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A Promising Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Treatment with a Nanoemulsion-Based Cream with a Generic Pentavalent Antimony (Ulamina) as the Active Ingredient. COSMETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are the etiological agents of Leishmaniasis, a tropical disease that affects around 15 million people in about 90 countries. The chosen therapy for this disease is based on antimony V compounds, such as meglumine antimoniate. It can be administered as a parenteral, subcutaneous or perilesional form as successive infiltrations with pre-established doses localized in the border of the granuloma that characterizes the wound of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). Herein, a topical pharmaceutical recipe, such as an emulsion, is proposed to eliminate the trauma caused by administering the medicine in parenteral form to the face or other difficult access zones. The evaluation of this vehicle was performed by analyzing parameters such as pH, viscosity, homogeneity and droplet size distribution. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the emulsion was proved by in vitro experiments using Strat-M synthetic membranes, showing that the transdermal passage of the antimonial complex is guaranteed. Moreover, complete healing of the wound has been attained in patients with CL, as shown with two clinical cases in this article.
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Gedda MR, Madhukar P, Shukla A, Mudavath SL, Srivastava ON, Singh OP, Sundar S. Nanodiagnostics in leishmaniasis: A new frontiers for early elimination. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1675. [PMID: 33142369 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is still a major public health concern in developing countries having the highest outbreak and mortality potential. While the treatment of VL has greatly improved in recent times, the current diagnostic tools are limited for use in the post-elimination setting. Although conventional serological methods of detection are rapid, they can only differentiate between active disease in strict combination with clinical criteria, and thus are not sufficient enough to diagnose relapse patients. Therefore, there is a dire need for a portable, authentic, and reliable assay that does not require large space, specialized instrument facilities, or highly trained laboratory personnel and can be carried out in primary health care settings. Advances in the nanodiagnostic approaches have led to the expansion of new frontiers in the concerned area. The nanosized particles are blessed with an ability to interact one-on-one with the biomolecules because of their unique optical and physicochemical properties and high surface area to volume ratio. Biomolecular detection systems based on nanoparticles (NPs) are cost-effective, rapid, nongel, non-PCR, and nonculture based that provide fast, one-step, and reliable results with acceptable sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we discuss different NPs that are being used for the identification of molecular markers and other biomarkers, such as toxins and antigens associated with leishmaniasis. The most promising diagnostic approaches have been included in the article, and the ability of biomolecular recognition, advantages, and disadvantages have been discussed in detail to showcase the enormous potential of nanodiagnostics in human and veterinary medicine. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna Rao Gedda
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.,Center for Cellular Engineering, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Prasoon Madhukar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Shukla
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Lal Mudavath
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Habitat Centre, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Onkar Nath Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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3
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Rivas AK, Alcover MM, Martínez-Orellana P, Montserrat-Sangrà S, Nachum-Biala Y, Fisa R, Riera C, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L. Serological and molecular survey of Leishmania infection in dogs from Venezuela. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 21:100420. [PMID: 32862890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Venezuela is a country where human and canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum, Leishmania braziliensis and other Leishmania spp. is endemic. However, only limited data is available on canine Leishmania infection in Venezuela. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of Leishmania infection in dogs (n = 152) from the states of Lara (n = 91) and Yaracuy (n = 61) in Venezuela by means of serological and molecular methods. Physical examination was performed and blood samples were collected from all dogs. Serology for antibodies reactive with L. infantum and L. braziliensis antigens was assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and detection of Leishmania DNA from blood samples was evaluated by kinetoplast Leishmania real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, Leishmania internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) RT-PCR was performed on the samples positive by kinetoplast RT-PCR. The prevalence of Leishmania infection based on serological and/or molecular techniques was 11.8%. The seroprevalence for L. infantum and L. braziliensis antigens were 2.1% (3/144) and 8.3% (12/144), respectively. All dogs from the state of Yaracuy were serologically negative to L. infantum while 4.6% (4/86) of the dogs were reactive to L. braziliensis antigen. Fourteen percent (8/58) of the dogs from the state of Lara were positive to L. infantum and 5.2% (3/58) to L. braziliensis antigen. Three dogs were positive to both Leishmania spp. antigens. By RT-PCR, 6.5% (4/61) and 4.4% (4/91) of the dogs were positive for infection in the states of Lara and Yaracuy, respectively. The RT-PCR product of one dog from the state of Yaracuy was sequenced revealing a 100% identity with L. infantum. However, all RT-PCR positive dogs were seronegative to both Leishmania spp. antigens. In conclusion, the positivity for Leishmania spp. infections observed indicates that dogs are frequently infected by L. infantum, L. braziliensis or related Leishmania spp. in Venezuela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruanai Kalú Rivas
- Veterinary clinic "Teky pets" Barquisimeto, Venezuela; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - M Magdalena Alcover
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | | | - Roser Fisa
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Riera
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gad Baneth
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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4
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Thakur S, Joshi J, Kaur S. Leishmaniasis diagnosis: an update on the use of parasitological, immunological and molecular methods. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:253-272. [PMID: 32419743 PMCID: PMC7223249 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of leishmaniasis has always been a major challenge as its clinical features resemble some other commonly occurring diseases such as tuberculosis, typhoid, and malaria. Reliable laboratory methods become important for differential diagnosis. Demonstration of the parasites in stained preparations of bone marrow and splenic aspirates being risky and invasive is still the gold standard for diagnosis. Serological tests utilizing rapid immunochromatographic formats or rK39 in enzyme linked immune sorbent assay, immunoblotting, direct agglutination test have complications related to high proportions of positive asymptomatic individuals and the inability to diagnose a relapse. Among the molecular techniques, polymerase chain reaction is the most commonly used technique that is successfully implied for diagnosis. This review provides updated information on the recent developments in the field of diagnosis in leishmaniasis, various methods utilized with their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Thakur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Jyoti Joshi
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014 India
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Rigg CA, Calzada JE, Saldaña A, Perea M, Chaves LF, Valderrama A. Leishmania spp. Infection Rate and Feeding Patterns of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from a Hyperendemic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Community in Panamá. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:798-807. [PMID: 30793681 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a common and important vector-borne parasitic zoonosis in Panamá. Here, we study Leishmania spp. infection rates and blood-feeding patterns among common sand flies in Trinidad de Las Minas, a rural community with hyperendemic ACL transmission, and where a deltamethrin fogging trial was performed. Sand flies were collected from April 2010 to June 2011 with light traps installed inside and in the peridomicile of 24 houses. We restricted our analysis to the most abundant species at the study site: Lutzomyia trapidoi, Lutzomyia gomezi, Lutzomyia panamensis, Lutzomyia triramula, and Lutzomyia dysponeta. We detected Leishmania spp. infection in sand flies by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS-1) in pooled females (1-10 females per pool). Host species of engorged sand flies were identified using a cytochrome b PCR. From 455 sand fly pools analyzed, 255 pools were positive for Leishmania spp., with an estimated infection rate (confidence interval) of 0.096 [0.080-0.115] before the deltamethrin fogging which slightly, but not significantly (P > 0.05), increased to 0.116 [0.098-0.136] after the deltamethrin fogging. Blood meal analysis suggested that pigs, goats, and birds were the most common sand fly blood sources, followed by humans and domestic dogs. DNA sequencing from a subsample of ITS-1 positive pools suggests that Leishmania panamensis, Leishmania naiffi, and other Leishmania spp. were the parasite species infecting the most common vectors at the study site. Our data confirm an association between sand fly species, humans, domestic dogs, and pigs and Leishmania spp. parasites in rural Panamá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chystrie A Rigg
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá.,Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - José E Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Milixa Perea
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Luis F Chaves
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.,Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Costa Rica
| | - Anayansi Valderrama
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá.,Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
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6
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Optimization of DNA Extraction from Individual Sand Flies for PCR Amplification. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:mps2020036. [PMID: 31164615 PMCID: PMC6632178 DOI: 10.3390/mps2020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous protocols have been published for extracting DNA from phlebotomines. Nevertheless, their small size is generally an issue in terms of yield, efficiency, and purity, for large-scale individual sand fly DNA extractions when using traditional methods. Even though this can be circumvented with commercial kits, these are generally cost-prohibitive for developing countries. We encountered these limitations when analyzing field-collected Lutzomyia spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and, for this reason, we evaluated various modifications on a previously published protocol, the most significant of which was a different lysis buffer that contained Ca2+ (buffer TESCa). This ion protects proteinase K against autolysis, increases its thermal stability, and could have a regulatory function for its substrate-binding site. Individual sand fly DNA extraction success was confirmed by amplification reactions using internal control primers that amplify a fragment of the cacophony gene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a lysis buffer containing Ca2+ has been reported for the extraction of DNA from sand flies.
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Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a deadly parasitic disease, is a major public health concern globally. Countries affected by VL have signed the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases and committed to eliminate VL as a public health problem by 2020. To achieve and sustain VL elimination, it will become progressively important not to miss any remaining cases in the community who can maintain transmission. This requires accurate identification of symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers using highly sensitive diagnostic tools at the primary health service setting. The rK39 rapid diagnostic test (RDT) is the most widely used tool and with its good sensitivity and specificity is the first choice for decentralized diagnosis of VL in endemic areas. However, this test cannot discriminate between current, subclinical, or past infections and is useless for diagnosis of relapses and as a prognostic (cure) test. Importantly, as the goal of elimination of VL as a public health problem is approaching, the number of people susceptible to infection will increase. Therefore, correct diagnosis using a highly sensitive diagnostic test is crucial for applying appropriate treatment and management of cases. Recent advances in molecular techniques have improved Leishmania detection and quantification, and therefore this technology has become increasingly relevant due to its possible application in a variety of clinical sample types. Most importantly, given current problems in identifying asymptomatic individuals because of poor correlation between the main methods of detection, molecular tests are valuable for VL elimination programs, especially to monitor changes in burden of infection in specific communities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the available VL diagnostics and discusses the usefulness of molecular methods in the diagnosis, quantification, and species differentiation as well as their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, India.
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8
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Rivas AK, Alcover M, Martínez-Orellana P, Montserrat-Sangrà S, Nachum-Biala Y, Bardagí M, Fisa R, Riera C, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L. Clinical and diagnostic aspects of feline cutaneous leishmaniosis in Venezuela. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:141. [PMID: 29554979 PMCID: PMC5859506 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aruanai Kalú Rivas
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Magdalena Alcover
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Mar Bardagí
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Roser Fisa
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Riera
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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9
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Mejía Á, Matamoros G, Fontecha G, Sosa-Ochoa W. Bionomic aspects of Lutzomyia evansi and Lutzomyia longipalpis, proven vectors of Leishmania infantum in an endemic area of non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:15. [PMID: 29304878 PMCID: PMC5756426 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some Lutzomyia species are the vectors of human leishmaniasis in the Americas. Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis are both endemic in the Pacific region of Honduras, but the non-ulcerative form is the more frequent clinical manifestation in this region, where Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most abundant and the only incriminated vector. Taxonomic identification and distribution studies of sand flies are important to understand the epidemiology and to control these neglected tropical diseases. Results Here, we identified more than 13,000 Lutzomyia specimens captured in Isla del Tigre, Honduras, through a classical morphological approach. The two most common species were Lutzomyia evansi and Lu. longipalpis, and this is the first report of three Lutzomyia species on this island. The blood meal source was successfully identified for five sand fly species. A barcode analysis using the cox1 mitochondrial marker proved to be effective in discriminating between species and seems to be a valuable tool for future epidemiological studies including a wider geographical area. Conclusion This study updates the diversity and blood meal sources of Lutzomyia species in an island endemic for non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Pacific region of Honduras, and determines the effectiveness of the barcoding approach to discriminate species, as a complementary tool to classical morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Mejía
- Microbiology School, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Gabriela Matamoros
- Microbiology School, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Gustavo Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
| | - Wilfredo Sosa-Ochoa
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
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de Cássia-Pires R, de Melo MDFAD, Barbosa RDH, Roque ALR. Multiplex PCR as a tool for the diagnosis of Leishmania spp. kDNA and the gapdh housekeeping gene of mammal hosts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173922. [PMID: 28301553 PMCID: PMC5354409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The PCR assays usually employed for Leishmania diagnosis does not simultaneously detect a constitutive gene that would certify the viability of the DNA sample. We present a multiplex PCR approach for the simultaneous diagnosis of the Leishmania sp. kDNA fragment and a catalytic domain segment of a conserved region of the mammalian gapdh gene. Methodology The proposed multiplex protocol was designed through in silico PCR. The annealing temperature, concentration of primer pairs, number of cycles, distinct polymerase enzymes and premix kit were defined to achieve an optimal reaction. The DNA detection sensitivity was tested with different concentrations of known L. tropica DNA, and the reproducibility of the assay was confirmed using samples from 106 wild mammals that were previously subject to Leishmania sp. kDNA analysis through singleplex reactions. Principal findings The following optimal conditions were established: 95°C for 1 min followed by 30 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 61°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s and a final extension at 72°C for 1 min. The multiplex PCR system was capable of detecting 0.1 ng of L. tropica diluted in 100 ng of mammalian DNA. Of 51 kDNA samples that were previously found to be positive, 45 (88.2%) were positive for both targets, two were positive only for kDNA and four were negative for both. Of 55 kDNA samples that were previously identified as negative, 38 (69.1%) were positive for gapdh whereas the other 17 were negative for both targets. Conclusions/Significance The proposed multiplex PCR system allows the simultaneous detection of the gapdh gene and Leishmania sp. kDNA in tissue samples derived from distinct wild mammal species. The amplification of the gapdh mammalian gene in the same reaction ensures the quality and viability of the DNA in the sample, eliminating the possibility of false-negative results that would impair an accurate description of the infection rates in a given population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata de Cássia-Pires
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel da Hora Barbosa
- Center of Medical Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, UFF, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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11
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Akhoundi M, Downing T, Votýpka J, Kuhls K, Lukeš J, Cannet A, Ravel C, Marty P, Delaunay P, Kasbari M, Granouillac B, Gradoni L, Sereno D. Leishmania infections: Molecular targets and diagnosis. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 57:1-29. [PMID: 28159546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the diagnosis of leishmaniases depends on the development of effective methods and the discovery of suitable biomarkers. We propose firstly an update classification of Leishmania species and their synonymies. We demonstrate a global map highlighting the geography of known endemic Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. We summarize a complete list of techniques currently in use and discuss their advantages and limitations. The available data highlights the benefits of molecular markers in terms of their sensitivity and specificity to quantify variation from the subgeneric level to species complexes, (sub) species within complexes, and individual populations and infection foci. Each DNA-based detection method is supplied with a comprehensive description of markers and primers and proposal for a classification based on the role of each target and primer in the detection, identification and quantification of leishmaniasis infection. We outline a genome-wide map of genes informative for diagnosis that have been used for Leishmania genotyping. Furthermore, we propose a classification method based on the suitability of well-studied molecular markers for typing the 21 known Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. This can be applied to newly discovered species and to hybrid strains originating from inter-species crosses. Developing more effective and sensitive diagnostic methods and biomarkers is vital for enhancing Leishmania infection control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Tim Downing
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katrin Kuhls
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arnaud Cannet
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- French National Reference Centre on Leishmaniasis, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Marty
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Pascal Delaunay
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohamed Kasbari
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Granouillac
- IRD/UMI 233, INSERM U1175, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France; Intertryp UMR IRD177, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Hernández C, Alvarez C, González C, Ayala MS, León CM, Ramírez JD. Identification of six New World Leishmania species through the implementation of a High-Resolution Melting (HRM) genotyping assay. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:501. [PMID: 25394418 PMCID: PMC4239372 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniases are tropical zoonotic diseases, caused by parasites from the genus Leishmania. New World (NW) species are related to sylvatic cycles although urbanization processes have been reported in some South American Countries such as Colombia. This eco-epidemiological complexity imposes a challenge to the detection of circulating parasite species, not only related to human cases but also infecting vectors and reservoirs. Currently, no harmonized methods have been deployed to discriminate the NW Leishmania species. Findings Herein, we conducted a systematic and mechanistic High-Resolution Melting (HRM) assay targeted to HSP70 and ITS1. Specific primers were designed that coupled with a HRM analyses permitted to discriminate six NW Leishmania species. In order to validate the herein described algorithm, we included 35 natural isolates obtained from human cases, insect vectors and mammals. Our genotyping assay allowed the correct assignment of the six NW Leishmania species (L. mexicana, L. infantum (chagasi), L. amazonensis, L. panamensis, L. guyanensis and L. braziliensis) based on reference strains. When the algorithm was applied to a set of well-characterized strains by means of PCR-RFLP, MLEE and monoclonal antibodies (MA) we observed a tailored concordance between the HRM and PCR-RFLP/MLEE/MA (KI = 1.0). Additionally, we tested the limit of detection for the HRM method showing that this is able to detect at least 10 equivalent-parasites per mL. Conclusions This is a rapid and reliable method to conduct molecular epidemiology and host-parasite association studies in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Hernández
- Grupo de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia. .,Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Catalina Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical (CIMPAT), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Camila González
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical (CIMPAT), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | - Cielo Maritza León
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Neitzke-Abreu HC, Reinhold-Castro KR, Venazzi MS, Scodro RBDL, Dias ADC, Silveira TGV, Teodoro U, Lonardoni MVC. Detection of Leishmania (Viannia) IN Nyssomyia neivai and Nyssomyia whitmani by multiplex polymerase chain reaction, in Southern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2014; 56:391-5. [PMID: 25229218 PMCID: PMC4172109 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652014000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandflies transmit pathogens of leishmaniasis. The natural infection of sandflies by Leishmania (Viannia) was assessed in municipalities, in the state of Paraná, in Southern Brazil. Sandflies were collected with Falcão and Shannon traps. After dissection in search of flagellates in digestive tubes and identification of the species, female sandflies were submitted to the Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (multiplex PCR) for detection of the fragment of the kDNA of Leishmania (Viannia) and the fragment from the IVS6 cacophony gene region of the phlebotomine insects. The analysis was performed in pools containing seven to 12 guts from females of the same species. A total of 510 female sandflies were analyzed, including nine Migonemyia migonei, 17 Pintomyia fischeri, 216 Nyssomyia neivai, and 268 Nyssomyia whitmani. Although none of the females was found naturally infected by flagellates through dissection, the fragment of DNA from Leishmania (Viannia) was shown by multiplex PCR in one sample of Ny. neivai (0.46%) and three samples of Ny. whitmani (1.12%). It was concluded that Ny. neivai and Ny. whitmani are susceptible to Leishmania infection, and that multiplex PCR can be used in epidemiological studies to detect the natural infection of the sandfly vector, because of its sensitivity, specificity and feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herintha Coeto Neitzke-Abreu
- Programa de Pós Graduação em
Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de
Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, Programa de Pós Graduação em
Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá,
Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Kárin Rosi Reinhold-Castro
- Programa de Pós Graduação em
Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de
Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, Programa de Pós Graduação em
Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá,
Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mateus Sabaini Venazzi
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Estadual de
Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade
Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Regiane Bertin de Lima Scodro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas
e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de
Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil, Departamento de Análises Clínicas
e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá,
Paraná, Brasil
| | - Alessandra de Cassia Dias
- Programa de Pós Graduação em
Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de
Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, Programa de Pós Graduação em
Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá,
Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thaís Gomes Verzignassi Silveira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em
Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de
Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, Programa de Pós Graduação em
Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá,
Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas
e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de
Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil, Departamento de Análises Clínicas
e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá,
Paraná, Brasil
| | - Ueslei Teodoro
- Programa de Pós Graduação em
Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de
Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, Programa de Pós Graduação em
Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá,
Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Valdrinez Campana Lonardoni
- Programa de Pós Graduação em
Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de
Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, Programa de Pós Graduação em
Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá,
Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas
e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de
Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil, Departamento de Análises Clínicas
e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá,
Paraná, Brasil
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Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque SDC, Pessoa E Silva R, de Morais RCS, Trajano-Silva LAM, Régis-da-Silva CG, Brandão-Filho SP, de Paiva-Cavalcanti M. Tracking false-negative results in molecular diagnosis: proposal of a triplex-PCR based method for leishmaniasis diagnosis. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2014; 20:16. [PMID: 24808911 PMCID: PMC4012836 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular biological methods have become increasingly relevant to the diagnosis and control of infectious diseases, such as leishmaniasis. Since various factors may affect the sensitivity of PCR assays, including DNA yield and purity, an optimal extraction method is pivotal. Losses of a parasite’s DNA during extraction may significantly impair its detection by PCR and lead to false-negative results. This study proposes a triplex PCR assay targeting the parasite’s DNA, an external control (pUC18) and an internal control (G3PD) for accurate diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Results Two primer pairs were designed to detect the plasmid pUC18 and a triplex PCR assay targeting the Leishmania braziliensis kinetoplast DNA, the external control and the internal control was standardized. The triplex PCR assay was assessed for its ability to detect the three target DNA fragments simultaneously. PCR products from pUC18 DNA resulted in bands of 368 (P1) and 316 (P2) base pairs (bp). The triplex PCR optimized with the chosen external control system (P1) allowed the simultaneous detection of the internal control (G3PD – 567 bp) as well as of small quantities (10 pg) of the target parasite’s DNA, detected by amplification of a 138 bp product. Conclusions The new tool standardized herein enables a more reliable interpretation of PCR results, mainly by contributing to quality assurance of leishmaniasis diagnosis. Furthermore, after simple standardization steps, this protocol could be applied to the diagnosis of other infectious diseases in reference laboratories. This triplex PCR enables the assessment of small losses during the DNA extraction process, problems concerning DNA degradation (sample quality) and the detection of L. braziliensis kDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rômulo Pessoa E Silva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50670-420, Brasil
| | - Rayana Carla Silva de Morais
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50670-420, Brasil
| | | | - Carlos Gustavo Régis-da-Silva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50670-420, Brasil
| | - Sinval Pinto Brandão-Filho
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50670-420, Brasil
| | - Milena de Paiva-Cavalcanti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50670-420, Brasil
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Effect of environmental disturbance on the population of sandflies and leishmania transmission in an endemic area of Venezuela. J Trop Med 2014; 2014:280629. [PMID: 24949018 PMCID: PMC3997880 DOI: 10.1155/2014/280629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of new wilderness areas with crops is increasing and traditional crop substitution has been modified by new more productive crops. The results show the anthropogenic disturbance effect on the sandflies population and Leishmania transmission in endemic areas of Venezuela. Three agroecosystems with variable degrees of ecological disturbance, forest (conserved), cacao (fragmented), and orangery (disturbed), were selected. Four methods to sandfly capture were used; the specimens were identified and infected with Leishmania. Diversity, population structure, ANOVA, Tukey test, and simple correlation analysis were carried out. Shannon traps were able to capture 94.7% of the total sandflies, while CDC light traps, Sticky traps, and direct suction just captured 2.2%, 1.2%, and 0.9%, respectively. The results showed the effect of ecological disturbance degree on the composition of sandflies and population structure, revealing a dominance level increased but decreased on the diversity and richness of sandflies species in the greatest ecological disturbance area in relation to areas with less organic disturbance. Environments more disturbed cause adaptability of certain species such as Lutzomyia gomezi and Lutzomyia walkeri. These changes on the composition of sandflies population and structure emerging species could cause increasing of leishmaniasis transmission.
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Kheirandish F, Sharafi AC, Kazemi B, Bandehpour M, Tarahi MJ, Khamesipour A. First molecular identification of Leishmania species in a new endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Lorestan, Iran. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 6:713-7. [PMID: 23827149 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(13)60124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify Leishmania using PCR. METHODS This study was conducted from April 2009 to March 2011 in order to identify Leishmania species in a new endemic area of CL in Lorestan, Iran. Samples were taken from 62 patients that referred to the health centers in different cities of Lorestan province, the presence of Leishmania was confirmed using direct smear and then grown in NNN media and mass cultured in RPMI 1 640 medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum. DNA was extracted from cultured promastigotes and used in ITS-PCR. RESULTS 45(72.6%) samples out of 62 showed a band in the range of 485 bp and 17 (27.4%) with a band in the range of 626 bp which were similar to standard strains of Leishmania tropica(L. tropica) and Leishmania major(L. major), respectively. 50 (65.80%) of samples were collected from people with no history of travel in at least a year prior to the onset which shows that indigenous source of infection. CONCLUSIONS Since the vector and reservoir of the two species are different, so precise and extensive control and prevention methods should be designed and carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Kheirandish
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
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17
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Valderrama A, Tavares MG, Filho JDA. Phylogeography of the Lutzomyia gomezi (Diptera: Phlebotominae) on the Panama Isthmus. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:9. [PMID: 24398187 PMCID: PMC3892078 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lutzomyia gomezi (Nitzulescu, 1931) is one of the main Leishmania (Vianna) panamensis vectors in Panama, and despite its medical significance, there are no population genetic studies regarding this species. In this study, we used the sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b/start of NADH1 and the nuclear elongation gene α-1 in order to analyze genetic variation and phylogeographic structure of the Lu. gomezi populations. METHODS A total of 86 Lu. gomezi individuals were captured in 38 locations where cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred. DNA was extracted with phenol/chloroform methods and amplification of genes was performed using PCR primers for mitochondrial and nuclear markers. RESULTS We found a total of 37 and 26 haplotypes of mitochondrial and nuclear genes, high haplotype diversity (h) for all three populations were detected with both molecular markers. Nucleotide diversity (π) was estimated to be high for all three populations with the mitochondrial marker, which was opposite to the estimate with the nuclear marker. In the AMOVA Φst recorded moderate (mitochondrial) and small (nuclear) population structure with statistical significance among populations. The analysis of the fixation index (Fst) used to measure the differentiation of populations showed that with the exception of the population located in the region of Bocas del Toro, the other populations presented with minor genetic differentiation. The median-Joining network of the mitochondrial marker reveled three clusters and recorded four haplotypes exclusively of localities sampled from Western Panama, demonstrating strong divergence. We found demographic population expansion with Fu´s Fs neutrality test. In the analysis mismatch distribution was observed as a bimodal curve. CONCLUSION Lu. gomezi is a species with higher genetic pool or variability and mild population structure, due to possible capacity migration and local adaptation to environmental changes or colonization potential. Thus, knowledge of the genetic population and evolutionary history is useful to understand the implications of different population genetic structures for cutaneous leishmaniasis epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anayansi Valderrama
- Department of Medical Entomology, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama, Panama
| | | | - Jose Dilermando Andrade Filho
- Centro de Referência Nacional e Internacional para Flebotomíneos/Coleção de Flebotomíneos, Instituto René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Pérez J, Virgen A, Rojas JC, Rebollar-Téllez EA, Alfredo C, Infante F, Mikery O, Marina CF, Ibáñez-Bernal S. Species composition and seasonal abundance of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in coffee agroecosystems. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 109:80-6. [PMID: 24271002 PMCID: PMC4005524 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition and seasonal occurrence of sandflies were investigated in coffee
agroecosystems in the Soconusco region of Chiapas, Mexico. Insect sampling was
performed on three plantations located at different altitudes: Finca Guadalupe Zajú
[1,000 m above sea level (a.s.l.)], Finca Argovia (613 m a.s.l.) and Teotihuacán del
Valle (429 m a.s.l.). Sandflies were sampled monthly from August 2007-July 2008 using
three sampling methods: Shannon traps, CDC miniature light traps and Disney traps.
Sampling was conducted for 3 h during three consecutive nights, beginning at sunset.
A total of 4,387 sandflies were collected during the course of the study: 2,718
individuals in Finca Guadalupe Zajú, 605 in Finca Argovia and 1,064 in Teotihuacán
del Valle. The Shannon traps captured 94.3% of the total sandflies, while the CDC
light traps and Disney traps captured 4.9% and 0.8%, respectively. More females than
males were collected at all sites. While the number of sandflies captured was
positively correlated with temperature and relative humidity, a negative correlation
was observed between sandfly numbers and rainfall. Five species of sandflies were
captured: Lutzomyia cruciata , Lutzomyia texana ,
Lutzomyia ovallesi , Lutzomyia cratifer /
undulata and Brumptomyia sp. Lu.
cruciata , constituting 98.8% of the total, was the most abundant
species. None of the captured sandflies was infected with Leishmania
spp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Castillo Alfredo
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, México
| | | | - Oscar Mikery
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, TapachulaChiapas, México
| | - Carlos Felix Marina
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, TapachulaChiapas, México
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Dweik A, Schönian G, Mosleh IM, Karanis P. Evaluation of PCR-RFLP (based on ITS-1 andHaeIII) for the detection ofLeishmaniaspecies, using Greek canine isolates and Jordanian clinical material. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 101:399-407. [PMID: 17550645 DOI: 10.1179/136485907x176436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is possible to detect and distinguish Leishmania parasites using PCR-RLFP - a combination of PCR and analysis of the fragment-length polymorphism seen when the amplicons are digested with one or more restriction enzymes. In the present study, clinical samples from 24 Jordanians suspected to have cutaneous leishmaniasis and cultures set up using leishmanial parasites from five Greek dogs were investigated using PCR, in which the internal-transcribed-spacer-1 (ITS1) region of the parasites' ribosomal-RNA gene was amplified, followed by HaeIII digestion of the resulting amplicons. The cultures, which were all maintained in Leibowitz L-15 medium with 20% foetal calf serum, were each investigated as serial dilutions. Using the PCR-RLFP analysis, each culture was identified as L. donovani and each was found positive for this parasite with a mean sensitivity of 66%-100% (depending on the culture dilution tested), a specificity of 100%, a mean positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 74.6%-100%. When simulated clinical samples, created by mixing human blood with known numbers of L. donovani promastigotes, were investigated, the PCR-RFLP gave optimal results (with a value of 100% each for sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values). When the real clinical samples (25 lesion aspirates and 20 samples of peripheral blood from 24 Jordanian patients) were investigated using the molecular method, 20 (84%) of the patients were found to have lesion aspirates that were PCR-RFLP-positive for L. major (although, by microscopy, only six were found to have amastigote-positive lesion aspirates). None of the blood samples from the Jordanian patients, however, was found PCR-positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dweik
- Medical and Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Center of Anatomy, Institute II, University of Cologne, Medical School, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9, Cologne 50931, Germany
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Maroli M, Feliciangeli MD, Bichaud L, Charrel RN, Gradoni L. Phlebotomine sandflies and the spreading of leishmaniases and other diseases of public health concern. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 27:123-47. [PMID: 22924419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sandflies transmit pathogens that affect humans and animals worldwide. We review the roles of phlebotomines in the spreading of leishmaniases, sandfly fever, summer meningitis, vesicular stomatitis, Chandipura virus encephalitis and Carrión's disease. Among over 800 species of sandfly recorded, 98 are proven or suspected vectors of human leishmaniases; these include 42 Phlebotomus species in the Old World and 56 Lutzomyia species in the New World (all: Diptera: Psychodidae). Based on incrimination criteria, we provide an updated list of proven or suspected vector species by endemic country where data are available. Increases in sandfly diffusion and density resulting from increases in breeding sites and blood sources, and the interruption of vector control activities contribute to the spreading of leishmaniasis in the settings of human migration, deforestation, urbanization and conflict. In addition, climatic changes can be expected to affect the density and dispersion of sandflies. Phlebovirus infections and diseases are present in large areas of the Old World, especially in the Mediterranean subregion, in which virus diversity has proven to be higher than initially suspected. Vesiculovirus diseases are important to livestock and humans in the southeastern U.S.A. and Latin America, and represent emerging human threats in parts of India. Carrión's disease, formerly restricted to regions of elevated altitude in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia, has shown recent expansion to non-endemic areas of the Amazon basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maroli
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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21
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Pita-Pereira DD, Souza GD, Pereira TDA, Zwetsch A, Britto C, Rangel EF. Lutzomyia (Pintomyia) fischeri (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), a probable vector of American cutaneous leishmaniasis: detection of natural infection by Leishmania (Viannia) DNA in specimens from the municipality of Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil, using multiplex PCR assay. Acta Trop 2011; 120:273-5. [PMID: 21939631 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine natural Leishmania (Viannia) infection in Lutzomyia (Pintomyia) fischeri, a multiplex PCR methodology coupled to non-isotopic hybridization was adopted for the analysis of sand fly samples collected by CDC light traps in an endemic area of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in the periurban region of the municipality of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. We analyzed by PCR methodology 560 specimens of Lutzomyia (Pintomyia) fischeri (520 females and 40 males). The wild sand flies were grouped into 56 pools (52 females and 4 males) of 10 each, and positive results were detected in 2 of the 52 female pools, representing a minimum infection rate of 0.38% based on the presence of at least 1 infected insect in the pool. This result associated with some local evidence such as anthopophily, spatial distribution in accordance with the transmission area and human case incidence, suggests that L. (P.)fischeri may be considered as a secondary vector of ACL in the studied locality.
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Oliveira DM, Reinhold-Castro KR, Bernal MVZ, de Oliveira Legriffon CM, Lonardoni MVC, Teodoro U, Silveira TGV. Natural Infection ofNyssomyia neivaibyLeishmania (Viannia) spp. in the State of Paraná, Southern Brazil, Detected by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:137-43. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Molina Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ueslei Teodoro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Acardi SA, Liotta DJ, Santini MS, Romagosa CM, Salomón OD. Detection of Leishmania infantum in naturally infected Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) and Canis familiaris in Misiones, Argentina: the first report of a PCR-RFLP and sequencing-based confirmation assay. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:796-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Molecular epidemiology for vector research on leishmaniasis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:814-26. [PMID: 20617005 PMCID: PMC2872317 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7030814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease caused by the genus Leishmania transmitted by female phlebotomine sand flies. Surveillance of the prevalence of Leishmania and responsive vector species in endemic and surrounding areas is important for predicting the risk and expansion of the disease. Molecular biological methods are now widely applied to epidemiological studies of infectious diseases including leishmaniasis. These techniques are used to detect natural infections of sand fly vectors with Leishmania protozoa and are becoming powerful tools due to their sensitivity and specificity. Recently, genetic analyses have been performed on sand fly species and genotyping using PCR-RFLP has been applied to the sand fly taxonomy. In addition, a molecular mass screening method has been established that enables both sand fly species and natural leishmanial infections to be identified simultaneously in hundreds of sand flies with limited effort. This paper reviews recent advances in the study of sand flies, vectors of leishmaniasis, using molecular biological approaches.
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Saraiva L, Carvalho GML, Gontijo CMF, Quaresma PF, Lima ACVMR, Falcão AL, Andrade Filho JD. Natural infection of Lutzomyia neivai and Lutzomyia sallesi (Diptera: Psychodidae) by Leishmania infantum chagasi in Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 46:1159-1163. [PMID: 19769049 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Natural infections with Leishmania were found in females of the phlebotomine sand flies Lutzomyia neivai (Pinto) (= Nyssomyia neivai) and Lutzomyia sallesi (Galvão & Coutinho) (= Evandromyia sallesi) (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Lassance, in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Promastigotes were found in the pyloric region of the former species and in the abdominal midgut of the latter species. Insects found to be infected by microscopic examination were macerated in saline solution and inoculated into hamsters. Subsequent analysis by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism revealed both isolates to belong to the species Leishmania infantum chagasi Cunha & Chagas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Saraiva
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou-Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, CEP 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis is widespread in South America, where a number of Leishmania species have been isolated or molecularly characterised from dogs. Most cases of canine leishmaniosis are caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi) and Leishmania braziliensis. The only well-established vector of Leishmania parasites to dogs in South America is Lutzomyia longipalpis, the main vector of L. infantum, but many other phlebotomine sandfly species might be involved. For quite some time, canine leishmaniosis has been regarded as a rural disease, but nowadays it is well-established in large urbanised areas. Serological investigations reveal that the prevalence of anti-Leishmania antibodies in dogs might reach more than 50%, being as high as 75% in highly endemic foci. Many aspects related to the epidemiology of canine leishmaniosis (e.g., factors increasing the risk disease development) in some South American countries other than Brazil are poorly understood and should be further studied. A better understanding of the epidemiology of canine leishmaniosis in South America would be helpful to design sustainable control and prevention strategies against Leishmania infection in both dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Akhlaghi L, Saki J, Maraghi S, Meamar A, Mohebali M, Oormazdi H, Razmjou E, Khademvata S, Rahim F. Evaluation of Modified Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle Medium for Isolation of Leishmania Parasites from Cutaneous Lesions of Patients in Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/jp.2009.56.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Naturally InfectedLutzomyiaSand Flies in aLeishmania-Endemic Area of Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008; 8:407-14. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2007.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Ranasinghe S, Rogers ME, Hamilton JG, Bates PA, Maingon RD. A real-time PCR assay to estimate Leishmania chagasi load in its natural sand fly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102:875-82. [PMID: 18501935 PMCID: PMC2678673 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania chagasi, transmitted mainly by Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies, causes visceral leishmaniasis and atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis in Latin America. Successful vector control depends upon determining vectorial capacity and understanding Leishmania transmission by sand flies. As microscopic detection of Leishmania in dissected sand fly guts is laborious and time-consuming, highly specific, sensitive, rapid and robust Leishmania PCR assays have attracted epidemiologists' attention. Real-time PCR is faster than qualitative PCR and yields quantitative data amenable to statistical analyses. A highly reproducible Leishmania DNA polymerase gene-based TaqMan real-time PCR assay was adapted to quantify Leishmania in sand flies, showing intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient variations lower than 1 and 1.7%, respectively, and sensitivity to 10 pg Leishmania DNA ( approximately 120 parasites) in as much as 100 ng sand fly DNA. Data obtained for experimentally infected sand flies yielded parasite loads within the range of counts obtained by microscopy for the same sand fly cohort or that were around five times higher than microscopy counts, depending on the method used for data analysis. These results highlight the potential of quantitative PCR for Leishmania transmission studies, and the need to understand factors affecting its sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalindra Ranasinghe
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Matthew E. Rogers
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - James G.C. Hamilton
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Paul A. Bates
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Rhayza D.C. Maingon
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 1782 584 219; fax: +44 1782 583 516.
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Silva EA, Andreotti R, Dias ES, Barros JC, Brazuna JCM. Detection of Leishmania DNA in phlebotomines captured in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Exp Parasitol 2008; 119:343-8. [PMID: 18456262 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past years, leishmaniases have become a public health issue in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul, particularly in Campo Grande, the state capital. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of Leishmania DNA in the population of phlebotomine sandflies using DNA amplification by PCR. Insect captures were carried out from 4 pm. to 7 am for 4 consecutive days each month from October 2005 to September 2006 in 16 neighborhoods located in 7 urban regions of Campo Grande. Traps were placed indoors and in the vicinity of households. As many as 971 males and 203 females were collected. One hundred and five naturally fed females were identified and grouped as 1- to 4-specimen pools. DNA extraction was carried out using whole insects. Lutzomyia longipalpis predominated, accounting for 99.15% of the phlebotomines captured. Also found was Nyssomyia whitmani, the vector of tegumentary leishmaniasis. Abundance was greatest in the vicinity of households (69.8% of the phlebotomines captured). As revealed by PCR, parasites were present in 1.9% of the Leishmania spp. specimens investigated and confirmed for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Silva
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Seasonal phenology, host-blood feeding preferences and natural Leishmania infection of Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera, Psychodidae) in a high-endemic focus of canine leishmaniasis in Rome province, Italy. Acta Trop 2008; 105:158-65. [PMID: 18035329 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year survey aimed to study seasonal phenology, host-blood feeding preferences and Leishmania infections of Phlebotomus perniciosus, was carried out in a high-endemic focus of canine leishmaniasis in Rome province, Italy. Sandfly densities were monitored by sticky traps, while CDC light traps and hand collections were used for individual sandfly analyses. Four species were identified, three belonging to Phlebotomus (P. perniciosus, Phlebotomus mascittii and Phlebotomus papatasi) and one to Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia minuta) genera. In sticky traps, P. perniciosus (53.5%) and S. minuta (46.0%) were the prevalent species, whereas specimens collected by CDC light traps and hand collections consisted mostly of P. perniciosus. The study showed a markedly different sandfly density between 2003 and 2002 collections (5024 specimens versus 644 specimens, respectively), which was attributed to different climatic conditions. In 2003 adults were active during 7 months (May-November) with a typical bimodal distribution, while in 2002 their activity was shorter (5 months, June-October) without clear density peaks. In this low-density year, the prevalence of P. perniciosus was significantly higher in domestic than in wild resting sites. Blood meal tests showed that P. perniciosus had no preferences for any of the two Leishmania susceptible hosts, being the forage ratio rate 0.7 and 1.0 for man and dog, respectively. A significant number of P. perniciosus was found with avian (60.3%) or ovine (24.2%) blood, that was in relation with the habitats where fed specimens were collected. The rate of specimens of P. perniciosus without blood and found positive for Leishmania DNA, detected by a sensitive nested-PCR technique, was much higher (27.6%) than the promastigote infection rate determined by microscopy in the dissected females (1.4%). The intense Leishmania transmission in the study area was confirmed by the high prevalence of anti-leishmanial antibodies in dogs (33.3%).
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Mestre GLDC, Fontes CJF. [The spread of the visceral leishmaniasis epidemic in the State of Mato Grosso, 1998-2005]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2007; 26:2414-9. [PMID: 17486252 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2010001200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis began in 1998, in the Metropolitan Region of Cuiabá, the capital of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Today, it has reached 34 (24.1%) of the 141 municipalities in the state. Between January 1998 and December 2005, 138 autochthonous cases were notified, mainly in males (58%), children aged 0-9 years (51.5%) and inhabitants of urban areas (66.7%). Canine visceral leishmaniasis has been detected in 41 municipalities, with positive serum in 9% of the 40,000 dogs examined. Lutzomyia longipalpis and/or Lutzomyia cruzi were captured in 14 out of the 18 municipalities that simultaneously recorded both human and canine visceral leishmaniasis. These findings indicate that visceral leishmaniasis transmission has become disseminated throughout the state, following migratory flows and the process of disorderly occupation of urban areas. The presence of Lutzomyia cruzi alone in areas with high incidence of human and canine cases suggests possible participation by this species in the transmission chain for visceral leishmaniasis in Mato Grosso.
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Martín-Sánchez J, Gállego M, Barón S, Castillejo S, Morillas-Marquez F. Pool screen PCR for estimating the prevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in sandflies (Diptera: Nematocera, Phlebotomidae). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100:527-32. [PMID: 16310236 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Revised: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence studies of infection in the sandfly vector can be used as an indicator of a change in the intensity of Leishmania transmission. However, these studies are difficult to carry out as prevalence in the vector is usually low and its estimation requires a large number of sandflies to be dissected. Our objective was to establish whether a L. infantum-specific PCR-ELISA applied to pools of female sandflies and a previously described algorithm could be useful tools to study the prevalence of infection by this parasite in natural vector populations. We collected sandflies from six collection points in two stable foci of leishmaniasis in southern (N=3) and north-eastern (N=3) Spain, following standard procedures. A fraction of the collected females was dissected and morphologically identified. Another fraction was used for pool screening. In total, 127 pools of 30 females (3810 specimens) were studied by PCR-ELISA and 1764 specimens were individually dissected. The prevalence of infection determined by dissection does not differ from that determined by pool screen PCR. The results suggest that pool screen PCR can be of practical use in the epidemiological surveillance of leishmaniasis in European countries of the western Mediterranean basin, associated with control interventions or global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martín-Sánchez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Spain.
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de Pita-Pereira D, Alves CR, Souza MB, Brazil RP, Bertho AL, de Figueiredo Barbosa A, Britto CC. Identification of naturally infected Lutzomyia intermedia and Lutzomyia migonei with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) revealed by a PCR multiplex non-isotopic hybridisation assay. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005; 99:905-13. [PMID: 16143358 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify naturally infected Lutzomyia spp. by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, a PCR multiplex non-isotopic hybridisation assay was developed for the analysis of insect samples collected in distinct areas of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), from March to December 2003. Data from experimental infection indicate that the method can detect one individual infected insect out of ten. Wild sand flies were classified and grouped into pools of 10 specimens each, reaching a total of 40 female groups. Positive results were obtained with pools of Lu. intermedia (5/32) and Lu. migonei (3/5) collected in two areas from the district of Jacarepaguá presenting recent cases of human and canine leishmaniasis. Considering eight infected groups (8/40) with at least one positive insect in each, it was possible to infer an infection rate of 2%. This technique permits the synchronous processing of a large number of samples, in order to investigate infection rates in sand fly populations and to identify potential insect vectors. The results presented here represent the first molecular approach used to infer the natural infection index in both Lutzomyia spp. and constitute essential data to the understanding of leishmaniasis ecoepidemiology in endemic areas from Rio de Janeiro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela de Pita-Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane - sala 209, Avenida Brasil 4365, CP 926, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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