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Jahncke JN, Schnell E, Wright KM. Distinct functional domains of Dystroglycan regulate inhibitory synapse formation and maintenance in cerebellar Purkinje cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.29.610348. [PMID: 39257744 PMCID: PMC11383678 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.29.610348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Dystroglycan is a cell adhesion molecule that localizes to synapses throughout the nervous system. While Dystroglycan is required to maintain inhibitory synapses from cerebellar molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) onto Purkinje cells (PCs) whether initial synaptogenesis during development is dependent on Dystroglycan has not been examined. We show that conditional deletion of Dystroglycan from Purkinje cells prior to synaptogenesis results in impaired MLI:PC synapse formation and function due to reduced presynaptic inputs and abnormal postsynaptic GABAA receptor clustering. Using genetic manipulations that disrupt glycosylation of Dystroglycan or truncate its cytoplasmic domain, we show that Dystroglycan's role in synapse function requires both extracellular and intracellular interactions, whereas synapse formation requires only extracellular interactions. Together, these findings provide molecular insight into the mechanism of inhibitory synapse formation and maintenance in cerebellar cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Jahncke
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Eric Schnell
- Operative Care Division, Portland VA Health Care System
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kevin M Wright
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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2
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Krishnamurthy A, Lee AS, Bayin NS, Stephen DN, Nasef O, Lao Z, Joyner AL. Engrailed transcription factors direct excitatory cerebellar neuron diversity and survival. Development 2024; 151:dev202502. [PMID: 38912572 PMCID: PMC11369685 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The neurons of the three cerebellar nuclei (CN) are the primary output neurons of the cerebellum. The excitatory neurons (e) of the medial (m) CN (eCNm) were recently divided into molecularly defined subdomains in the adult; however, how they are established during development is not known. We define molecular subdomains of the mouse embryonic eCNm using single-cell RNA-sequencing and spatial expression analysis, showing that they evolve during embryogenesis to prefigure the adult. Furthermore, eCNm are transcriptionally divergent from cells in the other nuclei by embryonic day 14.5. We previously showed that loss of the homeobox genes En1 and En2 leads to loss of approximately half of the embryonic eCNm. We demonstrate that mutation of En1/2 in the embryonic eCNm results in death of specific posterior eCNm molecular subdomains and downregulation of TBR2 (EOMES) in an anterior embryonic subdomain, as well as reduced synaptic gene expression. We further reveal a similar function for EN1/2 in mediating TBR2 expression, neuron differentiation and survival in the other excitatory neurons (granule and unipolar brush cells). Thus, our work defines embryonic eCNm molecular diversity and reveals conserved roles for EN1/2 in the cerebellar excitatory neuron lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Krishnamurthy
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew S. Lee
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - N. Sumru Bayin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Daniel N. Stephen
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Olivia Nasef
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Zhimin Lao
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alexandra L. Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
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3
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Casoni F, Croci L, Marroni F, Demenego G, Marullo C, Cremona O, Codazzi F, Consalez GG. A spatial-temporal map of glutamatergic neurogenesis in the murine embryonic cerebellar nuclei uncovers a high degree of cellular heterogeneity. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 38970393 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclei are the main output structures of the cerebellum. Each and every cerebellar cortical computation reaches several areas of the brain by means of cerebellar nuclei processing and integration. Nevertheless, our knowledge of these structures is still limited compared to the cerebellar cortex. Here, we present a mouse genetic inducible fate-mapping study characterizing rhombic lip-derived glutamatergic neurons of the nuclei, the most conspicuous family of long-range cerebellar efferent neurons. Glutamatergic neurons mainly occupy dorsal and lateral territories of the lateral and interposed nuclei, as well as the entire medial nucleus. In mice, they are born starting from about embryonic day 9.5, with a peak between 10.5 and 12.5, and invade the nuclei with a lateral-to-medial progression. While some markers label a heterogeneous population of neurons sharing a common location (BRN2), others appear to be lineage specific (TBR1, LMX1a, and MEIS2). A comparative analysis of TBR1 and LMX1a distributions reveals an incomplete overlap in their expression domains, in keeping with the existence of separate efferent subpopulations. Finally, some tagged glutamatergic progenitors are not labeled by any of the markers used in this study, disclosing further complexity. Taken together, our results obtained in late embryonic nuclei shed light on the heterogeneity of the excitatory neuron pool, underlying the diversity in connectivity and functions of this largely unexplored cerebellar territory. Our findings contribute to laying the groundwork for a comprehensive functional analysis of nuclear neuron subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Casoni
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Croci
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Marroni
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Demenego
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Marullo
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ottavio Cremona
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Codazzi
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - G Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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4
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Kagermeier T, Hauser S, Sarieva K, Laugwitz L, Groeschel S, Janzarik WG, Yentür Z, Becker K, Schöls L, Krägeloh-Mann I, Mayer S. Human organoid model of pontocerebellar hypoplasia 2a recapitulates brain region-specific size differences. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050740. [PMID: 39034883 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2a (PCH2a) is an ultra-rare, autosomal recessive pediatric disorder with limited treatment options. Its anatomical hallmark is hypoplasia of the cerebellum and pons accompanied by progressive microcephaly. A homozygous founder variant in TSEN54, which encodes a tRNA splicing endonuclease (TSEN) complex subunit, is causal. The pathological mechanism of PCH2a remains unknown due to the lack of a model system. Therefore, we developed human models of PCH2a using regionalized neural organoids. We generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from three males with genetically confirmed PCH2a and subsequently differentiated cerebellar and neocortical organoids. Mirroring clinical neuroimaging findings, PCH2a cerebellar organoids were reduced in size compared to controls starting early in differentiation. Neocortical PCH2a organoids demonstrated milder growth deficits. Although PCH2a cerebellar organoids did not upregulate apoptosis, their stem cell zones showed altered proliferation kinetics, with increased proliferation at day 30 and reduced proliferation at day 50 compared to controls. In summary, we generated a human model of PCH2a, providing the foundation for deciphering brain region-specific disease mechanisms. Our first analyses suggest a neurodevelopmental aspect of PCH2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kagermeier
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kseniia Sarieva
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School, Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lucia Laugwitz
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Samuel Groeschel
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wibke G Janzarik
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zeynep Yentür
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School, Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Becker
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingeborg Krägeloh-Mann
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone Mayer
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Jahncke JN, Wright KM. Tools for Cre-Mediated Conditional Deletion of Floxed Alleles from Developing Cerebellar Purkinje Cells. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0149-24.2024. [PMID: 38777609 PMCID: PMC11149487 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0149-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Cre-lox system is an indispensable tool in neuroscience research for targeting gene deletions to specific cellular populations. Here we assess the utility of several transgenic Cre lines, along with a viral approach, for targeting cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) in mice. Using a combination of a fluorescent reporter line (Ai14) to indicate Cre-mediated recombination and a floxed Dystroglycan line (Dag1flox ), we show that reporter expression does not always align precisely with loss of protein. The commonly used Pcp2Cre line exhibits a gradual mosaic pattern of Cre recombination in PCs from Postnatal Day 7 (P7) to P14, while loss of Dag1 protein is not complete until P30. Ptf1aCre drives recombination in precursor cells that give rise to GABAergic neurons in the embryonic cerebellum, including PCs and molecular layer interneurons. However, due to its transient expression in precursors, Ptf1aCre results in stochastic loss of Dag1 protein in these neurons. NestinCre , which is often described as a "pan-neuronal" Cre line for the central nervous system, does not drive Cre-mediated recombination in PCs. We identify a Calb1Cre line that drives efficient and complete recombination in embryonic PCs, resulting in loss of Dag1 protein before the period of synaptogenesis. AAV8-mediated delivery of Cre at P0 results in gradual transduction of PCs during the second postnatal week, with loss of Dag1 protein not reaching appreciable levels until P35. These results characterize several tools for targeting conditional deletions in cerebellar PCs at different developmental stages and illustrate the importance of validating the loss of protein following recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Jahncke
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Kevin M Wright
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
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6
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Hodgdon EA, Anderson R, Azzawi HA, Wilson TW, Calhoun VD, Wang YP, Solis I, Greve DN, Stephen JM, Ciesielski KTR. MRI morphometry of the anterior and posterior cerebellar vermis and its relationship to sensorimotor and cognitive functions in children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2024; 67:101385. [PMID: 38713999 PMCID: PMC11096723 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human cerebellum emerges as a posterior brain structure integrating neural networks for sensorimotor, cognitive, and emotional processing across the lifespan. Developmental studies of the cerebellar anatomy and function are scant. We examine age-dependent MRI morphometry of the anterior cerebellar vermis, lobules I-V and posterior neocortical lobules VI-VII and their relationship to sensorimotor and cognitive functions. METHODS Typically developing children (TDC; n=38; age 9-15) and healthy adults (HAC; n=31; 18-40) participated in high-resolution MRI. Rigorous anatomically informed morphometry of the vermis lobules I-V and VI-VII and total brain volume (TBV) employed manual segmentation computer-assisted FreeSurfer Image Analysis Program [http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu]. The neuropsychological scores (WASI-II) were normalized and related to volumes of anterior, posterior vermis, and TBV. RESULTS TBVs were age independent. Volumes of I-V and VI-VII were significantly reduced in TDC. The ratio of VI-VII to I-V (∼60%) was stable across age-groups; I-V correlated with visual-spatial-motor skills; VI-VII with verbal, visual-abstract and FSIQ. CONCLUSIONS In TDC neither anterior I-V nor posterior VI-VII vermis attained adult volumes. The "inverted U" developmental trajectory of gray matter peaking in adolescence does not explain this finding. The hypothesis of protracted development of oligodendrocyte/myelination is suggested as a contributor to TDC's lower cerebellar vermis volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Hodgdon
- Pediatric Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ryan Anderson
- Pediatric Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Hussein Al Azzawi
- Pediatric Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Institute of Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14090 Mother Teresa Lane, Boys Town, NE 68010, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, 1101 Yale Blvd N.E., Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Isabel Solis
- Pediatric Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Douglas N Greve
- MGH/MIT Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia M Stephen
- Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, 1101 Yale Blvd N.E., Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Kristina T R Ciesielski
- Pediatric Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; MGH/MIT Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kebschull JM, Casoni F, Consalez GG, Goldowitz D, Hawkes R, Ruigrok TJH, Schilling K, Wingate R, Wu J, Yeung J, Uusisaari MY. Cerebellum Lecture: the Cerebellar Nuclei-Core of the Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:620-677. [PMID: 36781689 PMCID: PMC10951048 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a key player in many brain functions and a major topic of neuroscience research. However, the cerebellar nuclei (CN), the main output structures of the cerebellum, are often overlooked. This neglect is because research on the cerebellum typically focuses on the cortex and tends to treat the CN as relatively simple output nuclei conveying an inverted signal from the cerebellar cortex to the rest of the brain. In this review, by adopting a nucleocentric perspective we aim to rectify this impression. First, we describe CN anatomy and modularity and comprehensively integrate CN architecture with its highly organized but complex afferent and efferent connectivity. This is followed by a novel classification of the specific neuronal classes the CN comprise and speculate on the implications of CN structure and physiology for our understanding of adult cerebellar function. Based on this thorough review of the adult literature we provide a comprehensive overview of CN embryonic development and, by comparing cerebellar structures in various chordate clades, propose an interpretation of CN evolution. Despite their critical importance in cerebellar function, from a clinical perspective intriguingly few, if any, neurological disorders appear to primarily affect the CN. To highlight this curious anomaly, and encourage future nucleocentric interpretations, we build on our review to provide a brief overview of the various syndromes in which the CN are currently implicated. Finally, we summarize the specific perspectives that a nucleocentric view of the cerebellum brings, move major outstanding issues in CN biology to the limelight, and provide a roadmap to the key questions that need to be answered in order to create a comprehensive integrated model of CN structure, function, development, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus M Kebschull
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - G Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel Goldowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tom J H Ruigrok
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karl Schilling
- Department of Anatomy, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53115, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Richard Wingate
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joanna Yeung
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marylka Yoe Uusisaari
- Neuronal Rhythms in Movement Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-Son, Kunigami-Gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
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8
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Jahncke JN, Wright KM. Tools for Cre-mediated conditional deletion of floxed alleles from developing cerebellar Purkinje cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.28.587263. [PMID: 38585758 PMCID: PMC10996677 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.28.587263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The Cre-lox system is an indispensable tool in neuroscience research for targeting gene deletions to specific cellular populations. Here we assess the utility of several transgenic Cre lines, along with a viral approach, for targeting cerebellar Purkinje cells. Using a combination of a fluorescent reporter line (Ai14) to indicate Cre-mediated recombination and a floxed Dystroglycan line (Dag1flox) we show that reporter expression does not always align precisely with loss of protein. The commonly used Pcp2Cre line exhibits a gradual mosaic pattern of Cre recombination in Purkinje cells from P7-P14, while loss of Dag1 protein is not complete until P30. Ptf1aCre drives recombination in precursor cells that give rise to GABAergic neurons in the embryonic cerebellum, including Purkinje cells and molecular layer interneurons. However, due to its transient expression in precursors, Ptf1aCre results in stochastic loss of Dag1 protein in these neurons. NestinCre, which is often described as a "pan-neuronal" Cre line for the central nervous system, does not drive Cre-mediated recombination in Purkinje cells. We identify a Calb1Cre line that drives efficient and complete recombination in embryonic Purkinje cells, resulting in loss of Dag1 protein before the period of synaptogenesis. AAV8-mediated delivery of Cre at P0 results in gradual transduction of Purkinje cells during the second postnatal week, with loss of Dag1 protein not reaching appreciable levels until P35. These results characterize several tools for targeting conditional deletions in cerebellar Purkinje cells at different developmental stages and illustrate the importance of validating the loss of protein following recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N. Jahncke
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kevin M. Wright
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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9
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Apsley EJ, Becker EBE. Purkinje Cell Patterning-Insights from Single-Cell Sequencing. Cells 2022; 11:2918. [PMID: 36139493 PMCID: PMC9497131 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their homogeneous appearance, Purkinje cells are remarkably diverse with respect to their molecular phenotypes, physiological properties, afferent and efferent connectivity, as well as their vulnerability to insults. Heterogeneity in Purkinje cells arises early in development, with molecularly distinct embryonic cell clusters present soon after Purkinje cell specification. Traditional methods have characterized cerebellar development and cell types, including Purkinje cell subtypes, based on knowledge of selected markers. However, recent single-cell RNA sequencing studies provide vastly increased resolution of the whole cerebellar transcriptome. Here we draw together the results of multiple single-cell transcriptomic studies in developing and adult cerebellum in both mouse and human. We describe how this detailed transcriptomic data has increased our understanding of the intricate development and function of Purkinje cells and provides first clues into features specific to human cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Apsley
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Esther B. E. Becker
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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10
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Cao Z, Huang C, Lu F, Jiang X, Hu Y, Cao C, Liu Z. Meis1 Regulates Nociceptor Development and Behavioral Response to Tactile Stimuli. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:901466. [PMID: 35875660 PMCID: PMC9301487 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.901466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nociceptors in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia (TG) are necessary for transmitting pain and itch signals. However, the molecular mechanism regulating nociceptor development remains largely unknown. This study identifies that the transcription factor Meis1 is generally expressed in two groups of sensory neurons in the developing DRG. During prenatal and neonatal stages, approximately 2/3 of Meis1+ neurons are Runx1+ nociceptors, while 1/3 of Meis1+ neurons are NF200+ myelinated neurons. At postnatal stages, Meis1 expression in nociceptors is gradually reduced. Here, we constructed a Meis1 conditional knockout mouse line to selectively delete Meis1 in Nav1.8 lineage nociceptors. Microarray analyses showed that differentially expressed genes in the Meis1 mutant DRG were enriched in pathways related to sensory perception of pain and nervous system development. In addition, Meis1 regulates the expression of some marker genes of Nppb+ neurons and C-LTMRs. Furthermore, Meis1 mutant mice exhibit behavioral deficits in response to light mechanical pain, static touch and chemical itch. Therefore, this study reveals that Meis1 is required to regulate the development of nociceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.,School of Biological Engineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengcheng Huang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.,General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Fumin Lu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuequan Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.,School of Biological Engineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Cao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zijing Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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11
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Wu JPH, Yeung J, Rahimi-Balaei M, Wu SR, Zoghbi H, Goldowitz D. The Transcription Factor Pou3f1 Sheds Light on the Development and Molecular Diversity of Glutamatergic Cerebellar Nuclear Neurons in the Mouse. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:921901. [PMID: 35935334 PMCID: PMC9347289 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.921901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellar nuclear (CN) neurons are a molecularly heterogeneous population whose specification into the different cerebellar nuclei is defined by the expression of varying sets of transcription factors. Here, we present a novel molecular marker, Pou3f1, that delineates specific sets of glutamatergic CN neurons. The glutamatergic identity of Pou3f1+ cells was confirmed by: (1) the co-expression of vGluT2, a cell marker of glutamatergic neurons; (2) the lack of co-expression between Pou3f1 and GAD67, a marker of GABAergic neurons; (3) the co-expression of Atoh1, the master regulator required for the production of all cerebellar glutamatergic lineages; and (4) the absence of Pou3f1-expressing cells in the Atoh1-null cerebellum. Furthermore, the lack of Pax6 and Tbr1 expression in Pou3f1+ cells reveals that Pou3f1-expressing CN neurons specifically settle in the interposed and dentate nuclei. In addition, the Pou3f1-labeled glutamatergic CN neurons can be further classified by the expression of Brn2 and Irx3. The results of the present study align with previous findings highlighting that the survival of the interposed and dentate CN neurons is largely independent of Pax6. More importantly, the present study extends the field’s collective knowledge of the molecular diversity of cerebellar nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Po Han Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanna Yeung
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maryam Rahimi-Balaei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sih-Rong Wu
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Huda Zoghbi
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dan Goldowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Dan Goldowitz
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12
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Khouri-Farah N, Guo Q, Morgan K, Shin J, Li JYH. Integrated single-cell transcriptomic and epigenetic study of cell state transition and lineage commitment in embryonic mouse cerebellum. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl9156. [PMID: 35363520 PMCID: PMC10938588 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl9156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies using single-cell RNA-sequencing have revealed cellular heterogeneity in the developing mammalian cerebellum, yet the regulatory logic underlying this cellular diversity remains to be elucidated. Using integrated single-cell RNA and ATAC analyses, we resolved developmental trajectories of cerebellar progenitors and identified putative trans- and cis-elements that control cell state transition. We reverse engineered gene regulatory networks (GRNs) of each cerebellar cell type. Through in silico simulations and in vivo experiments, we validated the efficacy of GRN analyses and uncovered the molecular control of a posterior transitory zone (PTZ), a distinct progenitor zone residing immediately anterior to the morphologically defined rhombic lip (RL). We showed that perturbing cell fate specification in the PTZ and RL causes posterior cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, the most common cerebellar birth defect in humans. Our study provides a foundation for comprehensive studies of developmental programs of the mammalian cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagham Khouri-Farah
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - Qiuxia Guo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - Kerry Morgan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - Jihye Shin
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - James Y. H. Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
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13
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Stoyanova E, Riad M, Rao A, Heintz N. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated active demethylation is required for mammalian neuronal differentiation and function. eLife 2021; 10:66973. [PMID: 34919053 PMCID: PMC8683082 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although high levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) accumulate in mammalian neurons, our knowledge of its roles in terminal differentiation or as an intermediate in active DNA demethylation is incomplete. We report high-resolution mapping of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, chromatin accessibility, and histone marks in developing postmitotic Purkinje cells (PCs) in Mus musculus. Our data reveal new relationships between PC transcriptional and epigenetic programs, and identify a class of genes that lose both 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5hmC during terminal differentiation. Deletion of the 5hmC writers Tet1, Tet2, and Tet3 from postmitotic PCs prevents loss of 5mC and 5hmC in regulatory domains and gene bodies, and hinders transcriptional and epigenetic developmental transitions. Our data demonstrate that Tet-mediated active DNA demethylation occurs in vivo, and that acquisition of the precise molecular properties of adult PCs require continued oxidation of 5mC to 5hmC during the final phases of differentiation. At birth, the mammalian brain contains tens of billions of neurons. Although the number does not increase much as the animal grows, there are many dramatic changes to their size and structure. These changes allow the neurons to communicate with one another, develop into networks, and learn the tasks of the adult brain. One way that these changes occur is by the accumulation of chemical marks on each neuron’s DNA that help dictate which genes switch on, and which turn off. One of the most common ways that DNA can be marked is through the addition of a chemical group called a methyl group to one of the four DNA bases, cytosine. This process is called methylation. When methylation occurs, cytosine becomes 5-methylcytosine, or 5mC for short. In 2009, researchers found another modification present in the DNA in the brain: 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, or 5hmC. This modification appears when a group of proteins called the Tet hydroxylases turn 5mC into 5hmC. Converting 5mC to 5hmC normally helps cells remove marks on their DNA before they divide and expand. This is important because the newly generated cells need to be able to accumulate their own methylation marks to perform their roles properly. However, neurons in the brain accumulate 5hmC after birth, when the cells are no longer dividing, indicating that 5hmC may be required for the neurons to mature. Stoyanova et al. set out to determine whether mouse neurons need 5hmC to get their adult characteristics by tracking the chemical changes that occur in DNA from birth to adulthood. Some of the mice they tested produced 5hmC normally, while others lacked the genes necessary to make the Tet proteins in a specific class of neurons, preventing them from converting 5mC to 5hmC as they differentiate. The results reveal that neurons do not mature properly if 5hmC is not produced continuously following the first week of life. This is because neurons need to have the right genes switched on and off to differentiate correctly, and this only happens when 5hmC accumulates in some genes, while 5hmC and 5mC are removed from others. The data highlight the role of the Tet proteins, which convert 5mC into 5hmC, in preparing the marks for removal and demonstrate that active removal of these marks is essential for neuronal differentiation. Given the role of 5hmC in the development of neurons, it is possible that problems in this system could contribute to brain disorders. Further studies aimed at understanding how cells control 5hmC levels could lead to new ways to improve brain health. Research has also shown that if dividing cells lose the ability to make 5hmC, they can become cancerous. Future work could explain more about how and why this happens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elitsa Stoyanova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Michael Riad
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Anjana Rao
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, United States.,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Nathaniel Heintz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
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14
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Wang G, Xie H, Hu Y, Chen Q, Liu C, Liu K, Yan Y, Guan JS. Egr1-EGFP transgenic mouse allows in vivo recording of Egr1 expression and neural activity. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 363:109350. [PMID: 34487772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immediate-early genes (IEGs) have been serving as markers of active neurons for their rapid responses to stimulation. With the development of IEG-EGFP reporters by the GENSAT project, application of the IEGs have been greatly expanded. However, detailed validations for these systems are still lacking, causing trouble in the interpretation of the fluorescence signals. NEW METHOD In this work, taken Egr1-EGFP transgenic mice as an example, we proposed an improvement for the usage of the Egr1-EGFP reporter system based on detailed validation of its fluorescence signals. RESULTS Firstly, the exogenous EGFP mRNA levels were linearly correlated with the endogenous Egr1 mRNA levels in neurons. Secondly, the 3-hr-changes of the Egr1-EGFP signals before and after the stimulus were positively correlated with the stimulus-induced neuronal activities. Interestingly, persistent neuronal activity patterns in the post-stimulus phase also showed correlation with the stimulus-induced Egr1-EGFP signal changes. Furthermore, enriched environments engaged dramatic neuronal activations, allowing detailed characterization of Egr1-EGFP expression dynamics. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) People used to infer the neuronal activities based on the raw fluorescence signals of IEG-EGFP reporter system, which was strongly obstructed by distinct protein regulation or dynamic properties between the EGFP and the IEGs. We demonstrated a better way for data analysis and experimental design. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, this work proves that Egr1-EGFP signal is weakly but significantly correlated to task-induced neural activity and gives detailed characterization of the signal dynamics. It not only provides basis for the understanding of the IEG-EGFP fluorescence signals but also offers instructions for proper experimental design with IEG-EGFP reporter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Institute of Brain Intelligence Science and Technology, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hong Xie
- Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yi Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qinan Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chenhui Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Kaiyuan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, IDG/McGovern institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuze Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, IDG/McGovern institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ji-Song Guan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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15
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Zhang T, Liu T, Mora N, Guegan J, Bertrand M, Contreras X, Hansen AH, Streicher C, Anderle M, Danda N, Tiberi L, Hippenmeyer S, Hassan BA. Generation of excitatory and inhibitory neurons from common progenitors via Notch signaling in the cerebellum. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109208. [PMID: 34107249 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain neurons arise from relatively few progenitors generating an enormous diversity of neuronal types. Nonetheless, a cardinal feature of mammalian brain neurogenesis is thought to be that excitatory and inhibitory neurons derive from separate, spatially segregated progenitors. Whether bi-potential progenitors with an intrinsic capacity to generate both lineages exist and how such a fate decision may be regulated are unknown. Using cerebellar development as a model, we discover that individual progenitors can give rise to both inhibitory and excitatory lineages. Gradations of Notch activity determine the fates of the progenitors and their daughters. Daughters with the highest levels of Notch activity retain the progenitor fate, while intermediate levels of Notch activity generate inhibitory neurons, and daughters with very low levels of Notch signaling adopt the excitatory fate. Therefore, Notch-mediated binary cell fate choice is a mechanism for regulating the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory neurons from common progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tengyuan Liu
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalia Mora
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Justine Guegan
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Bertrand
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ximena Contreras
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Andi H Hansen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Carmen Streicher
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Marica Anderle
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Natasha Danda
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Luca Tiberi
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Bassem A Hassan
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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16
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Beekhof GC, Osório C, White JJ, van Zoomeren S, van der Stok H, Xiong B, Nettersheim IH, Mak WA, Runge M, Fiocchi FR, Boele HJ, Hoebeek FE, Schonewille M. Differential spatiotemporal development of Purkinje cell populations and cerebellum-dependent sensorimotor behaviors. eLife 2021; 10:63668. [PMID: 33973524 PMCID: PMC8195607 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct populations of Purkinje cells (PCs) with unique molecular and connectivity features are at the core of the modular organization of the cerebellum. Previously, we showed that firing activity of PCs differs between ZebrinII-positive and ZebrinII-negative cerebellar modules (Zhou et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2019). Here, we investigate the timing and extent of PC differentiation during development in mice. We found that several features of PCs, including activity levels, dendritic arborization, axonal shape and climbing fiber input, develop differentially between nodular and anterior PC populations. Although all PCs show a particularly rapid development in the second postnatal week, anterior PCs typically have a prolonged physiological and dendritic maturation. In line herewith, younger mice exhibit attenuated anterior-dependent eyeblink conditioning, but faster nodular-dependent compensatory eye movement adaptation. Our results indicate that specific cerebellar regions have unique developmental timelines which match with their related, specific forms of cerebellum-dependent behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catarina Osório
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joshua J White
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Bilian Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marit Runge
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Henk-Jan Boele
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, United States
| | - Freek E Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
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17
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van der Heijden ME, Sillitoe RV. Interactions Between Purkinje Cells and Granule Cells Coordinate the Development of Functional Cerebellar Circuits. Neuroscience 2021; 462:4-21. [PMID: 32554107 PMCID: PMC7736359 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar development has a remarkably protracted morphogenetic timeline that is coordinated by multiple cell types. Here, we discuss the intriguing cellular consequences of interactions between inhibitory Purkinje cells and excitatory granule cells during embryonic and postnatal development. Purkinje cells are central to all cerebellar circuits, they are the first cerebellar cortical neurons to be born, and based on their cellular and molecular signaling, they are considered the master regulators of cerebellar development. Although rudimentary Purkinje cell circuits are already present at birth, their connectivity is morphologically and functionally distinct from their mature counterparts. The establishment of the Purkinje cell circuit with its mature firing properties has a temporal dependence on cues provided by granule cells. Granule cells are the latest born, yet most populous, neuronal type in the cerebellar cortex. They provide a combination of mechanical, molecular and activity-based cues that shape the maturation of Purkinje cell structure, connectivity and function. We propose that the wiring of Purkinje cells for function falls into two developmental phases: an initial phase that is guided by intrinsic mechanisms and a later phase that is guided by dynamically-acting cues, some of which are provided by granule cells. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms that granule cells use to help establish the unique properties of Purkinje cell firing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike E van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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18
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Chan WK, Fetit R, Griffiths R, Marshall H, Mason JO, Price DJ. Using organoids to study human brain development and evolution. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:608-622. [PMID: 33773072 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in methods for making cerebral organoids have opened a window of opportunity to directly study human brain development and disease, countering limitations inherent in non-human-based approaches. Whether freely patterned, guided into a region-specific fate or fused into assembloids, organoids have successfully recapitulated key features of in vivo neurodevelopment, allowing its examination from early to late stages. Although organoids have enormous potential, their effective use relies on understanding the extent of their limitations in accurately reproducing specific processes and components in the developing human brain. Here we review the potential of cerebral organoids to model and study human brain development and evolution and discuss the progress and current challenges in their use for reproducing specific human neurodevelopmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Kit Chan
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rana Fetit
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rosie Griffiths
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen Marshall
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John O Mason
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Price
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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19
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Lowenstein ED, Rusanova A, Stelzer J, Hernaiz-Llorens M, Schroer AE, Epifanova E, Bladt F, Isik EG, Buchert S, Jia S, Tarabykin V, Hernandez-Miranda LR. Olig3 regulates early cerebellar development. eLife 2021; 10:64684. [PMID: 33591268 PMCID: PMC7886330 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mature cerebellum controls motor skill precision and participates in other sophisticated brain functions that include learning, cognition, and speech. Different types of GABAergic and glutamatergic cerebellar neurons originate in temporal order from two progenitor niches, the ventricular zone and rhombic lip, which express the transcription factors Ptf1a and Atoh1, respectively. However, the molecular machinery required to specify the distinct neuronal types emanating from these progenitor zones is still unclear. Here, we uncover the transcription factor Olig3 as a major determinant in generating the earliest neuronal derivatives emanating from both progenitor zones in mice. In the rhombic lip, Olig3 regulates progenitor cell proliferation. In the ventricular zone, Olig3 safeguards Purkinje cell specification by curtailing the expression of Pax2, a transcription factor that suppresses the Purkinje cell differentiation program. Our work thus defines Olig3 as a key factor in early cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Rusanova
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Jonas Stelzer
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Adrian E Schroer
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Epifanova
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Francesca Bladt
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eser Göksu Isik
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Buchert
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shiqi Jia
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Luis R Hernandez-Miranda
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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20
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In Search of Molecular Markers for Cerebellar Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041850. [PMID: 33673348 PMCID: PMC7918299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum, the region of the brain primarily responsible for motor coordination and balance, also contributes to non-motor functions, such as cognition, speech, and language comprehension. Maldevelopment and dysfunction of the cerebellum lead to cerebellar ataxia and may even be associated with autism, depression, and cognitive deficits. Hence, normal development of the cerebellum and its neuronal circuitry is critical for the cerebellum to function properly. Although nine major types of cerebellar neurons have been identified in the cerebellar cortex to date, the exact functions of each type are not fully understood due to a lack of cell-specific markers in neurons that renders cell-specific labeling and functional study by genetic manipulation unfeasible. The availability of cell-specific markers is thus vital for understanding the role of each neuronal type in the cerebellum and for elucidating the interactions between cell types within both the developing and mature cerebellum. This review discusses various technical approaches and recent progress in the search for cell-specific markers for cerebellar neurons.
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21
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Behesti H, Kocabas A, Buchholz DE, Carroll TS, Hatten ME. Altered temporal sequence of transcriptional regulators in the generation of human cerebellar granule cells. eLife 2021; 10:67074. [PMID: 34842137 PMCID: PMC8687658 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain development is regulated by conserved transcriptional programs across species, but little is known about the divergent mechanisms that create species-specific characteristics. Among brain regions, human cerebellar histogenesis differs in complexity compared with nonhuman primates and rodents, making it important to develop methods to generate human cerebellar neurons that closely resemble those in the developing human cerebellum. We report a rapid protocol for the derivation of the human ATOH1 lineage, the precursor of excitatory cerebellar neurons, from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Upon transplantation into juvenile mice, hPSC-derived cerebellar granule cells migrated along glial fibers and integrated into the cerebellar cortex. By Translational Ribosome Affinity Purification-seq, we identified an unexpected temporal shift in the expression of RBFOX3 (NeuN) and NEUROD1, which are classically associated with differentiated neurons, in the human outer external granule layer. This molecular divergence may enable the protracted development of the human cerebellum compared to mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hourinaz Behesti
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Arif Kocabas
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - David E Buchholz
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Thomas S Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Mary E Hatten
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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22
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Tepper B, Bartkowska K, Okrasa M, Ngati S, Braszak M, Turlejski K, Djavadian R. Downregulation of TrkC Receptors Increases Dendritic Arborization of Purkinje Cells in the Developing Cerebellum of the Opossum, Monodelphis domestica. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:56. [PMID: 33013328 PMCID: PMC7511753 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In therian mammals, the cerebellum is one of the late developing structures in the brain. Specifically, the proliferation of cerebellar granule cells occurs after birth, and even in humans, the generation of these cells continues during the first year of life. The main difference between marsupials and eutherians is that the majority of the brain structures in marsupials develop after birth. Herein, we report that in the newborn laboratory opossum (Monodelphis domestica), the cerebellar primordium is distinguishable in Nissl-stained sections. Additionally, bromodeoxyuridine birthdating experiments revealed that the first neurons form the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) and Purkinje cells, and are generated within postnatal days (P) 1 and 5. Three weeks after birth, progenitors of granule cells in the external germinal layer (EGL) proliferate, producing granule cells. These progenitor cells persist for a long time, approximately 5 months. Furthermore, to study the effects of neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC) during cerebellar development, cells were obtained from P3 opossums and cultured for 8 days. We found that TrkC downregulation stimulates dendritic branching of Purkinje neurons, which was surprising. The number of dendritic branches was higher in Purkinje cells transfected with the shRNA TrkC plasmid. However, there was no morphological change in the number of dendritic branches of granule cells transfected with either control or shRNA TrkC plasmids. We suggest that inhibition of TrkC activity enables NT3 binding to the neurotrophic receptor p75NTR that promotes dendritic arborization of Purkinje cells. This effect of TrkC receptors on dendritic branching is cell type specific, which could be explained by the strong expression of TrkC in Purkinje cells but not in granule cells. The data indicate a new role for TrkC receptors in Monodelphis opossum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Tepper
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bartkowska
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Okrasa
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sonia Ngati
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Braszak
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Turlejski
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ruzanna Djavadian
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Cerebellar Microzonation. Neuroscience 2020; 462:56-69. [PMID: 31982466 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last 50 years, our vision of the cerebellum has vastly evolved starting with Voogd's (1967) description of extracerebellar projections' terminations and how the projection maps transformed the presumptive homogeneity of the cerebellar cortex into a more complex center subdivided into transverse and longitudinal distinct functional zones. The picture became still more complex with Richard Hawkes and colleagues' (Gravel et al., 1987) discovery of the biochemical heterogeneity of Purkinje cells (PCs), by screening their molecular identities with monoclonal antibodies. Antigens were expressed in a parasagittal pattern with subsets of PCs either possessing or lacking the respective antigens, which divided the cerebellar cortex into precise longitudinal compartments that are congruent with the projection maps. The correlation of these two maps in adult cerebellum shows a perfect matching of developmental mechanisms. This review discusses a series of arguments in favor of the essential role played by PCs in organizing the microzonation of the cerebellum during development (the "matching" hypothesis).
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24
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Jessa S, Blanchet-Cohen A, Krug B, Vladoiu M, Coutelier M, Faury D, Poreau B, De Jay N, Hébert S, Monlong J, Farmer WT, Donovan LK, Hu Y, McConechy MK, Cavalli FMG, Mikael LG, Ellezam B, Richer M, Allaire A, Weil AG, Atkinson J, Farmer JP, Dudley RWR, Larouche V, Crevier L, Albrecht S, Filbin MG, Sartelet H, Lutz PE, Nagy C, Turecki G, Costantino S, Dirks PB, Murai KK, Bourque G, Ragoussis J, Garzia L, Taylor MD, Jabado N, Kleinman CL. Stalled developmental programs at the root of pediatric brain tumors. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1702-1713. [PMID: 31768071 PMCID: PMC6885128 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Childhood brain tumors have suspected prenatal origins. To identify vulnerable developmental states, we generated a single-cell transcriptome atlas of >65,000 cells from embryonal pons and forebrain, two major tumor locations. We derived signatures for 191 distinct cell populations and defined regional cellular diversity and differentiation dynamics. Projection of bulk tumor transcriptomes onto this dataset shows that WNT medulloblastomas match the rhombic lip-derived mossy fiber neuronal lineage, embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes fully recapitulate a neuronal lineage, while Group 2a/b atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors may originate outside of the neuroectoderm. Importantly, single-cell tumor profiles reveal highly defined cell hierarchies mirroring transcriptional programs of the corresponding normal lineages. Our findings identify impaired differentiation of specific neural progenitors as a common mechanism underlying these pediatric cancers and provide a rational framework for future modeling and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Jessa
- Quantitative Life Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexis Blanchet-Cohen
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian Krug
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria Vladoiu
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie Coutelier
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Damien Faury
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brice Poreau
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Service de Génétique et Procréation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas De Jay
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steven Hébert
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean Monlong
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - W Todd Farmer
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura K Donovan
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yixing Hu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Florence M G Cavalli
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leonie G Mikael
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Ellezam
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxime Richer
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andréa Allaire
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexander G Weil
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Atkinson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Querbec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Farmer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Querbec, Canada
| | - Roy W R Dudley
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Querbec, Canada
| | - Valerie Larouche
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre mère-enfant Soleil du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Crevier
- Department of Surgery, Université de Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steffen Albrecht
- Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariella G Filbin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hervé Sartelet
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre-Eric Lutz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Corina Nagy
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Santiago Costantino
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter B Dirks
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith K Murai
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Bourque
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Canadian Center for Computational Genomics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Livia Garzia
- Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Nada Jabado
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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25
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Haldipur P, Aldinger KA, Bernardo S, Deng M, Timms AE, Overman LM, Winter C, Lisgo SN, Razavi F, Silvestri E, Manganaro L, Adle-Biassette H, Guimiot F, Russo R, Kidron D, Hof PR, Gerrelli D, Lindsay SJ, Dobyns WB, Glass IA, Alexandre P, Millen KJ. Spatiotemporal expansion of primary progenitor zones in the developing human cerebellum. Science 2019; 366:454-460. [PMID: 31624095 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax7526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We present histological and molecular analyses of the developing human cerebellum from 30 days after conception to 9 months after birth. Differences in developmental patterns between humans and mice include spatiotemporal expansion of both ventricular and rhombic lip primary progenitor zones to include subventricular zones containing basal progenitors. The human rhombic lip persists longer through cerebellar development than in the mouse and undergoes morphological changes to form a progenitor pool in the posterior lobule, which is not seen in other organisms, not even in the nonhuman primate the macaque. Disruptions in human rhombic lip development are associated with posterior cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and Dandy-Walker malformation. The presence of these species-specific neural progenitor populations refines our insight into human cerebellar developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiv Haldipur
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Silvia Bernardo
- Departments of Experimental Medicine and Radiological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mei Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew E Timms
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lynne M Overman
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Conrad Winter
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven N Lisgo
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ferechte Razavi
- Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Evelina Silvestri
- Surgical Pathology Unit, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Manganaro
- Departments of Experimental Medicine and Radiological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Homa Adle-Biassette
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,NeuroDiderot, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Rosa Russo
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Debora Kidron
- Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dianne Gerrelli
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Susan J Lindsay
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - William B Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paula Alexandre
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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26
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Wizeman JW, Guo Q, Wilion EM, Li JYH. Specification of diverse cell types during early neurogenesis of the mouse cerebellum. eLife 2019; 8:e42388. [PMID: 30735127 PMCID: PMC6382353 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We applied single-cell RNA sequencing to profile genome-wide gene expression in about 9400 individual cerebellar cells from the mouse embryo at embryonic day 13.5. Reiterative clustering identified the major cerebellar cell types and subpopulations of different lineages. Through pseudotemporal ordering to reconstruct developmental trajectories, we identified novel transcriptional programs controlling cell fate specification of populations arising from the ventricular zone and the rhombic lip, two distinct germinal zones of the embryonic cerebellum. Together, our data revealed cell-specific markers for studying the cerebellum, gene-expression cascades underlying cell fate specification, and a number of previously unknown subpopulations that may play an integral role in the formation and function of the cerebellum. Our findings will facilitate new discovery by providing insights into the molecular and cell type diversity in the developing cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Wizeman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of ConnecticutFarmingtonUnited States
| | - Qiuxia Guo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of ConnecticutFarmingtonUnited States
| | | | - James YH Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of ConnecticutFarmingtonUnited States
- Institute for Systems GenomicsUniversity of ConnecticutFarmingtonUnited States
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27
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Rahimi-Balaei M, Bergen H, Kong J, Marzban H. Neuronal Migration During Development of the Cerebellum. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:484. [PMID: 30618631 PMCID: PMC6304365 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a fundamental process in central nervous system (CNS) development. The assembly of functioning neuronal circuits relies on neuronal migration occurring in the appropriate spatio-temporal pattern. A defect in the neuronal migration may result in a neurological disorder. The cerebellum, as a part of the CNS, plays a pivotal role in motor coordination and non-motor functions such as emotion, cognition and language. The excitatory and inhibitory neurons within the cerebellum originate from different distinct germinal zones and migrate through complex routes to assemble in a well-defined neuronal organization in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. In this review article, the neuronal migration modes and pathways from germinal zones to the final position in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei will be described. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in cerebellar neuronal migration during development will also be reviewed. Finally, some diseases and animal models associated with defects in neuronal migration will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahimi-Balaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hugo Bergen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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28
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Carter RA, Bihannic L, Rosencrance C, Hadley JL, Tong Y, Phoenix TN, Natarajan S, Easton J, Northcott PA, Gawad C. A Single-Cell Transcriptional Atlas of the Developing Murine Cerebellum. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2910-2920.e2. [PMID: 30220501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum develops from a restricted number of cell types that precisely organize to form the circuitry that controls sensory-motor coordination and some higher-order cognitive processes. To acquire an enhanced understanding of the molecular processes that mediate cerebellar development, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of 39,245 murine cerebellar cells at twelve critical developmental time points. Using recognized lineage markers, we confirmed that the single-cell data accurately recapitulate cerebellar development. We then followed distinct populations from emergence through migration and differentiation, and determined the associated transcriptional cascades. After identifying key lineage commitment decisions, focused analyses uncovered waves of transcription factor expression at those branching points. Finally, we created Cell Seek, a flexible online interface that facilitates exploration of the dataset. Our study provides a transcriptional summarization of cerebellar development at single-cell resolution that will serve as a valuable resource for future investigations of cerebellar development, neurobiology, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Carter
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Laure Bihannic
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Celeste Rosencrance
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hadley
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yiai Tong
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Timothy N Phoenix
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sivaraman Natarajan
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Charles Gawad
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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29
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Sox14 Is Required for a Specific Subset of Cerebello-Olivary Projections. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9539-9550. [PMID: 30242051 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1456-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We identify Sox14 as an exclusive marker of inhibitory projection neurons in the lateral and interposed, but not the medial, cerebellar nuclei. Sox14+ neurons make up ∼80% of Gad1+ neurons in these nuclei and are indistinguishable by soma size from other inhibitory neurons. All Sox14+ neurons of the lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei are generated at approximately E10/10.5 and extend long-range, predominantly contralateral projections to the inferior olive. A small Sox14+ population in the adjacent vestibular nucleus "Y" sends an ipsilateral projection to the oculomotor nucleus. Cerebellar Sox14+ and glutamatergic projection neurons assemble in non-overlapping populations at the nuclear transition zone, and their integration into a coherent nucleus depends on Sox14 function. Targeted ablation of Sox14+ cells by conditional viral expression of diphtheria toxin leads to significantly impaired motor learning. Contrary to expectations, associative learning is unaffected by unilateral Sox14+ neuron elimination in the interposed and lateral nuclei.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The cerebellar nuclei are central to cerebellar function, yet how they modulate and process cerebellar inputs and outputs is still primarily unknown. Our study gives a direct insight into how nucleo-olivary projection neurons are generated, their projections, and their function in an intact behaving mouse. These neurons play a critical conceptual role in all models of cerebellar function, and this study represents the first specific analysis of their molecular identity and function and offers a powerful model for future investigation of cerebellar function in motor control and learning.
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30
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Lackey EP, Heck DH, Sillitoe RV. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of cerebellar granule cell development and function and their contribution to behavior. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30109024 PMCID: PMC6069759 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15021.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is the focus of an emergent series of debates because its circuitry is now thought to encode an unexpected level of functional diversity. The flexibility that is built into the cerebellar circuit allows it to participate not only in motor behaviors involving coordination, learning, and balance but also in non-motor behaviors such as cognition, emotion, and spatial navigation. In accordance with the cerebellum’s diverse functional roles, when these circuits are altered because of disease or injury, the behavioral outcomes range from neurological conditions such as ataxia, dystonia, and tremor to neuropsychiatric conditions, including autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Two major questions arise: what types of cells mediate these normal and abnormal processes, and how might they accomplish these seemingly disparate functions? The tiny but numerous cerebellar granule cells may hold answers to these questions. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding how the granule cell lineage arises in the embryo and how a stem cell niche that replenishes granule cells influences wiring when the postnatal cerebellum is injured. We discuss how precisely coordinated developmental programs, gene expression patterns, and epigenetic mechanisms determine the formation of synapses that integrate multi-modal inputs onto single granule cells. These data lead us to consider how granule cell synaptic heterogeneity promotes sensorimotor and non-sensorimotor signals in behaving animals. We discuss evidence that granule cells use ultrafast neurotransmission that can operate at kilohertz frequencies. Together, these data inspire an emerging view for how granule cells contribute to the shaping of complex animal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Lackey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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31
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Beckinghausen J, Sillitoe RV. Insights into cerebellar development and connectivity. Neurosci Lett 2018; 688:2-13. [PMID: 29746896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum has a well-established role in controlling motor functions such coordination, balance, posture, and skilled learning. There is mounting evidence that it might also play a critical role in non-motor functions such as cognition and emotion. It is therefore not surprising that cerebellar defects are associated with a wide array of diseases including ataxia, dystonia, tremor, schizophrenia, dyslexia, and autism spectrum disorder. What is intriguing is that a seemingly uniform circuit that is often described as being "simple" should carry out all of these behaviors. Analyses of how cerebellar circuits develop have revealed that such descriptions massively underestimate the complexity of the cerebellum. The cerebellum is in fact highly patterned and organized around a series of parasagittal stripes and transverse zones. This topographic architecture partitions all cerebellar circuits into functional modules that are thought to enhance processing power during cerebellar dependent behaviors. What are arguably the most remarkable features of cerebellar topography are the developmental processes that produce them. This review is concerned with the genetic and cellular mechanisms that orchestrate cerebellar patterning. We place a major focus on how Purkinje cells control multiple aspects of cerebellar circuit assembly. Using this model, we discuss evidence for how "zebra-like" patterns in Purkinje cells sculpt the cerebellum, how specific genetic cues mediate the process, and how activity refines the patterns into an adult map that is capable of executing various functions. We also discuss how defective Purkinje cell patterning might impact the pathogenesis of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Beckinghausen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of TX Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of TX Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Gershanov S, Toledano H, Michowiz S, Barinfeld O, Pinhasov A, Goldenberg-Cohen N, Salmon-Divon M. MicroRNA-mRNA expression profiles associated with medulloblastoma subgroup 4. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:339-352. [PMID: 29497332 PMCID: PMC5818864 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s156709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant brain tumor in children, is divided into four tumor subgroups: wingless-type (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group 3, and Group 4. Ideally, clinical practice and treatment design should be subgroup specific. While WNT and SHH subgroups have well-defined biomarkers, distinguishing Group 3 from Group 4 is not straightforward. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which regulate posttranscriptional gene expression, are involved in MB tumorigenesis. However, the miRNA–messenger RNA (mRNA) regulatory network in MB is far from being fully understood. Our aims were to investigate miRNA expression regulation in MB subgroups, to assess miRNA target relationships, and to identify miRNAs that can distinguish Group 3 from Group 4. Patients and methods With these aims, integrated transcriptome mRNA and miRNA expression analysis was performed on primary tumor samples collected from 18 children with MB, using miRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq), RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and quantitative PCR. Results Of all the expressed miRNAs, 19 appeared to be significantly differentially expressed (DE) between Group 4 and non-Group 4 subgroups (false discovery rate [FDR] <0.05), including 10 miRNAs, which, for the first time, are reported to be in conjunction with MB. RNA-seq analysis identified 165 genes that were DE between Group 4 and the other subgroups (FDR <0.05), among which seven are predicted targets of five DE miRNAs and exhibit inverse expression pattern. Conclusion This study identified miRNA molecules that may be involved in Group 4 etiology, in general, and can distinguish between Group 3 and Group 4, in particular. In addition, understanding the involvement of miRNAs and their targets in MB may improve diagnosis and advance the development of targeted treatment for MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Gershanov
- Genomic Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Helen Toledano
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shalom Michowiz
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Orit Barinfeld
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Krieger Eye Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Albert Pinhasov
- Genomic Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Nitza Goldenberg-Cohen
- The Krieger Eye Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Ophthalmology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mali Salmon-Divon
- Genomic Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Kaneko R, Takatsuru Y, Morita A, Amano I, Haijima A, Imayoshi I, Tamamaki N, Koibuchi N, Watanabe M, Yanagawa Y. Inhibitory neuron-specific Cre-dependent red fluorescent labeling using VGAT BAC-based transgenic mouse lines with identified transgene integration sites. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:373-396. [PMID: 29063602 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory neurons are crucial for shaping and regulating the dynamics of the entire network, and disturbances in these neurons contribute to brain disorders. Despite the recent progress in genetic labeling techniques, the heterogeneity of inhibitory neurons requires the development of highly characterized tools that allow accurate, convenient, and versatile visualization of inhibitory neurons in the mouse brain. Here, we report a novel genetic technique to visualize the vast majority and/or sparse subsets of inhibitory neurons in the mouse brain without using techniques that require advanced skills. We developed several lines of Cre-dependent tdTomato reporter mice based on the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)-BAC, named VGAT-stop-tdTomato mice. The most useful line (line #54) was selected for further analysis based on two characteristics: the inhibitory neuron-specificity of tdTomato expression and the transgene integration site, which confers efficient breeding and fewer adverse effects resulting from transgene integration-related genomic disruption. Robust and inhibitory neuron-specific expression of tdTomato was observed in a wide range of developmental and cellular contexts. By breeding the VGAT-stop-tdTomato mouse (line #54) with a novel Cre driver mouse line, Galntl4-CreER, sparse labeling of inhibitory neurons was achieved following tamoxifen administration. Furthermore, another interesting line (line #58) was generated through the unexpected integration of the transgene into the X-chromosome and will be used to map X-chromosome inactivation of inhibitory neurons. Taken together, our studies provide new, well-characterized tools with which multiple aspects of inhibitory neurons can be studied in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kaneko
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takatsuru
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Johmoh Hospital, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ayako Morita
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Asahi Haijima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Itaru Imayoshi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Tamamaki
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
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Meis1 Coordinates Cerebellar Granule Cell Development by Regulating Pax6 Transcription, BMP Signaling and Atoh1 Degradation. J Neurosci 2018; 38:1277-1294. [PMID: 29317485 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1545-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs) and granule cells (GCs) represent good models to study neuronal development. Here, we report that the transcription factor myeloid ectopic viral integration site 1 homolog (Meis1) plays pivotal roles in the regulation of mouse GC development. We found that Meis1 is expressed in GC lineage cells and astrocytes in the cerebellum during development. Targeted disruption of the Meis1 gene specifically in the GC lineage resulted in smaller cerebella with disorganized lobules. Knock-down/knock-out (KO) experiments for Meis1 and in vitro assays showed that Meis1 binds to an upstream sequence of Pax6 to enhance its transcription in GCPs/GCs and also suggested that the Meis1-Pax6 cascade regulates morphology of GCPs/GCs during development. In the conditional KO (cKO) cerebella, many Atoh1-positive GCPs were observed ectopically in the inner external granule layer (EGL) and a similar phenomenon was observed in cultured cerebellar slices treated with a bone morphogenic protein (BMP) inhibitor. Furthermore, expression of Smad proteins and Smad phosphorylation were severely reduced in the cKO cerebella and Meis1-knock-down GCPs cerebella. Reduction of phosphorylated Smad was also observed in cerebellar slices electroporated with a Pax6 knock-down vector. Because it is known that BMP signaling induces Atoh1 degradation in GCPs, these findings suggest that the Meis1-Pax6 pathway increases the expression of Smad proteins to upregulate BMP signaling, leading to degradation of Atoh1 in the inner EGL, which contributes to differentiation from GCPs to GCs. Therefore, this work reveals crucial functions of Meis1 in GC development and gives insights into the general understanding of the molecular machinery underlying neural differentiation from neural progenitors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We report that myeloid ectopic viral integration site 1 homolog (Meis1) plays pivotal roles in the regulation of mouse granule cell (GC) development. Here, we show Meis1 is expressed in GC precursors (GCPs) and GCs during development. Our knock-down and conditional knock-out (cKO) experiments and in vitro assays revealed that Meis1 is required for proper cerebellar structure formation and for Pax6 transcription in GCPs and GCs. The Meis1-Pax6 cascade regulates the morphology of GCs. In the cKO cerebella, Smad proteins and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling are severely reduced and Atoh1-expressing GCPs are ectopically detected in the inner external granule layer. These findings suggest that Meis1 regulates degradation of Atoh1 via BMP signaling, contributing to GC differentiation in the inner EGL, and should provide understanding into GC development.
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Naruse M, Shibasaki K, Ishizaki Y. Temporal Changes in Transcription Factor Expression Associated with the Differentiation State of Cerebellar Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells During Development. Neurochem Res 2017; 43:205-211. [PMID: 28988404 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During central nervous development, multi-potent neural stem/progenitor cells located in the ventricular/subventricular zones are temporally regulated to mostly produce neurons during early developmental stages and to produce glia during later developmental stages. After birth, the rodent cerebellum undergoes further dramatic development. It is also known that neural stem/progenitor cells are present in the white matter (WM) of the postnatal cerebellum until around P10, although the fate of these cells has yet to be determined. In the present study, it was revealed that primary neurospheres generated from cerebellar neural stem/progenitor cells at postnatal day 3 (P3) mainly differentiated into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In contrast, primary neurospheres generated from cerebellar neural stem/progenitor cells at P8 almost exclusively differentiated into astrocytes, but not oligodendrocytes. These results suggest that the differentiation potential of primary neurospheres changes depending on the timing of neural stem/progenitor cell isolation from the cerebellum. To identify the candidate transcription factors involved in regulating this temporal change, we utilized DNA microarray analysis to compare global gene-expression profiles of primary neurospheres generated from neural stem/progenitor cells isolated from either P3 or P8 cerebellum. The expression of zfp711, zfp618, barx1 and hoxb3 was higher in neurospheres generated from P3 cerebellum than from P8 by real-time quantitative PCR. Several precursor cells were found to express zfp618, barx1 or hoxb3 in the WM of the cerebellum at P3, but these transcription factors were absent from the WM of the P8 cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Naruse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Koji Shibasaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuki Ishizaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan.
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Zainolabidin N, Kamath SP, Thanawalla AR, Chen AI. Distinct Activities of Tfap2A and Tfap2B in the Specification of GABAergic Interneurons in the Developing Cerebellum. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:281. [PMID: 28912684 PMCID: PMC5583517 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAergic inhibitory neurons in the cerebellum are subdivided into Purkinje cells and distinct subtypes of interneurons from the same pool of progenitors, but the determinants of this diversification process are not well defined. To explore the transcriptional regulation of the development of cerebellar inhibitory neurons, we examined the role of Tfap2A and Tfap2B in the specification of GABAergic neuronal subtypes in mice. We show that Tfap2A and Tfap2B are expressed in inhibitory precursors during embryonic development and that their expression persists into adulthood. The onset of their expression follows Ptf1a and Olig2, key determinants of GABAergic neuronal fate in the cerebellum; and, their expression precedes Pax2, an interneuron-specific factor. Tfap2A is expressed by all GABAergic neurons, whereas Tfap2B is selectively expressed by interneurons. Genetic manipulation via in utero electroporation (IUE) reveals that Tfap2B is necessary for interneuron specification and is capable of suppressing the generation of excitatory cells. Tfap2A, but not Tfap2B, is capable of inducing the generation of interneurons when misexpressed in the ventricular neuroepithelium. Together, our results demonstrate that the differential expression of Tfap2A and Tfap2B defines subtypes of GABAergic neurons and plays specific, but complementary roles in the specification of interneurons in the developing cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norliyana Zainolabidin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)Singapore, Singapore.,School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Sandhya P Kamath
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)Singapore, Singapore.,School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ayesha R Thanawalla
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)Singapore, Singapore.,School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Albert I Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)Singapore, Singapore.,School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, United Kingdom.,ASTAR, Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologySingapore, Singapore
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A Novel and Multivalent Role of Pax6 in Cerebellar Development. J Neurosci 2017; 36:9057-69. [PMID: 27581449 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4385-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pax6 is a prominent gene in brain development. The deletion of Pax6 results in devastated development of eye, olfactory bulb, and cortex. However, it has been reported that the Pax6-null Sey cerebellum only has minor defects involving granule cells despite Pax6 being expressed throughout cerebellar development. The present work has uncovered a requirement of Pax6 in the development of all rhombic lip (RL) lineages. A significant downregulation of Tbr1 and Tbr2 expression is found in the Sey cerebellum, these are cell-specific markers of cerebellar nuclear (CN) neurons and unipolar brush cells (UBCs), respectively. The examination of Tbr1 and Lmx1a immunolabeling and Nissl staining confirmed the loss of CN neurons from the Sey cerebellum. CN neuron progenitors are produced in the mutant but there is an enhanced death of these neurons as shown by increased presence of caspase-3-positive cells. These data indicate that Pax6 regulates the survival of CN neuron progenitors. Furthermore, the analysis of experimental mouse chimeras suggests a cell-extrinsic role of Pax6 in CN neuron survival. For UBCs, using Tbr2 immunolabeling, these cells are significantly reduced in the Sey cerebellum. The loss of UBCs in the mutant is due partly to cell death in the RL and also to the reduced production of progenitors from the RL. These results demonstrate a critical role for Pax6 in regulating the generation and survival of UBCs. This and previous work from our laboratory demonstrate a seminal role of Pax6 in the development of all cerebellar glutamatergic neurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pax6 is a key molecule in development. Pax6 is best known as the master control gene in eye development with mutations causing aniridia in humans. Pax6 also plays important developmental roles in the cortex and olfactory bulb. During cerebellar development, Pax6 is robustly expressed in the germinal zone of all glutamatergic neurons [cerebellar nuclear (CN) neurons, granule cells, and unipolar brush cells (UBCs)]. Past work has not found abnormalities in the CN and UBC populations. Our study reveals that the Pax6-null mutation dramatically affects these cells and identifies Pax6 as a key regulator of cell survival in CN neurons and of cell production in UBCs. The present study shows how Pax6 is key to the development of glutamatergic cells in the cerebellum.
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Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced Recruitment of Inflammatory Mononuclear Cells Leads to Inflammation and Altered Brain Development in Murine Cytomegalovirus-Infected Newborn Mice. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01983-16. [PMID: 28122986 PMCID: PMC5375689 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01983-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a significant cause of abnormal neurodevelopment and long-term neurological sequelae in infants and children. Resident cell populations of the developing brain have been suggested to be more susceptible to virus-induced cytopathology, a pathway thought to contribute to the clinical outcomes following intrauterine HCMV infection. However, recent findings in a newborn mouse model of the infection in the developing brain have indicated that elevated levels of proinflammatory mediators leading to mononuclear cell activation and recruitment could underlie the abnormal neurodevelopment. In this study, we demonstrate that treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-neutralizing antibodies decreased the frequency of CD45+ Ly6Chi CD11b+ CCR2+ activated myeloid mononuclear cells (MMCs) and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the blood and the brains of murine CMV-infected mice. This treatment also normalized neurodevelopment in infected mice without significantly impacting the level of virus replication. These results indicate that TNF-α is a major component of the inflammatory response associated with altered neurodevelopment that follows murine CMV infection of the developing brain and that a subset of peripheral blood myeloid mononuclear cells represent a key effector cell population in this model of virus-induced inflammatory disease of the developing brain.IMPORTANCE Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is the most common viral infection of the developing human fetus and can result in neurodevelopmental sequelae. Mechanisms of disease leading to neurodevelopmental deficits in infected infants remain undefined, but postulated pathways include loss of neuronal progenitor cells, damage to the developing vascular system of the brain, and altered cellular positioning. Direct virus-mediated cytopathic effects cannot explain the phenotypes of brain damage in most infected infants. Using a mouse model that recapitulates characteristics of the brain infection described in human infants, we have shown that TNF-α plays a key role in brain inflammation, including recruitment of inflammatory mononuclear cells. Neutralization of TNF-α normalized neurodevelopmental abnormalities in infected mice, providing evidence that virus-induced inflammation is a major component of disease in the developing brain. These results suggest that interventions limiting inflammation associated with the infection could potentially improve the neurologic outcome of infants infected in utero with HCMV.
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Intragenic CpG islands play important roles in bivalent chromatin assembly of developmental genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1885-E1894. [PMID: 28223506 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CpG, 5'-C-phosphate-G-3', islands (CGIs) have long been known for their association with enhancers, silencers, and promoters, and for their epigenetic signatures. They are maintained in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in a poised but inactive state via the formation of bivalent chromatin containing both active and repressive marks. CGIs also occur within coding sequences, where their functional role has remained obscure. Intragenic CGIs (iCGIs) are largely absent from housekeeping genes, but they are found in all genes associated with organ development and cell lineage control. In this paper, we investigated the epigenetic status of iCGIs and found that they too reside in bivalent chromatin in ESCs. Cell type-specific DNA methylation of iCGIs in differentiated cells was linked to the loss of both the H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 marks, and disruption of physical interaction with promoter regions, resulting in transcriptional activation of key regulators of differentiation such as PAXs, HOXs, and WNTs. The differential epigenetic modification of iCGIs appears to be mediated by cell type-specific transcription factors distinct from those bound by promoter, and these transcription factors may be involved in the hypermethylation of iCGIs upon cell differentiation. iCGIs thus play a key role in the cell type-specific regulation of transcription.
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Subashini C, Dhanesh SB, Chen CM, Riya PA, Meera V, Divya TS, Kuruvilla R, Buttler K, James J. Wnt5a is a crucial regulator of neurogenesis during cerebellum development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42523. [PMID: 28205531 PMCID: PMC5311982 DOI: 10.1038/srep42523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Wnt5a has been extensively explored in various aspects of development but its role in cerebellar development remains elusive. Here, for the first time we unravel the expression pattern and functional significance of Wnt5a in cerebellar development using Wnt5a−/− and Nestin-Cre mediated conditional knockout mouse models. We demonstrate that loss of Wnt5a results in cerebellar hypoplasia and depletion of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. Besides, Purkinje cells of the mutants displayed stunted, poorly branched dendritic arbors. Furthermore, we show that the overall reduction is due to decreased radial glial and granule neuron progenitor cell proliferation. At molecular level we provide evidence for non-canonical mode of action of Wnt5a and its regulation over genes associated with progenitor proliferation. Altogether our findings imply that Wnt5a signaling is a crucial regulator of cerebellar development and would aid in better understanding of cerebellar disease pathogenesis caused due to deregulation of Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramohan Subashini
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695 014, India
| | - Sivadasan Bindu Dhanesh
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695 014, India
| | - Chih-Ming Chen
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., 224 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Paul Ann Riya
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695 014, India
| | - Vadakkath Meera
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695 014, India
| | - Thulasi Sheela Divya
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695 014, India
| | - Rejji Kuruvilla
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., 224 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kerstin Buttler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075-Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jackson James
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695 014, India
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Vriend J, Marzban H. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and chromosome 17 in cerebellar granule cells and medulloblastoma subgroups. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:449-467. [PMID: 27592301 PMCID: PMC11107675 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 17 abnormalities are often observed in medulloblastomas (MBs), particularly those classified in the consensus Groups 3 and 4. Herein we review MB signature genes associated with chromosome 17 and the relationship of these signature genes to the ubiquitin-proteasome system. While clinical investigators have not focused on the ubiquitin-proteasome system in relation to MB, a substantial amount of data on the topic has been hidden in the form of supplemental datasets of gene expression. A supplemental dataset associated with the Thompson classification of MBs shows that a subgroup of MB with 17p deletions is characterized by reduced expression of genes for several core particle subunits of the beta ring of the proteasome (β1, β4, β5, β7). One of these genes (PSMB6, the gene for the β1 subunit) is located on chromosome 17, near the telomeric end of 17p. By comparison, in the WNT group of MBs only one core proteasome subunit, β6, associated with loss of a gene (PSMB1) on chromosome 6, was down-regulated in this dataset. The MB subgroups with the worst prognosis have a significant association with chromosome 17 abnormalities and irregularities of APC/C cyclosome genes. We conclude that the expression of proteasome subunit genes and genes for ubiquitin ligases can contribute to prognostic classification of MBs. The therapeutic value of targeting proteasome subunits and ubiquitin ligases in the various subgroups of MB remains to be determined separately for each classification of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Vriend
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm134, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm134, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Early Purkinje Cell Development and the Origins of Cerebellar Patterning. CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59749-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Leto K, Arancillo M, Becker EBE, Buffo A, Chiang C, Ding B, Dobyns WB, Dusart I, Haldipur P, Hatten ME, Hoshino M, Joyner AL, Kano M, Kilpatrick DL, Koibuchi N, Marino S, Martinez S, Millen KJ, Millner TO, Miyata T, Parmigiani E, Schilling K, Sekerková G, Sillitoe RV, Sotelo C, Uesaka N, Wefers A, Wingate RJT, Hawkes R. Consensus Paper: Cerebellar Development. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 15:789-828. [PMID: 26439486 PMCID: PMC4846577 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mammalian cerebellum is orchestrated by both cell-autonomous programs and inductive environmental influences. Here, we describe the main processes of cerebellar ontogenesis, highlighting the neurogenic strategies used by developing progenitors, the genetic programs involved in cell fate specification, the progressive changes of structural organization, and some of the better-known abnormalities associated with developmental disorders of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Esther B E Becker
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Baojin Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Hatten
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daniel L Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Silvia Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Department Human Anatomy, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Millner
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Elena Parmigiani
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Karl Schilling
- Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Anatomisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriella Sekerková
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Constantino Sotelo
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Université de Paris 06, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Naofumi Uesaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Annika Wefers
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard J T Wingate
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4NI, AB, Canada
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Olig2 regulates Purkinje cell generation in the early developing mouse cerebellum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30711. [PMID: 27469598 PMCID: PMC4965836 DOI: 10.1038/srep30711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oligodendrocyte transcription factor Olig2 plays a crucial role in the neurogenesis of both spinal cord and brain. In the cerebellum, deletion of both Olig2 and Olig1 results in impaired genesis of Purkinje cells (PCs) and Pax2+ interneurons. Here, we perform an independent study to show that Olig2 protein is transiently expressed in the cerebellar ventricular zone (VZ) during a period when PCs are specified. Further analyses demonstrate that Olig2 is expressed in both cerebellar VZ progenitors and early-born neurons. In addition, unlike in the ganglionic eminence of the embryonic forebrain where Olig2 is mostly expressed in proliferating progenitors, Olig2+ cells in the cerebellar VZ are in the process of leaving the cell cycle and differentiating into postmitotic neurons. Functionally, deletion of Olig2 alone results in a preferential reduction of PCs in the cerebellum, which is likely mediated by decreased neuronal generation from their cerebellar VZ progenitors. Furthermore, our long-term lineage tracing experiments show that cerebellar Olig gene-expressing progenitors produce PCs but rarely Pax2+ interneurons in the developing cerebellum, which opposes the “temporal identity transition” model of the cerebellar VZ progenitors stating that majority of Pax2+ interneuron progenitors are transitioned from Olig2+ PC progenitors.
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Capaldo E, Iulianella A. Cux2 serves as a novel lineage marker of granule cell layer neurons from the rhombic lip in mouse and chick embryos. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:881-96. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Capaldo
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine; Dalhousie University, Life Science Research Institute; Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine; Dalhousie University, Life Science Research Institute; Nova Scotia Canada
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Condie BG. The untapped potential of the GENSAT mice-A valuable resource for developmental biology. Genesis 2016; 54:245-56. [PMID: 27074373 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene Expression Nervous System Atlas (GENSAT) transgenic mice express EGFP, tdTomato, or Cre recombinase in a wide range of cell types. The mice and the bacterial artificial chromosome transgenes are available from repositories (MMRRC or CHORI), thereby making these resources readily available to the research community. This resource of 1,386 transgenic lines was developed and validated for neuroscience research. However, GENSAT mice have many potential applications in other contexts including studies of development outside of the CNS. The cell type-specific expression of fluorescent proteins in these mice has been used to identify cells in living embryos, in living embryo explants, and in stem or progenitor cell populations in postnatal tissues. The large number of fluorescent protein driver lines generated by GENSAT greatly expands the range of cell type markers that can be used for live cell sorting. In addition, the GENSAT project has generated 278 new Cre driver lines. This review provides an overview of the GENSAT lines and information for identifying lines that may be useful for a particular application. I also provide a review of the few published cases in which GENSAT mice have been used for studies of embryonic development or analysis of stem/progenitor cells in nonneural tissues. genesis 54:245-256, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Condie
- Department of Genetics, Developmental Biology Alliance, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Bizzoca A, Picocci S, Corsi P, Arbia S, Croci L, Consalez GG, Gennarini G. The gene encoding the mouse contactin-1 axonal glycoprotein is regulated by the collier/Olf1/EBF family early B-Cell factor 2 transcription factor. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1420-40. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bizzoca
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; Medical School, University of Bari; Policlinico Bari I-70124 Italy
| | - Sabrina Picocci
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; Medical School, University of Bari; Policlinico Bari I-70124 Italy
| | - Patrizia Corsi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; Medical School, University of Bari; Policlinico Bari I-70124 Italy
| | - Stefania Arbia
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; Medical School, University of Bari; Policlinico Bari I-70124 Italy
| | - Laura Croci
- Division of Neuroscience; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milano I-20132 Italy
| | - G. Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milano I-20132 Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele; Milano I-20132 Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gennarini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; Medical School, University of Bari; Policlinico Bari I-70124 Italy
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Control of axon guidance and neurotransmitter phenotype of dB1 hindbrain interneurons by Lim-HD code. J Neurosci 2015; 35:2596-611. [PMID: 25673852 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2699-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hindbrain dorsal interneurons (HDIs) are implicated in receiving, processing, integrating, and transmitting sensory inputs from the periphery and spinal cord, including the vestibular, auditory, and proprioceptive systems. During development, multiple molecularly defined HDI types are set in columns along the dorsoventral axis, before migrating along well-defined trajectories to generate various brainstem nuclei. Major brainstem functions rely on the precise assembly of different interneuron groups and higher brain domains into common circuitries. Yet, knowledge regarding interneuron axonal patterns, synaptic targets, and the transcriptional control that govern their connectivity is sparse. The dB1 class of HDIs is formed in a district dorsomedial position along the hindbrain and gives rise to the inferior olive nuclei, dorsal cochlear nuclei, and vestibular nuclei. dB1 interneurons express various transcription factors (TFs): the pancreatic transcription factor 1a (Ptf1a), the homeobox TF-Lbx1 and the Lim-homeodomain (Lim-HD), and TF Lhx1 and Lhx5. To decipher the axonal and synaptic connectivity of dB1 cells, we have used advanced enhancer tools combined with conditional expression systems and the PiggyBac-mediated DNA transposition system in avian embryos. Multiple ipsilateral and contralateral axonal projections were identified ascending toward higher brain centers, where they formed synapses in the Purkinje cerebellar layer as well as at discrete midbrain auditory and vestibular centers. Decoding the mechanisms that instruct dB1 circuit formation revealed a fundamental role for Lim-HD proteins in regulating their axonal patterns, synaptic targets, and neurotransmitter choice. Together, this study provides new insights into the assembly and heterogeneity of HDIs connectivity and its establishment through the central action of Lim-HD governed programs.
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49
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Self-organization of polarized cerebellar tissue in 3D culture of human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Rep 2015; 10:537-50. [PMID: 25640179 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During cerebellar development, the main portion of the cerebellar plate neuroepithelium gives birth to Purkinje cells and interneurons, whereas the rhombic lip, the germinal zone at its dorsal edge, generates granule cells and cerebellar nuclei neurons. However, it remains elusive how these components cooperate to form the intricate cerebellar structure. Here, we found that a polarized cerebellar structure self-organizes in 3D human embryonic stem cell (ESC) culture. The self-organized neuroepithelium differentiates into electrophysiologically functional Purkinje cells. The addition of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) promotes spontaneous generation of dorsoventrally polarized neural-tube-like structures at the level of the cerebellum. Furthermore, addition of SDF1 and FGF19 promotes the generation of a continuous cerebellar plate neuroepithelium with rhombic-lip-like structure at one end and a three-layer cytoarchitecture similar to the embryonic cerebellum. Thus, human-ESC-derived cerebellar progenitors exhibit substantial self-organizing potential for generating a polarized structure reminiscent of the early human cerebellum at the first trimester.
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50
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Meier F, Giesert F, Delic S, Faus-Kessler T, Matheus F, Simeone A, Hölter SM, Kühn R, Weisenhorn DMV, Wurst W, Prakash N. FGF/FGFR2 signaling regulates the generation and correct positioning of Bergmann glia cells in the developing mouse cerebellum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101124. [PMID: 24983448 PMCID: PMC4077754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal cellular organization and layering of the vertebrate cerebellum is established during embryonic and early postnatal development by the interplay of a complex array of genetic and signaling pathways. Disruption of these processes and of the proper layering of the cerebellum usually leads to ataxic behaviors. Here, we analyzed the relative contribution of Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2)-mediated signaling to cerebellar development in conditional Fgfr2 single mutant mice. We show that during embryonic mouse development, Fgfr2 expression is higher in the anterior cerebellar primordium and excluded from the proliferative ventricular neuroepithelium. Consistent with this finding, conditional Fgfr2 single mutant mice display the most prominent defects in the anterior lobules of the adult cerebellum. In this context, FGFR2-mediated signaling is required for the proper generation of Bergmann glia cells and the correct positioning of these cells within the Purkinje cell layer, and for cell survival in the developing cerebellar primordium. Using cerebellar microexplant cultures treated with an FGFR agonist (FGF9) or antagonist (SU5402), we also show that FGF9/FGFR-mediated signaling inhibits the outward migration of radial glia and Bergmann glia precursors and cells, and might thus act as a positioning cue for these cells. Altogether, our findings reveal the specific functions of the FGFR2-mediated signaling pathway in the generation and positioning of Bergmann glia cells during cerebellar development in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meier
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Giesert
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabit Delic
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Faus-Kessler
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Friederike Matheus
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antonio Simeone
- Centre of Genetics Engineering (CEINGE) Biotecnologie Avanzate, European School of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabine M. Hölter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kühn
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniela M. Vogt. Weisenhorn
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Standort München, München, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Standort München, München, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, München, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
- * E-mail: (WW) (WW); (NP) (NP)
| | - Nilima Prakash
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (WW) (WW); (NP) (NP)
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