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da Rocha SMC, Pires RC, Monteiro DCS, Cronemberges TCR, de Souza NV, Colares JKB, Lima DM. Is there an overestimation of dengue compared with that of other acute febrile syndromes in childhood? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012137. [PMID: 38848319 PMCID: PMC11161014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A group of children with clinical suspicion of dengue were assessed to determine if there was an overestimation of dengue compared with that of leptospirosis and leishmaniasis. This descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study, based on the active search of participants with acute febrile illness, was conducted at two pediatric hospitals. The collection of clinical and epidemiological data was performed using questionnaires, and laboratory tests specific for dengue were performed using immunochromatographic, serological, and molecular methods. Dengue-negative samples were assessed for Leptospira and Leishmania spp. using molecular tests. Data were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), the chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. In total, 86 participants were evaluated, of whom 39 (45%) were positive for dengue fever, 4 (5%) for leptospirosis, and 1 (1%) for leishmaniasis. Forty-two participants (49%) presented dengue-like symptoms. The predominant age range for the virus was 3-10 years. Most clinical manifestations were nonspecific, with frequent concomitant gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms. Furthermore, we found that the acute febrile syndrome in childhood persists as a challenge for health professionals, especially in the early days of the disease, due to a plurality of diagnostic hypotheses, associated with the difficulty of establishing well-defined symptoms in children, especially in infants. Dengue fever continues to be a frequent pathology with acute febrile infections in childhood; however, there is an overestimation of the disease, especially in endemic regions, when one considers only the clinical epidemiological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sônia Maria Cavalcante da Rocha
- University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Hospital Infantil Albert Sabin, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Cristina Sensato Monteiro
- University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR/RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Vasconcelos de Souza
- University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR/RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jeová Keny Baima Colares
- University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Danielle Malta Lima
- University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR/RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Pereira ME, Neves MCB, de Almeida ADBPF, Sousa VRF. Comparison of SensPERT® Leishmania rapid test with two other immunochromatographic tests for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Vet World 2024; 17:1307-1310. [PMID: 39077456 PMCID: PMC11283617 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1307-1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim In urban environments, dogs serve as the primary reservoir for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Rapidly diagnosing canine VL through tests enables early treatment and a favorable prognosis. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of the SensPERT® Leishmania test kit (Dechra®), Alere® Leishmaniasis Ac test kit, and the rapid test dual path platform (TR-DPP®) Bio-Manguinhos in detecting VL. Materials and Methods 30 serum samples from reactive VL dogs and 30 serum samples from healthy dogs were employed for assessing the sensitivity and specificity variation between SensPERT® Leishmania test kit, Alere® Leishmaniasis Ac test kit, and rapid test dual platform - TR-DPP®. Results The SensPERT® Leishmania test outperformed Alere® and TR-DPP® in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and demonstrated near-perfect concordance with Alere® and substantial concurrence with TR-DPP®. Conclusion The SensPERT® Leishmania rapid test proved to be a promising test in the detection of VL in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Elisa Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Bianchini Neves
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Dutra-Rêgo F, Binder C, Capucci DC, Vaz TP, Andrade Filho JD, Fontes G, Gontijo CMF. Diversity, Leishmania detection, and blood meal sources of sand flies from Iguatama, Minas Gerais, Brazil. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302567. [PMID: 38781235 PMCID: PMC11115240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the sand fly fauna of the municipality Iguatama, in the Midwest Region of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, including Leishmania infection rates and blood meal sources. Sand flies were collected during four periods over the course of a single year, encompassing both dry and rainy seasons, using CDC light traps placed in peridomiciles where dogs were seropositive for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). A total of 762 sand fly specimens, representing 12 species across seven genera, were collected. Lutzomyia longipalpis was the most abundant species, comprising 57.6% of the collected specimens, followed by Nyssomyia neivai (19.6%) and Nyssomyia whitmani (10.5%). Species richness and diversity varied among collection periods, with the highest diversity observed in January 2019. Molecular analysis detected Leishmania DNA in 12.5% of the sand fly specimens, with Le. infantum being the predominant species. Blood meal analysis revealed feeding on multiple vertebrate species, including humans, rats, dogs, and chickens. The presence of Leishmania DNA in sand flies, and the identification of human blood meals, highlight the potential role of these species in VL transmission. These findings underscore the importance of continued surveillance and control measures to prevent the spread of VL and reduce transmission risk in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Dutra-Rêgo
- Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila Binder
- Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina Capucci
- Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Talita Pereira Vaz
- Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Gilberto Fontes
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Carneiro FM, da Cruz AB, Maia MM, Taniwaki NN, Pereira IDS, Namiyama GM, Gava R, Hiramoto RM, Vicente B, Midlej V, Mariante RM, Pereira-Chioccola VL. Extracellular Vesicles from Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Contribute in Stimulating Immune Response and Immunosuppression in Hosts with Visceral Leishmaniasis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:270. [PMID: 38399674 PMCID: PMC10892469 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic systemic disease. In Brazil this infection is caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by Leishmania species have different functions like the modulation of host immune systems and inflammatory responses, among others. This study evaluated the participation of EVs from L. (L.) infantum (Leish-EVs) in recognition of the humoral and cellular immune response of hosts with VL. Promastigotes were cultivated in 199 medium and, in the log phase of growth, they were centrifuged, washed, resus-pended in RPMI medium, and incubated for 2 to 24 h, at 25 °C or 37 °C to release Leish-EVs. This dynamic was evaluated using transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopies, as well as nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The results suggested that parasite penetration in mammal macrophages requires more Leish-EVs than those living in insect vectors, since promastigotes incubated at 37 °C released more Leish-EVs than those incubated at 25 °C. Infected THP-1 cells produced high EV concentration (THP-1 cells-EVs) when compared with those from the control group. The same results were obtained when THP-1 cells were treated with Leish-EVs or a crude Leishmania antigen. These data indicated that host-EV concentrations could be used to distinguish infected from uninfected hosts. THP-1 cells treated with Leish-EVs expressed more IL-12 than control THP-1 cells, but were unable to express IFN-γ. These same cells highly expressed IL-10, which inhibited TNF-α and IL-6. Equally, THP-1 cells treated with Leish-EVs up-expressed miR-21-5p and miR-146a-5p. In conclusion, THP-1 cells treated with Leish-EVs highly expressed miR-21-5p and miR-146a-5p and caused the dysregulation of IL-10. Indirectly, these results suggest that high expression of these miRNAs species is caused by Leish-EVs. Consequently, this molecular via can contribute to immunosuppression causing enhanced immunopathology in infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francieli Marinho Carneiro
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (F.M.C.); (A.B.d.C.); (M.M.M.); (I.d.S.P.); (R.G.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Allecineia Bispo da Cruz
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (F.M.C.); (A.B.d.C.); (M.M.M.); (I.d.S.P.); (R.G.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Marta Marques Maia
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (F.M.C.); (A.B.d.C.); (M.M.M.); (I.d.S.P.); (R.G.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki
- Núcleo de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (N.N.T.); (G.M.N.)
| | - Ingrid de Siqueira Pereira
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (F.M.C.); (A.B.d.C.); (M.M.M.); (I.d.S.P.); (R.G.); (R.M.H.)
- Núcleo de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (N.N.T.); (G.M.N.)
| | - Gislene Mitsue Namiyama
- Núcleo de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (N.N.T.); (G.M.N.)
| | - Ricardo Gava
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (F.M.C.); (A.B.d.C.); (M.M.M.); (I.d.S.P.); (R.G.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Roberto Mitsuyoshi Hiramoto
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (F.M.C.); (A.B.d.C.); (M.M.M.); (I.d.S.P.); (R.G.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Bruno Vicente
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (B.V.); (V.M.); (R.M.M.)
| | - Victor Midlej
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (B.V.); (V.M.); (R.M.M.)
| | - Rafael Meyer Mariante
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (B.V.); (V.M.); (R.M.M.)
| | - Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (F.M.C.); (A.B.d.C.); (M.M.M.); (I.d.S.P.); (R.G.); (R.M.H.)
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Almeida GG, Luehring TAM, Paixão PHDM, Soares RP, de Barros ALB, do Monte-Neto RL, Tafuri WL, Negrão-Corrêa DA, Gonçalves R. The absence of eosinophils is associated with early metastatic lesions in Leishmania amazonensis-infected mice. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2024; 119:e220242. [PMID: 38198296 PMCID: PMC10777375 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils are granulocytes that rapidly increase frequency in the bloodstream during helminthic infections and allergic responses. They are found in tissue infected by Leishmania during early disease, but their role during infection is not entirely understood. OBJECTIVES We aim to compare the disease due to Leishmania amazonensis in BALB/c and Δdbl-GATA1 mice, which lack eosinophils. METHODS BALB/c and Δdbl-GATA1 mice infected with L. amazonensis were observed for several weeks. The parasite load and dissemination pattern were assessed. FINDINGS The Δdbl-GATA1 mice developed an anticipated dissemination of L. amazonensis and a worsening disease. No differences were found in the lesion development or the parasite load in the footpad among Δdbl-GATA1 mice and BALB/c eight weeks after infection. However, nine weeks after infection, massive growth of metastatic lesions appeared in several parts of the skin in Δdbl-GATA1 mice, weeks earlier than BALB/c. We observed increased parasites in the bloodstream, probably an essential dissemination route. Thirteen weeks after infection, metastatic lesions were found in all Δdbl-GATA1 mice. MAIN CONCLUSION These results suggest a protective role of eosinophils in delaying the disease caused by L. amazonensis, although several limitations of this mice strain must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregório Guilherme Almeida
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Patógenos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - André Luís Branco de Barros
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Rubens Lima do Monte-Neto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Patógenos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Wagner Luiz Tafuri
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Deborah Aparecida Negrão-Corrêa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Addo SO, Amoako EK, Bentil RE, Agbodzi B, Mosore MT, Yeboah C, Attram N, Larbi JA, Kwakye-Nuako G, de Souza DK, Wilson MD, Boakye DA. Detection of Leishmania DNA in Phlebotomine Sand Flies in Tsatee, a Community in the Volta Region, Ghana. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:1963050. [PMID: 37700879 PMCID: PMC10495235 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1963050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites, which are spread by infected female sand flies, are the cause of the disease leishmaniasis. Although cutaneous leishmaniasis has been found to occur in the Volta Region, there is limited data on vector species and reservoirs. This study focused on the Tsatee community, in the South Dayi District of the Volta Region, and is aimed at identifying the sand fly fauna and detecting the presence of Leishmania DNA by the use of primers that target the conserved region of Leishmania spp. minicircle DNA of the parasite kinetoplast. The miniature light traps and hand aspirators provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were used to collect outdoor and indoor sand flies for five months in a guinea woodland and semideciduous forest area. From the collections, 4,580 phlebotomine sand flies were obtained and identified, and females were examined for Leishmania DNA using PCR. The male flies were 1,202 (26.24%), non-blood-fed females were 3,321 (72.51%), and 57 (1.25%) were blood-fed females. It was observed that Sergentomyia species constituted 99.91% of the total collected sand flies with S. africana (76.77%) as the predominant species. Phlebotomus rodhaini (0.09%) was the only Phlebotomus species identified from the study area. From 283 non-blood-fed sand fly pools and 57 individual blood-fed species screened, Leishmania DNA was detected in 12 (4.24%) pools and 8 (14.04%) individuals, respectively. It was observed that Leishmania DNA was detected in all the sand fly species identified except S. collarti. This study reports the first detection of Leishmania DNA in P. rodhaini in Ghana, with an infection rate of 33.33% (95% CI, 1.23-88.32). The findings suggest that the role of Phlebotomus in disease transmission in the study area cannot be discounted. Future studies should include continuous surveillance, blood meal preferences, and vector competence of the various infected phlebotomine sand flies to create effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Offei Addo
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Kwame Amoako
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Ronald Essah Bentil
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Bright Agbodzi
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Mba-tihssommah Mosore
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Clara Yeboah
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Naiki Attram
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - John Asiedu Larbi
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Godwin Kwakye-Nuako
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Dziedzom K. de Souza
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Michael David Wilson
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Daniel Adjei Boakye
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Danthanarayana AN, Nandy S, Kourentzi K, Vu B, Shelite TR, Travi BL, Brgoch J, Willson RC. Smartphone-readable RPA-LFA for the high-sensitivity detection of Leishmania kDNA using nanophosphor reporters. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011436. [PMID: 37399214 PMCID: PMC10353800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of infectious diseases improves outcomes by enabling earlier delivery of effective treatment, and helps prevent further transmission by undiagnosed persons. We demonstrated a proof-of-concept assay combining isothermal amplification and lateral flow assay (LFA) for early diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis, a vector-borne infectious disease that affects ca. 700,000 to 1.2 million people annually. Conventional molecular diagnostic techniques based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) require complex apparatus for temperature cycling. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is an isothermal DNA amplification method that has shown promise for use in low-resource settings. Combined with lateral flow assay as the readout, RPA-LFA can be used as a point-of-care diagnostic tool with high sensitivity and specificity, but reagent costs can be problematic. In this work, we developed a highly-sensitive smartphone-based RPA-LFA for the detection of Leishmania panamensis DNA using blue-emitting [(Sr0.625Ba0.375)1.96Eu0.01Dy0.03]MgSi2O7 (SBMSO) persistent luminescent nanophosphors as LFA reporters. The greater detectability of nanophosphors allows the use of a reduced volume of RPA reagents, potentially reducing the cost of RPA-LFA. The limit of detection (LOD) of RPA with gold nanoparticle-based LFA readout is estimated at 1 parasite per reaction, but LOD can be 100-fold better, 0.01 parasites per reaction, for LFA based on SBMSO. This approach may be useful for sensitive and cost-effective point-of-care diagnosis and contribute to improved clinical and economic outcomes, especially in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suman Nandy
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Katerina Kourentzi
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Binh Vu
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas R Shelite
- Department of Biosafety, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bruno L Travi
- Department of Biosafety, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jakoah Brgoch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard C Willson
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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8
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Ribeiro VM, Júnior DMG, Ottino J, Valle GR, de Miranda Estevam LGT, de Carvalho OV, Paz GF. Report of the presence of Leishmania infantum in the milk of a naturally infected female dog in Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 36:100795. [PMID: 36436888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dogs are the most important reservoir of Leishmania infantum, the causal agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Although lymphoid tissue is the most important biological tissue where amastigotes can be found, this paper describes the presence of L. infantum DNA in the milk of a lactating naturally infected female dog. This finding suggests the need for further studies to elucidate whether breastfeeding can be a route of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Ottino
- Santo Agostinho Hospital Veterinário, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Nasereddin A, Ereqat S, Al-Jawabreh A, Taradeh M, Abbasi I, Al-Jawabreh H, Sawalha S, Abdeen Z. Concurrent molecular characterization of sand flies and Leishmania parasites by amplicon-based next-generation sequencing. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:262. [PMID: 35869485 PMCID: PMC9308317 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of Leishmania parasites, which are the causative agents of leishmaniasis. Herein, we developed an amplicon-based next-generation sequencing (Amp-NGS) to characterize sand flies and Leishmania parasites simultaneously targeting partial fragments of 18S rDNA and ITS1 genes, respectively. METHODS Our assay was optimized using reference sand fly (n = 8) and Leishmania spp. (n = 9) samples and validated using wild-caught sand flies from Palestine. The assay was highly specific, and all DNA references were successfully identified to the species level. RESULTS Among the wild-caught sand flies (n = 187), Phlebotomus spp. represented 95% of the collected samples (177/187), including Ph. sergenti (147/187, 79%), Ph. papatasi (19/187, 10.2%), Ph. perfiliewi (3/187, 1.6%), Ph. tobbi (2/187, 1.2%) and Ph. syriacus (6/187, 3.2%). Sergentomyia spp. represented only 5% (10/187) of the collected samples and included S. dentata (n = 6), S. fallax (n = 2), S. schwetzi (n = 1) and S. ghesquiere (n = 1). The study observed strong positive correlation between sand fly identification results of the Amp-NGS and morphological identification method (r = 0.84, df = 185, P < 0.001). Some discrepancies between the two methods in the identification of closely related species (i.e. Ph. perfiliewi, Ph. tobbi and Ph. syriacus) were observed. Leishmania DNA was detected and identified as L. tropica in 14 samples (14/187, 7.5%). CONCLUSIONS Our assay was sensitive to detect (limit of detection was 0.0016 ng/reaction) and identify Leishmania DNA in sand flies, thus representing a new tool for studying sand flies and their associated Leishmania parasites in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abedelmajeed Nasereddin
- grid.16662.350000 0001 2298 706XBiochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu Deis, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Suheir Ereqat
- grid.16662.350000 0001 2298 706XBiochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu Deis, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Amer Al-Jawabreh
- grid.440578.a0000 0004 0631 5812Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine ,Leishmaniases Research Unit, Jericho, Palestine
| | - Mohamad Taradeh
- grid.16662.350000 0001 2298 706XAl-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine ,AL-Quds Public Health Society, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Ibrahim Abbasi
- grid.16662.350000 0001 2298 706XDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Hanan Al-Jawabreh
- Leishmaniases Research Unit, Jericho, Palestine ,grid.16662.350000 0001 2298 706XAl-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine ,AL-Quds Public Health Society, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | | | - Ziad Abdeen
- grid.16662.350000 0001 2298 706XAl-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine ,AL-Quds Public Health Society, East Jerusalem, Palestine
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10
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Davoodi T, Khamesipour A, Shahabi S, Gholizadeh F, Pourkamal D, Hatam G. Geographical distribution and molecular epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Fars Province, southern Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:4024-4032. [PMID: 34396481 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the important zoonotic diseases in Iran, particularly in Fars Province, southern Iran. The purpose of this descriptive cross-sectional study was to investigate the molecular identification and geographical distribution of anthroponotic and zoonotic CL in southern Iran, during 2018-2019. Overall, 161 patients with CL referred to the Leishmaniasis Diagnostic Laboratory, Valfajr Health Center, Shiraz, Iran, were included in this study. The smears were prepared from the lesion borders of patients and stained with Giemsa and diagnosed microscopically. For molecular identification, the genomic DNA of each sample was extracted, and PCR method was used. The geographical distribution map was prepared using ArcMap software. Finally, the possible correlation between the frequencies of CL in various subgroups was statistically analyzed by Chi-square test, using SPSS software. Of 161 positive samples confirmed by both microscopy and PCR, 126 (78.3%) and 35 (21.7%) samples were shown to be L. major and L. tropica, respectively. Also, 87 (54%) patients were male, and 74 (46%) were female. The study showed that anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) was detected only in Shiraz city, while zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) was observed both in Shiraz and most counties of Fars Province. Furthermore, the most CL infections occurred in district 8 among the different districts of Shiraz municipality, which requires serious attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Davoodi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Shahabi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Gholizadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Daniel Pourkamal
- Valfajr Health Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hatam
- Basic Sciences in infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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11
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Berbigier AP, Barros JHDS, Pontes ES, Lisboa CV, Gentile R, Xavier SCDC, Jansen AM, Roque ALR. Trypanosomatid Richness in Wild and Synanthropic Small Mammals from a Biological Station in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111442. [PMID: 34832597 PMCID: PMC8620513 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are diverse and can infect several host species, including small mammals (rodents and marsupials). Between 2012 and 2014, 91 small mammals were surveyed for trypanosomatid infection in the Estação Biológica FIOCRUZ Mata Atlântica (EFMA), an Atlantic Forest area in Rio de Janeiro that presents different levels of conserved and degraded areas. Blood, skin, liver, and spleen samples were submitted to parasitological, serological, and molecular assays to detect the infection and determine the taxonomic status of their parasites. Sixty-eight individuals (74.7%; n = 91) were infected by trypanosomatids, including fourteen mixed infected by different trypanosomatid parasites. These hosts were infected by: T. cruzi DTU TcI (n = 12), T. cruzi DTU TcIV (n = 2), T. janseni (n = 15), T. dionisii (n = 1), and T. rangeli A (n = 1) detected in blood or tissue cultures, in addition to T. cruzi DTU TcI (n = 9) and Leishmania sp. (n = 1) only by the molecular diagnosis. Serological diagnosis was positive in 38 (71.6%) individuals for T. cruzi, the same amount for Leishmania spp., and 23 (43.3%) individuals were mixed infected. These data indicate a remarkable richness of trypanosomatid species/genotypes infecting small mammals, even in a disturbed area with low mammal species diversity—as is the case of the EFMA—reinforcing the generalist aspect of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pereira Berbigier
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (A.P.B.); (J.H.d.S.B.); (E.S.P.); (C.V.L.); (S.C.d.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Juliana Helena da Silva Barros
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (A.P.B.); (J.H.d.S.B.); (E.S.P.); (C.V.L.); (S.C.d.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Edilene Sousa Pontes
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (A.P.B.); (J.H.d.S.B.); (E.S.P.); (C.V.L.); (S.C.d.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Cristiane Varella Lisboa
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (A.P.B.); (J.H.d.S.B.); (E.S.P.); (C.V.L.); (S.C.d.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Rosana Gentile
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Samanta Cristina das Chagas Xavier
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (A.P.B.); (J.H.d.S.B.); (E.S.P.); (C.V.L.); (S.C.d.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (A.P.B.); (J.H.d.S.B.); (E.S.P.); (C.V.L.); (S.C.d.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (A.P.B.); (J.H.d.S.B.); (E.S.P.); (C.V.L.); (S.C.d.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(21)-2562-1416; Fax: +55-(21)-2562-1609
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12
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Almazán MC, Copa GN, Gil JF, López Quiroga I, Díaz Fernández ME, Uncos A, Hoyos CL, Nasser JR, Barroso PA, Marco JD. Parasitological and molecular search for Leishmania natural infection in phlebotomine sand flies in peri-urban and rural sites of an Argentinean area endemic for tegumentary leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2021; 222:106064. [PMID: 34302769 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases caused by Leishmania spp. parasites transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. In Argentina, the most endemic area of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) has been Orán department, Province of Salta, where Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis prevails and Nyssomyia neivai is considered as its vector, although there is no accurate and sufficient information in this regard. The aim of this work was to search for natural infection by Leishmania spp. in sand flies from peri-urban and rural sites with ATL background in Orán department. For this, sand flies were caught at five sites; female sand flies captured with Shannon trap were dissected to microscopically examine their gut contents, while females captured with CDC traps were molecularly analyzed by duplex PCR with two primer pairs to simultaneously amplify kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and mammalian actin. A total of 1921 females were captured, with Ny. neivai being the most abundant species (89%), followed by Migonemyia migonei (6%) and cortelezzii complex (3%). No natural infection was found in any of them neither by dissection nor by PCR, although the detection limit of kDNA PCR was up to 25 promastigotes. The absence of infected females in peri-urban sites suggest that the transmission did not take place in those environments during the study period. Future searches for natural infection should focus on rural settings to deepen knowledge and elucidate the role of the circulating sand fly species as all have been linked to ATL transmission at other sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cristina Almazán
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina; Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Griselda Noemí Copa
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina; Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - José Fernando Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina; Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía No Convencional, CONICET, Salta, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Inés López Quiroga
- Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Argentina
| | | | - Alejandro Uncos
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET, Salta, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lorenzo Hoyos
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina; Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET, Salta, Argentina
| | - Julio Rubén Nasser
- Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Argentina
| | - Paola Andrea Barroso
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina; Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET, Salta, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Jorge Diego Marco
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina; Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET, Salta, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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13
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Achilles GR, Kautzmann RP, Chagas HDF, Pereira-Silva JW, Almeida JF, Fonseca FR, da Silva MNF, Pessoa FAC, Nava AFD, Ríos-Velásquez CM. Presence of trypanosomatids, with emphasis on Leishmania, in Rodentia and Didelphimorphia mammals of a rural settlement in the central Amazon region. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e200427. [PMID: 34259735 PMCID: PMC8279123 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosomatids are widespread and cause diseases - such as trypanosomiasis, sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis - in animals and humans. These diseases occur in both rural and urban regions due to unplanned growth and deforestation. Thus, wild and synanthropic reservoir hosts living in residential areas are risk factors. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the diversity of small mammals (rodents and marsupials), and the occurrence of trypanosomatids, especially Leishmania, in the rural settlement of Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas. METHODS Animals were collected using Sherman, Tomahawk, and Pitfall traps along 16 trails in four landscapes: continuous forest, forest with planting, planting, and peridomiciliar. Leishmania sp. was detected in liver samples by polymerase chain reaction targeting kDNA. FINDINGS Diversity was higher in forests with planting and lower around residences. In total, 135 mammals (81 rodents and 54 marsupials covering 14 genera) were captured. Rodents presented infection rates (IR) of 74% and marsupials of 48%. Rodents in domicile landscapes presented a higher IR (92.9%), while marsupials showed a higher IR in forests (53.3%). MAIN CONCLUSIONS The results suggest high prevalence of trypanosomatids across 12 mammalian genera possibly involved as reservoir hosts in the enzootic transmission of leishmaniasis in the Amazon’s rural, peridomiciliar landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevere Reis Achilles
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Condições de Vida e Situações de Saúde na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Rafael Pinto Kautzmann
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Haile Dean Figueiredo Chagas
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Jordam William Pereira-Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Feijó Almeida
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Condições de Vida e Situações de Saúde na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Rodrigues Fonseca
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | - Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Alessandra Ferreira Dales Nava
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Claudia María Ríos-Velásquez
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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14
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Cândido SL, Pavelegini LAD, Pacheco TDA, Pacheco RDC, Silva VLDB, Morgado TO, Colodel EM, Nakazato L, Almeida ADBPFD, Dutra V. Molecular detection of trypanosomatids in neotropical primates in the state of Mato Grosso, Midwest, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e001321. [PMID: 34076047 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are uniflagellate protozoa belonging to the Trypanosomatidae family. The genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania are of paramount importance as they contain species that cause serious diseases, such as Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis, respectively. The objective of the present study was to identify trypanosomatids present in the whole blood of free-living and captive neotropical primates in Mato Grosso State, Midwest Brazil. Between 2017 and 2019, 38 blood samples were collected from seven different neotropical primate species in seven cities in the state. Through molecular techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a fragment of the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis, nine Leishmania spp. [seven L. infantum and two L. (Leishmania) amazonensis] and two Trypanosoma spp. (T. minasense and T. rangeli) were identified. This study contributes to understanding the occurrence and epidemiology of trypanosomatids in Mato Grosso State and the importance of neotropical primates as trypanosome hosts and possible infection sources for other animals and humans. Future identification of other blood pathogens in neotropical primates will assist in disease control and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéfhano Luís Cândido
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular Veterinária, Hospital Veterinário - HOVET, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Lucas Avelino Dandolini Pavelegini
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Hospital Veterinário - HOVET, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Thábata Dos Anjos Pacheco
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária e Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Hospital Veterinário - HOVET, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Richard de Campos Pacheco
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária e Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Hospital Veterinário - HOVET, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Victória Luiza de Barros Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária e Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Hospital Veterinário - HOVET, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Thais Oliveira Morgado
- Setor de Animais Silvestres, Hospital Veterinário - HOVET, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Edson Moleta Colodel
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Hospital Veterinário - HOVET, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Luciano Nakazato
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular Veterinária, Hospital Veterinário - HOVET, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Hospital Veterinário - HOVET, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Valéria Dutra
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular Veterinária, Hospital Veterinário - HOVET, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
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15
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Rodrigues WF, Mendes NS, de Carvalho Ribeiro P, Mendes Filho D, Parreira RC, Chaves KCB, de Abreu MCM, Miguel CB. A critical review of the applicability of serological screening for Leishmaniasis in blood banks in Brazil. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:109-117. [PMID: 33746394 PMCID: PMC7921252 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by several species of protozoa. It is a major public health concern in its visceral form, accounting annually for 59,000 deaths, and an estimated 12 million infected patients per year. The importance of VL resides not only in its high incidence and wide distribution but also in the possibility of the disease progressing to the severe and lethal forms, especially in children and immunosuppressed individuals, when associated with malnutrition and concomitant infections. This study is a bibliographical review, aiming to understand the sensitivity and specificity parameters of the tests used to detect Leishmaniasis, as well as to understand if there is any relevance in proposing a serological screening for Leishmaniasis in blood banks. In general, we observed that there are currently several types of tests for detecting Leishmaniasis: parasitological, serological and molecular. In such tests, many serological methods and kits are available for the detection of asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis, but there is variability in sensitivity and specificity among the methods. The gold standard for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis is the parasitological method, through the aspiration of bone marrow, with higher sensitivity by splenic puncture. Due to the relevance of the disease and the available data from research centers, there is evidence to propose a transfusion serological screening for visceral Leishmaniasis, pointing to the need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niege Silva Mendes
- Department of Genetics, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Carvalho Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunology and Experimental Transplantation, Medical School of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
- Nanocell Institute, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniel Mendes Filho
- Nanocell Institute, Divinópolis, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cambraia Parreira
- Nanocell Institute, Divinópolis, Brazil
- Biochemistry and Immunology by the Institute of Biological Sciences of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
- University Centre of Mineiros (UNIFIMES), Trindade, GO Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila Botelho Miguel
- University Centre of Mineiros (UNIFIMES), Rua 22, Setor Aeroporto, Mineiros, GO 75.830-000 Brazil
- Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG Brazil
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16
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Chagas ÚMR, de Avelar DM, Marcelino AP, Paz GF, Gontijo CMF. Correlations between tissue parasite load and common clinical signs in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 2021; 291:109368. [PMID: 33556846 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
qPCR is being used for the quantification of parasite load in different tissues of dogs infected by Leishmania infantum with or without clinical manifestations. It may be employed in the diagnosis, monitoring of the infection during treatment, and clinical studies for validation of vaccines. Aimed at enhancing the molecular diagnosis and the subsequent monitoring of the infection, this study evaluated the parasite load in several tissues from dogs infected by Leishmania infantum, showing different clinical status. Thus, the qPCR was performed on skin, conjunctival swab, popliteal lymph node, and bone marrow puncture samples taken from 65 dogs naturally infected by L. infantum. Dogs were divided into three groups per clinical score: group 1 (n = 12), included animals with zero points and no clinical manifestations of the disease; group 2 (n = 35), included animals with a score ranging from 1 to 5 points and moderate clinical manifestations; and group 3 (n = 18), included dogs with a score ranging from 6 to 11 points and intensive clinical manifestations. Another analysis was performed classifying the animals into two groups, considering the presence of, or lack of clinical signs of the disease. Analyses of these results showed that the skin was the tissue with a higher parasite load, followed by popliteal lymph node and bone marrow punctures, and conjunctival swab samples having the lowest loads. Furthermore, the skin was also the tissue with the highest parasite load when evaluating the groups individually. Animals in group 3, with intensive clinical manifestations, showed a higher parasite load in different tissues when compared to animals from groups 1 and 2. Finally, animals with clinical manifestations of the disease showed a higher parasite load when compared to dogs with no manifestations. The importance of the dog as a reservoir of L. infantum in nature is reinforced by the demonstration of skin having the highest amount of parasites/μL in this study's analysis, as well as the fact that skin is the main point of access to the parasite vector. Also, a strong and positive correlation between the intensity of clinical manifestations and the increase of parasite load in the skin was observed. In conclusion, skin was the tissue that was demonstrated to be the best option for the molecular diagnosis of L. infantum infection in dogs with varying clinical statuses used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úrsula Maira Russo Chagas
- Study Group in Leishmaniosis, Instituto René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Moreira de Avelar
- Clinical Research and Public Politics Group in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Instituto de Pesquisa René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
| | - Andreza Pain Marcelino
- Clinical Research and Surveillance Laboratory in Leishmaniosis, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/RJ), 4365 Brasil Avenue, Pavilhão Maria Deane, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), CEP 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Fontes Paz
- Study Group in Leishmaniosis, Instituto René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- Study Group in Leishmaniosis, Instituto René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
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17
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Reimão JQ, Coser EM, Lee MR, Coelho AC. Laboratory Diagnosis of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis: Current and Future Methods. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1632. [PMID: 33105784 PMCID: PMC7690623 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease with two main clinical forms: cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Diagnosis of leishmaniasis is still a challenge, concerning the detection and correct identification of the species of the parasite, mainly in endemic areas where the absence of appropriate resources is still a problem. Most accessible methods for diagnosis, particularly in these areas, do not include the identification of each one of more than 20 species responsible for the disease. Here, we summarize the main methods used for the detection and identification of leishmaniasis that can be performed by demonstration of the parasite in biological samples from the patient through microscopic examination, by in vitro culture or animal inoculation; by molecular methods through the detection of parasite DNA; or by immunological methods through the detection of parasite antigens that may be present in urine or through the detection of specific antibodies against the parasite. Potential new methods that can be applied for laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Quero Reimão
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Jundiaí 13202-550, Brazil; (J.Q.R.); (M.R.L.)
| | - Elizabeth Magiolo Coser
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil;
| | - Monica Ran Lee
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Jundiaí 13202-550, Brazil; (J.Q.R.); (M.R.L.)
| | - Adriano Cappellazzo Coelho
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil;
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18
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Brandão EMV, Xavier SCC, Rocha FL, Lima CFM, Candeias ÍZ, Lemos FG, Azevedo FC, Jansen AM, Roque ALR. Wild and Domestic Canids and Their Interactions in the Transmission Cycles of Trypanosoma Cruzi and Leishmania spp. in an Area of the Brazilian Cerrado. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100818. [PMID: 33036238 PMCID: PMC7600672 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. are parasites that infect multiple hosts including canids, considered bioaccumulators of parasites. Deforestation in the Cerrado biome has resulted in the exposure of wild canids to anthropized areas, where they may establish ecological and epidemiological relationships with domestic dogs. We evaluated the infection by trypanosomatids in canids from a Cerrado agroecosystem between 2013 and 2017. Samples of wild canids (blood, bone marrow and skin) and dogs (blood) were collected for parasitological, serological and molecular diagnosis. A total of 414 samples from wild (n = 131) and domestic (n = 283) canids were collected, including recaptures. We obtained five positive hemocultures from Lycalopex vetulus (n = 2), Cerdocyon thous (n = 1) and dogs (n = 2), all characterized as T. cruzi TcIII/V (18S rDNA) and TcIII/V/VI (gGAPDH); one positive skin fragment for Leishmania sp. (C. thous), one positive skin culture (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and one positive fresh blood examination from a dog. Infection by T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. was serologically confirmed in 18% and 4% of the canids, respectively. Active transmission was attested by seroconversion events and occurred despite the low rate of positive parasitological assays. Wild and domestic canids infected by both parasites were detected sharing the same areas, pointing to a possible spillover of parasites among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elida M. V. Brandão
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Samanta C. C. Xavier
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Fabiana L. Rocha
- Centro de Ciências Aplicadas e Educação, Campus IV Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Rio Tinto, PB 58297-000, Brazil;
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil; (C.F.M.L.); (Í.Z.C.); (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
| | - Caio F. M. Lima
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil; (C.F.M.L.); (Í.Z.C.); (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
- Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04301-905, Brazil
| | - Ísis Z. Candeias
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil; (C.F.M.L.); (Í.Z.C.); (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Frederico G. Lemos
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil; (C.F.M.L.); (Í.Z.C.); (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Catalão, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C. Azevedo
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil; (C.F.M.L.); (Í.Z.C.); (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Catalão, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - André L. R. Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-2562-1416
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19
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Therapeutic Efficacy of a Mixed Formulation of Conventional and PEGylated Liposomes Containing Meglumine Antimoniate, Combined with Allopurinol, in Dogs Naturally Infected with Leishmania infantum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00234-20. [PMID: 32284386 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00234-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum using meglumine antimoniate (MA) encapsulated in conventional liposomes (LC) in association with allopurinol has been previously reported to promote a marked reduction in the parasite burden in the main infection sites. Here, a new assay in naturally infected dogs was performed using a novel liposome formulation of MA consisting of a mixture of conventional and long-circulating (PEGylated) liposomes (LCP), with expected broader distribution among affected tissues of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Experimental groups of naturally infected dogs were as follows: LCP plus Allop, receiving LCP intravenously as 2 cycles of 6 doses (6.5 mg Sb/kg of body weight/dose) at 4-day intervals plus allopurinol at 30 mg/kg/12 h per os (p.o.) during 130 days (LCP+Allop); LC plus Allop, receiving LC intravenously as 2 cycles of 6 doses (6.5 mg Sb/kg/dose) plus allopurinol during 130 days (LC+Allop); Allop, treated with allopurinol only; and a nontreated control. Parasite loads were evaluated by quantitative PCR in liver, spleen, and bone marrow tissue and by immunohistochemistry in the ear skin, before treatment, just after treatment, and 4 months later. The LCP+Allop and LC+Allop groups, but not the Allop group, showed significant suppression of the parasites in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow 4 months after treatment compared to the pretreatment period or the control group. Only LCP+Allop group showed significantly lower parasite burden in the skin in comparison to the control group. On the basis of clinical staging and parasitological evaluations, the LCP formulation exhibited a more favorable therapeutic profile than the LC one, being therefore promising for the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis.
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20
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Costa-Val APD, Coura FM, Barbieri JDM, Diniz L, Sampaio A, Reis JKPD, Bueno BL, Gontijo CMF. Serological study of feline leishmaniasis and molecular detection of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis in cats (Felis catus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e003520. [PMID: 32520088 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood samples and swabs from ocular conjunctiva and mouth were obtained from 64 cats. Of 64 serum samples, 19 were positive for Leishmania antibodies by ELISA (29.80%). Eight cats were positive by PCR (12.5%) in swab samples from mouth and/or ocular mucosa. Poor kappa agreement between serological and molecular results (k = 0.16) was obtained. From five positive PCR samples one was L. braziliensis and four were L. infantum. Phylogenetic analysis performed with the five isolates of Leishmania, showed that samples of L. infantum isolated from the cats were phylogenetically close to those isolated from domestic dogs in Brazil, while the L. braziliensis is very similar to the one described in humans in Venezuela. The study demonstrated that, despite high seropositivity for Leishmania in cats living in the study region, poor agreement between serological and molecular results indicate that positive serology is not indicative of Leishmania infection in cats. Parasite DNA can be detected in ocular conjunctiva and oral swabs from cats, indicating that such samples could be used for diagnosis. Results of phylogenetic analyzes show that L. infantum circulating in Brazil is capable of infecting different hosts, demonstrating the parasite's ability to overcome the interspecies barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Pimenta da Costa-Val
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Morcatti Coura
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais - IFMG, Campus Bambuí, Bambuí, MG, Brasil
| | - Jonata de Melo Barbieri
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Luiza Diniz
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Agnes Sampaio
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Jenner Karlisson Pimenta Dos Reis
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Bruna Lopes Bueno
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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21
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Brandão EMV, Xavier SCC, Carvalhaes JG, D’Andrea PS, Lemos FG, Azevedo FC, Cássia-Pires R, Jansen AM, Roque ALR. Trypanosomatids in Small Mammals of an Agroecosystem in Central Brazil: Another Piece in the Puzzle of Parasite Transmission in an Anthropogenic Landscape. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040190. [PMID: 31615153 PMCID: PMC6963188 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We surveyed infection by Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp. in small wild mammals from Cumari, Goiás State aiming to investigate the diversity of trypanosomatid in a modified landscape of the Brazilian Cerrado (and possible infection overlapping with canids from the same area). Blood, skin, spleen, and liver samples were collected for parasitological, serological, and molecular assays. Gracilinanus agilis was the most abundant species (N = 70; 48.6%) and it was the only one with patent parasitemia. Characterization by mini-exon and 18SrDNA targets were achieved in 7/10 hemocultures with positive fresh blood examination, which confirmed the T. cruzi infection by Discrete Typing Units (DTU) TcI in single (N = 2) and mixed infections with other DTUs (N = 5). T. rangeli and T. dionisii were detected in skin fragments from Didelphis albiventris and Oecomys cleberi, respectively. G. agilis were found to be infected by L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis, while Leishmania sp. DNA was detected in the liver of Oligoryzomys nigripes and Calomys expulsus. Subpatent infection by T. cruzi and Leishmania sp. was serologically detected in 15% and 9% of the small mammal fauna, respectively. Small mammals from Cumari are included in T. cruzi and Leshmania spp. transmission cycles, showing a higher diversity of trypanosomatid species and/or genotypes than that observed in canids of the same agroecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elida M. V. Brandão
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040900, Brasil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Samanta C. C. Xavier
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040900, Brasil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Jeiel G. Carvalhaes
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040900, Brasil; (J.G.C.); (P.S.D.)
| | - Paulo S. D’Andrea
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040900, Brasil; (J.G.C.); (P.S.D.)
| | - Frederico G. Lemos
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado (PCMC)–Unidade Acadêmica Especial de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás/Regional Catalão, Catalão, GO 75704020, Brasil; (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
| | - Fernanda C. Azevedo
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado (PCMC)–Unidade Acadêmica Especial de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás/Regional Catalão, Catalão, GO 75704020, Brasil; (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
| | - Renata Cássia-Pires
- Laboratório de Biologia de Parasitos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59012570, Brasil;
| | - Ana M. Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040900, Brasil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - André L. R. Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040900, Brasil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-2562-1416; Fax: +55-21-2562-1609
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22
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Conter CC, Mota CA, Dos Santos BA, de Souza Braga L, de Souza Terron M, Navasconi TR, Fernandes ACBS, Demarchi IG, de Castro KRR, Aristides SMA, Lonardoni MVC, Teixeira JJV, Silveira TGV. PCR primers designed for new world Leishmania: A systematic review. Exp Parasitol 2019; 207:107773. [PMID: 31605671 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the primers that were designed to detect New World Leishmania were systematically reviewed to report the characteristics of each target, detection limit, specificity of the primers designed and diagnostic sensibility. The papers identified in the databases PubMed and Web of Science involved 50 studies. Minicircle is the most applied target in molecular research for diagnosis, due to its high sensitivity in detecting Leishmania in different clinical samples, a characteristic that can be partially attributed to the higher number of copies of the minicircle per cell. The other molecular targets shown in this review were less sensitive to diagnostic use because of the lower number of copies of the target gene per cell, but more specific for identification of the subgenus and/or species. The choice of the best target is an important step towards the result of the research. The target allows the design of primers that are specific to the genus, subgenus or a particular species and also imparts sensitivity to the method for diagnosis. The findings of this systematic review provide the advantages and disadvantages of the main molecular targets and primers designed for New World Leishmania, offering information so that the researcher can choose the PCR system best suited to their research need. This is a timely and extremely thorough review of the primers designed for New World Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cella Conter
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Alves Mota
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Laís de Souza Braga
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Taísa Rocha Navasconi
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Izabel Galhardo Demarchi
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Fernandes MA, Leonel JAF, Isaac JA, Benassi JC, Silva DT, Spada JCP, Pereira NWB, Ferreira HL, Keid LB, Soares RM, Oliveira TMFDS. Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum DNA according to clinical stages of leishmaniasis in dog. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:194-202. [PMID: 31188942 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare molecular tests used to diagnose Leishmania spp. in dogs with different stages of infection. Blood and conjunctival swab (CS) samples from dogs classified in four clinical stages were subjected to different PCR protocols (13A/13B, MC1/MC2, LITSR/L5.8S and LEISH-1/LEISH-2 primers). To the study, 22.3% (48/215) of dogs were classified as without clinical signs, 67.5% (145/215) stage I (mild disease), 7.0% (15/215) stage II (moderate disease) and 3.2% (7/215) stage III (severe disease). The results showed that in blood samples, 13A/13B detected a significant higher number of positive dogs in stage I (25/145) and in total (42/215) (p≤0.05). However, when CS samples were tested, no difference was observed (p>0.05). On the other hand, in blood samples, MC1/MC2 detected significantly fewer positive dogs classified as without clinical signs (0/48), in stage I (0/145) and in total (1/215) (p≤0.05). Likewise, in CS samples, this primers showed also lower detection (1/215) (p≤0.05). So than, we can conclude that PCR on blood samples with 13A/13B primers has greater capacity to detect positive dogs, mainly at the initial of clinical disease than do other primers and MC1/MC2 are not a good choice to detect Leishmania infantum infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Antônio Fernandes
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - João Augusto Franco Leonel
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Anzolin Isaac
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Julia Cristina Benassi
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Diogo Tiago Silva
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Julio Cesar Pereira Spada
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Nuno Wolfgang Balbini Pereira
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Helena Lage Ferreira
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Lara Borges Keid
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Martins Soares
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Trícia Maria Ferreira de Sousa Oliveira
- Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Cantanhêde LM, Mattos CB, de Souza Ronconi C, Filgueira CPB, da Silva Júnior CF, Limeira C, de Jesus Silva HP, Ferreira GEM, Porrozzi R, Ferreira RDGM, Cupolillo E. First report of Leishmania (Viannia) lindenbergi causing tegumentary leishmaniasis in the Brazilian western Amazon region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:30. [PMID: 31120019 PMCID: PMC6532396 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (TL) in the Brazilian Amazon region is associated with several Leishmania species. In this report, we describe two cases of TL related to Leishmania lindenbergi occurring in different locations of Rondônia state. After clinical diagnosis, lesion samples were collected for parasitological diagnoses via direct microscopic visualization, parasite isolation, and PCR. PCR reactions were positive in both clinical samples. Parasite isolation was possible for both patients, and isolates were submitted to species identification by isoenzyme electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. This report is the first to describe human infections caused by L. lindenbergi since the initial description and record of human infection by this species in 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudino Limeira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renato Porrozzi
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Efficacy of lapachol on treatment of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2019; 199:67-73. [PMID: 30797783 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most important neglected diseases worldwide. It is a life-threatening disease and causes significant morbidity, long-term disability, and early death. Treatment involves disease control or use of intervention measures, although the currently used drugs require long-lasting therapy, and display toxicity and reduced efficacy. The use of natural products isolated from plants, such as lapachol, an abundant naphthoquinone naturally occurring in South American Handroanthus species (Tabebuia, Bignoniaceae), is a promising option for the treatment of leishmaniasis. In this study, we investigated the leishmanicidal activity of lapachol in vitro and in vivo against Leishmania infantum and L. amazonensis, causative agents of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively. Low cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells (3405.8 ± 261.33 μM), good anti-Leishmania activity, and favorable selectivity indexes (SI) against promastigotes of both L. amazonensis (IC50 = 79.84 ± 9.10 μM, SI = 42.65) and L. infantum (IC50 = 135.79 ± 33.04 μM, SI = 25.08) were observed. Furthermore, anti-Leishmania activity assays performed on intracellular amastigotes showed good activity for lapachol (IC50 = 191.95 μM for L. amazonensis and 171.26 μM for L. infantum). Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the cytotoxic effect of lapachol in Leishmania promastigotes was caused by apoptosis-like death. Interestingly, the in vitro leishmanicidal effect of lapachol was confirmed in vivo in murine models of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, as lapachol (25 mg/kg oral route for 24 h over 10 days) was able to significantly reduce the parasitic load in skin lesions, liver, and spleen, similar to amphotericin B, the reference drug. These results reinforce the therapeutic potential of lapachol, which warrants further investigations as an anti-leishmaniasis therapeutic.
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Mousavi T, Shokohi S, Abdi J, Naserifar R, Ahmadi M, Mirzaei A. Determination of genetic diversity of Leishmania species using mini-circle kDNA, in Iran-Iraq countries border. Trop Parasitol 2018; 8:77-82. [PMID: 30693211 PMCID: PMC6329268 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most important diseases worldwide, with a different range of prevalence in endemic areas. Anthroponotic and zoonotic CL are two epidemiological forms of CL, in Iran. Although Ilam Province in the west of Iran is one of the main endemic areas of the disease, there is no inclusive study to determine the genetic variations of parasite in these areas. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of Leishmania species in Ilam Province, using mini-circle kDNA gene. Materials and Methods: Direct smears were taken from skin lesions of 200 suspected cases of CL. Smears were stained, screened under light microscope. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed, using specific kinetoplast DNA primers. Data were analyzed, using the molecular bio-software. Results: All the samples were positive by direct examination. PCR results showed all cases were positive for Leishmania major. Although all isolated cases belong to a different county of Ilam province, all were positive for L. major with intra-species genetic diversity, divided into four clades in the dendrogram. Interpretation and Conclusion: This variation can affect drug resistance and controlling strategies of parasite. It is possible that different species of sand flies and rodents are the vector and reservoir of parasite, respectively; however, further studies are needed to validate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Mousavi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Paramedical School, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Sahar Shokohi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Paramedical School, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Jahangir Abdi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Paramedical School, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Razi Naserifar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Paramedical School, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asad Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Paramedical School, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Silva CJD, Mattos CB, Felipin KP, Silva HPDJ, Cantanhêde LM, Porrozzi R, Medeiros JF, Ferreira RDGM. First autochthonous case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Rondônia, Brazil, a region with no history of visceral leishmaniasis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 51:712-715. [PMID: 30304285 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0143-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the first autochthonous case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Rondônia, northern Brazil. A canine resident of the municipality of Cacoal, with clinical signs and symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis, was treated by a veterinarian. Samples were analyzed by a reference laboratory. Dual-path platform (DPP) assay, indirect immunofluorescence technique (IIT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), isolation in a culture medium, and direct parasitological analysis were performed. DPP assay, IIT, and ELISA revealed positive results for Leishmania; PCR identified the species as Leishmania infantum. Based on the clinical presentation and test results, canine visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Renato Porrozzi
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Coura FM, Passos SKP, Pelegrino MDOF, Leme FDOP, Paz GF, Gontijo CMF, Costa-Val APD. Serological, molecular, and microscopic detection of Leishmania in cats (Felis catus) in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 27:570-574. [PMID: 30183999 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of cats in the epidemiological cycle of leishmaniasis remains unclear. To better understand the occurrence of leishmaniasis in cats, we studied the frequency of Leishmania in serum samples of 100 cats living in an endemic region for canine and human leishmaniasis by serological, parasitological, and molecular methods. Of the 100 cats, 54 were seropositive for Leishmania antibodies by immunofluorescence antibody test. None of the bone marrow aspirates collected from these cats tested positive for the parasite in culture or upon polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Biopsy samples of the ears also tested negative for Leishmania upon PCR analysis. These findings may indicate that the region is endemic for canine leishmaniasis and cats are infected by Leishmania; or that cross-reaction with antibodies against other parasites increases the frequency of seropositivity; or that cats respond to Leishmania infection by producing antibodies when few or no parasites are present in bone marrow and tissue samples. Overall, our results suggest that cats can be infected by Leishmania ; however, we failed to demonstrate feline parasitosis. These findings highlight the need to study leishmaniasis in cats, since sandflies feed on cats, these animals may act as a reservoir for the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Morcatti Coura
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Bambuí, Fazenda Varginha, Bambuí, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | - Fabiola de Oliveira Paes Leme
- Departamento de Clinica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | - Adriane Pimenta da Costa-Val
- Departamento de Clinica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Rosa J, Moraes D, Lima S, Neves R, Colodel E, Almeida A, Sousa V, Nakazato L, Dutra V. Dermatite fúngica associada à Rhodotorula glutinis em cão - Canis familiaris ): relato de caso. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O fungo Rhodotorula sp. era considerado como não patogênico, mas, com o aumento de casos de humanos imunossuprimidos nas últimas duas décadas, as espécies R. mucilaginosa, R. glutinis e R. minuta se tornaram agentes potencialmente patogênicos. Poucos relatos clínicos veterinários associados à Rhodotorula spp. foram descritos, e o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever um caso de dermatite fúngica causada por R. glutinis em cão imunossuprimido devido à leishmaniose visceral e osteossarcoma, na cidade de Cuiabá-Mato Grosso. Um cão, macho, 11 anos, sem raça definida, foi trazido ao Hospital Veterinário apresentando lesões de pele com diagnóstico de dermatofitose e foi prescrito tratamento tópico à base de óleo de melaleuca, sem melhora após um mês de tratamento. O animal retornou ao Hospital Veterinário com hemorragia na região lesionada da cauda, e foi realizada biópsia para exames microbiológico e histopatológico. Nas análises microbiológica e histopatológica, foi isolada uma levedura e detectada a presença de estrutura semelhante a leveduras na coloração de prata, respectivamente. A levedura isolada foi identificada como R. glutinis por meio do sequenciamento do DNA. Um novo tratamento foi instituído, sem melhora do quadro clínico. O animal foi diagnosticado também com leishmaniose e osteossarcoma, provavelmente ocasionando a immunossupressão, e seu quadro evoluiu a óbito.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S.R. Lima
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - V. Dutra
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Tonelli GB, Tanure A, Rego FD, Carvalho GMDL, Stumpp R, Ássimos GR, Campos AM, Lima ACVMDR, Gontijo CMF, Paz GF, Andrade Filho JD. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in wild small mammals in ecotourism area of Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190315. [PMID: 29284049 PMCID: PMC5746269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are parasitic diseases transmitted to mammalian hosts by sand fly vectors (Diptera: Psychodidae). Despite the increasing occurrence of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in urban centers, their transmission still occur primarily in wild environments and may be associated with professional activities and recreation, such as ecotourism. The Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Santuário do Caraça (RPPNSC) is one of the largest ecotourism attractions in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and comprises an area of environmental preservation with 11,233 hectares presenting a transitional vegetation between Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. The present study describes the abundance of small mammals in RPPNSC, the isolation and identification of Leishmania in five wild animals. Small mammals were bimonthly trapped along 6 trails within the RPPNSC with 10 Tomahawk traps each. Two trails were located in peridomiciliary areas near tourist lodging facilities, and four trails were located at sites visited by tourists in forest areas. The most prevalent species were Akodon cursor, Cerradomys subflavus and Oligoryzomys nigripes. Six isolates of Leishmania were obtained from these animals and identified as Leishmania braziliensis through HSP70-PCR RFLP method. Leishmania spp. DNA was detected by kDNA-PCR method and isolated by biphasic culture. Studies point to some of the captured species as potential wild reservoirs of Leishmania, suggesting they may be involved in the transmission cycle in these wild environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Tanure
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Felipe Dutra Rego
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - Rodolfo Stumpp
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Gustavo Fontes Paz
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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New primers for the detection Leishmania species by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:501-511. [PMID: 29280072 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus, which is divided into subgenus Viannia and Leishmania. In humans, the course of infection largely depends on the host-parasite relationship and primarily of the infective species. The objective of the present study was to design specific primers to the identification of Leishmania species using multiplex PCR. Four primers were designed, based on the GenBank sequences of the kDNA minicircle, amplifying 127 bp for subgenus Viannia, 100 bp for L. amazonensis, and 60 bp for Leishmania donovani complex and L. major. None of the primers amplified Trypanosoma cruzi or L. mexicana. The limit of detection of multiplex PCR was 2 × 10-5 parasites for L. braziliensis, 2 x 10-3 parasites for L. amazonensis, and 1.4 × 10-3 parasites for L. infantum. The high sensitivity of multiplex PCR was confirmed by the detection of parasites in different biological samples, including lesion scrapings, spleen imprinting of a hamster, sandflies, and blood. The multiplex PCR that was developed herein presented good performance with regard to detecting and identifying the parasite in different biological samples and may thus be useful for diagnosis, decision making with regard to the proper therapeutic approach, and determining the geographic distribution of Leishmania species.
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Distribution and identification of sand flies naturally infected with Leishmania from the Southeastern Peruvian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006029. [PMID: 29107954 PMCID: PMC5673161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an important health problem in the New World affecting civilian and military populations that are frequently exposed in endemic settings. The Peruvian region of Madre de Dios located near the border with Brazil is one of the most endemic CL regions in South America with more than 4,451 reported cases between 2010 and 2015 according to the Peruvian epidemiology directorate. However, little is known regarding the diversity and distribution of sand fly vectors in this region. In this study, we aimed to characterize the sand fly fauna in this endemic setting and identify sand fly species naturally infected with Leishmania possibly involved in pathogen transmission. Methods Sand fly collections were carried out during 2014 and 2015 in the communities of Flor de Acre, Villa Primavera, Mavila and Arca Pacahuara using CDC light traps and Shannon traps. Collected specimens were identified and non-blood-fed females were selected for Leishmania infection screening using kinetoplastid DNA-PCR (kDNA-PCR) and nested Real time PCR for species identification. Results A total of 10,897 phlebotomines belonging to the genus Lutzomyia (58 species) and Brumptomyia (2 species) were collected. Our study confirmed the widespread distribution and abundance of Lutzomyia (Trichophoromyia) spp. (24%), Lu. whitmani (19.4%) and Lu. yucumensis (15.8%) in the region. Analysis of Shannon diversity index indicates variability in sand fly composition across sites with Villa Primavera presenting the highest sand fly diversity and abundance. Leishmania screening by kDNA-PCR resulted in 45 positive pools collected from Flor de Acre (34 pools), Mavila (10 pools) and Arca Pacahuara (1 pool) and included 14 species: Lu. yucumensis, Lu. aragoi, Lu. sallesi, Lu. sherlocki, Lu. shawi, Lu. walkeri, Lu nevesi, Lu. migonei, Lu. davisi, Lu. carrerai, Lu. hirsuta, Lu. (Trichophoromyia) spp., Lu. llanosmartinsi and Lu. whitmani. Lutzomyia sherlocki, Lu. walkeri and Lu. llanosmartinsi had the highest infection rates (8%, 7% and 6%, respectively). We identified Leishmania guyanensis in two Lu. whitmani pools, and L. braziliensis in two Lu. llanosmartinsi pools and one Lu. davisi pool. Conclusions Based on our collections there is high sand fly diversity in Madre de Dios, with differences in sand fly abundance and species composition across sites. We identified 14 sand fly species naturally infected with Leishmania spp., having detected natural infection with L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis in three sand fly species. These results suggest the presence of several potential vectors that vary in their spatial and geographical distribution, which could explain the high prevalence of CL cases in this region. Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease that affects more than 2 million people worldwide. The identification of putative Leishmania vectors is an important step towards the design of better control strategies and estimating the risk of transmission in endemic areas. In this paper the authors explored the distribution of sand flies and identified potential vectors in a largely unexplored setting in the Southeastern Peruvian Amazon Basin. Three new sand fly species Lutzomyia naiffi, Lu. dereuri and Lu. flabellata are reported for Peru. In addition, they found fourteen sand fly species naturally infected with Leishmania that comprised seven new reports for Peru and one for the Americas. This information will serve as a baseline for future surveillance and intervention studies in this highly endemic area.
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Nemati S, Fazaeli A, Hajjaran H, Khamesipour A, Anbaran MF, Bozorgomid A, Zarei F. Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Iranian Leishmania Parasites Based on HSP70 Gene PCR-RFLP and Sequence Analysis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:367-374. [PMID: 28877567 PMCID: PMC5594730 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the broad distribution of leishmaniasis among Iranians and animals across the country, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the causative agents. Applying both HSP70 PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among Leishmania spp. isolated from Iranian endemic foci and available reference strains. A total of 36 Leishmania isolates from almost all districts across the country were genetically analyzed for the HSP70 gene using both PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis. The original HSP70 gene sequences were aligned along with homologous Leishmania sequences retrieved from NCBI, and subjected to the phylogenetic analysis. Basic parameters of genetic diversity were also estimated. The HSP70 PCR-RFLP presented 3 different electrophoretic patterns, with no further intraspecific variation, corresponding to 3 Leishmania species available in the country, L. tropica, L. major, and L. infantum. Phylogenetic analyses presented 5 major clades, corresponding to 5 species complexes. Iranian lineages, including L. major, L. tropica, and L. infantum, were distributed among 3 complexes L. major, L. tropica, and L. donovani. However, within the L. major and L. donovani species complexes, the HSP70 phylogeny was not able to distinguish clearly between the L. major and L. turanica isolates, and between the L. infantum, L. donovani, and L. chagasi isolates, respectively. Our results indicated that both HSP70 PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses are medically applicable tools for identification of Leishmania species in Iranian patients. However, the reduced genetic diversity of the target gene makes it inevitable that its phylogeny only resolves the major groups, namely, the species complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nemati
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4515613191, Iran
| | - Asghar Fazaeli
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4515613191, Iran
| | - Homa Hajjaran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416613675, Iran
| | | | - Arezoo Bozorgomid
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Fatah Zarei
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
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Cutaneous leishmaniosis in naturally infected dogs in Paraná, Brazil, and the epidemiological implications of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis detection in internal organs and intact skin. Vet Parasitol 2017; 243:219-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Serological and molecular diagnostic tests for canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazilian endemic area: one out of five seronegative dogs are infected. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:2436-2444. [PMID: 28726597 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817001443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Euthanasia of infected dogs is one of the measures adopted in Brazil to control visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in endemic areas. To detect infected dogs, animals are screened with the rapid test DPP® Visceral Canine Leishmaniasis for detection of antibodies against K26/K39 fusion antigens of amastigotes (DPP). DPP-positives are confirmed with an immunoenzymatic assay probing soluble antigens of promastigotes (ELISA), while DPP-negatives are considered free of infection. Here, 975 dogs from an endemic region were surveyed by using DPP, ELISA and real-time PCR (qPCR) for the diagnosis of VL. When DPP-negative dogs were tested by qPCR applied in blood and lymph node aspirates, 174/887 (19·6%) were positive in at least one sample. In a second sampling using 115 cases, the DPP-negative dogs were tested by qPCR in blood, lymph node and conjunctival swab samples, and 36/79 (45·6%) were positive in at least one sample. Low-to-moderate pairwise agreement was observed between all possible pair of tests. In conclusion, the official diagnosis of VL in dogs in Brazilian endemic areas failed to accuse an expressive number of infected animals and the impact of the low accuracy of serological tests in the success of euthanasia-based measure for VL control need to be assessed.
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Taslimi Y, Sadeghipour P, Habibzadeh S, Mashayekhi V, Mortazavi H, Müller I, Lane ME, Kropf P, Rafati S. A novel non-invasive diagnostic sampling technique for cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005750. [PMID: 28704463 PMCID: PMC5526608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is important for chemotherapy and epidemiological studies. Common approaches for Leishmania detection involve the invasive collection of specimens for direct identification of amastigotes by microscopy and the culturing of promastigotes from infected tissues. Although these techniques are highly specific, they require highly skilled health workers and have the inherent risks of all invasive procedures, such as pain and risk of bacterial and fungal super-infection. Therefore, it is essential to reduce discomfort, potential infection and scarring caused by invasive diagnostic approaches especially for children. In this report, we present a novel non-invasive method, that is painless, rapid and user-friendly, using sequential tape strips for sampling and isolation of DNA from the surface of active and healed skin lesions of CL patients. A total of 119 patients suspected of suffering from cutaneous leishmaniasis with different clinical manifestations were recruited and samples were collected both from their lesions and from uninfected areas. In addition, 15 fungal-infected lesions and 54 areas of healthy skin were examined. The duration of sampling is short (less than one minute) and species identification by PCR is highly specific and sensitive. The sequential tape stripping sampling method is a sensitive, non-invasive and cost-effective alternative to traditional diagnostic assays and it is suitable for field studies as well as for use in health care centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Taslimi
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Sadeghipour
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Habibzadeh
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Mashayekhi
- Emam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossien Mortazavi
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ingrid Müller
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Majella E. Lane
- University College London, School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pascale Kropf
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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The use of kDNA minicircle subclass relative abundance to differentiate between Leishmania (L.) infantum and Leishmania (L.) amazonensis. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:239. [PMID: 28511704 PMCID: PMC5434583 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by many Leishmania species, belonging to subgenera Leishmania (Leishmania) and Leishmania (Viannia). Several qPCR-based molecular diagnostic approaches have been reported for detection and quantification of Leishmania species. Many of these approaches use the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) minicircles as the target sequence. These assays had potential cross-species amplification, due to sequence similarity between Leishmania species. Previous works demonstrated discrimination between L. (Leishmania) and L. (Viannia) by SYBR green-based qPCR assays designed on kDNA, followed by melting or high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis. Importantly, these approaches cannot fully distinguish L. (L.) infantum from L. (L.) amazonensis, which can coexist in the same geographical area. METHODS DNA from 18 strains/isolates of L. (L.) infantum, L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) panamensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, and 62 clinical samples from L. (L.) infantum-infected dogs were amplified by a previously developed qPCR (qPCR-ML) and subjected to HRM analysis; selected PCR products were sequenced using an ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer. Based on the obtained sequences, a new SYBR-green qPCR assay (qPCR-ama) intended to amplify a minicircle subclass more abundant in L. (L.) amazonensis was designed. RESULTS The qPCR-ML followed by HRM analysis did not allow discrimination between L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (L.) infantum in 53.4% of cases. Hence, the novel SYBR green-based qPCR (qPCR-ama) has been tested. This assay achieved a detection limit of 0.1 pg of parasite DNA in samples spiked with host DNA and did not show cross amplification with Trypanosoma cruzi or host DNA. Although the qPCR-ama also amplified L. (L.) infantum strains, the Cq values were dramatically increased compared to qPCR-ML. Therefore, the combined analysis of Cq values from qPCR-ML and qPCR-ama allowed to distinguish L. (L.) infantum and L. (L.) amazonensis in 100% of tested samples. CONCLUSIONS A new and affordable SYBR-green qPCR-based approach to distinguish between L. (L.) infantum and L. (L.) amazonensis was developed exploiting the major abundance of a minicircle sequence rather than targeting a hypothetical species-specific sequence. The fast and accurate discrimination between these species can be useful to provide adequate prognosis and treatment.
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Poffo D, Almeida AB, Nakazato L, Dutra V, Correa SH, Mendonça AJ, Sousa VR. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and Leishmania sp. in domestic cats in the Midwest of Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This search aimed to investigate FIV and FeLV infections in domestic cats, analysing the epidemiological profile of the disease as well as additional infection with Leishmania sp. We evaluated 88 domestic cats for the presence of FIV, FeLV and Leishmania sp. infection. Eleven (12.5%) cats were positive for FIV infection, four (4.5%) were positive for FeLV, and two were co-infected. However, none was infected with Leishmania sp. The prevalence for FIV infection was higher than FeLV, and those observed in other regions, but no factor was associated with the infection by FIV and FeLV in this study.
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de Cássia-Pires R, de Melo MDFAD, Barbosa RDH, Roque ALR. Multiplex PCR as a tool for the diagnosis of Leishmania spp. kDNA and the gapdh housekeeping gene of mammal hosts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173922. [PMID: 28301553 PMCID: PMC5354409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The PCR assays usually employed for Leishmania diagnosis does not simultaneously detect a constitutive gene that would certify the viability of the DNA sample. We present a multiplex PCR approach for the simultaneous diagnosis of the Leishmania sp. kDNA fragment and a catalytic domain segment of a conserved region of the mammalian gapdh gene. Methodology The proposed multiplex protocol was designed through in silico PCR. The annealing temperature, concentration of primer pairs, number of cycles, distinct polymerase enzymes and premix kit were defined to achieve an optimal reaction. The DNA detection sensitivity was tested with different concentrations of known L. tropica DNA, and the reproducibility of the assay was confirmed using samples from 106 wild mammals that were previously subject to Leishmania sp. kDNA analysis through singleplex reactions. Principal findings The following optimal conditions were established: 95°C for 1 min followed by 30 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 61°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s and a final extension at 72°C for 1 min. The multiplex PCR system was capable of detecting 0.1 ng of L. tropica diluted in 100 ng of mammalian DNA. Of 51 kDNA samples that were previously found to be positive, 45 (88.2%) were positive for both targets, two were positive only for kDNA and four were negative for both. Of 55 kDNA samples that were previously identified as negative, 38 (69.1%) were positive for gapdh whereas the other 17 were negative for both targets. Conclusions/Significance The proposed multiplex PCR system allows the simultaneous detection of the gapdh gene and Leishmania sp. kDNA in tissue samples derived from distinct wild mammal species. The amplification of the gapdh mammalian gene in the same reaction ensures the quality and viability of the DNA in the sample, eliminating the possibility of false-negative results that would impair an accurate description of the infection rates in a given population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata de Cássia-Pires
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel da Hora Barbosa
- Center of Medical Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, UFF, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Metzdorf IP, da Costa Lima MS, de Fatima Cepa Matos M, de Souza Filho AF, de Souza Tsujisaki RA, Franco KG, Shapiro JT, de Almeida Borges F. Molecular characterization of Leishmania infantum in domestic cats in a region of Brazil endemic for human and canine visceral leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2017; 166:121-125. [PMID: 27851895 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a "neglected tropical disease" and serious public health issue in Brazil. While dogs are recognized as particularly important reservoirs, recent reports of domestic cats infected with Leishmania sp. in urban areas suggest their participation in the epidemiological chain of the parasite in endemic areas. The aim of this study was to screen domestic cats for Leishmania sp. infection in an area where human and canine visceral leishmaniasis are endemic, followed by the identification of the species circulating in cats. We collected peripheral blood, lymph-node aspirates and bone marrow from 100 adult animals, both male and female, and analyzed the samples using cytological and molecular (PCR) detection techniques. We detected Leishmania in 6% of animals, which were then analyzed by RFLP-PCR to identify the species. Leishmania infantum (synonym: L. chagasi), a species responsible for visceral leishmaniasis in humans and other animals, was identified from all six samples. Amastigotes were observed in the peripheral blood, bone marrow and lymph-node aspirates in 4 of the 6 PCR-positive animals. The presence of infected cats in endemic areas should not be neglected, because it demonstrates the potential role of these animals in the biological cycle of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Parizotto Metzdorf
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Manoel Sebastião da Costa Lima
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia e Biologia Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Centro de Pesquisas Ageu Magalhães (CPqAM), CEP: 50.740- 465 Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Maria de Fatima Cepa Matos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Culturas Celulares, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, 79090-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | | | - Rosianne A de Souza Tsujisaki
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Culturas Celulares, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, 79090-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Karina Garcia Franco
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Culturas Celulares, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, 79090-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Julie Teresa Shapiro
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, 103 Black Hall, Gainesville FL 32611, USA; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville FL 32611, USA.
| | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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Development and Validation of a PCR-ELISA for the Diagnosis of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. J Trop Med 2017; 2017:7364854. [PMID: 28163725 PMCID: PMC5253510 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7364854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A kDNA PCR enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (kDNA PCR-ELISA) for the diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) was developed. The detection limit of the reaction, precision measurements, and cut-off of the kDNA PCR-ELISA were defined in a proof-of-concept phase. A reference strain of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and a bank of 14 peripheral blood samples from immunocompetent patients with VL were characterized using techniques considered gold standards, and 11 blood samples obtained from healthy individuals of an endemic area were also assessed. Phase II evaluation determined the performance of the assay in peripheral blood samples from 105 patients with VL (adults and children), 25 patients with Leishmania/HIV coinfection, 40 healthy individuals, and 33 asymptomatic individuals living in endemic areas. The kDNA PCR-ELISA exhibited satisfactory precision, with a detection limit of 0.07 fg of DNA from L. (L.) infantum and 1 parasite/mL blood. The overall sensitivity of the assay for all groups studied was 100% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 97.1–100%), and the specificity was 95% (95% CI: 83.5–98.6%). The kDNA PCR-ELISA was shown to be a useful tool for VL symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals diagnosis and its use in endemic countries may help monitor control interventions.
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Sanches LDC, Martini CCD, Nakamura AA, Santiago MEB, Dolabela de Lima B, Lima VMFD. Natural canine infection by Leishmania infantum and Leishmania amazonensis and their implications for disease control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 25:465-469. [PMID: 27925065 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem worldwide. Because Leishmania can adapt to new hosts or vectors, knowledge concerning the current etiological agent in dogs is important in endemic areas. This study aimed to identify the Leishmania species detected in 103 samples of peripheral blood from dogs that were naturally infected with these protozoa. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis was determined through parasitological examination, the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The Leishmania species were identified by means of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The samples were subjected to PCR using oligonucleotide primers that amplify the intergenic region ITS1 of the rRNA gene in order to identify the species. The amplified DNA was digested using the restriction enzyme HaeIII. A restriction profile identical to L. amazonensis was shown in 77/103 samples and the profile was similar to L. infantum in 17/103. However, a mixed profile was shown in 9/103 samples, which impeded species identification. In conclusion, the infection in these dogs was predominantly due to L. amazonensis, thus indicating that diagnosing of cases of canine leishmaniasis needs to be reexamined, since the causative agent identified is not restricted to L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia da Cruz Sanches
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Cleber Costa de Martini
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Alex Akira Nakamura
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Beatriz Dolabela de Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Valéria Marçal Felix de Lima
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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Molecular Diagnosis and Identification of Leishmania Species in Jordan from Saved Dry Samples. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6871739. [PMID: 27403435 PMCID: PMC4926024 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6871739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of the endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Jordan relies on patient clinical presentation and microscopic identification. Studies toward improved identification of the causative Leishmania species, especially in regions where multiple species exist, and the introduction of these techniques into medical diagnosis is paramount. This study looked at the current epidemiology of CL in Jordan. Clinically diagnosed 41 patients with CL were tested for the presence of Leishmania parasite using both Giemsa staining from skin scraps on glass slides and ITS1-PCR from samples blotted onto storage cards (NucleoCards®). Microscopically, 28 out of the 41 (68.3%) collected samples were positive for amastigotes, whereas the molecular ITS1-PCR amplification successfully identified 30 of the 41 samples (73.2%). Furthermore, PCR-RFLP analysis allowed species identification which is impossible microscopically. Of the 30 PCR positive samples, 28 were Leishmania major positive and the other two samples were Leishmania tropica. This indicates that L. major is the most prevalent species in Jordan and the two L. tropica cases originated from Syria indicating possible future L. tropica outbreaks. Diagnosis of CL based on clinical presentation only may falsely increase its prevalence. Although PCR is more sensitive, it is still not available in our medical laboratories in Jordan.
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Lopes EG, Geraldo Junior CA, Marcili A, Silva RD, Keid LB, Oliveira TMFDS, Soares RM. PERFORMANCE OF CONVENTIONAL PCRs BASED ON PRIMERS DIRECTED TO NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL GENES FOR THE DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Leishmania spp. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:41. [PMID: 27253743 PMCID: PMC4879998 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In visceral leishmaniasis, the detection of the agent is of paramount importance to
identify reservoirs of infection. Here, we evaluated the diagnostic attributes of
PCRs based on primers directed to cytochrome-B (cytB),
cytochrome-oxidase-subunit II (coxII), cytochrome-C
(cytC), and the minicircle-kDNA. Although PCRs directed to
cytB, coxII, cytC were able to detect different species of
Leishmania, and the nucleotide sequence of their amplicons
allowed the unequivocal differentiation of species, the analytical and diagnostic
sensitivity of these PCRs were much lower than the analytical and diagnostic
sensitivity of the kDNA-PCR. Among the 73 seropositive animals, the asymptomatic dogs
had spleen and bone marrow samples collected and tested; only two animals were
positive by PCRs based on cytB, coxII, and
cytC, whereas 18 were positive by the kDNA-PCR. Considering the
kDNA-PCR results, six dogs had positive spleen and bone marrow samples, eight dogs
had positive bone marrow results but negative results in spleen samples and, in four
dogs, the reverse situation occurred. We concluded that PCRs based on
cytB, coxII, and cytC can be
useful tools to identify Leishmania species when used in combination
with automated sequencing. The discordance between the results of the kDNA-PCR in
bone marrow and spleen samples may indicate that conventional PCR lacks sensitivity
for the detection of infected dogs. Thus, primers based on the kDNA should be
preferred for the screening of infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Gallucci Lopes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Arlei Marcili
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Duarte Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Lara Borges Keid
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Rodrigo Martins Soares
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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NOVO SPC, LELES D, BIANUCCI R, ARAUJO A. THE PROCESS OF Leishmania INFECTION - DISEASE AND NEW PERSPECTIVES OF PALEOPARASITOLOGY. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:45. [PMID: 27253747 PMCID: PMC4880002 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Leishmania (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) are causative agents of leishmaniasis, a complex disease with variable clinical spectrum and epidemiological diversity, constituting, in some countries, a serious public health problem. The origin and evolution of leishmaniasis has been under discussion regarding some clinical and parasitological aspects. After the introduction of paleoparasitology, molecular methods and immunodiagnostic techniques have been applied allowing the recovery of parasite remains, as well as the diagnosis of past infections in humans and other hosts. The dating of archaeological samples has allowed the parasitological analysis in time and space. This manuscript presents the state of the art of leishmaniasis and prospects related to paleoparasitology studies and their contribution to the evolutionary and phylogenetic clarification of parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania, and the leishmaniasis caused by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shênia Patrícia Corrêa NOVO
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio
Arouca, ENSP, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, DCB, Laboratório de
Paleoparasitologia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. E-mail:
| | - Daniela LELES
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, UFF, Departamento de Microbiologia e
Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasito. Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. E-mail:
| | - Raffaella BIANUCCI
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, Laboratory of
Physical Anthropology, University of Turin. Italy
- Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of
Biosciences, University of Oslo. Oslo, Norway
- Anthropologie bioculturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé, Aix-Marseille
Université, 15, boulevard Pierre Dramard, Faculté de Médecine-Nord, Marseille, France.
E-mail:
| | - Adauto ARAUJO
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio
Arouca, ENSP, Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa, DENSP, Laboratório de
Paleoparasitologia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. E-mail:
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Nath-Chowdhury M, Sangaralingam M, Bastien P, Ravel C, Pratlong F, Mendez J, Libman M, Ndao M. Real-time PCR using FRET technology for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis species differentiation. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:255. [PMID: 27141967 PMCID: PMC4855858 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1531-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, there has been a re-emergence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in endemic countries and an increase in imported cases in non-endemic countries by travelers, workers, expatriates, immigrants, and military force personnel. Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused primarily by Leishmania major, L. tropica and L. aethiopica. Despite their low sensitivity, diagnosis traditionally includes microscopic and histopathological examinations, and in vitro cultivation. Several conventional PCR techniques have been developed for species identification, which are time-consuming and labour-intensive. Real-time PCR using SYBR green dye, although provides rapid detection, may generate false positive signals. Therefore, a rapid and easy method such as a FRET-based real-time PCR would improve not only the turn-around time of diagnosing Old World cutaneous Leishmania species but will also increase its specificity and sensitivity. Methods A FRET-based real-time PCR assay which amplifies the cathepsin L-like cysteine protease B gene encoding a major Leishmania antigen was developed to differentiate L. major, L. tropica, and L. aethiopica in one single step using one set of primers and probes. Assay performance was tested on cutaneous and visceral strains of Leishmania parasite cultures and isolates of other protozoan parasites as well as human biopsy specimen. Results The assay readily differentiates between the three Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis species based on their melting curve characteristics. A single Tm at 55.2 ± 0.5 °C for L. aethiopica strains was distinguished from a single Tm at 57.4 ± 0.2 °C for L. major strains. A double curve with melting peaks at 66.6 ± 0.1 °C and 48.1 ± 0.5 °C or 55.8 ± 0.6 °C was observed for all L. tropica strains. The assay was further tested on biopsy specimens, which showed 100 % agreement with results obtained from isoenzyme electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing. Conclusion Currently, there are no published data on real-time PCR using FRET technology to differentiate between Old World cutaneous Leishmania species. In summary, our assay based on specific hybridization addresses the limitations of previous PCR technology and provides a single step, reliable method of species identification and rapid diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milli Nath-Chowdhury
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mugundhine Sangaralingam
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Bastien
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire of Montpellier and University Montpellier I (Faculty of Medicine), UMR CNRS 5290-IRD 224- UM1 et 2 "MIVEGEC", Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire of Montpellier and University Montpellier I (Faculty of Medicine), UMR CNRS 5290-IRD 224- UM1 et 2 "MIVEGEC", Montpellier, France
| | - Francine Pratlong
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire of Montpellier and University Montpellier I (Faculty of Medicine), UMR CNRS 5290-IRD 224- UM1 et 2 "MIVEGEC", Montpellier, France
| | - Juan Mendez
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michael Libman
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases at McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases at McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Regina-Silva S, Feres AMLT, França-Silva JC, Dias ES, Michalsky ÉM, de Andrade HM, Coelho EAF, Ribeiro GM, Fernandes AP, Machado-Coelho GLL. Field randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of the Leish-Tec® vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil. Vaccine 2016; 34:2233-9. [PMID: 26997002 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A canine vaccine remains a promising approach for effective control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), given its complex epidemiology in areas where zoonotic VL is prevalent. Leish-Tec(®) is a recombinant vaccine, based on the Leishmania A2 antigen, against canine VL (CVL). It is, since 2014, the single commercial vaccine licensed in Brazil. Here, Leish-Tec(®) efficacy was estimated through a randomized field trial (RFT), in a highly VL endemic area. METHODS The RFT was conducted from 2008 to 2010 in an endemic area of southeastern Brazil, presenting a CVL seroprevalence of 41.9%. Eight hundred forty-seven seronegative dogs were randomly selected to receive Leish-Tec(®) (n=429) or placebo (n=418). Animals were followed up by clinical, serological, and parasitological exams for 18 months. The CVL incidence in both groups was compared through proportion analysis. RESULTS A significant reduction in the number of cases of CVL was observed in the vaccine group, as compared with the placebo group, whether efficacy was estimated according to parasitological results (71.4%; 95% CI: 34.9-87.3%; p=0.001; risk ratio=0.287), by adding results of xenodiagnosis and parasitological exams (58.1%; 95% CI: 26.0-76.3%; p=0.002; risk ratio=0.419). Among the animals that converted to a positive anti-A2 serology, efficacy reached 80.8% (95% CI: 37.6-94.1%, p=0.001; risk ratio=0.192). Xenodiagnosis has detected a reduction of 46.6% (p=0.05) in transmission to sand flies from vaccinated animals presenting anti-A2 positive serology. CONCLUSION The Leish-Tec(®) vaccine proved significantly effective for prophylaxis of CVL, after natural challenge assured by transmission of Leishmania parasites, in a highly endemic area. Noteworthy, this report has unveiled the complexity of performing a RFT for anti-CVL vaccines in Brazil, which may be helpful for designing of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shara Regina-Silva
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - João Carlos França-Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hélida Monteiro de Andrade
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Setor de Patologia Clínica, Colégio Técnico, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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48
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Cruz AF, Resende RG, Albuquerque DR, de Lacerda JCT, Leite CF, Ferreira Aguiar MC. Mucosal leishmaniasis in Brazilian patients: two case reports with similar clinical presentation and different approaches. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 122:e199-e203. [PMID: 27234853 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal leishmaniasis is a chronic infection that affects the upper respiratory tract and/or the oral mucosa caused by Leishmania protozoan parasites. We present two cases of oral leishmaniasis and discuss the different diagnostic strategies and treatment. In both cases, the patients were male, 60 and 94 years of age, and presented with lesions on the soft palate. In the first patient, the final diagnosis was made on the basis of histopathologic examination. In the second case, polymerase chain reaction and Montenegro skin test were necessary to confirm the diagnosis. The first patient was treated with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime), and the lesions healed after 2 months. In the second case, the patient received treatment with liposomal amphotericin B but later died as a result of generalized infection. Mucosal leishmaniasis is a highly disfiguring disease. Early diagnosis is important to prevent a lethal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Fernanda Cruz
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Camila Ferreira Leite
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Cássia Ferreira Aguiar
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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49
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Carranza-Tamayo CO, Werneck GL, Romero GAS. Are opossums a relevant factor associated with asymptomatic Leishmania infection in the outskirts of the largest Brazilian cities? Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 20:119-26. [PMID: 26867473 PMCID: PMC9427581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A population survey was conducted to explore the prevalence and factors associated with Leishmania infection in the Fercal region of the Federal District. The Fercal region is a group of neighborhoods in Brasília in which the first cases of visceral leishmaniasis were described. Leishmania infection was established by a positive leishmanin test. Although other tests were performed in the study (an immunochromatographic assay (Kalazar detect®) and a molecular assay), only the leishmanin skin test provided sufficient results for the measurement of the disease prevalence. Data on the epidemiological, clinical and environmental characteristics of individuals were collected along with the diagnostic tests. After sampling and enrollment, seven hundred people from 2 to 14 years of age were included in the study. The prevalence of Leishmania infection was 33.28% (95% CI 29.87–36.84). The factors associated with Leishmania infection according to the multivariate analysis were age of more than seven years and the presence of opossums near the home. Age is a known factor associated with Leishmania infection; however, the presence of wild animals, as described, is an understudied factor. The presence of opossums, which are known reservoirs of Leishmania, in peri-urban areas could be the link between the rural and urban occurrence of visceral leishmaniasis in the outskirts of largest Brazilian cities, as suggested by previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Omar Carranza-Tamayo
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Loureiro Werneck
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Sierra Romero
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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50
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Cantanhêde LM, da Silva Júnior CF, Ito MM, Felipin KP, Nicolete R, Salcedo JMV, Porrozzi R, Cupolillo E, Ferreira RDGM. Further Evidence of an Association between the Presence of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 and the Mucosal Manifestations in Tegumentary Leishmaniasis Patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004079. [PMID: 26372217 PMCID: PMC4570810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (TL) is endemic in Latin America, and Brazil contributes approximately 20 thousand cases per year. The pathogenesis of TL, however, is still not fully understood. Clinical manifestations vary from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) to more severe outcomes, such as disseminated leishmaniasis (DL), mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). Many factors have been associated with the severity of the disease and the development of lesions. Recent studies have reported that the presence of Leishmania RNA virus 1 infecting Leishmania (Leishmania RNA virus 1, LRV1) is an important factor associated with the severity of ML in experimental animal models. In the present study, 156 patients who attended Rondonia's Hospital of Tropical Medicine with both leishmaniasis clinical diagnoses (109 CL; 38 ML; 5 CL+ML; 3 DL and 1 DCL) and molecular diagnoses were investigated. The clinical diagnosis were confirmed by PCR by targeting hsp70 and kDNA DNA sequences and the species causing the infection were determined by HSP70 PCR-RFPL. The presence of LVR1 was tested by RT-PCR. Five Leishmania species were detected: 121 (77.6%) samples were positive for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, 18 (11.5%) were positive for Leishmania (V.) guyanensis, 3 (1.8%) for Leishmania (V.) lainsoni, 2 (1.3%) for Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and 2 (1.3%) for Leishmania (V.) shawi. Six (3.9%) samples were positive for Leishmania sp. but the species could not be determined, and 4 (2.6%) samples were suggestive of mixed infection by L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyanensis. The virus was detected in L. braziliensis (N = 54), L. guyanensis (N = 5), L. amazonensis (N = 2), L. lainsoni (N = 1) and inconclusive samples (N = 6). Patients presenting with CL+ML, DL and DCL were excluded from further analysis. Association between the presence of the virus and the disease outcome were tested among the remaining 147 patients (CL = 109 and ML = 38). Of them, 71.1% (n = 27) mucosal lesions were positive for LRV1, and 28.9% (n = 11) were negative. In cutaneous lesions, 36.7% (n = 40) were positive and 63.3% (n = 69) were negative for LRV1. The ratio P(ML|LRV1+)/P(ML|LRV1-) was 2.93 (CI95% 1.57…5.46; p<0.001), thus corroborating the hypothesis of the association between LRV1 and the occurrence of mucosal leishmaniasis, as previously described in animal models; it also indicates that LRV1 is not the only factor contributing to the disease outcome. Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (TL) is characterized by a variety of clinical forms, ranging from simple skin lesions to more severe lesions with mucosal destruction. The mechanisms by which some patients develop a severe form of the disease remain unclear. It is already known that the immune statuses of the host and parasite species are key factors influencing the clinical outcome of the disease, but is not known which are the factors that influence the parasite’s tropism to the mucosal regions. Recently, a virus found infecting Leishmania, Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1), has also been reported as one important factor contributing to the disease severity. The present article reports, among 147 investigated patients from the Brazilian Western Amazon, a higher frequency of LRV1 among patients with mucosal lesions compared to patients with cutaneous lesions, statistically demonstrating that the virus is related to the worsening of the disease, increasing the risk of developing mucosal injury by almost 3 times.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos Massayuki Ito
- Secretaria de Saúde, Governo do Estado de Rondonia, Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Nicolete
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Unidade Rondonia, Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Porrozzi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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