFEB-mediated autophagy in neurons and other nonneuronal cells in the CNS. Additionally, we summarize the small molecule compounds that target TFEB-regulated autophagy involved in AD therapy. Our review may yield new insights into therapeutic approaches by targeting TFEB and provide a broadly applicable basis for the clinical treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongya Gu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Huan Cao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chengchao Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yaqi Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jinfeng Miao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yuyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Liudi Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Furong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.
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Tan A, Prasad R, Lee C, Jho EH. Past, present, and future perspectives of transcription factor EB (TFEB): mechanisms of regulation and association with disease. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1433-1449. [PMID: 35739255 PMCID: PMC9345944 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor EB (TFEB), a member of the MiT/TFE family of basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors, is an established central regulator of the autophagy/lysosomal-to-nucleus signaling pathway. Originally described as an oncogene, TFEB is now widely known as a regulator of various processes, such as energy homeostasis, stress response, metabolism, and autophagy-lysosomal biogenesis because of its extensive involvement in various signaling pathways, such as mTORC1, Wnt, calcium, and AKT signaling pathways. TFEB is also implicated in various human diseases, such as lysosomal storage disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and metabolic disorders. In this review, we present an overview of the major advances in TFEB research over the past 30 years, since its description in 1990. This review also discusses the recently discovered regulatory mechanisms of TFEB and their implications for human diseases. We also summarize the moonlighting functions of TFEB and discuss future research directions and unanswered questions in the field. Overall, this review provides insight into our understanding of TFEB as a major molecular player in human health, which will take us one step closer to promoting TFEB from basic research into clinical and regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Tan
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Renuka Prasad
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaerin Lee
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Eek-Hoon Jho
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Li J, Zou B, Cheng XY, Yang XH, Li J, Zhao CH, Ma RX, Tian JX, Yao Y. Therapeutic effects of total saikosaponins from Radix bupleuri against Alzheimer’s disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:940999. [PMID: 35935875 PMCID: PMC9351603 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.940999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly, with amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein as the main pathological feature. Nuclear factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that primarily exists in the cytosol of hippocampal neurons, and it is considered as an important regulator of autophagy, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Total saikosaponins (TS) is the main bioactive component of Radix bupleuri (Chaihu). In this study, it was found that TS could ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and reduce Aβ generation and senile plaque deposition via activating Nrf2 and downregulating the expression of β-secretase 1 (BACE1). In addition, TS can enhance autophagy by promoting the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3-II, increasing the degradation of p62 and NDP52 and the clearance of phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and reducing the expression of p-tau. It can also downregulate the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to inhibit the activation of glial cells and reduce the release of inflammatory factors. In vitro experiments using PC12 cells induced by Aβ, TS could significantly inhibit the aggregation of Aβ and reduce cytotoxicity. It was found that Nrf2 knock-out weakened the inhibitory effect of TS on BACE1 and NF-κB transcription in PC12 cells. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of TS on BACE1 transcription was achieved by promoting the binding of Nrf2 and the promoter of BACE1 ARE1. Results showed that TS downregulated the expression of BACE1 and NF-κB through Nrf2, thereby reducing the generation of Aβ and inhibiting neuroinflammation. Furthermore, TS can ameliorate synaptic loss and alleviate oxidative stress. In gut microbiota analysis, dysbiosis was demonstrated in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, indicating a potential link between gut microbiota and AD. Furthermore, TS treatment reverses the gut microbiota disorder in APP/PS1 mice, suggesting a therapeutic strategy by remodeling the gut microbe. Collectively, these data shows that TS may serve as a potential approach for AD treatment. Further investigation is needed to clarify the detailed mechanisms underlying TS regulating gut microbiota and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Characteristic Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Bin Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin-He Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chun-Hui Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Xia Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ji-Xiang Tian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yao Yao, ; Ji-Xiang Tian,
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yao Yao, ; Ji-Xiang Tian,
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14
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Impairment of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway in Alzheimer's diseases: Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1019-1040. [PMID: 35530153 PMCID: PMC9069408 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by memory loss and cognitive dysfunction. The accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates including amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT/tau) in neuronal cells are hallmarks of AD. So far, the exact underlying mechanisms for the aetiologies of AD have not been fully understood and the effective treatment for AD is limited. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular catabolic process by which damaged cellular organelles and protein aggregates are degraded via lysosomes. Recently, there is accumulating evidence linking the impairment of the autophagy–lysosomal pathway with AD pathogenesis. Interestingly, the enhancement of autophagy to remove protein aggregates has been proposed as a promising therapeutic strategy for AD. Here, we first summarize the recent genetic, pathological and experimental studies regarding the impairment of the autophagy–lysosomal pathway in AD. We then describe the interplay between the autophagy–lysosomal pathway and two pathological proteins, Aβ and MAPT/tau, in AD. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies and small molecules that target the autophagy–lysosomal pathway for AD treatment both in animal models and in clinical trials. Overall, this article highlights the pivotal functions of the autophagy–lysosomal pathway in AD pathogenesis and potential druggable targets in the autophagy–lysosomal pathway for AD treatment.
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15
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Rai SN, Tiwari N, Singh P, Mishra D, Singh AK, Hooshmandi E, Vamanu E, Singh MP. Therapeutic Potential of Vital Transcription Factors in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease With Particular Emphasis on Transcription Factor EB Mediated Autophagy. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:777347. [PMID: 34970114 PMCID: PMC8712758 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.777347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important cellular self-digestion and recycling pathway that helps in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation at various steps of the autophagic and endolysosomal pathway has been reported in several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington disease (HD) and is cited as a critically important feature for central nervous system (CNS) proteostasis. Recently, another molecular target, namely transcription factor EB (TFEB) has been explored globally to treat neurodegenerative disorders. This TFEB, is a key regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis pathway. Multiple research studies suggested therapeutic potential by targeting TFEB to treat human diseases involving autophagy-lysosomal dysfunction, especially neurodegenerative disorders. A common observation involving all neurodegenerative disorders is their poor efficacy in clearing and recycle toxic aggregated proteins and damaged cellular organelles due to impairment in the autophagy pathway. This dysfunction in autophagy characterized by the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates leads to a progressive loss in structural integrity/functionality of neurons and may even result in neuronal death. In recent years TFEB, a key regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, has received considerable attention. It has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in numerous neurodegenerative disorders like AD and PD. In various neurobiology studies involving animal models, TFEB has been found to ameliorate neurotoxicity and rescue neurodegeneration. Since TFEB is a master transcriptional regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis pathway and plays a crucial role in defining autophagy activation. Studies have been done to understand the mechanisms for TFEB dysfunction, which may yield insights into how TFEB might be targeted and used for the therapeutic strategy to develop a treatment process with extensive application to neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we explore the role of different transcription factor-based targeted therapy by some natural compounds for AD and PD with special emphasis on TFEB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neeraj Tiwari
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India
| | - Payal Singh
- Department of Zoology, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Divya Mishra
- Centre of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Anurag Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Etrat Hooshmandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Emanuel Vamanu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mohan P Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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16
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Wei Y, Liu S, Cai J, Tang X, Zhang J, Xu M, Liu Q, Wei C, Mo X, Huang S, Lin Y, Mai T, Tan D, Luo T, Gou R, Lu H, Qin J, Zhang Z. Associations of TFEB Gene Polymorphisms With Cognitive Function in Rural Chinese Population. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:757992. [PMID: 34970136 PMCID: PMC8713571 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.757992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between transcription factor EB (TFEB) gene polymorphisms, including their haplotypes, and the cognitive functions of a selected population in Gongcheng County, Guangxi. Methods: A case-control study approach was used. The case group comprised 339 individuals with cognitive impairment, as assessed by their Mini-Mental State Examination scores; the control population also comprised 339 individuals who were matched by sex and age (± 5 years) in a 1:1 ratio. TFEB gene polymorphisms were genotyped in 678 participants (190 men and 488 women, aged 30-91 years) by using the Sequenom MassARRAY platform. Results: Multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that in the dominant model, the risk of developing cognitive impairment was 1.547 times higher in cases with the TFEB rs14063A allele (AG + AA) than in those with the GG genotype (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.547, Bonferroni correction confidence interval = 1.021-2.345). Meanwhile, the presence of the TFEB rs1062966T allele (CT + TT) was associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment in comparison with the presence of the CC genotype (adjusted OR = 0.636, Bonferroni correction confidence interval = 0.405-0.998). In the co-dominant model, the risk of developing cognitive impairment was 1.553 times higher in carriers of the TFEB rs14063AG genotype than in carriers of the GG genotype (adjusted OR = 1.553, Bonferroni correction confidence interval = 1.007-2.397). After the Bonferroni correction and adjustment for confounding factors, the association of TFEB rs1062966 with cognitive function persisted in the analyses stratified by education level. Ethnically stratified analysis showed a significant association between TFEB rs1062966 and cognitive function in the Yao population. The multilocus linkage disequilibrium analysis indicated that the identified single nucleotide polymorphisms were not inherited independently. The haplotype analysis suggested that the rs14063A-rs1062966C-rs2278068C-rs1015149T haplotype of the TFEB gene increased the risk of cognitive impairment (P < 0.05) and that the rs14063G-rs1062966T-rs2278068C-rs1015149C haplotype was associated with a reduced risk of cognitive impairment (P < 0.05). Conclusion: TFEB rs1062966 polymorphisms and their rs14063A-rs1062966C-rs2278068C-rs1015149T and rs14063G-rs1062966T-rs2278068C-rs1015149C haplotypes are genetic factors that may affect cognitive function among the rural Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiansheng Cai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xu Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiumei Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunmei Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoting Mo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Shenxiang Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Yinxia Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Tingyu Mai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Dechan Tan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Tingyu Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Ruoyu Gou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Huaxiang Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.,Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, China
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17
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MEK1/2 inhibition rescues neurodegeneration by TFEB-mediated activation of autophagic lysosomal function in a model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4770-4780. [PMID: 35948663 PMCID: PMC9734062 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by cognitive deficit due to synaptic loss and neuronal death. Extracellular amyloid β plaques are one of the pathological hallmarks of AD. The autophagic lysosomal pathway is the essential mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis by driving clearance of protein aggregates and is dysfunctional in AD. Here, we showed that inhibiting MEK/ERK signaling using a clinically available MEK1/2 inhibitor, trametinib (GSK1120212, SNR1611), induces the protection of neurons through autophagic lysosomal activation mediated by transcription factor EB (TFEB) in a model of AD. Orally administered trametinib recovered impaired neural structures, cognitive functions, and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in 5XFAD mice. Trametinib also reduced Aβ deposition via induction of autophagic lysosomal activation. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed upregulation of autophagic lysosomal genes by trametinib administration. In addition, trametinib inhibited TFEB phosphorylation at Ser142 and promoted its nuclear translocation, which in turn induced autophagic lysosomal related genes, indicating that trametinib activates the autophagic lysosomal process through TFEB activation. From these observations, we concluded that MEK inhibition provides neuronal protection from the Aβ burden by increasing autophagic lysosomal activity. Thus, MEK inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy for AD.
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18
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Caponio D, Veverová K, Zhang SQ, Shi L, Wong G, Vyhnalek M, Fang EF. Compromised autophagy and mitophagy in brain ageing and Alzheimer's diseases. AGING BRAIN 2022; 2:100056. [PMID: 36908880 PMCID: PMC9997167 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most persistent and devastating neurodegenerative disorders of old age, and is characterized clinically by an insidious onset and a gradual, progressive deterioration of cognitive abilities, ranging from loss of memory to impairment of judgement and reasoning. Despite years of research, an effective cure is still not available. Autophagy is the cellular 'garbage' clearance system which plays fundamental roles in neurogenesis, neuronal development and activity, and brain health, including memory and learning. A selective sub-type of autophagy is mitophagy which recognizes and degrades damaged or superfluous mitochondria to maintain a healthy and necessary cellular mitochondrial pool. However, emerging evidence from animal models and human samples suggests an age-dependent reduction of autophagy and mitophagy, which are also compromised in AD. Upregulation of autophagy/mitophagy slows down memory loss and ameliorates clinical features in animal models of AD. In this review, we give an overview of autophagy and mitophagy and their link to the progression of AD. We also summarize approaches to upregulate autophagy/mitophagy. We hypothesize that age-dependent compromised autophagy/mitophagy is a cause of brain ageing and a risk factor for AD, while restoration of autophagy/mitophagy to more youthful levels could return the brain to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Caponio
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Kateřina Veverová
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Shi-Qi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford (NNRCO)
| | - Garry Wong
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Martin Vyhnalek
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Evandro F Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.,The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway
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19
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Autophagy in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: Therapeutic potential and future perspectives. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101464. [PMID: 34551326 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease in the elderly and the most common cause of human dementia. AD is characterized by accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates including amyloid plaques (composed of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides) and neurofibrillary tangles (formed by hyper-phosphorylated tau protein). Synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, calcium signaling etc. also show dysfunction in AD patients. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosome-dependent cellular event in eukaryotes. It is closely linked to modulation of protein metabolism, through which damaged organelles and mis-folded proteins are degraded and then recycled to maintain protein homeostasis. Accumulating evidence has shown that impaired autophagy also contributes to AD pathogenesis. In the present review, we highlight the role of autophagy, including bulk and selective autophagy, in regulating metabolic circuits in AD pathogenesis. We also discuss the potential and future perspectives of autophagy-inducing strategies in AD therapeutics.
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20
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Zheng J, Hu S, Wang J, Zhang X, Yuan D, Zhang C, Liu C, Wang T, Zhou Z. Icariin improves brain function decline in aging rats by enhancing neuronal autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:183-191. [PMID: 33556283 PMCID: PMC8871627 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1878238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Icariin (ICA) is the main active ingredient of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim (Berberidaceae), which is used in the immune, reproductive, neuroendocrine systems, and anti-aging. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of ICA on natural aging rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS 16-month-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into aging, low and high-dose ICA groups (n = 8); 6-month-old rats were taken as the adult control (n = 8). Rats were fed regular feed (aging and adult control) or feed containing ICA (ICA 2 and 6 mg/kg group) for 4 months. HE and Nissl staining were used to assess pathological changes. Western blot was used to test the expression of autophagy (LC3B, p62, Atg5, Beclin1) and p-AMPK, p-mTOR and p-ULK1 (ser 757). Immunofluorescence was used to detect the co-localization of LC3 and neurons. RESULTS ICA improved neuronal degeneration associated with aging and increased the staining of Nissl bodies. Western blot showed that ICA up-regulated autophagy-related proteins LC3B (595%), Beclin1 (73.5%), p-AMPK (464%) protein (p < 0.05 vs. 20 M) in the cortex and hippocampus of aging rats, down-regulated the expression of p62 (56.9%), p-mTOR (53%) and p-ULK1 (ser 757) (65.4%) protein (p < 0.05 vs. 20 M). Immunofluorescence showed that the fluorescence intensity of LC3 decreased in the aging rat brain, but increased and mainly co-localized with neurons after ICA intervention. CONCLUSIONS Further research needs to verify the expression changes of AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 and the improvement effect of ICA in elderly. These results will further accelerate the applications of ICA and the treatment for senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, P. R. Chinas
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, P. R. Chinas
| | - Jinxin Wang
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, P. R. Chinas
| | - Xulan Zhang
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, P. R. Chinas
| | - Ding Yuan
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, P. R. Chinas
| | - Changcheng Zhang
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, P. R. Chinas
| | - Chaoqi Liu
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, P. R. Chinas
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, New Drug Innovation and Development Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- CONTACT Ting Wang Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, New Drug Innovation and Development Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhou
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, P. R. Chinas
- Zhiyong Zhou Medical College of China, Three Gorges University, 8 University Road, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
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21
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Blaudin de Thé FX, Lassus B, Schaler AW, Fowler SL, Goulbourne CN, Jeggo R, Mannoury la Cour C, Millan MJ, Duff KE. P62 accumulates through neuroanatomical circuits in response to tauopathy propagation. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:177. [PMID: 34727983 PMCID: PMC8561893 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies, trans-synaptic transfer and accumulation of pathological tau from donor to recipient neurons is thought to contribute to disease progression, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Using complementary in vivo and in vitro models, we examined the relationship between these two processes and neuronal clearance. Accumulation of p62 (a marker of defective protein clearance) correlated with pathological tau accumulation in two mouse models of tauopathy spread; Entorhinal Cortex-tau (EC-Tau) mice where tau pathology progresses in time from EC to other brain regions, and PS19 mice injected with tau seeds. In both models and in several brain regions, p62 colocalized with human tau in a pathological conformation (MC1 antibody). In EC-Tau mice, p62 accumulated before overt tau pathology had developed and was associated with the presence of aggregation-competent tau seeds identified using a FRET-based assay. Furthermore, p62 accumulated in the cytoplasm of neurons in the dentate gyrus of EC-Tau mice prior to the appearance of MC1 positive tauopathy. However, MC1 positive tau was shown to be present at the synapse and to colocalize with p62 as shown by immuno electron microscopy. In vitro, p62 colocalized with tau inclusions in two primary cortical neuron models of tau pathology. In a three-chamber microfluidic device containing neurons overexpressing fluorescent tau, seeding of tau in the donor chamber led to tau pathology spread and p62 accumulation in both the donor and the recipient chamber. Overall, these data are in accordance with the hypothesis that the accumulation and trans-synaptic spread of pathological tau disrupts clearance mechanisms, preceding the appearance of obvious tau aggregation. A vicious cycle of tau accumulation and clearance deficit would be expected to feed-forward and exacerbate disease progression across neuronal circuits in human tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Blaudin de Thé
- Taub Institute for Research On Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, 630 W 168th St, NY 10032 New York, USA
- Neuroscience and Immunoinflammation Therapeutic Area, Institut de Recherche Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Benjamin Lassus
- Taub Institute for Research On Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, 630 W 168th St, NY 10032 New York, USA
- HiFiBiO Therapeutics Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, 29 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Ari W. Schaler
- Taub Institute for Research On Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, 630 W 168th St, NY 10032 New York, USA
- UCLA – Physiology Department, 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS76200, CA 90095 Los Angeles, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Fowler
- Taub Institute for Research On Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, 630 W 168th St, NY 10032 New York, USA
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, 90 Gower St, W1T 7NF London, UK
| | - Chris N. Goulbourne
- Nathan Kline Institute: Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, NY 10962 Orangeburg, USA
| | - Ross Jeggo
- Neuroscience and Immunoinflammation Therapeutic Area, Institut de Recherche Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Clotilde Mannoury la Cour
- Neuroscience and Immunoinflammation Therapeutic Area, Institut de Recherche Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Mark J. Millan
- Neuroscience and Immunoinflammation Therapeutic Area, Institut de Recherche Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
- Present Address: Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medicine, Vet and Life Science, Glasgow University, Glasgow, G12 8QQ United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Duff
- Taub Institute for Research On Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, 630 W 168th St, NY 10032 New York, USA
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, 90 Gower St, W1T 7NF London, UK
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22
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Bharadwaj P, Martins RN. PRKAG2 Gene Expression Is Elevated and its Protein Levels Are Associated with Increased Amyloid-β Accumulation in the Alzheimer's Disease Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:441-448. [PMID: 32039845 PMCID: PMC7175932 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation associated with abnormal autophagy-lysosomal activity and nutrient kinase dysregulation are common features in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain. Recent studies have identified PRKAG2 and TIPRL genes that control nutrient kinase regulated autophagy, and here we determined if their expression is altered in postmortem AD brains. Gene and protein expression of TIPRL were unchanged. However, gene expression of PRKAG2 was increased 3-fold and its protein levels positively correlated with Aβ accumulation in the AD brain. In summary, our findings suggest that increased PRKAG2 is an important contributing factor to Aβ accumulation in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Bharadwaj
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley WA, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA, Australia
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23
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da Costa A, Metais T, Mouthon F, Kerkovich D, Charvériat M. Evaluating and modulating TFEB in the control of autophagy: toward new treatments in CNS disorders. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 35:539-551. [PMID: 33259088 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TFEB is a mammalian transcription factor that binds directly to the CLEAR consensus sequence (5'-GTCACGTGAC-3') present in the regulatory regions of genes inducing autophagosome formation, autophagosome-lysosome fusion, hydrolase enzyme expression, and lysosomal exocytosis. By modulating these activities, TFEB coordinates on-demand control over each cell's degradation pathway. Thus, a nuclear signaling pathway regulates cellular energy metabolism through TFEB. Our growing understanding of the role of TFEB and CLEAR in the promotion of healthy clearance together with in vitro and in vivo preclinical findings in various animal models of disease supports the conclusion that the pharmacological activation of TFEB could clear toxic proteins to treat both rare and common forms of neurodegenerative disease.
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24
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Transcription factor EB: an emerging drug target for neurodegenerative disorders. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:164-172. [PMID: 33099023 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of transcription factor EB (TFEB) as a master regulator of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) has triggered increasing numbers of studies that aim to explore the therapeutic potential of targeting TFEB to treat neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. So far, the findings are exciting and promising. Here, we delineate the dysfunction of the TFEB-mediated ALP in NDs, and we summarize small molecules that have been identified as TFEB activators, along with their protective effects in NDs. We discuss the molecular mechanisms and targets, and the pros and cons of these TFEB activators from the perspective of drug development. Specific and potent small-molecule TFEB activators with ideal brain bioavailability could provide a method for treating NDs.
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25
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Jiang S, Bhaskar K. Degradation and Transmission of Tau by Autophagic-Endolysosomal Networks and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Tauopathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:586731. [PMID: 33177989 PMCID: PMC7596180 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.586731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are a class of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD), and many others where microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT or tau) is hyperphosphorylated and aggregated to form insoluble paired helical filaments (PHFs) and ultimately neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Autophagic-endolysosomal networks (AELN) play important roles in tau clearance. Excessive soluble neurotoxic forms of tau and tau hyperphosphorylated at specific sites are cleared through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), Chaperon-mediated Autophagy (CMA), and endosomal microautophagy (e-MI). On the other hand, intra-neuronal insoluble tau aggregates are often degraded within lysosomes by macroautophagy. AELN defects have been observed in AD, FTD, CBD, and PSP, and lysosomal dysfunction was shown to promote the cleavage and neurotoxicity of tau. Moreover, several AD risk genes (e.g., PICALM, GRN, and BIN1) have been associated with dysregulation of AELN in the late-onset sporadic AD. Conversely, tau dissociation from microtubules interferes with retrograde transport of autophagosomes to lysosomes, and that tau fragments can also lead to lysosomal dysfunction. Recent studies suggest that tau is not merely an intra-neuronal protein, but it can be released to brain parenchyma via extracellular vesicles, like exosomes and ectosomes, and thus spread between neurons. Extracellular tau can also be taken up by microglial cells and astrocytes, either being degraded through AELN or propagated via exosomes. This article reviews the complex roles of AELN in the degradation and transmission of tau, potential diagnostic/therapeutic targets and strategies based on AELN-mediated tau clearance and propagation, and the current state of drug development targeting AELN and tau against tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanya Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kiran Bhaskar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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26
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Wiersma VI, Hoozemans JJM, Scheper W. Untangling the origin and function of granulovacuolar degeneration bodies in neurodegenerative proteinopathies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:153. [PMID: 32883341 PMCID: PMC7469111 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brains of tauopathy patients, tau pathology coincides with the presence of granulovacuolar degeneration bodies (GVBs) both at the regional and cellular level. Recently, it was shown that intracellular tau pathology causes GVB formation in experimental models thus explaining the strong correlation between these neuropathological hallmarks in the human brain. These novel models of GVB formation provide opportunities for future research into GVB biology, but also urge reevaluation of previous post-mortem observations. Here, we review neuropathological data on GVBs in tauopathies and other neurodegenerative proteinopathies. We discuss the possibility that intracellular aggregates composed of proteins other than tau are also able to induce GVB formation. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms of GVB formation and the downstream functional implications hereof are outlined in view of the current available data. In addition, we provide guidelines for the identification of GVBs in tissue and cell models that will help to facilitate and streamline research towards the elucidation of the role of these enigmatic and understudied structures in neurodegeneration.
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27
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Aman Y, Ryan B, Torsetnes SB, Knapskog AB, Watne LO, McEwan WA, Fang EF. Enhancing mitophagy as a therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 155:169-202. [PMID: 32854854 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are highly debilitating illnesses and a growing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction and impairment of mitochondrial-specific autophagy, namely mitophagy, have emerged as important components of the cellular processes underlying neurodegeneration. Defective mitophagy has been highlighted as the cause of the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, which consequently leads to cellular dysfunction and/or death in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we highlight the recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial homeostasis and mitophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, we evaluate how mitophagy is altered in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, as well as in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the potential of restoring mitophagy as a therapeutic intervention. We also discuss the interlinked connections between mitophagy and innate immunity (e.g., the involvement of Parkin, interferons and TRIM21) as well as the opportunity these pathways provide to develop combinational therapeutic strategies targeting them and related molecular mechanisms in such neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahyah Aman
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Brent Ryan
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Silje Bøen Torsetnes
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Anne-Brita Knapskog
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leiv Otto Watne
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - William A McEwan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Evandro Fei Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway.
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28
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Almaspour MB, Nasehi M, Khalifeh S, Zarrindast MR. The effect of fish oil on social interaction memory in total sleep-deprived rats with respect to the hippocampal level of stathmin, TFEB, synaptophysin and LAMP-1 proteins. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 157:102097. [PMID: 32388317 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fish oil (FO) is one of the richest natural sources of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). DHA is essential for brain functions and EPA has been approved for brain health. On the other hand, stathmin, TFEB, synaptophysin and LAMP-1 proteins are involved in synaptic plasticity, lysosome biogenesis and synaptic vesicles biogenesis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of FO on social interaction memory in sleep-deprived rats with respect to level of stathmin, TFEB, synaptophysin and LAMP-1 in the hippocampus of rats. All rats received FO through oral gavage at the doses of 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mg/kg. The water box was used to induce total sleep deprivation (TSD) and the three-chamber paradigm test was used to assess social behavior. Hippocampal level of proteins was assessed using Western blot. The results showed, FO impaired social memory at the dose of 1 mg/kg in normal and sham groups. SD impaired social memory and FO did not restore this effect. Furthermore, FO at the dose of 0.75 mg/kg decreased social affiliation and social memory in all groups of normal rats, compared with related saline groups, and at the dose of 1 mg/kg impaired social memory for stranger 2 compared with saline group. In sham groups, FO at the dose of 1 mg/kg impaired social memory for stranger 2 compared with saline group. SD decreased hippocampal level of all proteins (except stathmin), and FO (1 mg/kg) restored these effects. In conclusion, FO negatively affects social interaction memory in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Iran.
| | - Solmaz Khalifeh
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Kuang H, Tan C, Tian H, Liu L, Yang M, Hong F, Yang S. Exploring the bi-directional relationship between autophagy and Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:155-166. [PMID: 31503421 PMCID: PMC6978262 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and Tau phosphorylation, in which its pathogenesis has not been cleared so far. The metabolism of Aβ and Tau is critically affected by the autophagy. Abnormal autophagy is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of AD, regulating autophagy may become a new strategy for AD treatment. In the early stage of AD, the presence of Aβ and Tau can induce autophagy to promote their clearance by means of mTOR-dependent and independent manners. As AD progress, the autophagy goes aberrant. As a result, Aβ and Tau generate continually, which aggravates both autophagy dysfunction and AD. Besides, several related genes and proteins of AD can also adapt autophagy to make an effect on the AD development. There seems to be a bi-directional relationship between AD pathology and autophagy. At present, this article reviews this relationship from these aspects: (a) the signaling pathways of regulating autophagy; (b) the relationships between the autophagy and the processing of Aβ; (c) Aβ and Tau cause autophagy dysfunction; (d) normal autophagy promotes the clearance of Aβ and Tau; (e) the relationships between the autophagy and both genes and proteins related to AD: TFEB, miRNAs, Beclin-1, Presenilin, and Nrf2; and (f) the small molecules regulating autophagy on AD therapy. All of the above may help to further elucidate the pathogenesis of AD and provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Kuang
- Department of Physiology, College of MedicineNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Cheng‐Yong Tan
- Department of Physiology, College of MedicineNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Hui‐Zhen Tian
- Department of Physiology, College of MedicineNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Li‐Hua Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of MedicineNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Mei‐Wen Yang
- Department of NurseNanchang University HospitalNanchangChina
| | - Fen‐Fang Hong
- Department of Experimental Teaching CenterNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Shu‐Long Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of MedicineNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
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30
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Song J, Malampati S, Zeng Y, Durairajan SSK, Yang C, Tong BC, Iyaswamy A, Shang W, Sreenivasmurthy SG, Zhu Z, Cheung K, Lu J, Tang C, Xu N, Li M. A small molecule transcription factor EB activator ameliorates beta-amyloid precursor protein and Tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease models. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13069. [PMID: 31858697 PMCID: PMC6996953 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating studies have suggested that targeting transcription factor EB (TFEB), an essential regulator of autophagy‐lysosomal pathway (ALP), is promising for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, potent and specific small molecule TFEB activators are not available at present. Previously, we identified a novel TFEB activator named curcumin analog C1 which directly binds to and activates TFEB. In this study, we systematically investigated the efficacy of curcumin analog C1 in three AD animal models that represent beta‐amyloid precursor protein (APP) pathology (5xFAD mice), tauopathy (P301S mice) and the APP/Tau combined pathology (3xTg‐AD mice). We found that C1 efficiently activated TFEB, enhanced autophagy and lysosomal activity, and reduced APP, APP C‐terminal fragments (CTF‐β/α), β‐amyloid peptides and Tau aggregates in these models accompanied by improved synaptic and cognitive function. Knockdown of TFEB and inhibition of lysosomal activity significantly inhibited the effects of C1 on APP and Tau degradation in vitro. In summary, curcumin analog C1 is a potent TFEB activator with promise for the prevention or treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju‐Xian Song
- Medical College of Acupuncture‐Moxibustion and Rehabilitation Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research School of Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Sandeep Malampati
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research School of Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Medical College of Acupuncture‐Moxibustion and Rehabilitation Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research School of Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Siva Sundara Kumar Durairajan
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research School of Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong SAR China
- Division of Mycobiology & Neurodegenerative Disease Research Department of Microbiology School of Life Sciences Central University of Tamil Nadu Tiruvarur India
| | - Chuan‐Bin Yang
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research School of Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Benjamin Chun‐Kit Tong
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research School of Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Ashok Iyaswamy
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research School of Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Wen‐Bin Shang
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research School of Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong SAR China
- School of Biomedical Sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China
| | | | - Zhou Zhu
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research School of Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong SAR China
| | - King‐Ho Cheung
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research School of Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Jia‐Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences University of Macau Macao China
| | - Chunzhi Tang
- Medical College of Acupuncture‐Moxibustion and Rehabilitation Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Nenggui Xu
- Medical College of Acupuncture‐Moxibustion and Rehabilitation Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Min Li
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research School of Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong SAR China
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31
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Targeting Aggrephagy for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020311. [PMID: 32012902 PMCID: PMC7072705 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in older individuals with specific neuropsychiatric symptoms. It is a proteinopathy, pathologically characterized by the presence of misfolded protein (Aβ and Tau) aggregates in the brain, causing progressive dementia. Increasing studies have provided evidence that the defect in protein-degrading systems, especially the autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP), plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Recent studies have demonstrated that AD-associated protein aggregates can be selectively recognized by some receptors and then be degraded by ALP, a process termed aggrephagy. In this study, we reviewed the role of aggrephagy in AD development and discussed the strategy of promoting aggrephagy using small molecules for the treatment of AD.
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32
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Wiersma VI, van Ziel AM, Vazquez-Sanchez S, Nölle A, Berenjeno-Correa E, Bonaterra-Pastra A, Clavaguera F, Tolnay M, Musters RJP, van Weering JRT, Verhage M, Hoozemans JJM, Scheper W. Granulovacuolar degeneration bodies are neuron-selective lysosomal structures induced by intracellular tau pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:943-970. [PMID: 31456031 PMCID: PMC6851499 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Granulovacuolar degeneration bodies (GVBs) are membrane-bound vacuolar structures harboring a dense core that accumulate in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Insight into the origin of GVBs and their connection to tau pathology has been limited by the lack of suitable experimental models for GVB formation. Here, we used confocal, automated, super-resolution and electron microscopy to demonstrate that the seeding of tau pathology triggers the formation of GVBs in different mouse models in vivo and in primary mouse neurons in vitro. Seeding-induced intracellular tau aggregation, but not seed exposure alone, causes GVB formation in cultured neurons, but not in astrocytes. The extent of tau pathology strongly correlates with the GVB load. Tau-induced GVBs are immunoreactive for the established GVB markers CK1δ, CK1ɛ, CHMP2B, pPERK, peIF2α and pIRE1α and contain a LAMP1- and LIMP2-positive single membrane that surrounds the dense core and vacuole. The proteolysis reporter DQ-BSA is detected in the majority of GVBs, demonstrating that GVBs contain degraded endocytic cargo. GFP-tagged CK1δ accumulates in the GVB core, whereas GFP-tagged tau or GFP alone does not, indicating selective targeting of cytosolic proteins to GVBs. Taken together, we established the first in vitro model for GVB formation by seeding tau pathology in primary neurons. The tau-induced GVBs have the marker signature and morphological characteristics of GVBs in the human brain. We show that GVBs are lysosomal structures distinguished by the accumulation of a characteristic subset of proteins in a dense core.
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33
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Kim J, Selvaraji S, Kang SW, Lee WT, Chen CLH, Choi H, Koo EH, Jo DG, Leong Lim K, Lim YA, Arumugam TV. Cerebral transcriptome analysis reveals age-dependent progression of neuroinflammation in P301S mutant tau transgenic male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:344-357. [PMID: 30980950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein, tau, can lead to neurofibrillary tangle formation in neurons and glia which is the hallmark of tauopathy. The cellular damage induced by the formation of neurofibrillary tangles leads to neuroinflammation and consecutive neuronal death. However, detailed observation of transcriptomic changes under tauopathy together with the comparison of age-dependent progression of neuroinflammatory gene expressions mediated by tau overexpression is required. Employing RNA sequencing on PS19 transgenic mice that overexpress human mutant tau harboring the P301S mutation, we have examined the effects of age-dependent tau overexpression on transcriptomic changes of immune and inflammatory responses in the cerebral cortex. Compared to age-matched wild type control, P301S transgenic mice exhibit significant transcriptomic alterations. We have observed age-dependent neuroinflammatory gene expression changes in both wild type and P301S transgenic mice where tau overexpression further promoted the expression of neuroinflammatory genes in 10-month old P301S transgenic mice. Moreover, functional gene network analyses (gene ontology and pathway enrichment) and prospective target protein interactions predicted the potential involvement of multiple immune and inflammatory pathways that may contribute to tau-mediated neuronal pathology. Our current study on P301S transgenic mice model revealed for the first time, the differences of gene expression patterns in both early and late stage of tau pathology in cerebral cortex. Our analyses also revealed that tau overexpression alone induces multiple inflammatory and immune transcriptomic changes and may provide a roadmap to elucidate the targets of anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategy focused on tau pathology and related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonki Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sharmelee Selvaraji
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sung Wook Kang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Thye Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Li-Hsian Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kah Leong Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun-An Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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34
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Qin Y, Zhang Y, Tomic I, Hao W, Menger MD, Liu C, Fassbender K, Liu Y. Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761 and Its Specific Components Elicit Protective Protein Clearance Through the Autophagy-Lysosomal Pathway in Tau-Transgenic Mice and Cultured Neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 65:243-263. [PMID: 30010136 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease pathologically characterized by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in many brain regions. NFT are primarily composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (p-Tau). Aβ and p-Tau are two major pathogenic molecules with tau acting downstream to Aβ to induce neuronal degeneration. In this study, we investigated whether Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 reduces cerebral p-Tau level and prevents AD pathogenesis. Human P301S tau mutant-transgenic mice were fed with EGb 761, added to the regular diet for 2 or 5 months. We observed that treatment with EGb 761 for 5 months significantly improved the cognitive function of mice, attenuated the loss of synaptophysin and recovered the phosphorylation of CREB in the mouse brain. Treatment with EGb 761 for 5 but not 2 months also decreased p-Tau protein amount and shifted microglial pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory activation in the brain. As potential therapeutic mechanisms, we demonstrated that treatment with EGb 761, especially the components of ginkgolide A, bilobalide, and flavonoids, but not with purified ginkgolide B or C, increased autophagic activity and degradation of p-Tau in lysosomes of neurons. Inhibiting ATG5 function or treating cells with Bafilomycin B1 abolished EGb 761-enhanced degradation of p-Tau in cultured neurons. Additionally, we observed that 5- instead of 2-month-treatment with EGb 761 inhibited the activity of p38-MAPK and GSK-3β. Therefore, long-term treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761, a clinically available and well-tolerated herbal medication, ameliorates AD pathology through mechanisms against multiple AD pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Qin
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Inge Tomic
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wenlin Hao
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, Shanghai, China
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Schweig JE, Yao H, Coppola K, Jin C, Crawford F, Mullan M, Paris D. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) blocks autophagic Tau degradation in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13378-13395. [PMID: 31324720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) plays a major role in inflammation and in adaptive immune responses and could therefore contribute to the neuroinflammation observed in various neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, previously we have reported that SYK also regulates β-amyloid (Aβ) production and hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein involved in these diseases. Moreover, SYK hyperactivation occurs in a subset of activated microglia, in dystrophic neurites surrounding Aβ deposits, and in neurons affected by Tau pathology both in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in AD mouse models. SYK activation increases Tau phosphorylation and accumulation, suggesting that SYK could be an attractive target for treating AD. However, the mechanism by which SYK affects Tau pathology is not clear. In this study, using cell biology and biochemical approaches, along with immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, quantitative RT-PCR, and ELISAs, we found that SYK inhibition increases autophagic Tau degradation without impacting Tau production. Using neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells, we demonstrate that SYK acts upstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and that pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of SYK decreases mTOR pathway activation and increases autophagic Tau degradation. Interestingly, chronic SYK inhibition in a tauopathy mouse model profoundly reduced Tau accumulation, neuroinflammation, neuronal and synaptic loss, and also reversed defective autophagy. Our results further suggest that the SYK up-regulation observed in the brains of individuals with AD contributes to defective autophagic clearance leading to the accumulation of pathogenic Tau species. These findings further highlight SYK as a therapeutic target for the treatment of tauopathies and other neurodegenerative proteinopathies associated with defective autophagic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Elias Schweig
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243; The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33612.
| | - Hailan Yao
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243; James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Kyle Coppola
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243; James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Chao Jin
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243; The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Michael Mullan
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243; The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Paris
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243; The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33612
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36
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Bajaj L, Lotfi P, Pal R, di Ronza A, Sharma J, Sardiello M. Lysosome biogenesis in health and disease. J Neurochem 2019; 148:573-589. [PMID: 30092616 PMCID: PMC6368902 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the pathways that regulate lysosome biogenesis and that are implicated in numerous degenerative storage diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders and late-onset neurodegenerative diseases. Lysosomal proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and trafficked to the endolysosomal system through the secretory route. Several receptors have been characterized that execute post-Golgi trafficking of lysosomal proteins. Some of them recognize their cargo proteins based on specific amino acid signatures, others based on a particular glycan modification that is exclusively found on lysosomal proteins. Nearly all receptors serving lysosome biogenesis are under the transcriptional control of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of the lysosomal system. TFEB coordinates the expression of lysosomal hydrolases, lysosomal membrane proteins, and autophagy proteins in response to pathways sensing lysosomal stress and the nutritional conditions of the cell among other stimuli. TFEB is primed for activation in lysosomal storage disorders but surprisingly its function is impaired in some late-onset neurodegenerative storage diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, because of specific detrimental interactions that limit TFEB expression or activation. Thus, disrupted TFEB function presumably plays a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Multiple studies in animal models of degenerative storage diseases have shown that exogenous expression of TFEB and pharmacological activation of endogenous TFEB attenuate disease phenotypes. These results highlight TFEB-mediated enhancement of lysosomal biogenesis and function as a candidate strategy to counteract the progression of these diseases. This article is part of the Special Issue "Lysosomal Storage Disorders".
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshya Bajaj
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Parisa Lotfi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Rituraj Pal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Alberto di Ronza
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Jaiprakash Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Marco Sardiello
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Ye B, Wang Q, Hu H, Shen Y, Fan C, Chen P, Ma Y, Wu H, Xiang M. Restoring autophagic flux attenuates cochlear spiral ganglion neuron degeneration by promoting TFEB nuclear translocation via inhibiting MTOR. Autophagy 2019; 15:998-1016. [PMID: 30706760 PMCID: PMC6526833 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1569926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy dysfunction is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. TFEB (transcription factor EB), an important molecule that regulates lysosomal and autophagy function, is regarded as a potential target for treating some neurodegenerative diseases. However, the relationship between autophagy dysfunction and spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) degeneration and the role of TFEB in SGN degeneration has not yet been established. Here, we showed that in degenerated SGNs, induced by sensory epithelial cell loss in the cochlea of mice following kanamycin and furosemide administration, the lipofuscin area and oxidative stress level were increased, the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic TFEB ratio was decreased, and the late stage of autophagic flux was impaired. After autophagy dysfunction was partially ameliorated with an MTOR inhibitor, which promoted TFEB translocation into the nucleus from the cytoplasm, we found that the lysosomal deficits were significantly relieved, the oxidative stress level was reduced, and the density of surviving SGNs and auditory nerve fibers was increased. The results in the present study reveal that autophagy dysfunction is an important component of SGN degeneration, and TFEB may be a potential target for attenuating SGN degeneration following sensory epithelial cell loss in the cochlea of mice. Abbreviations: 3-NT: 3-nitrotyrosine; 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2ʹ-deoxyguanosine; ABR: auditory brainstem response; APP: amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein; CLEAR: coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation; CTSB: cathespin B; CTSD: cathespin D; SAMR1: senescence-accelerated mouse/resistance 1; SAMP8: senescence-accelerated mouse/prone 8; MAPK1/ERK2: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; SGN: spiral ganglion neuron; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TEM: transmission electron microscope; TFEB: transcription factor EB
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ye
- a Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,c Ear Institute , Shanghai Jiao tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Quan Wang
- a Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,c Ear Institute , Shanghai Jiao tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Haixia Hu
- a Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,c Ear Institute , Shanghai Jiao tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yilin Shen
- a Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,c Ear Institute , Shanghai Jiao tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Cui Fan
- a Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,c Ear Institute , Shanghai Jiao tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Penghui Chen
- b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,c Ear Institute , Shanghai Jiao tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yan Ma
- b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,c Ear Institute , Shanghai Jiao tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Hao Wu
- b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,c Ear Institute , Shanghai Jiao tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Mingliang Xiang
- a Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,c Ear Institute , Shanghai Jiao tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
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Yamamoto F, Taniguchi K, Mamada N, Tamaoka A, Kametani F, Lakshmana MK, Araki W. TFEB-mediated Enhancement of the Autophagy-lysosomal Pathway Dually Modulates the Process of Amyloid β-Protein Generation in Neurons. Neuroscience 2019; 402:11-22. [PMID: 30677488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) have been implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Activation of TFEB (transcription factor EB), a master regulator of the ALP, leads to ALP facilitation. The present study sought to clarify whether TFEB-mediated ALP facilitation influences the process of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) generation in neurons. TFEB was overexpressed in mature rat primary cortical neurons via recombinant adenoviruses, without (basal conditions) or with co-overexpression of wild-type amyloid precursor protein (APP) or its β-C-terminal fragment (β-CTF). We confirmed that TFEB overexpression upregulated the lysosomal proteins, cathepsin D and LAMP-1. In TFEB-expressing neurons, protein levels of ADAM10 were profoundly increased, whereas those of APP, BACE1, or γ-secretase complex proteins were unaffected. However, TFEB did not affect ADAM10 mRNA levels. TFEB overexpression had different effects on Aβ production depending on the expression level of APP or β-CTF: TFEB slightly decreased Aβ secretion under basal conditions; clearly increased α-CTF levels and marginally increased β-CTF levels with modest increases in secreted Aβ in APP-expressing neurons; and caused a remarkable increase in β-CTF levels with a significant increase in secreted Aβ in β-CTF-expressing neurons. Inhibition of proteasomes, but not lysosomes, markedly increased β-CTF levels in β-CTF-expressing neurons. These results collectively indicate that TFEB modulates Aβ production not only by increasing α-secretase processing of APP through ADAM10 upregulation but also by augmenting β-CTF levels possibly via altered proteasome-mediated catabolism. Thus, TFEB-mediated ALP enhancement appears to have dual, but opposite, effects on Aβ production in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Yamamoto
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kaori Taniguchi
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Naomi Mamada
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Tamaoka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Kametani
- Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Madepalli K Lakshmana
- Section of Neurobiology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port Saint Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Wataru Araki
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
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A synthetic mitochondrial-based vector for therapeutic purposes. Med Hypotheses 2018; 117:28-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Mattson MP, Arumugam TV. Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Adaptive and Pathological Modification by Metabolic States. Cell Metab 2018; 27:1176-1199. [PMID: 29874566 PMCID: PMC6039826 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During aging, the cellular milieu of the brain exhibits tell-tale signs of compromised bioenergetics, impaired adaptive neuroplasticity and resilience, aberrant neuronal network activity, dysregulation of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, the accrual of oxidatively modified molecules and organelles, and inflammation. These alterations render the aging brain vulnerable to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and stroke. Emerging findings are revealing mechanisms by which sedentary overindulgent lifestyles accelerate brain aging, whereas lifestyles that include intermittent bioenergetic challenges (exercise, fasting, and intellectual challenges) foster healthy brain aging. Here we provide an overview of the cellular and molecular biology of brain aging, how those processes interface with disease-specific neurodegenerative pathways, and how metabolic states influence brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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41
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Cortes CJ, La Spada AR. TFEB dysregulation as a driver of autophagy dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease: Molecular mechanisms, cellular processes, and emerging therapeutic opportunities. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 122:83-93. [PMID: 29852219 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two decades ago, the recognition of protein misfolding and aggregate accumulation as defining features of neurodegenerative disease set the stage for a thorough examination of how protein quality control is maintained in neurons and in other non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Autophagy, a pathway of cellular self-digestion, has emerged as especially important for CNS proteostasis, and autophagy dysregulation has been documented as a defining feature of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is one of the main transcriptional regulators of autophagy, as it promotes the expression of genes required for autophagosome formation, lysosome biogenesis, and lysosome function, and it is highly expressed in CNS. Over the last 7 years, TFEB has received considerable attention and TFEB dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we delineate the current understanding of how TFEB dysregulation is involved in neurodegeneration, highlighting work done on AD, PD, HD, X-linked spinal & bulbar muscular atrophy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Because TFEB is a central node in defining autophagy activation status, efforts at understanding the basis for TFEB dysfunction are yielding insights into how TFEB might be targeted for therapeutic application, which may represent an exciting opportunity for the development of a treatment modality with broad application to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza J Cortes
- Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Center for Neurodegeneration & Neurotherapeutics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Albert R La Spada
- Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Center for Neurodegeneration & Neurotherapeutics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Puertollano R, Ferguson SM, Brugarolas J, Ballabio A. The complex relationship between TFEB transcription factor phosphorylation and subcellular localization. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798804. [PMID: 29764979 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The MiT-TFE family of basic helix-loop-helix leucine-zipper transcription factors includes four members: TFEB, TFE3, TFEC, and MITF Originally described as oncogenes, these factors play a major role as regulators of lysosome biogenesis, cellular energy homeostasis, and autophagy. An important mechanism by which these transcription factors are regulated involves their shuttling between the surface of lysosomes, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus. Such dynamic changes in subcellular localization occur in response to nutrient fluctuations and various forms of cell stress and are mediated by changes in the phosphorylation of multiple conserved amino acids. Major kinases responsible for MiT-TFE protein phosphorylation include mTOR, ERK, GSK3, and AKT In addition, calcineurin de-phosphorylates MiT-TFE proteins in response to lysosomal calcium release. Thus, through changes in the phosphorylation state of MiT-TFE proteins, lysosome function is coordinated with the cellular metabolic state and cellular demands. This review summarizes the evidence supporting MiT-TFE regulation by phosphorylation at multiple key sites. Elucidation of such regulatory mechanisms is of fundamental importance to understand how these transcription factors contribute to both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Puertollano
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shawn M Ferguson
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA .,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James Brugarolas
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA .,Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy .,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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43
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Bingol B. Autophagy and lysosomal pathways in nervous system disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:167-208. [PMID: 29729319 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway for delivering cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes for degradation. In its classically studied form, autophagy is a stress response induced by starvation to recycle building blocks for essential cellular processes. In addition, autophagy maintains basal cellular homeostasis by degrading endogenous substrates such as cytoplasmic proteins, protein aggregates, damaged organelles, as well as exogenous substrates such as bacteria and viruses. Given their important role in homeostasis, autophagy and lysosomal machinery are genetically linked to multiple human disorders such as chronic inflammatory diseases, cardiomyopathies, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple targets within the autophagy and lysosomal pathways offer therapeutic opportunities to benefit patients with these disorders. Here, I will summarize the mechanisms of autophagy pathways, the evidence supporting a pathogenic role for disturbed autophagy and lysosomal degradation in nervous system disorders, and the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Bingol
- Genentech, Inc., Department of Neuroscience, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco 94080, United States.
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Antidepressants act by inducing autophagy controlled by sphingomyelin-ceramide. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2324-2346. [PMID: 30038230 PMCID: PMC6294742 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and severe disease characterized by mood changes, somatic alterations, and often suicide. MDD is treated with antidepressants, but the molecular mechanism of their action is unknown. We found that widely used antidepressants such as amitriptyline and fluoxetine induce autophagy in hippocampal neurons via the slow accumulation of sphingomyelin in lysosomes and Golgi membranes and of ceramide in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER ceramide stimulates phosphatase 2A and thereby the autophagy proteins Ulk, Beclin, Vps34/Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, p62, and Lc3B. Although treatment with amitriptyline or fluoxetine requires at least 12 days to achieve sphingomyelin accumulation and the subsequent biochemical and cellular changes, direct inhibition of sphingomyelin synthases with tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) results in rapid (within 3 days) accumulation of ceramide in the ER, activation of autophagy, and reversal of biochemical and behavioral signs of stress-induced MDD. Inhibition of Beclin blocks the antidepressive effects of amitriptyline and D609 and induces cellular and behavioral changes typical of MDD. These findings identify sphingolipid-controlled autophagy as an important target for antidepressive treatment methods and provide a rationale for the development of novel antidepressants that act within a few days.
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