1
|
Theyel BB, Stevenson RJ, Connors BW. Activity-Dependent Ectopic Spiking in Parvalbumin-Expressing Interneurons of the Neocortex. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0314-23.2024. [PMID: 38637152 PMCID: PMC11069434 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0314-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Canonically, action potentials of most mammalian neurons initiate at the axon initial segment (AIS) and propagate bidirectionally: orthodromically along the distal axon and retrogradely into the soma and dendrites. Under some circumstances, action potentials may initiate ectopically, at sites distal to the AIS, and propagate antidromically along the axon. These "ectopic action potentials" (EAPs) have been observed in experimental models of seizures and chronic pain, and more rarely in nonpathological forebrain neurons. Here we report that a large majority of parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons in the upper layers of mouse neocortex, from both orbitofrontal and primary somatosensory areas, fire EAPs after sufficient activation of their somata. Somatostatin-expressing interneurons also fire EAPs, though less robustly. Ectopic firing in PV+ cells occurs in varying temporal patterns and can persist for several seconds. PV+ cells evoke strong synaptic inhibition in pyramidal neurons and interneurons and play critical roles in cortical function. Our results suggest that ectopic spiking of PV+ interneurons is common and may contribute to both normal and pathological network functions of the neocortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Theyel
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Care New England Medical Group, Providence, Rhode Island 02906
| | - Rachel J Stevenson
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Barry W Connors
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seignette K, Jamann N, Papale P, Terra H, Porneso RO, de Kraker L, van der Togt C, van der Aa M, Neering P, Ruimschotel E, Roelfsema PR, Montijn JS, Self MW, Kole MHP, Levelt CN. Experience shapes chandelier cell function and structure in the visual cortex. eLife 2024; 12:RP91153. [PMID: 38192196 PMCID: PMC10963032 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Detailed characterization of interneuron types in primary visual cortex (V1) has greatly contributed to understanding visual perception, yet the role of chandelier cells (ChCs) in visual processing remains poorly characterized. Using viral tracing we found that V1 ChCs predominantly receive monosynaptic input from local layer 5 pyramidal cells and higher-order cortical regions. Two-photon calcium imaging and convolutional neural network modeling revealed that ChCs are visually responsive but weakly selective for stimulus content. In mice running in a virtual tunnel, ChCs respond strongly to events known to elicit arousal, including locomotion and visuomotor mismatch. Repeated exposure of the mice to the virtual tunnel was accompanied by reduced visual responses of ChCs and structural plasticity of ChC boutons and axon initial segment length. Finally, ChCs only weakly inhibited pyramidal cells. These findings suggest that ChCs provide an arousal-related signal to layer 2/3 pyramidal cells that may modulate their activity and/or gate plasticity of their axon initial segments during behaviorally relevant events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koen Seignette
- Department of Molecular Visual Plasticity, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Nora Jamann
- Department of Axonal Signaling, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Biology Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Paolo Papale
- Department of Vision & Cognition, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Huub Terra
- Department of Molecular Visual Plasticity, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Ralph O Porneso
- Department of Molecular Visual Plasticity, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Leander de Kraker
- Department of Molecular Visual Plasticity, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Chris van der Togt
- Department of Molecular Visual Plasticity, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Vision & Cognition, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Maaike van der Aa
- Department of Molecular Visual Plasticity, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Paul Neering
- Department of Molecular Visual Plasticity, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Vision & Cognition, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Emma Ruimschotel
- Department of Molecular Visual Plasticity, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Pieter R Roelfsema
- Department of Vision & Cognition, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
- Laboratory of Visual Brain Therapy, Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la VisionParisFrance
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU UniversityAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Jorrit S Montijn
- Department of Cortical Structure & Function, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Matthew W Self
- Department of Vision & Cognition, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Maarten HP Kole
- Department of Axonal Signaling, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Biology Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Christiaan N Levelt
- Department of Molecular Visual Plasticity, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peerboom C, de Kater S, Jonker N, Rieter MPJM, Wijne T, Wierenga CJ. Delaying the GABA Shift Indirectly Affects Membrane Properties in the Developing Hippocampus. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5483-5500. [PMID: 37438107 PMCID: PMC10376938 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0251-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the first two postnatal weeks, intraneuronal chloride concentrations in rodents gradually decrease, causing a shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing GABA responses. The postnatal GABA shift is delayed in rodent models for neurodevelopmental disorders and in human patients, but the impact of a delayed GABA shift on the developing brain remains obscure. Here we examine the direct and indirect consequences of a delayed postnatal GABA shift on network development in organotypic hippocampal cultures made from 6- to 7-d-old mice by treating the cultures for 1 week with VU0463271, a specific inhibitor of the chloride exporter KCC2. We verified that VU treatment delayed the GABA shift and kept GABA signaling depolarizing until DIV9. We found that the structural and functional development of excitatory and inhibitory synapses at DIV9 was not affected after VU treatment. In line with previous studies, we observed that GABA signaling was already inhibitory in control and VU-treated postnatal slices. Surprisingly, 14 d after the VU treatment had ended (DIV21), we observed an increased frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in CA1 pyramidal cells, while excitatory currents were not changed. Synapse numbers and release probability were unaffected. We found that dendrite-targeting interneurons in the stratum radiatum had an elevated resting membrane potential, while pyramidal cells were less excitable compared with control slices. Our results show that depolarizing GABA signaling does not promote synapse formation after P7, and suggest that postnatal intracellular chloride levels indirectly affect membrane properties in a cell-specific manner.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT During brain development, the action of neurotransmitter GABA shifts from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing. This shift is a thought to play a critical role in synapse formation. A delayed shift is common in rodent models for neurodevelopmental disorders and in human patients, but its consequences for synaptic development remain obscure. Here, we delayed the GABA shift by 1 week in organotypic hippocampal cultures and carefully examined the consequences for circuit development. We find that delaying the shift has no direct effects on synaptic development, but instead leads to indirect, cell type-specific changes in membrane properties. Our data call for careful assessment of alterations in cellular excitability in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn Peerboom
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Sam de Kater
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Nikki Jonker
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn P J M Rieter
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Tessel Wijne
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Corette J Wierenga
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tian D, Izumi SI. Different effects of I-wave periodicity repetitive TMS on motor cortex interhemispheric interaction. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1079432. [PMID: 37457007 PMCID: PMC10349661 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1079432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activity of the neural circuits in the human motor cortex can be probed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Changing TMS-induced current direction recruits different cortical neural circuits. I-wave periodicity repetitive TMS (iTMS) substantially modulates motor cortex excitability through neural plasticity, yet its effect on interhemispheric interaction remains unclear. Objective To explore the modulation of interhemispheric interaction by iTMS applied in different current directions. Materials and Methods Twenty right-handed healthy young volunteers (aged 27.5 ± 5.0 years) participated in this study with three visits. On each visit, iTMS in posterior-anterior/anterior-posterior direction (PA-/AP-iTMS) or sham-iTMS was applied to the right hemisphere, with corticospinal excitability and intracortical facilitation of the non-stimulated left hemisphere evaluated at four timepoints. Ipsilateral silent period was also measured at each timepoint probing interhemispheric inhibition (IHI). Results PA- and AP-iTMS potentiated cortical excitability concurrently in the stimulated right hemisphere. Corticospinal excitability of the non-stimulated left hemisphere increased 10 min after both PA- and AP-iTMS intervention, with a decrease in short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF) observed in AP-iTMS only. Immediately after the intervention, PA-iTMS tilted the IHI balance toward inhibiting the non-stimulated hemisphere, while AP-iTMS shifted the balance toward the opposite direction. Conclusions Our findings provide systematic evidence on the plastic modulation of interhemispheric interaction by PA- and AP-iTMS. We show that iTMS induces an interhemispheric facilitatory effect, and that PA- and AP-iTMS differs in modulating interhemispheric inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongting Tian
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Izumi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Compans B, Burrone J. Chandelier cells shine a light on the formation of GABAergic synapses. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102697. [PMID: 36907075 PMCID: PMC10682383 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Uncovering the wiring rules employed by neurons during development represents a formidable challenge with important repercussions for neurodevelopmental disorders. Chandelier cells (ChCs) are a singular GABAergic interneuron type, with a unique morphology, that have recently begun to shed light on the rules that drive the formation and plasticity of inhibitory synapses. This review will focus on the wealth of recent data charting the emergence of synapses formed by ChCs onto pyramidal cells, from the molecules involved to the plasticity of these connections during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Compans
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, London, UK. https://twitter.com/jbneuro
| | - Juan Burrone
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tian D, Izumi SI. TMS and neocortical neurons: an integrative review on the micro-macro connection in neuroplasticity. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF COMPREHENSIVE REHABILITATION SCIENCE 2023; 14:1-9. [PMID: 37859791 PMCID: PMC10585015 DOI: 10.11336/jjcrs.14.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Tian D, Izumi S. TMS and neocortical neurons: an integrative review on the micro-macro connection in neuroplasticity. Jpn J Compr Rehabil Sci 2023; 14: 1-9. Neuroplasticity plays a pivotal role in neuroscience and neurorehabilitation as it bridges the organization and reorganization properties of the brain. Among the numerous neuroplastic protocols, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a well-established non-invasive protocol to induce plastic changes in the brain. Here, we review the findings of four plasticity-inducing TMS protocols in the human motor cortex with relatively evident mechanisms: conventional repetitive TMS (rTMS), theta-burst stimulation (TBS), quadripulse stimulation (QPS) and paired associative stimulation (PAS). Based on the reviewed evidence and a preliminary TMS neurocytological model proposed in our previous report, we further integrate the neurophysiological evidence and plasticity rules of these protocols to present an updated micro-macro connection model between neocortical neurons and the neurophysiological evidence in TMS. This prototypical model will guide further efforts to understand the neural circuit of the motor cortex, the mechanisms of TMS, and the advance of neuroplasticity technologies and their outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongting Tian
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Izumi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shang Z, Huang J, Liu N, Zhang X. Bi-directional Control of Synaptic Input Summation and Spike Generation by GABAergic Inputs at the Axon Initial Segment. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1-13. [PMID: 35639277 PMCID: PMC9849666 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00887-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Differing from other subtypes of inhibitory interneuron, chandelier or axo-axonic cells form depolarizing GABAergic synapses exclusively onto the axon initial segment (AIS) of targeted pyramidal cells (PCs). However, the debate whether these AIS-GABAergic inputs produce excitation or inhibition in neuronal processing is not resolved. Using realistic NEURON modeling and electrophysiological recording of cortical layer-5 PCs, we quantitatively demonstrate that the onset-timing of AIS-GABAergic input, relative to dendritic excitatory glutamatergic inputs, determines its bi-directional regulation of the efficacy of synaptic integration and spike generation in a PC. More specifically, AIS-GABAergic inputs promote the boosting effect of voltage-activated Na+ channels on summed synaptic excitation when they precede glutamatergic inputs by >15 ms, while for nearly concurrent excitatory inputs, they primarily produce a shunting inhibition at the AIS. Thus, our findings offer an integrative mechanism by which AIS-targeting interneurons exert sophisticated regulation of the input-output function in targeted PCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Junhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jung K, Choi Y, Kwon HB. Cortical control of chandelier cells in neural codes. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:992409. [PMID: 36299494 PMCID: PMC9588934 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.992409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Various cortical functions arise from the dynamic interplay of excitation and inhibition. GABAergic interneurons that mediate synaptic inhibition display significant diversity in cell morphology, electrophysiology, plasticity rule, and connectivity. These heterogeneous features are thought to underlie their functional diversity. Emerging attention on specific properties of the various interneuron types has emphasized the crucial role of cell-type specific inhibition in cortical neural processing. However, knowledge is still limited on how each interneuron type forms distinct neural circuits and regulates network activity in health and disease. To dissect interneuron heterogeneity at single cell-type precision, we focus on the chandelier cell (ChC), one of the most distinctive GABAergic interneuron types that exclusively innervate the axon initial segments (AIS) of excitatory pyramidal neurons. Here we review the current understanding of the structural and functional properties of ChCs and their implications in behavioral functions, network activity, and psychiatric disorders. These findings provide insights into the distinctive roles of various single-type interneurons in cortical neural coding and the pathophysiology of cortical dysfunction.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bavan S, Goodkin HP, Papazian DM. Altered Closed State Inactivation Gating in Kv4.2 Channels Results in Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies in Human Patients. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1286-1298. [PMID: 35510384 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Kv4.2 subunits, encoded by KCND2, serve as the pore-forming components of voltage-gated, inactivating ISA K+ channels expressed in the brain. ISA channels inactivate without opening in response to subthreshold excitatory input, temporarily increasing neuronal excitability, the back propagation of action potentials, and Ca2+ influx into dendrites, thereby regulating mechanisms of spike timing-dependent synaptic plasticity. As previously described, a de novo variant in Kv4.2, p.Val404Met, is associated with an infant-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) in monozygotic twin boys. The p.Val404Met variant enhances inactivation directly from closed states, but dramatically impairs inactivation after channel opening. We now report the identification of a closely related, novel, de novo variant in Kv4.2, p.Val402Leu, in a boy with an early-onset pharmacoresistant epilepsy that evolved to an epileptic aphasia syndrome (Continuous Spike Wave during Sleep Syndrome). Like p.Val404Met, the p.Val402Leu variant increases the rate of inactivation from closed states, but significantly slows inactivation after the pore opens. Although quantitatively the p.Val402Leu mutation alters channel kinetics less dramatically than p.Val404Met, our results strongly support the conclusion that p.Val402Leu and p.Val404Met cause the clinical features seen in the affected individuals and underscore the importance of closed state inactivation in ISA channels in normal brain development and function. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selvan Bavan
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1571.,Labcorp Drug Development, Huntingdon, PE28 4HS, UK
| | - Howard P Goodkin
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903
| | - Diane M Papazian
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1571
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mannekote Thippaiah S, Pradhan B, Voyiaziakis E, Shetty R, Iyengar S, Olson C, Tang YY. Possible Role of Parvalbumin Interneurons in Meditation and Psychiatric Illness. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 34:113-123. [PMID: 35040663 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21050136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parvalbumin (PV) interneurons are present in multiple brain regions and produce complex influences on brain functioning. An increasing number of research findings indicate that the function of these interneurons is more complex than solely to inhibit pyramidal neurons in the cortex. They generate feedback and feedforward inhibition of cortical neurons, and they are critically involved in the generation of neuronal network oscillation. These oscillations, generated by various brain regions, are linked to perceptions, thought processes, and cognitive functions, all of which, in turn, influence human emotions and behavior. Both animal and human studies consistently have found that meditation practice results in enhancement in the effects of alpha-, theta-, and gamma-frequency oscillations, which may correspond to positive changes in cognition, emotion, conscious awareness, and, subsequently, behavior. Although the study of meditation has moved into mainstream neuroscience research, the link between PV interneurons and any role they might play in meditative states remains elusive. This article is focused primarily on gamma-frequency oscillation, which is generated by PV interneurons, to develop insight and perspective into the role of PV interneurons in meditation. This article also points to new and emerging directions that address whether this role of PV interneurons in meditation extends to a beneficial, and potentially therapeutic, role in the treatment of common psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinagesh Mannekote Thippaiah
- Department of Psychiatry, Valleywise Behavioral Health Center, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix (Mannekote Thippaiah, Olson); Division of Neuromodulation and Integrative Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, N.J. (Pradhan); Department of Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra/Northwell, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Voyiaziakis); Department of Neuroscience, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Shetty); American Museum of Natural History, New York (Iyengar); Psychiatry Division, District Medical Group, Phoenix (Olson); and College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe (Tang)
| | - Basant Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Valleywise Behavioral Health Center, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix (Mannekote Thippaiah, Olson); Division of Neuromodulation and Integrative Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, N.J. (Pradhan); Department of Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra/Northwell, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Voyiaziakis); Department of Neuroscience, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Shetty); American Museum of Natural History, New York (Iyengar); Psychiatry Division, District Medical Group, Phoenix (Olson); and College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe (Tang)
| | - Emanuel Voyiaziakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Valleywise Behavioral Health Center, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix (Mannekote Thippaiah, Olson); Division of Neuromodulation and Integrative Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, N.J. (Pradhan); Department of Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra/Northwell, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Voyiaziakis); Department of Neuroscience, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Shetty); American Museum of Natural History, New York (Iyengar); Psychiatry Division, District Medical Group, Phoenix (Olson); and College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe (Tang)
| | - Rashika Shetty
- Department of Psychiatry, Valleywise Behavioral Health Center, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix (Mannekote Thippaiah, Olson); Division of Neuromodulation and Integrative Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, N.J. (Pradhan); Department of Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra/Northwell, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Voyiaziakis); Department of Neuroscience, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Shetty); American Museum of Natural History, New York (Iyengar); Psychiatry Division, District Medical Group, Phoenix (Olson); and College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe (Tang)
| | - Sloka Iyengar
- Department of Psychiatry, Valleywise Behavioral Health Center, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix (Mannekote Thippaiah, Olson); Division of Neuromodulation and Integrative Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, N.J. (Pradhan); Department of Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra/Northwell, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Voyiaziakis); Department of Neuroscience, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Shetty); American Museum of Natural History, New York (Iyengar); Psychiatry Division, District Medical Group, Phoenix (Olson); and College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe (Tang)
| | - Carol Olson
- Department of Psychiatry, Valleywise Behavioral Health Center, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix (Mannekote Thippaiah, Olson); Division of Neuromodulation and Integrative Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, N.J. (Pradhan); Department of Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra/Northwell, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Voyiaziakis); Department of Neuroscience, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Shetty); American Museum of Natural History, New York (Iyengar); Psychiatry Division, District Medical Group, Phoenix (Olson); and College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe (Tang)
| | - Yi-Yuan Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Valleywise Behavioral Health Center, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix (Mannekote Thippaiah, Olson); Division of Neuromodulation and Integrative Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, N.J. (Pradhan); Department of Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra/Northwell, Glen Oaks, N.Y. (Voyiaziakis); Department of Neuroscience, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Shetty); American Museum of Natural History, New York (Iyengar); Psychiatry Division, District Medical Group, Phoenix (Olson); and College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe (Tang)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tian D, Izumi SI. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Neocortical Neurons: The Micro-Macro Connection. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:866245. [PMID: 35495053 PMCID: PMC9039343 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.866245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the operation of cortical circuits is an important and necessary task in both neuroscience and neurorehabilitation. The functioning of the neocortex results from integrative neuronal activity, which can be probed non-invasively by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Despite a clear indication of the direct involvement of cortical neurons in TMS, no explicit connection model has been made between the microscopic neuronal landscape and the macroscopic TMS outcome. Here we have performed an integrative review of multidisciplinary evidence regarding motor cortex neurocytology and TMS-related neurophysiology with the aim of elucidating the micro–macro connections underlying TMS. Neurocytological evidence from animal and human studies has been reviewed to describe the landscape of the cortical neurons covering the taxonomy, morphology, circuit wiring, and excitatory–inhibitory balance. Evidence from TMS studies in healthy humans is discussed, with emphasis on the TMS pulse and paradigm selectivity that reflect the underlying neural circuitry constitution. As a result, we propose a preliminary neuronal model of the human motor cortex and then link the TMS mechanisms with the neuronal model by stimulus intensity, direction of induced current, and paired-pulse timing. As TMS bears great developmental potential for both a probe and modulator of neural network activity and neurotransmission, the connection model will act as a foundation for future combined studies of neurocytology and neurophysiology, as well as the technical advances and application of TMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongting Tian
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduates School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Dongting Tian,
| | - Shin-Ichi Izumi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduates School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Shin-Ichi Izumi,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Chandelier cells (ChCs) are a unique type of GABAergic interneuron that form axo-axonic synapses exclusively on the axon initial segment (AIS) of neocortical pyramidal neurons (PyNs), allowing them to exert powerful yet precise control over PyN firing and population output. The importance of proper ChC function is further underscored by the association of ChC connectivity defects with various neurological conditions. Despite this, the cellular mechanisms governing ChC axo-axonic synapse formation remain poorly understood. Here, we identify microglia as key regulators of ChC axonal morphogenesis and AIS synaptogenesis, and show that disease-induced aberrant microglial activation perturbs proper ChC synaptic development/connectivity in the neocortex. In doing so, such findings highlight the therapeutic potential of manipulating microglia to ensure proper brain wiring. Microglia have emerged as critical regulators of synapse development and circuit formation in the healthy brain. To date, examination of microglia in such processes has largely been focused on excitatory synapses. Their roles, however, in the modulation of GABAergic interneuron synapses—particularly those targeting the axon initial segment (AIS)—during development remain enigmatic. Here, we identify a synaptogenic/growth-promoting role for microglia in regulating pyramidal neuron (PyN) AIS synapse formation by chandelier cells (ChCs), a unique interneuron subtype whose axonal terminals, called cartridges, selectively target the AIS. We show that a subset of microglia contacts PyN AISs and ChC cartridges and that such tripartite interactions, which rely on the unique AIS cytoskeleton and microglial GABAB1 receptors, are associated with increased ChC cartridge length and bouton number and AIS synaptogenesis. Conversely, microglia depletion or disease-induced aberrant microglia activation impairs the proper development and maintenance of ChC cartridges and boutons, as well as AIS synaptogenesis. These findings unveil key roles for homeostatic, AIS-associated microglia in regulating proper ChC axonal morphogenesis and synaptic connectivity in the neocortex.
Collapse
|
13
|
Tsolias A, Medalla M. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Localization on Distinct Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons Within the ACC and LPFC of the Rhesus Monkey. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:795325. [PMID: 35087381 PMCID: PMC8786743 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.795325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) can act on pre- and post-synaptic muscarinic receptors (mAChR) in the cortex to influence a myriad of cognitive processes. Two functionally-distinct regions of the prefrontal cortex-the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)-are differentially innervated by ascending cholinergic pathways yet, the nature and organization of prefrontal-cholinergic circuitry in primates are not well understood. Using multi-channel immunohistochemical labeling and high-resolution microscopy, we found regional and laminar differences in the subcellular localization and the densities of excitatory and inhibitory subpopulations expressing m1 and m2 muscarinic receptors, the two predominant cortical mAChR subtypes, in the supragranular layers of LPFC and ACC in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The subset of m1+/m2+ expressing SMI-32+ pyramidal neurons labeled in layer 3 (L3) was denser in LPFC than in ACC, while m1+/m2+ SMI-32+ neurons co-expressing the calcium-binding protein, calbindin (CB) was greater in ACC. Further, we found between-area differences in laminar m1+ dendritic expression, and m2+ presynaptic localization on cortico-cortical (VGLUT1+) and sub-cortical inputs (VGLUT2+), suggesting differential cholinergic modulation of top-down vs. bottom-up inputs in the two areas. While almost all inhibitory interneurons-identified by their expression of parvalbumin (PV+), CB+, and calretinin (CR+)-expressed m1+, the localization of m2+ differed by subtype and area. The ACC exhibited a greater proportion of m2+ inhibitory neurons compared to the LPFC and had a greater density of presynaptic m2+ localized on inhibitory (VGAT+) inputs targeting proximal somatodendritic compartments and axon initial segments of L3 pyramidal neurons. These data suggest a greater capacity for m2+-mediated cholinergic suppression of inhibition in the ACC compared to the LPFC. The anatomical localization of muscarinic receptors on ACC and LPFC micro-circuits shown here contributes to our understanding of diverse cholinergic neuromodulation of functionally-distinct prefrontal areas involved in goal-directed behavior, and how these interactions maybe disrupted in neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tsolias
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Smucny J, Dienel SJ, Lewis DA, Carter CS. Mechanisms underlying dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributions to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:292-308. [PMID: 34285373 PMCID: PMC8617156 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kraepelin, in his early descriptions of schizophrenia (SZ), characterized the illness as having "an orchestra without a conductor." Kraepelin further speculated that this "conductor" was situated in the frontal lobes. Findings from multiple studies over the following decades have clearly implicated pathology of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) as playing a central role in the pathophysiology of SZ, particularly with regard to key cognitive features such as deficits in working memory and cognitive control. Following an overview of the cognitive mechanisms associated with DLPFC function and how they are altered in SZ, we review evidence from an array of neuroscientific approaches addressing how these cognitive impairments may reflect the underlying pathophysiology of the illness. Specifically, we present evidence suggesting that alterations of the DLPFC in SZ are evident across a range of spatial and temporal resolutions: from its cellular and molecular architecture, to its gross structural and functional integrity, and from millisecond to longer timescales. We then present an integrative model based upon how microscale changes in neuronal signaling in the DLPFC can influence synchronized patterns of neural activity to produce macrocircuit-level alterations in DLPFC activation that ultimately influence cognition and behavior. We conclude with a discussion of initial efforts aimed at targeting DLPFC function in SZ, the clinical implications of those efforts, and potential avenues for future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Smucny
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Samuel J Dienel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dudok B, Szoboszlay M, Paul A, Klein PM, Liao Z, Hwaun E, Szabo GG, Geiller T, Vancura B, Wang BS, McKenzie S, Homidan J, Klaver LMF, English DF, Huang ZJ, Buzsáki G, Losonczy A, Soltesz I. Recruitment and inhibitory action of hippocampal axo-axonic cells during behavior. Neuron 2021; 109:3838-3850.e8. [PMID: 34648750 PMCID: PMC8639676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The axon initial segment of hippocampal pyramidal cells is a key subcellular compartment for action potential generation, under GABAergic control by the "chandelier" or axo-axonic cells (AACs). Although AACs are the only cellular source of GABA targeting the initial segment, their in vivo activity patterns and influence over pyramidal cell dynamics are not well understood. We achieved cell-type-specific genetic access to AACs in mice and show that AACs in the hippocampal area CA1 are synchronously activated by episodes of locomotion or whisking during rest. Bidirectional intervention experiments in head-restrained mice performing a random foraging task revealed that AACs inhibit CA1 pyramidal cells, indicating that the effect of GABA on the initial segments in the hippocampus is inhibitory in vivo. Finally, optogenetic inhibition of AACs at specific track locations induced remapping of pyramidal cell place fields. These results demonstrate brain-state-specific dynamics of a critical inhibitory controller of cortical circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barna Dudok
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Miklos Szoboszlay
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Anirban Paul
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA
| | - Peter M Klein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhenrui Liao
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ernie Hwaun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gergely G Szabo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tristan Geiller
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Bert Vancura
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Bor-Shuen Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA
| | - Sam McKenzie
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jesslyn Homidan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Daniel F English
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Development, Diversity, and Death of MGE-Derived Cortical Interneurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179297. [PMID: 34502208 PMCID: PMC8430628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, cortical interneurons (INs) are a highly diverse group of cells. A key neurophysiological question concerns how each class of INs contributes to cortical circuit function and whether specific roles can be attributed to a selective cell type. To address this question, researchers are integrating knowledge derived from transcriptomic, histological, electrophysiological, developmental, and functional experiments to extensively characterise the different classes of INs. Our hope is that such knowledge permits the selective targeting of cell types for therapeutic endeavours. This review will focus on two of the main types of INs, namely the parvalbumin (PV+) or somatostatin (SOM+)-containing cells, and summarise the research to date on these classes.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bucher EA, Collins JM, King AE, Vickers JC, Kirkcaldie MTK. Coherence and cognition in the cortex: the fundamental role of parvalbumin, myelin, and the perineuronal net. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2041-2055. [PMID: 34175994 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The calcium binding protein parvalbumin is expressed in interneurons of two main morphologies, the basket and chandelier cells, which target perisomatic domains on principal cells and are extensively interconnected in laminar networks by synapses and gap junctions. Beyond its utility as a convenient cellular marker, parvalbumin is an unambiguous identifier of the key role that these interneurons play in the fundamental functions of the cortex. They provide a temporal framework for principal cell activity by propagating gamma oscillation, providing coherence for cortical information processing and the basis for timing-dependent plasticity processes. As these parvalbumin networks mature, they are physically and functionally stabilised by axonal myelination and development of the extracellular matrix structure termed the perineuronal net. This maturation correlates with the emergence of high-speed, highly energetic activity and provides a coherent foundation for the unique ability of the cortex to cross-correlate activity across sensory modes and internal representations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie A Bucher
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 143, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Jessica M Collins
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 143, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Anna E King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 143, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - James C Vickers
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 143, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Matthew T K Kirkcaldie
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 143, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jahangir M, Zhou JS, Lang B, Wang XP. GABAergic System Dysfunction and Challenges in Schizophrenia Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:663854. [PMID: 34055795 PMCID: PMC8160111 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.663854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite strenuous studies since the last century, the precise cause and pathology of schizophrenia are still largely unclear and arguably controversial. Although many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the etiology of schizophrenia, the definitive genes or core pathological mechanism remains absent. Among these hypotheses, however, GABAergic dysfunction stands out as a common feature consistently reported in schizophrenia, albeit a satisfactory mechanism that could be exploited for therapeutic purpose has not been developed yet. This review is focusing on the progress made to date in the field in terms of understanding the mechanisms involving dysfunctional GABAergic system and loops identified in schizophrenia research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jahangir
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian-Song Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Iannone AF, De Marco García NV. The Emergence of Network Activity Patterns in the Somatosensory Cortex - An Early Window to Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neuroscience 2021; 466:298-309. [PMID: 33887384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Across mammalian species, patterned activity in neural populations is a prominent feature of developing sensory cortices. Numerous studies have long appreciated the diversity of these patterns, characterizing their differences in spatial and temporal dynamics. In the murine somatosensory cortex, neuronal co-activation is thought to guide the formation of sensory maps and prepare the cortex for sensory processing after birth. While pioneering studies deftly utilized slice electrophysiology and unit recordings to characterize correlated activity, a detailed understanding of the underlying circuits remains poorly understood. More recently, advances in in vivo calcium imaging in awake mouse pups and increasing genetic tractability of neuronal types have allowed unprecedented manipulation of circuit components at select developmental timepoints. These novel approaches have proven fundamental in uncovering the identity of neurons engaged in correlated activity during development. In particular, recent studies have highlighted interneurons as key in refining the spatial extent and temporal progression of patterned activity. Here, we discuss how emergent synchronous activity across the first postnatal weeks is shaped by underlying gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic contributors in the somatosensory cortex. Further, the importance of participation in specific activity patterns per se for neuronal maturation and perdurance will be of particular highlight in this survey of recent literature. Finally, we underscore how aberrant neuronal synchrony and disrupted inhibitory interneuron activity underlie sensory perturbations in neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs), emphasizing the importance of future investigative approaches that incorporate the spatiotemporal features of patterned activity alongside the cellular components to probe disordered circuit assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Iannone
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Natalia V De Marco García
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Song CG, Kang X, Yang F, Du WQ, Zhang JJ, Liu L, Kang JJ, Jia N, Yue H, Fan LY, Wu SX, Jiang W, Gao F. Endocannabinoid system in the neurodevelopment of GABAergic interneurons: implications for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:803-831. [PMID: 33781002 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In mature mammalian brains, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and the functioning of neural networks. Besides, the ECS also contributes to the neurodevelopment of the central nervous system. Due to the increase in the medical and recreational use of cannabis, it is inevitable and essential to elaborate the roles of the ECS on neurodevelopment. GABAergic interneurons represent a group of inhibitory neurons that are vital in controlling neural network activity. However, the role of the ECS in the neurodevelopment of GABAergic interneurons remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we provide a brief introduction of the ECS and interneuron diversity. We focus on the process of interneuron development and the role of ECS in the modulation of interneuron development, from the expansion of the neural stem/progenitor cells to the migration, specification and maturation of interneurons. We further discuss the potential implications of the ECS and interneurons in the pathogenesis of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and autism spectrum disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Geng Song
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wan-Qing Du
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zhang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun-Jun Kang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Jia
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Yue
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu-Yu Fan
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Petzold GC, Dreier JP. Spreading depolarization evoked by endothelin-1 is inhibited by octanol but not by carbenoxolone. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
22
|
Yuste R, Hawrylycz M, Aalling N, Aguilar-Valles A, Arendt D, Armañanzas R, Ascoli GA, Bielza C, Bokharaie V, Bergmann TB, Bystron I, Capogna M, Chang Y, Clemens A, de Kock CPJ, DeFelipe J, Dos Santos SE, Dunville K, Feldmeyer D, Fiáth R, Fishell GJ, Foggetti A, Gao X, Ghaderi P, Goriounova NA, Güntürkün O, Hagihara K, Hall VJ, Helmstaedter M, Herculano-Houzel S, Hilscher MM, Hirase H, Hjerling-Leffler J, Hodge R, Huang J, Huda R, Khodosevich K, Kiehn O, Koch H, Kuebler ES, Kühnemund M, Larrañaga P, Lelieveldt B, Louth EL, Lui JH, Mansvelder HD, Marin O, Martinez-Trujillo J, Chameh HM, Mohapatra AN, Munguba H, Nedergaard M, Němec P, Ofer N, Pfisterer UG, Pontes S, Redmond W, Rossier J, Sanes JR, Scheuermann RH, Serrano-Saiz E, Staiger JF, Somogyi P, Tamás G, Tolias AS, Tosches MA, García MT, Wozny C, Wuttke TV, Liu Y, Yuan J, Zeng H, Lein E. A community-based transcriptomics classification and nomenclature of neocortical cell types. Nat Neurosci 2021; 23:1456-1468. [PMID: 32839617 PMCID: PMC7683348 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand the function of cortical circuits, it is necessary to catalog their cellular diversity. Past attempts to do so using anatomical, physiological or molecular features of cortical cells have not resulted in a unified taxonomy of neuronal or glial cell types, partly due to limited data. Single-cell transcriptomics is enabling, for the first time, systematic high-throughput measurements of cortical cells and generation of datasets that hold the promise of being complete, accurate and permanent. Statistical analyses of these data reveal clusters that often correspond to cell types previously defined by morphological or physiological criteria and that appear conserved across cortical areas and species. To capitalize on these new methods, we propose the adoption of a transcriptome-based taxonomy of cell types for mammalian neocortex. This classification should be hierarchical and use a standardized nomenclature. It should be based on a probabilistic definition of a cell type and incorporate data from different approaches, developmental stages and species. A community-based classification and data aggregation model, such as a knowledge graph, could provide a common foundation for the study of cortical circuits. This community-based classification, nomenclature and data aggregation could serve as an example for cell type atlases in other parts of the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Detlev Arendt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruben Armañanzas
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.,BrainScope Company Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Vahid Bokharaie
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Marco Capogna
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - YoonJeung Chang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richárd Fiáth
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Xuefan Gao
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Parviz Ghaderi
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kenta Hagihara
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biological Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Markus M Hilscher
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Laurel Hollow, NY, USA
| | - Rafiq Huda
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Ole Kiehn
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Eric S Kuebler
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Jan H Lui
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Julio Martinez-Trujillo
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard H Scheuermann
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian Wozny
- University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,MSH Medical School, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas V Wuttke
- Departments of Neurosurgery and of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yong Liu
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juan Yuan
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang JM, Shen CJ, Chen XJ, Kong Y, Liu YS, Li XW, Chen Z, Gao TM, Li XM. erbb4 Deficits in Chandelier Cells of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Confer Cognitive Dysfunctions: Implications for Schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4334-4346. [PMID: 30590426 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
erbb4 is a known susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Chandelier cells (ChCs, also known as axo-axonic cells) are a distinct GABAergic interneuron subtype that exclusively target the axonal initial segment, which is the site of pyramidal neuron action potential initiation. ChCs are a source of ErbB4 expression and alterations in ChC-pyramidal neuron connectivity occur in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of schizophrenic patients and animal models of schizophrenia. However, the contribution of ErbB4 in mPFC ChCs to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia remains unknown. By conditional deletion or knockdown of ErbB4 from mPFC ChCs, we demonstrated that ErbB4 deficits led to impaired ChC-pyramidal neuron connections and cognitive dysfunctions. Furthermore, the cognitive dysfunctions were normalized by L-838417, an agonist of GABAAα2 receptors enriched in the axonal initial segment. Given that cognitive dysfunctions are a core symptom of schizophrenia, our results may provide a new perspective for understanding the etiology of schizophrenia and suggest that GABAAα2 receptors may be potential pharmacological targets for its treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Yang
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Jie Shen
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Si Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Staiger JF, Petersen CCH. Neuronal Circuits in Barrel Cortex for Whisker Sensory Perception. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:353-415. [PMID: 32816652 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The array of whiskers on the snout provides rodents with tactile sensory information relating to the size, shape and texture of objects in their immediate environment. Rodents can use their whiskers to detect stimuli, distinguish textures, locate objects and navigate. Important aspects of whisker sensation are thought to result from neuronal computations in the whisker somatosensory cortex (wS1). Each whisker is individually represented in the somatotopic map of wS1 by an anatomical unit named a 'barrel' (hence also called barrel cortex). This allows precise investigation of sensory processing in the context of a well-defined map. Here, we first review the signaling pathways from the whiskers to wS1, and then discuss current understanding of the various types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons present within wS1. Different classes of cells can be defined according to anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular features. The synaptic connectivity of neurons within local wS1 microcircuits, as well as their long-range interactions and the impact of neuromodulators, are beginning to be understood. Recent technological progress has allowed cell-type-specific connectivity to be related to cell-type-specific activity during whisker-related behaviors. An important goal for future research is to obtain a causal and mechanistic understanding of how selected aspects of tactile sensory information are processed by specific types of neurons in the synaptically connected neuronal networks of wS1 and signaled to downstream brain areas, thus contributing to sensory-guided decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen F Staiger
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carl C H Petersen
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gallo NB, Paul A, Van Aelst L. Shedding Light on Chandelier Cell Development, Connectivity, and Contribution to Neural Disorders. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:565-580. [PMID: 32564887 PMCID: PMC7392791 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chandelier cells (ChCs) are a unique type of GABAergic interneuron that selectively innervate the axon initial segment (AIS) of excitatory pyramidal neurons; the subcellular domain where action potentials are initiated. The proper genesis and maturation of ChCs is critical for regulating neural ensemble firing in the neocortex throughout development and adulthood. Recently, genetic and molecular studies have shed new light on the complex innerworkings of ChCs in health and disease. This review presents an overview of recent studies on the developmental origins, migratory properties, and morphology of ChCs. In addition, attention is given to newly identified molecules regulating ChC morphogenesis and connectivity as well as recent work linking ChC dysfunction to neural disorders, including schizophrenia, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Gallo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 11724, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Anirban Paul
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Linda Van Aelst
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 11724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bartholome O, de la Brassinne Bonardeaux O, Neirinckx V, Rogister B. A Composite Sketch of Fast-Spiking Parvalbumin-Positive Neurons. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa026. [PMID: 34296100 PMCID: PMC8153048 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin-positive neurons are inhibitory neurons that release GABA and are mostly represented by fast-spiking basket or chandelier cells. They constitute a minor neuronal population, yet their peculiar profiles allow them to react quickly to any event in the brain under normal or pathological conditions. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about the fundamentals of fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive neurons, focusing on their morphology and specific channel/protein content. Next, we will explore their development, maturation, and migration in the brain. Finally, we will unravel their potential contribution to the physiopathology of epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bernard Rogister
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,Neurology Department, CHU, Academic Hospital, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pan-Vazquez A, Wefelmeyer W, Gonzalez Sabater V, Neves G, Burrone J. Activity-Dependent Plasticity of Axo-axonic Synapses at the Axon Initial Segment. Neuron 2020; 106:265-276.e6. [PMID: 32109363 PMCID: PMC7181187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The activity-dependent rules that govern the wiring of GABAergic interneurons are not well understood. Chandelier cells (ChCs) are a type of GABAergic interneuron that control pyramidal cell output through axo-axonic synapses that target the axon initial segment. In vivo imaging of ChCs during development uncovered a narrow window (P12-P18) over which axons arborized and formed connections. We found that increases in the activity of either pyramidal cells or individual ChCs during this temporal window result in a reversible decrease in axo-axonic connections. Voltage imaging of GABAergic transmission at the axon initial segment (AIS) showed that axo-axonic synapses were depolarizing during this period. Identical manipulations of network activity in older mice (P40-P46), when ChC synapses are inhibitory, resulted instead in an increase in axo-axonic synapses. We propose that the direction of ChC synaptic plasticity follows homeostatic rules that depend on the polarity of axo-axonic synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pan-Vazquez
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Winnie Wefelmeyer
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Victoria Gonzalez Sabater
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Guilherme Neves
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Juan Burrone
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
The Role of Parvalbumin-positive Interneurons in Auditory Steady-State Response Deficits in Schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18525. [PMID: 31811155 PMCID: PMC6898379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an increasing body of evidence demonstrating subcellular alterations in parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons in schizophrenia, their functional consequences remain elusive. Since PV+ interneurons are involved in the generation of fast cortical rhythms, these changes have been hypothesized to contribute to well-established alterations of beta and gamma range oscillations in patients suffering from schizophrenia. However, the precise role of these alterations and the role of different subtypes of PV+ interneurons is still unclear. Here we used a computational model of auditory steady-state response (ASSR) deficits in schizophrenia. We investigated the differential effects of decelerated synaptic dynamics, caused by subcellular alterations at two subtypes of PV+ interneurons: basket cells and chandelier cells. Our simulations suggest that subcellular alterations at basket cell synapses rather than chandelier cell synapses are the main contributor to these deficits. Particularly, basket cells might serve as target for innovative therapeutic interventions aiming at reversing the oscillatory deficits.
Collapse
|
29
|
Dienel SJ, Lewis DA. Alterations in cortical interneurons and cognitive function in schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 131:104208. [PMID: 29936230 PMCID: PMC6309598 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain clinical features of schizophrenia, such as working memory disturbances, appear to emerge from altered gamma oscillatory activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Given the essential role of GABA neurotransmission in both working memory and gamma oscillations, understanding the cellular substrate for their disturbances in schizophrenia requires evidence from in vivo neuroimaging studies, which provide a means to link markers of GABA neurotransmission to gamma oscillations and working memory, and from postmortem studies, which provide insight into GABA neurotransmission at molecular and cellular levels of resolution. Here, we review findings from both types of studies which converge on the notions that 1) inhibitory GABA signaling in the PFC, especially between parvalbumin positive GABAergic basket cells and excitatory pyramidal cells, is required for gamma oscillatory activity and working memory function; and 2) disturbances in this signaling contribute to altered gamma oscillations and working memory in schizophrenia. Because the PFC is only one node in a distributed cortical network that mediates working memory, we also review evidence of GABA abnormalities in other cortical regions in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Dienel
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, United States; Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - David A Lewis
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
D'Souza RD, Bista P, Meier AM, Ji W, Burkhalter A. Spatial Clustering of Inhibition in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex. Neuron 2019; 104:588-600.e5. [PMID: 31623918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Whether mouse visual cortex contains orderly feature maps is debated. The overlapping pattern of geniculocortical inputs with M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-rich patches in layer 1 (L1) suggests a non-random architecture. Here, we found that L1 inputs from the lateral posterior thalamus (LP) avoid patches and target interpatches. Channelrhodopsin-2-assisted mapping of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in L2/3 shows that the relative excitation of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PVs) and pyramidal neurons (PNs) by dLGN, LP, and cortical feedback is distinct and depends on whether the neurons reside in clusters aligned with patches or interpatches. Paired recordings from PVs and PNs show that unitary inhibitory postsynaptic currents (uIPSCs) are larger in interpatches than in patches. The spatial clustering of inhibition is matched by dense clustering of PV terminals in interpatches. The results show that the excitation/inhibition balance across V1 is organized into patch and interpatch subnetworks, which receive distinct long-range inputs and are specialized for the processing of distinct spatiotemporal features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo D D'Souza
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pawan Bista
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew M Meier
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Weiqing Ji
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andreas Burkhalter
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Reichelt AC, Gibson GD, Abbott KN, Hare DJ. A high-fat high-sugar diet in adolescent rats impairs social memory and alters chemical markers characteristic of atypical neuroplasticity and parvalbumin interneuron depletion in the medial prefrontal cortex. Food Funct 2019; 10:1985-1998. [PMID: 30900711 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02118j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain plasticity is a multifaceted process that is dependent on both neurons and extracellular matrix (ECM) structures, including perineuronal nets (PNNs). In the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) PNNs primarily surround fast-spiking parvalbumin (PV)-containing GABAergic interneurons and are central to regulation of neuroplasticity. In addition to the development of obesity, high-fat and high-sugar (HFHS) diets are also associated with alterations in brain plasticity and emotional behaviours in humans. To examine the underlying involvement of PNNs and cortical plasticity in the mPFC in diet-evoked social behaviour deficits (in this case social recognition), we exposed adolescent (postnatal days P28-P56) rats to a HFHS-supplemented diet. At P56 HFHS-fed animals and age-matched controls fed standard chow were euthanized and co-localization of PNNs with PV neurons in the prelimbic (PrL) and infralimbic (IL) and anterior cingulate (ACC) sub regions of the PFC were examined by dual fluorescence immunohistochemistry. ΔFosB expression was also assessed as a measure of chronic activity and behavioural addiction marker. Consumption of the HFHS diet reduced the number of PV+ neurons and PNNs in the infralimbic (IL) region of the mPFC by -21.9% and -16.5%, respectively. While PV+ neurons and PNNs were not significantly decreased in the ACC or PrL, the percentage of PV+ and PNN co-expressing neurons was increased in all assessed regions of the mPFC in HFHS-fed rats (+33.7% to +41.3%). This shows that the population of PV neurons remaining are those surrounded by PNNs, which may afford some protection against HFHS diet-induced mPFC-dysregulation. ΔFosB expression showed a 5-10-fold increase (p < 0.001) in each mPFC region, supporting the hypothesis that a HFHS diet induces mPFC dysfunction and subsequent behavioural deficits. The data presented shows a potential neurophysiological mechanism and response to specific diet-evoked social recognition deficits as a result of hypercaloric intake in adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Reichelt
- BrainsCAN and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tai Y, Gallo NB, Wang M, Yu JR, Van Aelst L. Axo-axonic Innervation of Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons by GABAergic Chandelier Cells Requires AnkyrinG-Associated L1CAM. Neuron 2019; 102:358-372.e9. [PMID: 30846310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Among the diverse interneuron subtypes in the neocortex, chandelier cells (ChCs) are the only population that selectively innervate pyramidal neurons (PyNs) at their axon initial segment (AIS), the site of action potential initiation, allowing them to exert powerful control over PyN output. Yet, mechanisms underlying their subcellular innervation of PyN AISs are unknown. To identify molecular determinants of ChC/PyN AIS innervation, we performed an in vivo RNAi screen of PyN-expressed axonal cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and select Ephs/ephrins. Strikingly, we found the L1 family member L1CAM to be the only molecule required for ChC/PyN AIS innervation. Further, we show that L1CAM is required during both the establishment and maintenance of innervation, and that selective innervation of PyN AISs by ChCs requires AIS anchoring of L1CAM by the cytoskeletal ankyrin-G/βIV-spectrin complex. Thus, our findings identify PyN-expressed L1CAM as a critical CAM required for innervation of neocortical PyN AISs by ChCs. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Tai
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Nicholas B Gallo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Jia-Ray Yu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Linda Van Aelst
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Four Unique Interneuron Populations Reside in Neocortical Layer 1. J Neurosci 2018; 39:125-139. [PMID: 30413647 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1613-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory perception depends on neocortical computations that contextually adjust sensory signals in different internal and environmental contexts. Neocortical layer 1 (L1) is the main target of cortical and subcortical inputs that provide "top-down" information for context-dependent sensory processing. Although L1 is devoid of excitatory cells, it contains the distal "tuft" dendrites of pyramidal cells (PCs) located in deeper layers. L1 also contains a poorly characterized population of GABAergic interneurons (INs), which regulate the impact that different top-down inputs have on PCs. A poor comprehension of L1 IN subtypes and how they affect PC activity has hampered our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie contextual modulation of sensory processing. We used novel genetic strategies in male and female mice combined with electrophysiological and morphological methods to help resolve differences that were unclear when using only electrophysiological and/or morphological approaches. We discovered that L1 contains four distinct populations of INs, each with a unique molecular profile, morphology, and electrophysiology, including a previously overlooked IN population (named here "canopy cells") representing 40% of L1 INs. In contrast to what is observed in other layers, most L1 neurons appear to be unique to the layer, highlighting the specialized character of the signal processing that takes place in L1. This new understanding of INs in L1, as well as the application of genetic methods based on the markers described here, will enable investigation of the cellular and circuit mechanisms of top-down processing in L1 with unprecedented detail.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neocortical layer 1 (L1) is the main target of corticocortical and subcortical projections that mediate top-down or context-dependent sensory perception. However, this unique layer is often referred to as "enigmatic" because its neuronal composition has been difficult to determine. Using a combination of genetic, electrophysiological, and morphological approaches that helped to resolve differences that were unclear when using a single approach, we were able to decipher the neuronal composition of L1. We identified markers that distinguish L1 neurons and found that the layer contains four populations of GABAergic interneurons, each with unique molecular profiles, morphologies, and electrophysiological properties. These findings provide a new framework for studying the circuit mechanisms underlying the processing of top-down inputs in neocortical L1.
Collapse
|
34
|
Magloire V, Mercier MS, Kullmann DM, Pavlov I. GABAergic Interneurons in Seizures: Investigating Causality With Optogenetics. Neuroscientist 2018; 25:344-358. [PMID: 30317911 PMCID: PMC6745605 DOI: 10.1177/1073858418805002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Seizures are complex pathological network events characterized by excessive and
hypersynchronized activity of neurons, including a highly diverse population of
GABAergic interneurons. Although the primary function of inhibitory interneurons
under normal conditions is to restrain excitation in the brain, this system
appears to fail intermittently, allowing runaway excitation. Recent developments
in optogenetics, combined with genetic tools and advanced electrophysiological
and imaging techniques, allow us for the first time to assess the causal roles
of identified cell-types in network dynamics. While these methods have greatly
increased our understanding of cortical microcircuits in epilepsy, the roles
played by individual GABAergic cell-types in controlling ictogenesis remain
incompletely resolved. Indeed, the ability of interneurons to suppress epileptic
discharges varies across different subtypes, and an accumulating body of
evidence paradoxically implicates some interneuron subtypes in the initiation
and maintenance of epileptiform activity. Here, we bring together findings from
this growing field and discuss what can be inferred regarding the causal role of
different GABAergic cell-types in seizures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Magloire
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Marion S Mercier
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Dimitri M Kullmann
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Ivan Pavlov
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pafundo DE, Miyamae T, Lewis DA, Gonzalez-Burgos G. Presynaptic Effects of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Enhance Parvalbumin Cell-Mediated Inhibition of Pyramidal Cells in Mouse Prefrontal Cortex. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:460-470. [PMID: 29523414 PMCID: PMC6068001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing hypotheses regarding the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction in schizophrenia requires understanding the mechanisms of NMDAR regulation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) circuit function. NMDAR antagonists are thought to produce pyramidal cell (PC) disinhibition. However, inhibitory parvalbumin-positive basket cells (PVBCs) have modest NMDAR-mediated excitatory drive and thus are unlikely to participate in NMDAR antagonist-mediated disinhibition. Interestingly, recent studies demonstrated that presynaptic NMDARs enhance transmitter release at central synapses. Thus, if presynaptic NMDARs enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid release at PVBC-to-PC synapses, they could participate in NMDAR-dependent PC disinhibition. Here, we examined whether presynaptic NMDAR effects could modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid release at PVBC-to-PC synapses in mouse PFC. METHODS Using whole-cell recordings from synaptically connected pairs in mouse PFC, we determined whether NMDA or NMDAR antagonist application affects PVBC-to-PC inhibition in a manner consistent with a presynaptic mechanism. RESULTS NMDAR activation enhanced by ∼40% the synaptic current at PVBC-to-PC pairs. This effect was consistent with a presynaptic mechanism given that it was 1) observed with postsynaptic NMDARs blocked by intracellular MK801, 2) associated with a lower rate of transmission failures and a higher transmitter release probability, and 3) blocked by intracellular MK801 in the PVBC. NMDAR antagonist application did not affect the synaptic currents in PVBC-to-PC pairs, but it reduced the inhibitory currents elicited in PCs with simultaneous glutamate release by extracellular stimulation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that NMDAR activation enhances PVBC-to-PC inhibition in a manner consistent with presynaptic mechanisms, and we suggest that the functional impact of this presynaptic effect depends on the activity state of the PFC network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego E Pafundo
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Takeaki Miyamae
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Lewis
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Guillermo Gonzalez-Burgos
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tikhonova TB, Miyamae T, Gulchina Y, Lewis DA, Gonzalez-Burgos G. Cell Type- and Layer-Specific Muscarinic Potentiation of Excitatory Synaptic Drive onto Parvalbumin Neurons in Mouse Prefrontal Cortex. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0208-18.2018. [PMID: 30713994 PMCID: PMC6354785 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0208-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neuromodulation is thought to shape network activity in the PFC, and thus PFC-dependent cognitive functions. ACh may modulate the activity of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons, which critically regulate cortical network function. However, the mechanisms of cholinergic regulation of PV+ neuron activity, and particularly of the basket cell (BC) versus chandelier cell (ChC) subtypes, are unclear. Using patch clamp recordings in acute slices, we examined the effects of the ACh receptor (AChR) agonist carbachol on the excitatory synaptic drive onto BCs or ChCs in layers 2 to 6 of mouse PFC. Carbachol increased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous EPSCs (sEPSCs) recorded from PV+ BCs in layers 3-6, but not in BCs from layer 2. Moreover, carbachol did not change the sEPSCs in ChCs, which were located exclusively in layer 2. The potentiation of sEPSCs in layers 3-6 BCs was prevented by the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin and was abolished by the M1-selective muscarinic AChR antagonist pirenzepine. Thus, carbachol potentiates the activity-dependent excitatory drive onto PV+ neurons via M1-muscarinic AChR activation in a cell type- and layer-specific manner. In current clamp recordings with synaptic transmission blocked, carbachol directly evoked firing in deep layer pyramidal neurons (PNs). In contrast, carbachol elicited deep layer BC firing indirectly, via glutamate-mediated synaptic drive. Our data suggest that ACh powerfully regulates PFC microcircuit function by facilitating the firing of PNs that synaptically recruit deep layer PV+ BC activity, possibly shaping the patterns of network activity that contribute to cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana B Tikhonova
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Takeaki Miyamae
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Yelena Gulchina
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - David A Lewis
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Guillermo Gonzalez-Burgos
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Exome and targeted sequencing have revolutionized clinical diagnosis. This has been particularly striking in epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders, for which new genes or new variants of preexisting candidate genes are being continuously identified at increasing rates every year. A surprising finding of these efforts is the recognition that gain of function potassium channel variants are actually associated with certain types of epilepsy, such as malignant migrating partial seizures of infancy or early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. This development has been difficult to understand as traditionally potassium channel loss-of-function, not gain-of-function, has been associated with hyperexcitability disorders. In this article, we describe the current state of the field regarding the gain-of-function potassium channel variants associated with epilepsy (KCNA2, KCNB1, KCND2, KCNH1, KCNH5, KCNJ10, KCNMA1, KCNQ2, KCNQ3, and KCNT1) and speculate on the possible cellular mechanisms behind the development of seizures and epilepsy in these patients. Understanding how potassium channel gain-of-function leads to epilepsy will provide new insights into the inner working of neural circuits and aid in developing new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Niday
- Dept. of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Selten M, van Bokhoven H, Nadif Kasri N. Inhibitory control of the excitatory/inhibitory balance in psychiatric disorders. F1000Res 2018; 7:23. [PMID: 29375819 PMCID: PMC5760969 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12155.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal networks consist of different types of neurons that all play their own role in order to maintain proper network function. The two main types of neurons segregate in excitatory and inhibitory neurons, which together regulate the flow of information through the network. It has been proposed that changes in the relative strength in these two opposing forces underlie the symptoms observed in psychiatric disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. Here, we review the role of alterations to the function of the inhibitory system as a cause of psychiatric disorders. First, we explore both patient and post-mortem evidence of inhibitory deficiency. We then discuss the function of different interneuron subtypes in the network and focus on the central role of a specific class of inhibitory neurons, parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Finally, we discuss genes known to be affected in different disorders and the effects that mutations in these genes have on the inhibitory system in cortex and hippocampus. We conclude that alterations to the inhibitory system are consistently identified in animal models of psychiatric disorders and, more specifically, that mutations affecting the function of parvalbumin-positive interneurons seem to play a central role in the symptoms observed in these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Selten
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.,Department of Human Genetics & Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics & Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Human Genetics & Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder lacking an effective treatment option for the pervasive and debilitating cognitive impairments experienced by patients. Working memory is a core cognitive function impaired in schizophrenia that depends upon activation of distributed neural network, including the circuitry of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Accordingly, individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia show reduced DLPFC activation while performing working-memory tasks. This lower DLPFC activation appears to be an integral part of the disease pathophysiology, and not simply a reflection of poor performance. Thus, the cellular and circuitry alterations that underlie lower DLPFC neuronal activity in schizophrenia must be determined in order to identify appropriate therapeutic targets. Studies using human postmortem brain tissue provide a robust way to investigate and characterize these cellular and circuitry alterations at multiple levels of resolution, and such studies provide essential information that cannot be obtained either through in vivo studies in humans or through experimental animal models. Studies examining neuronal morphology, protein expression and localization, and transcript levels indicate that a microcircuit composed of excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons containing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin is altered in the DLPFC of subjects with schizophrenia and likely contributes to DLPFC dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Glausier
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - David A Lewis
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lu J, Tucciarone J, Padilla-Coreano N, He M, Gordon JA, Huang ZJ. Selective inhibitory control of pyramidal neuron ensembles and cortical subnetworks by chandelier cells. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1377-1383. [PMID: 28825718 PMCID: PMC5614838 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neocortex comprises multiple information processing streams mediated by subsets of glutamatergic pyramidal cells (PCs) that receive diverse inputs and project to distinct targets. How GABAergic interneurons regulate the segregation and communication among intermingled PC subsets that contribute to separate brain networks remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that a subset of GABAergic chandelier cells (ChCs) in the prelimbic cortex, which innervate PCs at spike initiation site, selectively control PCs projecting to the basolateral amygdala (BLAPC) compared to those projecting to contralateral cortex (CCPC). These ChCs in turn receive preferential input from local and contralateral CCPCs as opposed to BLAPCs and BLA neurons (the prelimbic cortex-BLA network). Accordingly, optogenetic activation of ChCs rapidly suppresses BLAPCs and BLA activity in freely behaving mice. Thus, the exquisite connectivity of ChCs not only mediates directional inhibition between local PC ensembles but may also shape communication hierarchies between global networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangteng Lu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Jason Tucciarone
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, New York 11790, USA
| | - Nancy Padilla-Coreano
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Miao He
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Joshua A. Gordon
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Z. Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Cortical networks are composed of glutamatergic excitatory projection neurons and local GABAergic inhibitory interneurons that gate signal flow and sculpt network dynamics. Although they represent a minority of the total neocortical neuronal population, GABAergic interneurons are highly heterogeneous, forming functional classes based on their morphological, electrophysiological, and molecular features, as well as connectivity and in vivo patterns of activity. Here we review our current understanding of neocortical interneuron diversity and the properties that distinguish cell types. We then discuss how the involvement of multiple cell types, each with a specific set of cellular properties, plays a crucial role in diversifying and increasing the computational power of a relatively small number of simple circuit motifs forming cortical networks. We illustrate how recent advances in the field have shed light onto the mechanisms by which GABAergic inhibition contributes to network operations.
Collapse
|
42
|
Selective inhibitory control of pyramidal neuron ensembles and cortical subnetworks by chandelier cells. Nat Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28825718 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4624.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The neocortex comprises multiple information processing streams mediated by subsets of glutamatergic pyramidal cells (PCs) that receive diverse inputs and project to distinct targets. How GABAergic interneurons regulate the segregation and communication among intermingled PC subsets that contribute to separate brain networks remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that a subset of GABAergic chandelier cells (ChCs) in the prelimbic cortex, which innervate PCs at spike initiation site, selectively control PCs projecting to the basolateral amygdala (BLAPC) compared to those projecting to contralateral cortex (CCPC). These ChCs in turn receive preferential input from local and contralateral CCPCs as opposed to BLAPCs and BLA neurons (the prelimbic cortex-BLA network). Accordingly, optogenetic activation of ChCs rapidly suppresses BLAPCs and BLA activity in freely behaving mice. Thus, the exquisite connectivity of ChCs not only mediates directional inhibition between local PC ensembles but may also shape communication hierarchies between global networks.
Collapse
|
43
|
Paulus W, Rothwell JC. Membrane resistance and shunting inhibition: where biophysics meets state-dependent human neurophysiology. J Physiol 2017; 594:2719-28. [PMID: 26940751 PMCID: PMC4865581 DOI: 10.1113/jp271452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of neurons not only changes their membrane potential and firing rate but as a secondary action reduces membrane resistance. This loss of resistance, or increase of conductance, may be of central importance in non‐invasive magnetic or electric stimulation of the human brain since electrical fields cause larger changes in transmembrane voltage in resting neurons with low membrane conductances than in active neurons with high conductance. This may explain why both the immediate effects and after‐effects of brain stimulation are smaller or even reversed during voluntary activity compared with rest. Membrane conductance is also increased during shunting inhibition, which accompanies the classic GABAA IPSP. This short‐circuits nearby EPSPs and is suggested here to contribute to the magnitude and time course of short‐interval intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation.
![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Göttingen Medical Centre, Germany
| | - John C Rothwell
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jamann N, Jordan M, Engelhardt M. Activity-dependent axonal plasticity in sensory systems. Neuroscience 2017; 368:268-282. [PMID: 28739523 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rodent whisker-to-barrel cortex pathway is a classic model to study the effects of sensory experience and deprivation on neuronal circuit formation, not only during development but also in the adult. Decades of research have produced a vast body of evidence highlighting the fundamental role of neuronal activity (spontaneous and/or sensory-evoked) for circuit formation and function. In this context, it has become clear that neuronal adaptation and plasticity is not just a function of the neonatal brain, but persists into adulthood, especially after experience-driven modulation of network status. Mechanisms for structural remodeling of the somatodendritic or axonal domain include microscale alterations of neurites or synapses. At the same time, functional alterations at the nanoscale such as expression or activation changes of channels and receptors contribute to the modulation of intrinsic excitability or input-output relationships. However, it remains elusive how these forms of structural and functional plasticity come together to shape neuronal network formation and function. While specifically somatodendritic plasticity has been studied in great detail, the role of axonal plasticity, (e.g. at presynaptic boutons, branches or axonal microdomains), is rather poorly understood. Therefore, this review will only briefly highlight somatodendritic plasticity and instead focus on axonal plasticity. We discuss (i) the role of spontaneous and sensory-evoked plasticity during critical periods, (ii) the assembly of axonal presynaptic sites, (iii) axonal plasticity in the mature brain under baseline and sensory manipulation conditions, and finally (iv) plasticity of electrogenic axonal microdomains, namely the axon initial segment, during development and in the mature CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Jamann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, CBTM, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Merryn Jordan
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, CBTM, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Maren Engelhardt
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, CBTM, Heidelberg University, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
An Optogenetic Approach for Investigation of Excitatory and Inhibitory Network GABA Actions in Mice Expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 in GABAergic Neurons. J Neurosci 2017; 36:5961-73. [PMID: 27251618 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3482-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED To investigate excitatory and inhibitory GABA actions in cortical neuronal networks, we present a novel optogenetic approach using a mouse knock-in line with conditional expression of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in GABAergic interneurons. During whole-cell recordings from hippocampal and neocortical slices from postnatal day (P) 2-P15 mice, photostimulation caused depolarization and excitation of interneurons and evoked barrages of postsynaptic GABAergic currents. Excitatory/inhibitory GABA actions on pyramidal cells were assessed by monitoring the alteration in the frequency of EPSCs during photostimulation of interneurons. We found that in slices from P2-P8 mice, photostimulation evoked an increase in EPSC frequency, whereas in P9-P15 mice the response switched to a reduction in EPSC frequency, indicating a developmental excitatory-to-inhibitory switch in GABA actions on glutamatergic neurons. Using a similar approach in urethane-anesthetized animals in vivo, we found that photostimulation of interneurons reduces EPSC frequency at ages P3-P9. Thus, expression of ChR2 in GABAergic interneurons of mice enables selective photostimulation of interneurons during the early postnatal period, and these mice display a developmental excitatory-to-inhibitory switch in GABA action in cortical slices in vitro, but so far show mainly inhibitory GABA actions on spontaneous EPSCs in the immature hippocampus and neocortex in vivo SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We report a novel optogenetic approach for investigating excitatory and inhibitory GABA actions in mice with conditional expression of channelrhodopsin-2 in GABAergic interneurons. This approach shows a developmental excitatory-to-inhibitory switch in the actions of GABA on glutamatergic neurons in neocortical and hippocampal slices from neonatal mouse pups in vitro, but also reveals inhibitory GABA actions in the neonatal mouse neocortex and hippocampus in vivo.
Collapse
|
46
|
Rinetti-Vargas G, Phamluong K, Ron D, Bender KJ. Periadolescent Maturation of GABAergic Hyperpolarization at the Axon Initial Segment. Cell Rep 2017; 20:21-29. [PMID: 28683314 PMCID: PMC6483373 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal chloride levels are developmentally regulated. Early in life, high intracellular concentrations support chloride efflux and depolarization at GABAergic synapses. In mouse, intracellular chloride decreases over the first postnatal week in the somatodendritic compartment, eventually supporting mature, hyperpolarizing GABAergic inhibition. In contrast to this dendritic switch, it is less clear how GABAergic signaling at the axon initial segment (AIS) functions in mature pyramidal cells, as reports of both depolarization and hyperpolarization have been reported in the AIS past the first postnatal week. Here, we show that GABAergic signaling at the AIS of prefrontal pyramidal cells, indeed, switches polarity from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing but does so over a protracted periadolescent period. This is the most delayed maturation in chloride reversal in any structure studied to date and suggests that chandelier cells, which mediate axo-axonic inhibition, play a unique role in the periadolescent maturation of prefrontal circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Rinetti-Vargas
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Khanhky Phamluong
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dorit Ron
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kevin J Bender
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rocco BR, DeDionisio AM, Lewis DA, Fish KN. Alterations in a Unique Class of Cortical Chandelier Cell Axon Cartridges in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:40-48. [PMID: 27884423 PMCID: PMC5374057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The axons of chandelier cells (ChCs) target the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons, forming an array of boutons termed a cartridge. In schizophrenia, the density of cartridges detectable by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) membrane transporter 1 immunoreactivity is lower, whereas the density of axon initial segments detectable by immunoreactivity for the α2 subunit of the GABAA receptor is higher in layers 2/superficial 3 of the prefrontal cortex. These findings were interpreted as compensatory responses to lower GABA levels in ChCs. However, we recently found that in schizophrenia, ChC cartridge boutons contain normal levels of the 67 kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) protein, the enzyme responsible for GABA synthesis in these boutons. To understand these findings we quantified the densities of ChC cartridges immunoreactive for vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT+), which is present in all cartridge boutons, and the subset of cartridges that contain calbindin (CB+). METHODS Prefrontal cortex tissue sections from 20 matched pairs of schizophrenia and unaffected comparison subjects were immunolabeled for vGAT, GAD67, and CB. RESULTS The mean density of vGAT+/CB+ cartridges was 2.7-fold higher, exclusively in layer 2 of schizophrenia subjects, whereas the density of vGAT+/CB- cartridges did not differ between subject groups. Neither vGAT, CB, or GAD67 protein levels per ChC bouton nor the number of boutons per cartridge differed between subject groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings of a greater density of CB+ ChC cartridges in prefrontal cortex layer 2 from schizophrenia subjects suggests that the normal developmental pruning of these cartridges is blunted in the illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad R Rocco
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam M DeDionisio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth N Fish
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Layer 3 Excitatory and Inhibitory Circuitry in the Prefrontal Cortex: Developmental Trajectories and Alterations in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:862-873. [PMID: 27455897 PMCID: PMC5136518 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Convergent evidence suggests that schizophrenia is a disorder of neurodevelopment with alterations in both early and late developmental processes hypothesized to contribute to the disease process. Abnormalities in certain clinical features of schizophrenia, such as working memory impairments, depend on distributed neural circuitry including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and appear to arise during the protracted maturation of this circuitry across childhood and adolescence. In particular, the neural circuitry substrate for working memory in primates involves the coordinated activity of excitatory pyramidal neurons and a specific population of inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons (i.e., parvalbumin-containing basket cells) in layer 3 of the DLPFC. Understanding the relationships between the normal development of-and the schizophrenia-associated alterations in-the DLPFC circuitry that subserves working memory could provide new insights into the nature of schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Consequently, we review the following in this article: 1) recent findings regarding alterations of DLPFC layer 3 circuitry in schizophrenia, 2) the developmental refinements in this circuitry that occur during the period when the working memory alterations in schizophrenia appear to arise and progress, and 3) how various adverse environmental exposures could contribute to developmental disturbances of this circuitry in individuals with schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
49
|
Distinct Physiological Maturation of Parvalbumin-Positive Neuron Subtypes in Mouse Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 37:4883-4902. [PMID: 28408413 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3325-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons control the timing of pyramidal cell output in cortical neuron networks. In the prefrontal cortex (PFC), PV+ neuron activity is involved in cognitive function, suggesting that PV+ neuron maturation is critical for cognitive development. The two major PV+ neuron subtypes found in the PFC, chandelier cells (ChCs) and basket cells (BCs), are thought to play different roles in cortical circuits, but the trajectories of their physiological maturation have not been compared. Using two separate mouse lines, we found that in the mature PFC, both ChCs and BCs are abundant in superficial layer 2, but only BCs are present in deeper laminar locations. This distinctive laminar distribution was observed by postnatal day 12 (P12), when we first identified ChCs by the presence of axon cartridges. Electrophysiology analysis of excitatory synapse development, starting at P12, showed that excitatory drive remains low throughout development in ChCs, but increases rapidly before puberty in BCs, with an earlier time course in deeper-layer BCs. Consistent with a role of excitatory synaptic drive in the maturation of PV+ neuron firing properties, the fast-spiking phenotype showed different maturation trajectories between ChCs and BCs, and between superficial versus deep-layer BCs. ChC and BC maturation was nearly completed, via different trajectories, before the onset of puberty. These findings suggest that ChC and BC maturation may contribute differentially to the emergence of cognitive function, primarily during prepubertal development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons tightly control pyramidal cell output. Thus PV+ neuron maturation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is crucial for cognitive development. However, the relative physiological maturation of the two major subtypes of PV+ neurons, chandelier cells (ChCs) and basket cells (BCs), has not been determined. We assessed the maturation of ChCs and BCs in different layers of the mouse PFC, and found that, from early postnatal age, ChCs and BCs differ in laminar location. Excitatory synapses and fast-spiking properties matured before the onset of puberty in both cell types, but following cell type-specific developmental trajectories. Hence, the physiological maturation of ChCs and BCs may contribute to the emergence of cognitive function differentially, and predominantly during prepubertal development.
Collapse
|
50
|
Transplantation of GABAergic interneurons for cell-based therapy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 231:57-85. [PMID: 28554401 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many neurological disorders stem from defects in or the loss of specific neurons. Neuron transplantation has tremendous clinical potential for central nervous system therapy as it may allow for the targeted replacement of those cells that are lost in diseases. Normally, most neurons are added during restricted periods of embryonic and fetal development. The permissive milieu of the developing brain promotes neuronal migration, neuronal differentiation, and synaptogenesis. Once this active period of neurogenesis ends, the chemical and physical environment of the brain changes dramatically. The brain parenchyma becomes highly packed with neuronal and glial processes, extracellular matrix, myelin, and synapses. The migration of grafted cells to allow them to home into target regions and become functionally integrated is a key challenge to neuronal transplantation. Interestingly, transplanted young telencephalic inhibitory interneurons are able to migrate, differentiate, and integrate widely throughout the postnatal brain. These grafted interneurons can also functionally modify local circuit activity. These features have facilitated the use of interneuron transplantation to study fundamental neurodevelopmental processes including cell migration, cell specification, and programmed neuronal cell death. Additionally, these cells provide a unique opportunity to develop interneuron-based strategies for the treatment of diseases linked to interneuron dysfunction and neurological disorders associated to circuit hyperexcitability.
Collapse
|