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Ni J, Zhao G, Liu Y, Yang Y, Song Z. Effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 on cell morphology and melanosome transfer in melanocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2025:10.1007/s11010-025-05287-y. [PMID: 40366612 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-025-05287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2025] [Accepted: 04/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025]
Abstract
The melanosome transfer pathway from melanocytes to keratinocytes has been extensively investigated; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the function of metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) in the control of melanocyte-to-keratinocyte melanosome transfer, intracellular calcium levels in melanocytes, and the formation of filopodia were explored in this study. Primary melanocytes and keratinocytes were isolated from human foreskin samples. mGluR6 expression was suppressed using lentiviral-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), flow cytometry, and western blot analyses were used to assess filopodia formation, cytoskeletal organization, and melanosome transfer. We found that melanocytes expressed mGluR6 and that mGluR6 knockdown influenced the establishment of dendritic formation, melanocyte filopodia, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factors. Similarly, the efficiency of melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes was reduced. According to these findings, melanosome transfer between melanocytes and keratinocytes mostly occurs by filopodia delivery, and mGluR6 directly influences melanosome transfer by altering melanocyte morphology. Comprehensive knowledge of melanosome transfer is essential when developing therapies for skin illnesses characterized by hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ni
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China
| | - Guangming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuejian Liu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Medical Cosmetic Center, Peking University International Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhiqi Song
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China.
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2
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Sun SY, Nie L, Zhang J, Fang X, Luo H, Fu C, Wei Z, Tang AH. The interaction between KIF21A and KANK1 regulates dendritic morphology and synapse plasticity in neurons. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:209-223. [PMID: 38767486 PMCID: PMC11246154 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202501000-00029/figure1/v/2024-05-14T021156Z/r/image-tiff Morphological alterations in dendritic spines have been linked to changes in functional communication between neurons that affect learning and memory. Kinesin-4 KIF21A helps organize the microtubule-actin network at the cell cortex by interacting with KANK1; however, whether KIF21A modulates dendritic structure and function in neurons remains unknown. In this study, we found that KIF21A was distributed in a subset of dendritic spines, and that these KIF21A-positive spines were larger and more structurally plastic than KIF21A-negative spines. Furthermore, the interaction between KIF21A and KANK1 was found to be critical for dendritic spine morphogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Knockdown of either KIF21A or KANK1 inhibited dendritic spine morphogenesis and dendritic branching, and these deficits were fully rescued by coexpressing full-length KIF21A or KANK1, but not by proteins with mutations disrupting direct binding between KIF21A and KANK1 or binding between KANK1 and talin1. Knocking down KIF21A in the hippocampus of rats inhibited the amplitudes of long-term potentiation induced by high-frequency stimulation and negatively impacted the animals' cognitive abilities. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the function of KIF21A in modulating spine morphology and provide insight into its role in synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yan Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lingyun Nie
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue Fang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chuanhai Fu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhiyi Wei
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ai-Hui Tang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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3
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Breuer H, Bell-Simons M, Zempel H. Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20221010. [PMID: 39759106 PMCID: PMC11699562 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 10/21/2024] [Accepted: 11/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2025] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is crucial in neurons, characterized by distinct axonal and dendritic structures. Neurons generally have one long axon and multiple shorter dendrites, marked by specific microtubule (MT)-associated proteins, e.g., MAP2 for dendrites and TAU for axons, while the scaffolding proteins AnkG and TRIM46 mark the axon-initial-segment. In tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), TAU sorting, and neuronal polarity are disrupted, leading to MT loss. However, modeling and studying MTs in human neuronal cells relevant to the study of AD and TAU-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) is challenging. To study MT dynamics in human neurons, we compared two cell culture systems: SH-SY5Y-derived neurons (SHN) and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons (iN). Using immunostaining and EB3-tdTomato time-lapse imaging, we found AnkG absent in SHN but present in iN, while TRIM46 was present in both. TAU and MAP2 showed axonal and dendritic enrichment, respectively, similar to mouse primary neurons. Both neuron types exhibited polarized MT structures, with unidirectional MTs in axons and bidirectional MTs in dendrites. Polymerization speeds were similar; however, iNs had more retrograde MT growth events, while SHN showed a higher overall number of growth events. Thus, SHN and iN are both suitable for studying neuronal cell polarity, with SHN being particularly suitable if the focus is not the AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Breuer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Bell-Simons
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Current address: Max-Planck-Institute for Aging, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 11, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Zempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
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Duan D, Koleske AJ. Phase separation of microtubule-binding proteins - implications for neuronal function and disease. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs263470. [PMID: 39679446 PMCID: PMC11795294 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.263470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is driven by intrinsically disordered regions and multivalent binding domains, both of which are common features of diverse microtubule (MT) regulators. Many in vitro studies have dissected the mechanisms by which MT-binding proteins (MBPs) regulate MT nucleation, stabilization and dynamics, and investigated whether LLPS plays a role in these processes. However, more recent in vivo studies have focused on how MBP LLPS affects biological functions throughout neuronal development. Dysregulation of MBP LLPS can lead to formation of aggregates - an underlying feature in many neurodegenerative diseases - such as the tau neurofibrillary tangles present in Alzheimer's disease. In this Review, we highlight progress towards understanding the regulation of MT dynamics through the lens of phase separation of MBPs and associated cytoskeletal regulators, from both in vitro and in vivo studies. We also discuss how LLPS of MBPs regulates neuronal development and maintains homeostasis in mature neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Duan
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Anthony J. Koleske
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Shi T, Zhou Z, Xiang T, Suo Y, Shi X, Li Y, Zhang P, Dai J, Sheng L. Cytoskeleton dysfunction of motor neuron in spinal muscular atrophy. J Neurol 2024; 272:19. [PMID: 39666039 PMCID: PMC11638312 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Revised: 11/12/2024] [Accepted: 11/15/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by deletions or mutations of survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. To date, the mechanism of selective cell death of motor neurons as a hallmark of SMA is still unclear. The severity of SMA is dependent on the amount of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, which is an essential and ubiquitously expressed protein involved in various cellular processes including regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics. In this review, we discuss the effect of SMN ablation on cytoskeleton organization including actin dynamics, growth cone formation, axonal stability, neurite outgrowth, microtubule stability, synaptic vesicle dynamics and neurofilament protein release in SMA. We also summarized a list of critical proteins such as profilin-2 (PFN2), plastin-3 (PLS3), stathmin-1 (STMN1), microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) and neurofilament which play an important role in modulating cytoskeleton in SMA. Our aim is to highlight how cytoskeletal defects contribute to motor neuron degeneration in SMA disease progression and concentrating on cytoskeleton dynamics may be a promising approach to develop new therapy or biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zijie Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Taiyang Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinxuan Suo
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lei Sheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Shi YQ, Sun ZH, Wang ZZ, Su CY, Zhang W, Yu LY, Xu Y, Gao YL, Wang HB, Tian JW, Li CM. A novel role for microtubule affinity-regulating kinases in neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2012-2032. [PMID: 38112022 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neuropathic pain affects millions of patients, but there are currently few viable therapeutic options available. Microtubule affinity-regulating kinases (MARKs) regulate the dynamics of microtubules and participate in synaptic remodelling. It is unclear whether these changes are involved in the central sensitization of neuropathic pain. This study examined the role of MARK1 or MARK2 in regulating neurosynaptic plasticity induced by neuropathic pain. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A rat spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model was established to induce neuropathic pain. The role of MARKs in nociceptive regulation was assessed by genetically knocking down MARK1 or MARK2 in amygdala and systemic administration of PCC0105003, a novel small molecule MARK inhibitor. Cognitive function, anxiety-like behaviours and motor coordination capability were also examined in SNL rats. Synaptic remodelling-associated signalling changes were detected with electrophysiological recording, Golgi-Cox staining, western blotting and qRT-PCR. KEY RESULTS MARK1 and MARK2 expression levels in amygdala and spinal dorsal horn were elevated in SNL rats. MARK1 or MARK2 knockdown in amygdala and PCC0105003 treatment partially attenuated pain-like behaviours along with improving cognitive deficit, anxiogenic-like behaviours and motor coordination in SNL rats. Inhibition of MARKs signalling reversed synaptic plasticity at the functional and structural levels by suppressing NR2B/GluR1 and EB3/Drebrin signalling pathways both in amygdala and spinal dorsal horn. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that MARKs-mediated synaptic remodelling plays a key role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and that pharmacological inhibitors of MARKs such as PCC0105003 could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the management of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Qin Shi
- From the school of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Sun
- From the school of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhe-Zhe Wang
- From the school of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chun-Yu Su
- From the school of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- From the school of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lin-Yao Yu
- From the school of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yang Xu
- From the school of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yong-Lin Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Hong-Bo Wang
- From the school of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing-Wei Tian
- From the school of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chun-Mei Li
- From the school of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
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7
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Holland ED, Miller HL, Millette MM, Taylor RJ, Drucker GL, Dent EW. A methodology for specific disruption of microtubule polymerization into dendritic spines. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:mr3. [PMID: 38630519 PMCID: PMC11238079 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-02-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines, the mushroom-shaped extensions along dendritic shafts of excitatory neurons, are critical for synaptic function and are one of the first neuronal structures disrupted in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Microtubule (MT) polymerization into dendritic spines is an activity-dependent process capable of affecting spine shape and function. Studies have shown that MT polymerization into spines occurs specifically in spines undergoing plastic changes. However, discerning the function of MT invasion of dendritic spines requires the specific inhibition of MT polymerization into spines, while leaving MT dynamics in the dendritic shaft, synaptically connected axons and associated glial cells intact. This is not possible with the unrestricted, bath application of pharmacological compounds. To specifically disrupt MT entry into spines we coupled a MT elimination domain (MTED) from the Efa6 protein to the actin filament-binding peptide LifeAct. LifeAct was chosen because actin filaments are highly concentrated in spines and are necessary for MT invasions. Temporally controlled expression of this LifeAct-MTED construct inhibits MT entry into dendritic spines, while preserving typical MT dynamics in the dendrite shaft. Expression of this construct will allow for the determination of the function of MT invasion of spines and more broadly, to discern how MT-actin interactions affect cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D. Holland
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Hannah L. Miller
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Matthew M. Millette
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Russell J. Taylor
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Gabrielle L. Drucker
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Erik W. Dent
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
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8
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Holland ED, Miller HL, Millette MM, Taylor RJ, Drucker GL, Dent EW. A Methodology for Specific Disruption of Microtubules in Dendritic Spines. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.04.583370. [PMID: 38496454 PMCID: PMC10942340 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.04.583370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic spines, the mushroom-shaped extensions along dendritic shafts of excitatory neurons, are critical for synaptic function and are one of the first neuronal structures disrupted in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Microtubule (MT) polymerization into dendritic spines is an activity-dependent process capable of affecting spine shape and function. Studies have shown that MT polymerization into spines occurs specifically in spines undergoing plastic changes. However, discerning the function of MT invasion of dendritic spines requires the specific inhibition of MT polymerization into spines, while leaving MT dynamics in the dendritic shaft, synaptically connected axons and associated glial cells intact. This is not possible with the unrestricted, bath application of pharmacological compounds. To specifically disrupt MT entry into spines we coupled a MT elimination domain (MTED) from the Efa6 protein to the actin filament-binding peptide LifeAct. LifeAct was chosen because actin filaments are highly concentrated in spines and are necessary for MT invasions. Temporally controlled expression of this LifeAct-MTED construct inhibits MT entry into dendritic spines, while preserving typical MT dynamics in the dendrite shaft. Expression of this construct will allow for the determination of the function of MT invasion of spines and more broadly, to discern how MT-actin interactions affect cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah L. Miller
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705
| | - Matthew M. Millette
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Russell J. Taylor
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Gabrielle L. Drucker
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Erik W. Dent
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
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9
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DeGiosio RA, Needham PG, Andrews OA, Tristan H, Grubisha MJ, Brodsky JL, Camacho C, Sweet RA. Differential regulation of MAP2 by phosphorylation events in proline-rich versus C-terminal domains. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23194. [PMID: 37702880 PMCID: PMC10539048 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300486r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
MAP2 is a critical cytoskeletal regulator in neurons. The phosphorylation of MAP2 (MAP2-P) is well known to regulate core functions of MAP2, including microtubule (MT)/actin binding and facilitation of tubulin polymerization. However, site-specific studies of MAP2-P function in regions outside of the MT-binding domain (MTBD) are lacking. We previously identified a set of MAP2 phosphopeptides which are differentially expressed and predominantly increased in the cortex of individuals with schizophrenia relative to nonpsychiatric comparison subjects. The phosphopeptides originated not from the MTBD, but from the flanking proline-rich and C-terminal domains of MAP2. We sought to understand the contribution of MAP2-P at these sites on MAP2 function. To this end, we isolated a series of phosphomimetic MAP2C constructs and subjected them to cell-free tubulin polymerization, MT-binding, actin-binding, and actin polymerization assays. A subset of MAP2-P events significantly impaired these functions, with the two domains displaying different patterns of MAP2 regulation: proline-rich domain mutants T293E and T300E impaired MT assembly and actin-binding affinity but did not affect MT-binding, while C-terminal domain mutants S426E and S439D impaired all three functions. S443D also impaired MT assembly with minimal effects on MT- or actin-binding. Using heterologous cells, we also found that S426E but not T293E had a lower capability for process formation than the wild-type protein. These findings demonstrate the functional utility of MAP2-P in the proline-rich and C-terminal domains and point to distinct, domain-dependent regulations of MAP2 function, which can go on to affect cellular morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A DeGiosio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - P G Needham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - O A Andrews
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - H Tristan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - M J Grubisha
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - C Camacho
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R A Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Qi B, Song Y, Chen C, Zhao L, Ma W, Meng S, Zhuang X, Lin H, Liang J, Cui Y, Xie K. Molecular hydrogen attenuates sepsis-induced cognitive dysfunction through regulation of tau phosphorylation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109603. [PMID: 36538853 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a cognitive dysfunction caused by sepsis. Hyperphosphorylated tau is considered to play a significant role in the progression of neurodegenerative disease and also contributes to cognitive dysfunction in septic mice. Molecular hydrogen (H2) plays an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role, and plays a protective role in septic mice. This study explored the possible effects of H2 on cognition and tau phosphorylation in a mouse model of SAE. METHODS The model of sepsis was established in C57BL/6J male mice by cecal ligation and puncture surgery. Mice treated with 2 % H2 inhalation for 60 min at 1 h and 6 h after surgery, respectively. HY-15769, the inhibitor of Tau Tubulin Kinase 1 (TTBK1), was injected 1 h before the surgery. The 7-day survival rates of the mice were recorded. Cognitive behavior was tested with both novel object recognition and the Y-maze novelty arm recognition on day 7 after surgery. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the histological damage in CA1 region of hippocampus. The expression of inflammatory factors in hippocampus was assessed by Elisa. Western blotting was adopted to determine the tau phosphorylation levels at AT8 epitopes (pSer202 and pThr205) and T22 epitopes (neurofibrillary tangle protein oligomer), and the GSK3β phosphorylation levels (Tyr216), as well as p-Ser422 and TTBK1 levels in the hippocampus. The number of dendritic spine and mushroom type of dendritic spines in the hippocampus were assessed by Golgi staining. RESULTS The survival rate, visual and spatial learning ability, and memory ability were improved in septic mice treated with H2. After H2 treatment, the density of dendritic spine, mushroom type of dendritic spine, and the number of normal hippocampal neurons were progressively elevated. H2 decreased the levels of phosphorylated tau protein, tau oligomer and TTBK1, as well as the phosphorylation of tau key kinase. Furthermore, the injection of HY-15769 (a TTBK1 inhibitor) protected SAE through the similar way. CONCLUSION The protective effect of H2 on cognitive dysfunction induced by SAE may be achieved by inhibiting tau phosphorylation, which is perhaps related with the inhibition of TTBK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Beichen Hospital, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wanjie Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Shuqi Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhuang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Huayi Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Keliang Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
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11
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Miryala CSJ, Holland ED, Dent EW. Contributions of microtubule dynamics and transport to presynaptic and postsynaptic functions. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 123:103787. [PMID: 36252720 PMCID: PMC9838116 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MT) are elongated, tubular, cytoskeletal structures formed from polymerization of tubulin dimers. They undergo continuous cycles of polymerization and depolymerization, primarily at their plus ends, termed dynamic instability. Although this is an intrinsic property of MTs, there are a myriad of MT-associated proteins that function in regulating MT dynamic instability and other dynamic processes that shape the MT array. Additionally, MTs assemble into long, semi-rigid structures which act as substrates for long-range, motor-driven transport of many different types of cargoes throughout the cell. Both MT dynamics and motor-based transport play important roles in the function of every known type of cell. Within the last fifteen years many groups have shown that MT dynamics and transport play ever-increasing roles in the neuronal function of mature neurons. Not only are neurons highly polarized cells, but they also connect with one another through synapses to form complex networks. Here we will focus on exciting studies that have illuminated how MTs function both pre-synaptically in axonal boutons and post-synaptically in dendritic spines. It is becoming clear that MT dynamics and transport both serve important functions in synaptic plasticity. Thus, it is not surprising that disruption of MTs, either through hyperstabilization or destabilization, has profound consequences for learning and memory. Together, the studies described here suggest that MT dynamics and transport play key roles in synaptic function and when disrupted result in compromised learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra S. J. Miryala
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Elizabeth D. Holland
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Erik W. Dent
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705,Corresponding Author: Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705,
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12
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Alterations in Cerebellar Microtubule Cytoskeletal Network in a ValproicAcid-Induced Rat Model of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123031. [PMID: 36551785 PMCID: PMC9776106 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental diseases characterised by deficits in social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviours. The growing body of evidence points to a role for cerebellar changes in ASD pathology. Some of the findings suggest that not only motor problems but also social deficits, repetitive behaviours, and mental inflexibility associated with ASD are connected with damage to the cerebellum. However, the understanding of this brain structure's functions in ASD pathology needs future investigations. Therefore, in this study, we generated a rodent model of ASD through a single prenatal administration of valproic acid (VPA) into pregnant rats, followed by cerebellar morphological studies of the offspring, focusing on the alterations of key cytoskeletal elements. The expression (Western blot) of α/β-tubulin and the major neuronal MT-associated proteins (MAP) such as MAP-Tau and MAP1B, MAP2, MAP6 (STOP) along with actin-crosslinking αII-spectrin and neurofilament light polypeptide (NF-L) was investigated. We found that maternal exposure to VPA induces a significant decrease in the protein levels of α/β-tubulin, MAP-Tau, MAP1B, MAP2, and αII-spectrin. Moreover, excessive MAP-Tau phosphorylation at (Ser396) along with key Tau-kinases activation was indicated. Immunohistochemical staining showed chromatolysis in the cerebellum of autistic-like rats and loss of Purkinje cells shedding light on one of the possible molecular mechanisms underpinning neuroplasticity alterations in the ASD brain.
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13
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Hosseini S, van Ham M, Erck C, Korte M, Michaelsen-Preusse K. The role of α-tubulin tyrosination in controlling the structure and function of hippocampal neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:931859. [PMCID: PMC9627282 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.931859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are central components of the neuronal cytoskeleton and play a critical role in CNS integrity, function, and plasticity. Neuronal MTs are diverse due to extensive post-translational modifications (PTMs), particularly detyrosination/tyrosination, in which the C-terminal tyrosine of α-tubulin is cyclically removed by a carboxypeptidase and reattached by a tubulin-tyrosine ligase (TTL). The detyrosination/tyrosination cycle of MTs has been shown to be an important regulator of MT dynamics in neurons. TTL-null mice exhibit impaired neuronal organization and die immediately after birth, indicating TTL function is vital to the CNS. However, the detailed cellular role of TTL during development and in the adult brain remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that conditional deletion of TTL in the neocortex and hippocampus during network development results in a pathophysiological phenotype defined by incomplete development of the corpus callosum and anterior commissures due to axonal growth arrest. TTL loss was also associated with a deficit in spatial learning, impaired synaptic plasticity, and reduced number of spines in hippocampal neurons, suggesting that TTL also plays a critical role in hippocampal network development. TTL deletion after postnatal development, specifically in the hippocampus and in cultured hippocampal neurons, led to a loss of spines and impaired spine structural plasticity. This indicates a novel and important function of TTL for synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. In conclusion, this study reveals the importance of α-tubulin tyrosination, which defines the dynamics of MTs, in controlling proper network formation and suggests TTL-mediated tyrosination as a new key determinant of synaptic plasticity in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Hosseini
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marco van Ham
- Research Group Cellular Proteome Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Erck
- Research Group Cellular Proteome Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristin Michaelsen-Preusse
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kristin Michaelsen-Preusse,
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14
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Meiring JCM, Grigoriev I, Nijenhuis W, Kapitein LC, Akhmanova A. Opto-katanin, an optogenetic tool for localized, microtubule disassembly. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4660-4674.e6. [PMID: 36174574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal polymers that separate chromosomes during mitosis and serve as rails for intracellular transport and organelle positioning. Manipulation of microtubules is widely used in cell and developmental biology, but tools for precise subcellular spatiotemporal control of microtubules are currently lacking. Here, we describe a light-activated system for localized recruitment of the microtubule-severing enzyme katanin. This system, named opto-katanin, uses targeted illumination with blue light to induce rapid, localized, and reversible microtubule depolymerization. This tool allows precise clearing of a subcellular region of microtubules while preserving the rest of the microtubule network, demonstrating that regulation of katanin recruitment to microtubules is sufficient to control its severing activity. The tool is not toxic in the absence of blue light and can be used to disassemble both dynamic and stable microtubules in primary neurons as well as in dividing cells. We show that opto-katanin can be used to locally block vesicle transport and to clarify the dependence of organelle morphology and dynamics on microtubules. Specifically, our data indicate that microtubules are not required for the maintenance of the Golgi stacks or the tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum but are needed for the formation of new membrane tubules. Finally, we demonstrate that this tool can be applied to study the contribution of microtubules to cell mechanics by showing that microtubule bundles can exert forces constricting the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C M Meiring
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan, Utrecht 3584 CS, the Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan, Utrecht 3584 CS, the Netherlands
| | - Wilco Nijenhuis
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan, Utrecht 3584 CS, the Netherlands; Center for Living Technologies, Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht Alliance, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CB, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan, Utrecht 3584 CS, the Netherlands; Center for Living Technologies, Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht Alliance, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CB, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan, Utrecht 3584 CS, the Netherlands.
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15
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DeGiosio RA, Grubisha MJ, MacDonald ML, McKinney BC, Camacho CJ, Sweet RA. More than a marker: potential pathogenic functions of MAP2. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:974890. [PMID: 36187353 PMCID: PMC9525131 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.974890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) is the predominant cytoskeletal regulator within neuronal dendrites, abundant and specific enough to serve as a robust somatodendritic marker. It influences microtubule dynamics and microtubule/actin interactions to control neurite outgrowth and synaptic functions, similarly to the closely related MAP Tau. Though pathology of Tau has been well appreciated in the context of neurodegenerative disorders, the consequences of pathologically dysregulated MAP2 have been little explored, despite alterations in its immunoreactivity, expression, splicing and/or stability being observed in a variety of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders including Huntington’s disease, prion disease, schizophrenia, autism, major depression and bipolar disorder. Here we review the understood structure and functions of MAP2, including in neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, and regulation of protein folding/transport. We also describe known and potential mechanisms by which MAP2 can be regulated via post-translational modification. Then, we assess existing evidence of its dysregulation in various brain disorders, including from immunohistochemical and (phospho) proteomic data. We propose pathways by which MAP2 pathology could contribute to endophenotypes which characterize these disorders, giving rise to the concept of a “MAP2opathy”—a series of disorders characterized by alterations in MAP2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. DeGiosio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Melanie J. Grubisha
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Matthew L. MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brandon C. McKinney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Carlos J. Camacho
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert A. Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert A. Sweet
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16
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Liu X, Wang J. NMDA receptors mediate synaptic plasticity impairment of hippocampal neurons due to arsenic exposure. Neuroscience 2022; 498:300-310. [PMID: 35905926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endemic arsenism is a worldwide health problem. Chronic arsenic exposure results in cognitive dysfunction due to arsenic and its metabolites accumulating in hippocampus. As the cellular basis of cognition, synaptic plasticity is pivotal in arsenic-induced cognitive dysfunction. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) serve physiological functions in synaptic transmission. However, excessive NMDARs activity contributes to exitotoxicity and synaptic plasticity impairment. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms that NMDARs and their downstream signaling pathways mediate synaptic plasticity impairment due to arsenic exposure in hippocampal neurons, ways of arsenic exerting on NMDARs, as well as the potential therapeutic targets except for water improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University(23618504), Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin, China, 150081
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University(23618504), Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin, China, 150081.
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17
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Özer PZ, Koyunoğlu D, Son ÇD, Yurter HE, Bora G. SMN loss dysregulates microtubule-associated proteins in spinal muscular atrophy model. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 120:103725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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18
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Peña-Ortega F, Robles-Gómez ÁA, Xolalpa-Cueva L. Microtubules as Regulators of Neural Network Shape and Function: Focus on Excitability, Plasticity and Memory. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060923. [PMID: 35326374 PMCID: PMC8946818 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal microtubules (MTs) are complex cytoskeletal protein arrays that undergo activity-dependent changes in their structure and function as a response to physiological demands throughout the lifespan of neurons. Many factors shape the allostatic dynamics of MTs and tubulin dimers in the cytosolic microenvironment, such as protein–protein interactions and activity-dependent shifts in these interactions that are responsible for their plastic capabilities. Recently, several findings have reinforced the role of MTs in behavioral and cognitive processes in normal and pathological conditions. In this review, we summarize the bidirectional relationships between MTs dynamics, neuronal processes, and brain and behavioral states. The outcomes of manipulating the dynamicity of MTs by genetic or pharmacological approaches on neuronal morphology, intrinsic and synaptic excitability, the state of the network, and behaviors are heterogeneous. We discuss the critical position of MTs as responders and adaptative elements of basic neuronal function whose impact on brain function is not fully understood, and we highlight the dilemma of artificially modulating MT dynamics for therapeutic purposes.
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19
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Peris L, Parato J, Qu X, Soleilhac JM, Lanté F, Kumar A, Pero ME, Martínez-Hernández J, Corrao C, Falivelli G, Payet F, Gory-Fauré S, Bosc C, Blanca Ramirez M, Sproul A, Brocard J, Di Cara B, Delagrange P, Buisson A, Goldberg Y, Moutin MJ, Bartolini F, Andrieux A. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:2486-2506. [PMID: 35148384 PMCID: PMC9337816 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules play fundamental roles in the maintenance of neuronal processes and in synaptic function and plasticity. While dynamic microtubules are mainly composed of tyrosinated tubulin, long-lived microtubules contain detyrosinated tubulin, suggesting that the tubulin tyrosination/detyrosination cycle is a key player in the maintenance of microtubule dynamics and neuronal homeostasis, conditions that go awry in neurodegenerative diseases. In the tyrosination/detyrosination cycle, the C-terminal tyrosine of α-tubulin is removed by tubulin carboxypeptidases and re-added by tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL). Here we show that TTL heterozygous mice exhibit decreased tyrosinated microtubules, reduced dendritic spine density and both synaptic plasticity and memory deficits. We further report decreased TTL expression in sporadic and familial Alzheimer’s disease, and reduced microtubule dynamics in human neurons harbouring the familial APP-V717I mutation. Finally, we show that synapses visited by dynamic microtubules are more resistant to oligomeric amyloid-β peptide toxicity and that expression of TTL, by restoring microtubule entry into spines, suppresses the loss of synapses induced by amyloid-β peptide. Together, our results demonstrate that a balanced tyrosination/detyrosination tubulin cycle is necessary for the maintenance of synaptic plasticity, is protective against amyloid-β peptide-induced synaptic damage and that this balance is lost in Alzheimer’s disease, providing evidence that defective tubulin retyrosination may contribute to circuit dysfunction during neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Peris
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julie Parato
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, SUNY ESC, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Qu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jean Marc Soleilhac
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Fabien Lanté
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Atul Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maria Elena Pero
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - José Martínez-Hernández
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Charlotte Corrao
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Giulia Falivelli
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Floriane Payet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Gory-Fauré
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marian Blanca Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew Sproul
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jacques Brocard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Alain Buisson
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yves Goldberg
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Jo Moutin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Sanyal C, Pietsch N, Ramirez Rios S, Peris L, Carrier L, Moutin MJ. The detyrosination/re-tyrosination cycle of tubulin and its role and dysfunction in neurons and cardiomyocytes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 137:46-62. [PMID: 34924330 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Among the variety of post-translational modifications to which microtubules are subjected, the detyrosination/re-tyrosination cycle is specific to tubulin. It is conserved by evolution and characterized by the enzymatic removal and re-addition of a gene-encoded tyrosine residue at the C-terminus of α-tubulin. Detyrosinated tubulin can be further converted to Δ2-tubulin by the removal of an additional C-terminal glutamate residue. Detyrosinated and Δ2-tubulin are carried by stable microtubules whereas tyrosinated microtubules are present on dynamic polymers. The cycle regulates trafficking of many cargo transporting molecular motors and is linked to the microtubule dynamics via regulation of microtubule interactions with specific cellular effectors such as kinesin-13. Here, we give an historical overview of the general features discovered for the cycle. We highlight the recent progress toward structure and functioning of the enzymes that keep the levels of tyrosinated and detyrosinated tubulin in cells, the long-known tubulin tyrosine ligase and the recently discovered vasohibin-SVBP complexes. We further describe how the cycle controls microtubule functions in healthy neurons and cardiomyocytes and how deregulations of the cycle are involved in dysfunctions of these highly differentiated cells, leading to neurodegeneration and heart failure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadni Sanyal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Niels Pietsch
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sacnicte Ramirez Rios
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Leticia Peris
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lucie Carrier
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marie-Jo Moutin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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21
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Grubisha MJ, Sun X, MacDonald ML, Garver M, Sun Z, Paris KA, Patel DS, DeGiosio RA, Lewis DA, Yates NA, Camacho C, Homanics GE, Ding Y, Sweet RA. MAP2 is differentially phosphorylated in schizophrenia, altering its function. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5371-5388. [PMID: 33526823 PMCID: PMC8325721 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (Sz) is a highly polygenic disorder, with common, rare, and structural variants each contributing only a small fraction of overall disease risk. Thus, there is a need to identify downstream points of convergence that can be targeted with therapeutics. Reduction of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunoreactivity (MAP2-IR) is present in individuals with Sz, despite no change in MAP2 protein levels. MAP2 is phosphorylated downstream of multiple receptors and kinases identified as Sz risk genes, altering its immunoreactivity and function. Using an unbiased phosphoproteomics approach, we quantified 18 MAP2 phosphopeptides, 9 of which were significantly altered in Sz subjects. Network analysis grouped MAP2 phosphopeptides into three modules, each with a distinct relationship to dendritic spine loss, synaptic protein levels, and clinical function in Sz subjects. We then investigated the most hyperphosphorylated site in Sz, phosphoserine1782 (pS1782). Computational modeling predicted phosphorylation of S1782 reduces binding of MAP2 to microtubules, which was confirmed experimentally. We generated a transgenic mouse containing a phosphomimetic mutation at S1782 (S1782E) and found reductions in basilar dendritic length and complexity along with reduced spine density. Because only a limited number of MAP2 interacting proteins have been previously identified, we combined co-immunoprecipitation with mass spectrometry to characterize the MAP2 interactome in mouse brain. The MAP2 interactome was enriched for proteins involved in protein translation. These associations were shown to be functional as overexpression of wild type and phosphomimetic MAP2 reduced protein synthesis in vitro. Finally, we found that Sz subjects with low MAP2-IR had reductions in the levels of synaptic proteins relative to nonpsychiatric control (NPC) subjects and to Sz subjects with normal and MAP2-IR, and this same pattern was recapitulated in S1782E mice. These findings suggest a new conceptual framework for Sz-that a large proportion of individuals have a "MAP2opathy"-in which MAP function is altered by phosphorylation, leading to impairments of neuronal structure, synaptic protein synthesis, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Grubisha
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - X Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tsinghua MD Program, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - M L MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Garver
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Z Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - K A Paris
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D S Patel
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R A DeGiosio
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - N A Yates
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C Camacho
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - G E Homanics
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Y Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R A Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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22
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Yin X, Zhao C, Qiu Y, Zhou Z, Bao J, Qian W. Dendritic/Post-synaptic Tau and Early Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:671779. [PMID: 34248498 PMCID: PMC8270001 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.671779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein tau forms insoluble neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which is one of the major histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many studies have demonstrated that tau causes early functional deficits prior to the formation of neurofibrillary aggregates. The redistribution of tau from axons to the somatodendritic compartment of neurons and dendritic spines causes synaptic impairment, and then leads to the loss of synaptic contacts that correlates better with cognitive deficits than amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates do in AD patients. In this review, we discuss the underlying mechanisms by which tau is mislocalized to dendritic spines and contributes to synaptic dysfunction in AD. We also discuss the synergistic effects of tau and oligomeric forms of Aβ on promoting synaptic dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chenhao Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yanyan Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Junze Bao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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23
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Cuveillier C, Boulan B, Ravanello C, Denarier E, Deloulme JC, Gory-Fauré S, Delphin C, Bosc C, Arnal I, Andrieux A. Beyond Neuronal Microtubule Stabilization: MAP6 and CRMPS, Two Converging Stories. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:665693. [PMID: 34025352 PMCID: PMC8131560 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.665693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and function of the central nervous system rely on the microtubule (MT) and actin cytoskeletons and their respective effectors. Although the structural role of the cytoskeleton has long been acknowledged in neuronal morphology and activity, it was recently recognized to play the role of a signaling platform. Following this recognition, research into Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs) diversified. Indeed, historically, structural MAPs—including MAP1B, MAP2, Tau, and MAP6 (also known as STOP);—were identified and described as MT-binding and -stabilizing proteins. Extensive data obtained over the last 20 years indicated that these structural MAPs could also contribute to a variety of other molecular roles. Among multi-role MAPs, MAP6 provides a striking example illustrating the diverse molecular and cellular properties of MAPs and showing how their functional versatility contributes to the central nervous system. In this review, in addition to MAP6’s effect on microtubules, we describe its impact on the actin cytoskeleton, on neuroreceptor homeostasis, and its involvement in signaling pathways governing neuron development and maturation. We also discuss its roles in synaptic plasticity, brain connectivity, and cognitive abilities, as well as the potential relationships between the integrated brain functions of MAP6 and its molecular activities. In parallel, the Collapsin Response Mediator Proteins (CRMPs) are presented as examples of how other proteins, not initially identified as MAPs, fall into the broader MAP family. These proteins bind MTs as well as exhibiting molecular and cellular properties very similar to MAP6. Finally, we briefly summarize the multiple similarities between other classical structural MAPs and MAP6 or CRMPs.In summary, this review revisits the molecular properties and the cellular and neuronal roles of the classical MAPs, broadening our definition of what constitutes a MAP.
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24
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Waites C, Qu X, Bartolini F. The synaptic life of microtubules. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:113-123. [PMID: 33873059 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In neurons, control of microtubule dynamics is required for multiple homeostatic and regulated activities. Over the past few decades, a great deal has been learned about the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton in axonal and dendritic transport, with a broad impact on neuronal health and disease. However, significantly less attention has been paid to the importance of microtubule dynamics in directly regulating synaptic function. Here, we review emerging literature demonstrating that microtubules enter synapses and control central aspects of synaptic activity, including neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. The pleiotropic effects caused by a dysfunctional synaptic microtubule cytoskeleton may thus represent a key point of vulnerability for neurons and a primary driver of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Waites
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Qu
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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25
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Tan B, Aslan-Gülpınar E, Dursun N, Süer C. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade reduces plasticity-related tau expression and phosphorylation of tau at Ser416 residue but not Thr231 residue. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1627-1637. [PMID: 33768378 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity are complex, and the contribution of Tau protein in the physiological process is not fully understood. Herein, we investigated whether the blockade of NMDA receptor activation might change Tau phosphorylation during long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) via contribution of GSK3β as a major Tau kinase. For this, we recorded two components (synaptic and population spike components) of hippocampal field potential, which is evoked by the stimulation of the perforant pathway with high- and low-frequency stimulation (HFS and LFS). We found under a 20-µl volume of D-AP5 infusion lasting 1 h that,HFS caused significant synaptic depression, whereas LFS induced a synaptic potentiation. Both the HFS and LFS protocols resulted in a significant increase in population spike component but were characterized by a slow increase in amplitude that occurred with the LFS. D-AP5 attenuated HFS-induced population spike potentiation, but augmented LFS-induced population spike potentiation. The enzymatic activity of GSK-3β was decreased by D-AP5 infusion in the hippocampus, indicating that NMDA receptor activity modulates the enzymatic activity of GSK-3β. In addition, NMDA receptor blockade reduced tau expression and phosphorylation of tau at Ser416 residue, but not Thr231 residue. These findings confirm previous studies that D-AP5 applied to the DG in vivo blocks HFS-induced LTP, but we further also showed that the same dose of D-AP5 resulted in a slowly rising LFS-induced LTP and HFS-induced LTD. The formation of such an LTP, together with reduced enzymatic activity of GSK-3β and tau phosphorylation at Ser416 epitope, can make it a candidate mechanism for prevention of taupathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Tan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Ezgi Aslan-Gülpınar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Dursun
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Cem Süer
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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26
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Regulation of actin dynamics in dendritic spines: Nanostructure, molecular mobility, and signaling mechanisms. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 109:103564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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27
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Radler MR, Suber A, Spiliotis ET. Spatial control of membrane traffic in neuronal dendrites. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 105:103492. [PMID: 32294508 PMCID: PMC7317674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal dendrites are highly branched and specialized compartments with distinct structures and secretory organelles (e.g., spines, Golgi outposts), and a unique cytoskeletal organization that includes microtubules of mixed polarity. Dendritic membranes are enriched with proteins, which specialize in the formation and function of the post-synaptic membrane of the neuronal synapse. How these proteins partition preferentially in dendrites, and how they traffic in a manner that is spatiotemporally accurate and regulated by synaptic activity are long-standing questions of neuronal cell biology. Recent studies have shed new insights into the spatial control of dendritic membrane traffic, revealing new classes of proteins (e.g., septins) and cytoskeleton-based mechanisms with dendrite-specific functions. Here, we review these advances by revisiting the fundamental mechanisms that control membrane traffic at the levels of protein sorting and motor-driven transport on microtubules and actin filaments. Overall, dendrites possess unique mechanisms for the spatial control of membrane traffic, which might have specialized and co-evolved with their highly arborized morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Radler
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ayana Suber
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elias T Spiliotis
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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28
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Leptin stimulates synaptogenesis in hippocampal neurons via KLF4 and SOCS3 inhibition of STAT3 signaling. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 106:103500. [PMID: 32438059 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal development of neuronal connections in the hippocampus requires neurotrophic signals, including the cytokine leptin. During neonatal development, leptin induces formation and maturation of dendritic spines, the main sites of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampal neurons. However, the molecular mechanisms for leptin-induced synaptogenesis are not entirely understood. In this study, we reveal two novel targets of leptin in developing hippocampal neurons and address their role in synaptogenesis. First target is Kruppel-Like Factor 4 (KLF4), which we identified using a genome-wide target analysis strategy. We show that leptin upregulates KLF4 in hippocampal neurons and that leptin signaling is important for KLF4 expression in vivo. Furthermore, KLF4 is required for leptin-induced synaptogenesis, as shKLF4 blocks and upregulation of KLF4 phenocopies it. We go on to show that KLF4 requires its signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) binding site and thus potentially blocks STAT3 activity to induce synaptogenesis. Second, we show that leptin increases the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), another well-known inhibitor of STAT3, in developing hippocampal neurons. SOCS3 is also required for leptin-induced synaptogenesis and sufficient to stimulate it alone. Finally, we show that constitutively active STAT3 blocks the effects of leptin on spine formation, while the targeted knockdown of STAT3 is sufficient to induce it. Overall, our data demonstrate that leptin increases the expression of both KLF4 and SOCS3, inhibiting the activity of STAT3 in the hippocampal neurons and resulting in the enhancement of glutamatergic synaptogenesis during neonatal development.
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29
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Regan P, Cho K. The Role of Tau in the Post-synapse. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1184:113-121. [PMID: 32096033 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9358-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well documented that tauopathy is involved in various forms of neurodegenerative disease. However, there is a huge gap in terms of our understanding of the neurophysiological roles of tau, and how these can be aberrantly regulated by pathological processes. Tau is enriched in the axon but is also localized to synapses. The finding of synaptically localised tau has undoubtedly created more questions than it has answered. What is the physiological role of tau at the synapse? Whether and how does tau interact with and effect other synaptic proteins to mediate this function? Are these effects regulated by post-translational modifications of tau, such as phosphorylation? Such questions require significant attention from the scientific community if we are to resolve this critical aspect of tau biology. This chapter will describe our current understanding of synaptic tau and its functions and illuminate the numerous remaining challenges in this evolving research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Regan
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kwangwook Cho
- UK-Dementia Research Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK.
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30
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Dynamic microtubules at the synapse. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 63:9-14. [PMID: 32062144 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are a fundamental cytoskeletal component that give neurons structure and are the primary polymer system for long distance transport of cargo throughout the cytoplasm. Although neurons are highly polarized and their structure is often maintained throughout the life of an organism, MTs can remain dynamic in axons and dendrites, undergoing bouts of polymerization and depolymerization, referred to as dynamic instability. Furthermore, MTs can be nucleated outside of the centrosome or MT organizing center (MTOC) that is located in the cell body, allowing dynamic formation and branching of MT polymers throughout the neuron. Together, these recent findings point to a much more dynamic landscape of microtubules in developing and mature neurons than was previously appreciated. Here we will focus on recent studies that show MT dynamics are playing a role at the synapse, both post-synaptically in dendrites and pre-synaptically in axons.
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31
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Yousefzadeh SA, Hesslow G, Shumyatsky GP, Meck WH. Internal Clocks, mGluR7 and Microtubules: A Primer for the Molecular Encoding of Target Durations in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells and Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 12:321. [PMID: 31998074 PMCID: PMC6965020 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of studies in the field of timing and time perception have generally focused on sub- and supra-second time scales, specific behavioral processes, and/or discrete neuronal circuits. In an attempt to find common elements of interval timing from a broader perspective, we review the literature and highlight the need for cell and molecular studies that can delineate the neural mechanisms underlying temporal processing. Moreover, given the recent attention to the function of microtubule proteins and their potential contributions to learning and memory consolidation/re-consolidation, we propose that these proteins play key roles in coding temporal information in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) and striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). The presence of microtubules at relevant neuronal sites, as well as their adaptability, dynamic structure, and longevity, makes them a suitable candidate for neural plasticity at both intra- and inter-cellular levels. As a consequence, microtubules appear capable of maintaining a temporal code or engram and thereby regulate the firing patterns of PCs and MSNs known to be involved in interval timing. This proposed mechanism would control the storage of temporal information triggered by postsynaptic activation of mGluR7. This, in turn, leads to alterations in microtubule dynamics through a "read-write" memory process involving alterations in microtubule dynamics and their hexagonal lattice structures involved in the molecular basis of temporal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Aryana Yousefzadeh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Germund Hesslow
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gleb P. Shumyatsky
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Warren H. Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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32
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Qu X, Kumar A, Blockus H, Waites C, Bartolini F. Activity-Dependent Nucleation of Dynamic Microtubules at Presynaptic Boutons Controls Neurotransmission. Curr Biol 2019; 29:4231-4240.e5. [PMID: 31813605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Control of microtubule (MT) nucleation and dynamics is critical for neuronal function. Whether MT nucleation is regulated at presynaptic boutons and influences overall presynaptic activity remains unknown. By visualizing MT plus-end dynamics at individual excitatory en passant boutons in axons of cultured hippocampal neurons and in hippocampal slices expressing EB3-EGFP and vGlut1-mCherry, we found that dynamic MTs preferentially grow from presynaptic boutons, show biased directionality in that they are almost always oriented toward the distal tip of the axon, and can be induced by neuronal activity. Silencing of γ-tubulin expression reduced presynaptic MT nucleation, and depletion of either HAUS1 or HAUS7-augmin subunits increased the percentage of retrograde comets initiated at boutons, indicating that γ-tubulin and augmin are required for activity-dependent de novo nucleation of uniformly distally oriented dynamic MTs. We analyzed the dynamics of a wide range of axonal organelles as well as synaptic vesicles (SVs) relative to vGlut1+ stable presynaptic boutons in a time window during which MT nucleation at boutons is promoted upon induction of neuronal activity, and we found that γ-tubulin-dependent presynaptic MT nucleation controls bidirectional (SV) interbouton transport and regulates evoked SV exocytosis. Hence, en passant boutons act as hotspots for activity-dependent de novo MT nucleation, which controls neurotransmission by providing dynamic tracks for bidirectional delivery of SVs between sites of neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Qu
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Atul Kumar
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Heike Blockus
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Clarissa Waites
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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33
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MAP2 immunoreactivity deficit is conserved across the cerebral cortex within individuals with schizophrenia. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2019; 5:13. [PMID: 31462659 PMCID: PMC6713711 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-019-0081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several postmortem studies have reported lower levels of immunoreactivity (IR) for microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in several cortical regions of individuals with schizophrenia (SZ). However, whether this effect is conserved across multiple brain areas within an individual with SZ or if it is regionally-specific remains unclear. We characterized patterns of MAP2-IR across three cortical regions at different levels of the rostral-caudal axis within individual subjects with and without SZ. MAP2-IR levels were measured in deep layer 3 of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP), and primary visual cortex (V1). Postmortem tissue containing each cortical region was derived from 20 pairs of SZ subjects and nonpsychiatric comparison (NPC) subjects matched perfectly for sex, and as closely as possible for age and postmortem interval. MAP2-IR was assessed by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. We observed significantly lower levels of MAP2-IR in SZ subjects relative to NPC subjects, without a significant region by diagnosis interaction. Logs of the within-pair ratios (SZ:NPC) of MAP2-IR were significantly correlated across the three regions. These findings demonstrate that MAP2-IR deficits in SZ are consistent across three neocortical regions within individual subjects. This pattern of MAP2-IR deficit has implications for therapeutic development and future investigations of MAP2 pathology in SZ.
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34
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Density of small dendritic spines and microtubule-associated-protein-2 immunoreactivity in the primary auditory cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1055-1061. [PMID: 30795003 PMCID: PMC6461932 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that dendritic spine density (DSD) in deep layer 3 of the primary auditory cortex (A1) is lower, due to having fewer small spines, in subjects with schizophrenia (SZ) than non-psychiatric control (NPC) subjects. We also previously demonstrated that microtubule-associated-protein-2 immunoreactivity (MAP2-IR) in A1 deep layer 3 is lower, and positively correlated with DSD, in SZ subjects. Here, we first sought to confirm these findings in an independent cohort of 25 SZ-NPC subject pairs (cohort 1). We used immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy to measure DSD and MAP2-IR in A1 deep layer 3. Consistent with previous studies, both DSD and MAP2-IR were lower in SZ subjects. We then tested the hypothesis that MAP2-IR mediates the effect of SZ on DSD in a cohort of 45 SZ-NPC subject pairs (combined cohort) that included all subjects from cohort 1 and two previously studied cohorts. Based on the distribution of MAP2-IR values in NPC subjects, we categorized each SZ subject as having either low MAP2-IR (SZ MAP2-IR(low)) or normal MAP2-IR (SZ MAP2-IR(normal)). Among SZ MAP-IR(low) subjects, mean DSD was significantly lower than in NPC subjects. However, mean DSD did not differ between SZ MAP2-IR(normal) and NPC subjects. Moreover, MAP2-IR statistically mediated small spine differences, with lower MAP2-IR values associated with fewer small spines. Our findings confirm that low density of small spines and low MAP2-IR are robust SZ phenotypes and suggest that MAP2-IR mediates the effect of SZ on DSD.
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35
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Serre L, Stoppin-Mellet V, Arnal I. Adenomatous Polyposis Coli as a Scaffold for Microtubule End-Binding Proteins. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1993-2005. [PMID: 30959051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
End-binding proteins (EBs), referred to as the core components of the microtubule plus-end tracking protein network, interact with the C-terminus of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor. This interaction is disrupted in colon cancers expressing truncated APC. APC and EBs act in synergy to regulate microtubule dynamics during spindle formation, chromosome segregation and cell migration. Since EBs autonomously end-track microtubules and partially co-localize with APC at microtubule tips in cells, EBs have been proposed to direct APC to microtubule ends. However, the interdependency of EB and APC localization on microtubules remains elusive. Here, using in vitro reconstitution and single-molecule imaging, we have investigated the interplay between EBs and the C-terminal domain of APC (APC-C) on dynamic microtubules. Our results show that APC-C binds along the microtubule wall but does not accumulate at microtubule tips, even when EB proteins are present. APC-C was also found to enhance EB binding at the extremity of growing microtubules and on the microtubule lattice: APC-C promotes EB end-tracking properties by increasing the time EBs spend at microtubule growing ends, whereas a pool of EBs with a fast turnover accumulates along the microtubule surface. Overall, our results suggest that APC is a promoter of EB interaction with microtubules, providing molecular determinants to reassess the relationship between APC and EBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Serre
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, INSERM U1216, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, 38000 France.
| | - Virginie Stoppin-Mellet
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, INSERM U1216, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, 38000 France
| | - Isabelle Arnal
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, INSERM U1216, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, 38000 France.
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36
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Kilinc D. The Emerging Role of Mechanics in Synapse Formation and Plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:483. [PMID: 30574071 PMCID: PMC6291423 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of synaptic strength forms the basis of learning and memory, and is a key factor in understanding neuropathological processes that lead to cognitive decline and dementia. While the mechanical aspects of neuronal development, particularly during axon growth and guidance, have been extensively studied, relatively little is known about the mechanical aspects of synapse formation and plasticity. It is established that a filamentous actin network with complex spatiotemporal behavior controls the dendritic spine shape and size, which is thought to be crucial for activity-dependent synapse plasticity. Accordingly, a number of actin binding proteins have been identified as regulators of synapse plasticity. On the other hand, a number of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are found in synapses, some of which form transsynaptic bonds to align the presynaptic active zone (PAZ) with the postsynaptic density (PSD). Considering that these CAMs are key components of cellular mechanotransduction, two critical questions emerge: (i) are synapses mechanically regulated? and (ii) does disrupting the transsynaptic force balance lead to (or exacerbate) synaptic failure? In this mini review article, I will highlight the mechanical aspects of synaptic structures-focusing mainly on cytoskeletal dynamics and CAMs-and discuss potential mechanoregulation of synapses and its relevance to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Kilinc
- INSERM U1167, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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37
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Baltussen LL, Negraes PD, Silvestre M, Claxton S, Moeskops M, Christodoulou E, Flynn HR, Snijders AP, Muotri AR, Ultanir SK. Chemical genetic identification of CDKL5 substrates reveals its role in neuronal microtubule dynamics. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899763. [PMID: 30266824 PMCID: PMC6293278 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss‐of‐function mutations in CDKL5 kinase cause severe neurodevelopmental delay and early‐onset seizures. Identification of CDKL5 substrates is key to understanding its function. Using chemical genetics, we found that CDKL5 phosphorylates three microtubule‐associated proteins: MAP1S, EB2 and ARHGEF2, and determined the phosphorylation sites. Substrate phosphorylations are greatly reduced in CDKL5 knockout mice, verifying these as physiological substrates. In CDKL5 knockout mouse neurons, dendritic microtubules have longer EB3‐labelled plus‐end growth duration and these altered dynamics are rescued by reduction of MAP1S levels through shRNA expression, indicating that CDKL5 regulates microtubule dynamics via phosphorylation of MAP1S. We show that phosphorylation by CDKL5 is required for MAP1S dissociation from microtubules. Additionally, anterograde cargo trafficking is compromised in CDKL5 knockout mouse dendrites. Finally, EB2 phosphorylation is reduced in patient‐derived human neurons. Our results reveal a novel activity‐dependent molecular pathway in dendritic microtubule regulation and suggest a pathological mechanism which may contribute to CDKL5 deficiency disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas L Baltussen
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Priscilla D Negraes
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Margaux Silvestre
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Claxton
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Max Moeskops
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Helen R Flynn
- Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA .,Department of Pediatrics/Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sila K Ultanir
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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38
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A key function for microtubule-associated-protein 6 in activity-dependent stabilisation of actin filaments in dendritic spines. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3775. [PMID: 30224655 PMCID: PMC6141585 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05869-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are implicated in synaptic function; in particular, mice deficient for MAP6 exhibit striking deficits in plasticity and cognition. How MAP6 connects to plasticity mechanisms is unclear. Here, we address the possible role of this protein in dendritic spines. We find that in MAP6-deficient cortical and hippocampal neurons, maintenance of mature spines is impaired, and can be restored by expressing a stretch of the MAP6 sequence called Mc modules. Mc modules directly bind actin filaments and mediate activity-dependent stabilisation of F-actin in dendritic spines, a key event of synaptic plasticity. In vitro, Mc modules enhance actin filament nucleation and promote the formation of stable, highly ordered filament bundles. Activity-induced phosphorylation of MAP6 likely controls its transfer to the spine cytoskeleton. These results provide a molecular explanation for the role of MAP6 in cognition, enlightening the connection between cytoskeletal dysfunction, synaptic impairment and neuropsychiatric illnesses. Microtubule-associated protein 6 (MAP6) is known to be important for synaptic plasticity and cognition, supposedly via interaction with microtubules. Here, the authors found that MAP6 is crucial for the stabilisation of enlarged synapses through its association with a different cytoskeletal element, actin.
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39
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Chen JT, Wei L, Chen TL, Huang CJ, Chen RM. Regulation of cytochrome P450 gene expression by ketamine: a review. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:709-720. [PMID: 29888644 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1487397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although used as an anesthetic drug for decades, ketamine appears to have garnered renewed interest due to its potential therapeutic uses in pain therapy, neurology, and psychiatry. Ketamine undergoes extensive oxidative metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Considerable efforts have been expended to elucidate the ketamine-induced regulation of CYP gene expression. The safety profile of chronic ketamine administration is still unclear. Understanding how ketamine regulates CYP gene expression is clinically meaningful. Areas covered: In this article, the authors provide a brief review of clinical applications of ketamine and its metabolism by CYP enzymes. We discuss the effects of ketamine on the regulation of CYP gene expression, exploring aspects of cytoskeletal remodeling, mitochondrial functions, and calcium homeostasis. Expert opinion: Ketamine may inhibit CYP gene expression through inhibiting calcium signaling, decreasing ATP levels, producing excessive reactive oxygen species, and subsequently perturbing cytoskeletal dynamics. Further research is still needed to avoid possible ketamine-drug interactions during long-term use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Tai Chen
- a Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine , Taipei Medical University , Taipei City , Taiwan.,b Department of Anesthesiology, Wan-Fang Hospital , Taipei Medical University , Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Li Wei
- c Department of Neurosurgery, Wan-Fang Hospital , Taipei Medical University , Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Ta-Liang Chen
- d Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center , Taipei Medical University Hospital , Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Huang
- a Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine , Taipei Medical University , Taipei City , Taiwan.,b Department of Anesthesiology, Wan-Fang Hospital , Taipei Medical University , Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- d Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center , Taipei Medical University Hospital , Taipei City , Taiwan.,e Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine , Taipei Medical University , Taipei City , Taiwan.,f Cellular Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan-Fang Hospital , Taipei Medical University , Taipei City , Taiwan
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40
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Schätzle P, Esteves da Silva M, Tas RP, Katrukha EA, Hu HY, Wierenga CJ, Kapitein LC, Hoogenraad CC. Activity-Dependent Actin Remodeling at the Base of Dendritic Spines Promotes Microtubule Entry. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2081-2093.e6. [PMID: 29910073 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In neurons, microtubules form dense bundles and run along the length of axons and dendrites. Occasionally, dendritic microtubules can grow from the shaft directly into dendritic spines. Microtubules target dendritic spines that are undergoing activity-dependent changes, but the mechanism by which microtubules enter spines has remained poorly understood. Using live-cell imaging, high-resolution microscopy, and local glutamate uncaging, we show that local actin remodeling at the base of a spine promotes microtubule spine targeting. Microtubule spine entry is triggered by activation of N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors and calcium influx and requires dynamic actin remodeling. Activity-dependent translocation of the actin remodeling protein cortactin out of the spine correlates with increased microtubule targeting at a single spine level. Our data show that the structural changes in the actin cytoskeleton at the base of the spine are directly involved in microtubule entry and emphasize the importance of actin-microtubule crosstalk in orchestrating synapse function and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schätzle
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marta Esteves da Silva
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roderick P Tas
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hai Yin Hu
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Corette J Wierenga
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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41
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Landrock KK, Sullivan P, Martini-Stoica H, Goldstein DS, Graham BH, Yamamoto S, Bellen HJ, Gibbs RA, Chen R, D'Amelio M, Stoica G. Pleiotropic neuropathological and biochemical alterations associated with Myo5a mutation in a rat Model. Brain Res 2018; 1679:155-170. [PMID: 29217155 PMCID: PMC7696654 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyze the neuropathological and biochemical alterations involved in the pathogenesis of a neurodegenerative/movement disorder during different developmental stages in juvenile rats with a mutant Myosin5a (Myo5a). In mutant rats, a spontaneous autosomal recessive mutation characterized by the absence of Myo5a protein expression in the brain is associated with a syndrome of locomotor dysfunction, altered coat color, and neuroendocrine abnormalities. Myo5a encodes a myosin motor protein required for transport and proper distribution of subcellular organelles in somatodendritic processes in neurons. Here we report marked hyperphosphorylation of alpha-synuclein and tau, as well as region-specific buildup of the autotoxic dopamine metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetaldehyde (DOPAL), related to decreased aldehyde dehydrogenases activity and neurodegeneration in mutant rats. Alpha-synuclein accumulation in mitochondria of dopaminergic neurons is associated with impaired enzymatic respiratory complex I and IV activity. The behavioral and biochemical lesions progress after 15 days postnatal, and by 30-40 days the animals must be euthanized because of neurological impairment. Based on the obtained results, we propose a pleiotropic pathogenesis that links the Myo5a gene mutation to deficient neuronal development and progressive neurodegeneration. This potential model of a neurodevelopmental disorder with neurodegeneration and motor deficits may provide further insight into molecular motors and their associated proteins responsible for altered neurogenesis and neuronal disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin K Landrock
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Patti Sullivan
- Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Heidi Martini-Stoica
- Interdepartmental Program of Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - David S Goldstein
- Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Brett H Graham
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Department of Medicine, Unit of Molecular Neurosciences, Rome, Italy.
| | - George Stoica
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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42
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Ledda F, Paratcha G. Mechanisms regulating dendritic arbor patterning. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4511-4537. [PMID: 28735442 PMCID: PMC11107629 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is populated by diverse types of neurons, each of which has dendritic trees with strikingly different morphologies. These neuron-specific morphologies determine how dendritic trees integrate thousands of synaptic inputs to generate different firing properties. To ensure proper neuronal function and connectivity, it is necessary that dendrite patterns are precisely controlled and coordinated with synaptic activity. Here, we summarize the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the formation of cell type-specific dendrite patterns during development. We focus on different aspects of vertebrate dendrite patterning that are particularly important in determining the neuronal function; such as the shape, branching, orientation and size of the arbors as well as the development of dendritic spine protrusions that receive excitatory inputs and compartmentalize postsynaptic responses. Additionally, we briefly comment on the implications of aberrant dendritic morphology for nervous system disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ledda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, 3rd Floor, CABA, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Paratcha
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, 3rd Floor, CABA, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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43
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Dent EW. Of microtubules and memory: implications for microtubule dynamics in dendrites and spines. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1-8. [PMID: 28035040 PMCID: PMC5221613 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-11-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are cytoskeletal polymers composed of repeating subunits of tubulin that are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells. They undergo a stochastic process of polymerization and depolymerization from their plus ends termed dynamic instability. MT dynamics is an ongoing process in all cell types and has been the target for the development of several useful anticancer drugs, which compromise rapidly dividing cells. Recent studies also suggest that MT dynamics may be particularly important in neurons, which develop a highly polarized morphology, consisting of a single axon and multiple dendrites that persist throughout adulthood. MTs are especially dynamic in dendrites and have recently been shown to polymerize directly into dendritic spines, the postsynaptic compartment of excitatory neurons in the CNS. These transient polymerization events into dendritic spines have been demonstrated to play important roles in synaptic plasticity in cultured neurons. Recent studies also suggest that MT dynamics in the adult brain function in the essential process of learning and memory and may be compromised in degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. This raises the possibility of targeting MT dynamics in the design of new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik W Dent
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
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44
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Qu X, Yuan FN, Corona C, Pasini S, Pero ME, Gundersen GG, Shelanski ML, Bartolini F. Stabilization of dynamic microtubules by mDia1 drives Tau-dependent Aβ 1-42 synaptotoxicity. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3161-3178. [PMID: 28877993 PMCID: PMC5626542 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligomeric Amyloid β1-42 (Aβ) plays a crucial synaptotoxic role in Alzheimer's disease, and hyperphosphorylated tau facilitates Aβ toxicity. The link between Aβ and tau, however, remains controversial. In this study, we find that in hippocampal neurons, Aβ acutely induces tubulin posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and stabilizes dynamic microtubules (MTs) by reducing their catastrophe frequency. Silencing or acute inhibition of the formin mDia1 suppresses these activities and corrects the synaptotoxicity and deficits of axonal transport induced by Aβ. We explored the mechanism of rescue and found that stabilization of dynamic MTs promotes tau-dependent loss of dendritic spines and tau hyperphosphorylation. Collectively, these results uncover a novel role for mDia1 in Aβ-mediated synaptotoxicity and demonstrate that inhibition of MT dynamics and accumulation of PTMs are driving factors for the induction of tau-mediated neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Qu
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Feng Ning Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Carlo Corona
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Silvia Pasini
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Maria Elena Pero
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gregg G Gundersen
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Michael L Shelanski
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
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45
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Nirschl JJ, Ghiretti AE, Holzbaur ELF. The impact of cytoskeletal organization on the local regulation of neuronal transport. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:585-597. [PMID: 28855741 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are akin to modern cities in that both are dependent on robust transport mechanisms. Like the best mass transit systems, trafficking in neurons must be tailored to respond to local requirements. Neurons depend on both high-speed, long-distance transport and localized dynamics to correctly deliver cargoes and to tune synaptic responses. Here, we focus on the mechanisms that provide localized regulation of the transport machinery, including the cytoskeleton and molecular motors, to yield compartment-specific trafficking in the axon initial segment, axon terminal, dendrites and spines. The synthesis of these mechanisms provides a sophisticated and responsive transit system for the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Nirschl
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 638A Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Amy E Ghiretti
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 638A Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 638A Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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46
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Gumy LF, Katrukha EA, Grigoriev I, Jaarsma D, Kapitein LC, Akhmanova A, Hoogenraad CC. MAP2 Defines a Pre-axonal Filtering Zone to Regulate KIF1- versus KIF5-Dependent Cargo Transport in Sensory Neurons. Neuron 2017; 94:347-362.e7. [PMID: 28426968 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polarized cargo transport is essential for neuronal function. However, the minimal basic components required for selective cargo sorting and distribution in neurons remain elusive. We found that in sensory neurons the axon initial segment is largely absent and that microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) defines the cargo-filtering zone in the proximal axon. Here, MAP2 directs axonal cargo entry by coordinating the activities of molecular motors. We show that distinct kinesins differentially regulate cargo velocity: kinesin-3 drives fast axonal cargo trafficking, while kinesin-1 slows down axonal cargo transport. MAP2 inhibits "slow" kinesin-1 motor activity and allows kinesin-3 to drive robust cargo transport from the soma into the axon. In the distal axon, the inhibitory action of MAP2 decreases, leading to regained kinesin-1 activity and vesicle distribution. We propose that selective axonal cargo trafficking requires the MAP2-defined pre-axonal filtering zone and the ability of cargos to switch between distinct kinesin motor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Gumy
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Jaarsma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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47
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Cloin BMC, De Zitter E, Salas D, Gielen V, Folkers GE, Mikhaylova M, Bergeler M, Krajnik B, Harvey J, Hoogenraad CC, Van Meervelt L, Dedecker P, Kapitein LC. Efficient switching of mCherry fluorescence using chemical caging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7013-7018. [PMID: 28630286 PMCID: PMC5502588 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617280114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorophores with dynamic or controllable fluorescence emission have become essential tools for advanced imaging, such as superresolution imaging. These applications have driven the continuing development of photoactivatable or photoconvertible labels, including genetically encoded fluorescent proteins. These new probes work well but require the introduction of new labels that may interfere with the proper functioning of existing constructs and therefore require extensive functional characterization. In this work we show that the widely used red fluorescent protein mCherry can be brought to a purely chemically induced blue-fluorescent state by incubation with β-mercaptoethanol (βME). The molecules can be recovered to the red fluorescent state by washing out the βME or through irradiation with violet light, with up to 80% total recovery. We show that this can be used to perform single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) on cells expressing mCherry, which renders this approach applicable to a very wide range of existing constructs. We performed a detailed investigation of the mechanism underlying these dynamics, using X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and ab initio quantum-mechanical calculations. We find that the βME-induced fluorescence quenching of mCherry occurs both via the direct addition of βME to the chromophore and through βME-mediated reduction of the chromophore. These results not only offer a strategy to expand SMLM imaging to a broad range of available biological models, but also present unique insights into the chemistry and functioning of a highly important class of fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas M C Cloin
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elke De Zitter
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Desiree Salas
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Gielen
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Gert E Folkers
- NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maike Bergeler
- Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bartosz Krajnik
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Jeremy Harvey
- Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Van Meervelt
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Peter Dedecker
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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48
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Nehlig A, Molina A, Rodrigues-Ferreira S, Honoré S, Nahmias C. Regulation of end-binding protein EB1 in the control of microtubule dynamics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2381-2393. [PMID: 28204846 PMCID: PMC11107513 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of microtubule dynamics is critical to ensure essential cell functions, such as proper segregation of chromosomes during mitosis or cell polarity and migration. End-binding protein 1 (EB1) is a plus-end-tracking protein (+TIP) that accumulates at growing microtubule ends and plays a pivotal role in the regulation of microtubule dynamics. EB1 autonomously binds an extended tubulin-GTP/GDP-Pi structure at growing microtubule ends and acts as a molecular scaffold that recruits a large number of regulatory +TIPs through interaction with CAP-Gly or SxIP motifs. While extensive studies have focused on the structure of EB1-interacting site at microtubule ends and its role as a molecular platform, the mechanisms involved in the negative regulation of EB1 have only started to emerge and remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarize recent studies showing that EB1 association with MT ends is regulated by post-translational modifications and affected by microtubule-targeting agents. We also present recent findings that structural MAPs, that have no tip-tracking activity, physically interact with EB1 to prevent its accumulation at microtubule plus ends. These observations point out a novel concept of "endogenous EB1 antagonists" and emphasize the importance of finely regulating EB1 function at growing microtubule ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nehlig
- Inserm U981, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800, Villejuif, France
- University Paris Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Angie Molina
- Inserm U981, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800, Villejuif, France
- University Paris Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
- CBD, University of Toulouse-3, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Rodrigues-Ferreira
- Inserm U981, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800, Villejuif, France
- University Paris Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphane Honoré
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm U-911, CRO2, Marseille, France
- Service Pharmacie, CHU Hôpital de La Timone, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Clara Nahmias
- Inserm U981, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800, Villejuif, France.
- University Paris Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France.
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49
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Blazejczyk M, Macias M, Korostynski M, Firkowska M, Piechota M, Skalecka A, Tempes A, Koscielny A, Urbanska M, Przewlocki R, Jaworski J. Kainic Acid Induces mTORC1-Dependent Expression of Elmo1 in Hippocampal Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:2562-2578. [PMID: 26993296 PMCID: PMC5390005 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epileptogenesis is a process triggered by initial environmental or genetic factors that result in epilepsy and may continue during disease progression. Important parts of this process include changes in transcriptome and the pathological rewiring of neuronal circuits that involves changes in neuronal morphology. Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is upregulated by proconvulsive drugs, e.g., kainic acid, and is needed for progression of epileptogenesis, but molecular aspects of its contribution are not fully understood. Since mTOR can modulate transcription, we tested if rapamycin, an mTOR complex 1 inhibitor, affects kainic acid-evoked transcriptome changes. Using microarray technology, we showed that rapamycin inhibits the kainic acid-induced expression of multiple functionally heterogeneous genes. We further focused on engulfment and cell motility 1 (Elmo1), which is a modulator of actin dynamics and therefore could contribute to pathological rewiring of neuronal circuits during epileptogenesis. We showed that prolonged overexpression of Elmo1 in cultured hippocampal neurons increased axonal growth, decreased dendritic spine density, and affected their shape. In conclusion, data presented herein show that increased mTORC1 activity in response to kainic acid has no global effect on gene expression. Instead, our findings suggest that mTORC1 inhibition may affect development of epilepsy, by modulating expression of specific subset of genes, including Elmo1, and point to a potential role for Elmo1 in morphological changes that accompany epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Blazejczyk
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St., 02-109, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Matylda Macias
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St., 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Korostynski
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcelina Firkowska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St., 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Piechota
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Skalecka
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St., 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Tempes
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St., 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Koscielny
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St., 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Urbanska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St., 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard Przewlocki
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena St., 02-109, Warsaw, Poland.
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50
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Brandt R, Bakota L. Microtubule dynamics and the neurodegenerative triad of Alzheimer's disease: The hidden connection. J Neurochem 2017; 143:409-417. [PMID: 28267200 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and is, on a histopathological level, characterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid plaques composed of the protein fragment Aβ, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, which contain the microtubule-associated protein tau in a hyperphosphorylated state. In AD defects in microtubule (MT) assembly and organization have also been reported; however, it is unclear whether MT abnormalities have a causal and early role in the disease process or represent a common end point downstream of the neurodegenerative cascade. Recent evidence indicates that microtubule-stabilizing drugs prevent axonopathy in animal models of tauopathies and reverse Aβ-induced loss of synaptic connectivity in an ex vivo model of amyloidosis. This could suggest that MT dysfunction connects some of the degenerative events and provides a useful target to simultaneously prevent several neurodegenerative processes in AD. Here, we describe how changes in the structure and dynamics of MTs are involved in the different aspects of the neurodegenerative triad of AD. We discuss evidence that MTs are affected both by tau-dependent and tau-independent mechanisms but appear to be regulated in a distinct way in different neuronal compartments. We argue that modulation of MT dynamics could be of potential benefit but needs to be precisely controlled in a cell and compartment-specific manner to avoid harmful side effects. This article is part of the series "Beyond Amyloid".
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Brandt
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Lidia Bakota
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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