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Pereira IAG, Freitas CS, Câmara RSB, Jesus MM, Lage DP, Tavares GSV, Soyer TG, Ramos FF, Soares NP, Santiago SS, Martins VT, Vale DL, Pimenta BL, Ludolf F, Oliveira FM, Duarte MC, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Costa AV, Gonçalves DU, Roatt BM, Teixeira RR, Coelho EAF. Treatment using vanillin-derived synthetic molecules incorporated into polymeric micelles is effective against infection caused by Leishmania amazonensis species. Exp Parasitol 2024; 260:108743. [PMID: 38513973 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Treatment against leishmaniasis presents problems, mainly due to the toxicity of the drugs, high cost, and the emergence of resistant strains. A previous study showed that two vanillin-derived synthetic molecules, 3s [4-(2-hydroxy-3-(4-octyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propoxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde] and 3t [4-(3-(4-decyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde], presented antileishmanial activity against Leishmania infantum, L. amazonensis, and L. braziliensis species. In the present work, 3s and 3t were evaluated to treat L. amazonensis-infected mice. Molecules were used pure or incorporated into Poloxamer 407-based micelles. In addition, amphotericin B (AmpB) and its liposomal formulation, Ambisome®, were used as control. Animals received the treatment and, one and 30 days after, they were euthanized to evaluate immunological, parasitological, and biochemical parameters. Results showed that the micellar compositions (3s/Mic and 3t/Mic) induced significant reductions in the lesion mean diameter and parasite load in the infected tissue and distinct organs, as well as a specific and significant antileishmanial Th1-type immune response, which was based on significantly higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, nitrite, and IgG2a isotype antibodies. Drug controls showed also antileishmanial action; although 3s/Mic and 3t/Mic have presented better and more significant parasitological and immunological data, which were based on significantly higher IFN-γ production and lower parasite burden in treated animals. In addition, significantly lower levels of urea, creatinine, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase were found in mice treated with 3s/Mic and 3t/Mic, when compared to the others. In conclusion, results suggest that 3s/Mic and 3t/Mic could be considered as therapeutic candidates to treat against L. amazonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela A G Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel S B Câmara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Jesus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tauane G Soyer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nícia P Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas Em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samira S Santiago
- Grupo de Síntese e Pesquisa de Compostos Bioativos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, S/N, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danniele L Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Breno L Pimenta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-110, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabrício M Oliveira
- Instituto Federal de Educação de Minas Gerais, Rua Afonso Sardinha, 90, Bairro Pioneiros, 36420-000, Ouro Branco, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Umacollo, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Adilson V Costa
- Departamento de Química e Física, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, S/n, Guararema, 29500-000, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Denise U Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas Em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Róbson R Teixeira
- Grupo de Síntese e Pesquisa de Compostos Bioativos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, S/N, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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2
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Valério-Bolas A, Meunier M, Palma-Marques J, Rodrigues A, Santos AM, Nunes T, Ferreira R, Armada A, Alves JC, Antunes W, Cardoso I, Mesquita-Gabriel S, Lobo L, Alexandre-Pires G, Marques L, Pereira da Fonseca I, Santos-Gomes G. Exploiting Leishmania-Primed Dendritic Cells as Potential Immunomodulators of Canine Immune Response. Cells 2024; 13:445. [PMID: 38474410 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) capture pathogens and process antigens, playing a crucial role in activating naïve T cells, bridging the gap between innate and acquired immunity. However, little is known about DC activation when facing Leishmania parasites. Thus, this study investigates in vitro activity of canine peripheral blood-derived DCs (moDCs) exposed to L. infantum and L. amazonensis parasites and their extracellular vesicles (EVs). L. infantum increased toll-like receptor 4 gene expression in synergy with nuclear factor κB activation and the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This parasite also induced the expression of class II molecules of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and upregulated co-stimulatory molecule CD86, which, together with the release of chemokine CXCL16, can attract and help in T lymphocyte activation. In contrast, L. amazonensis induced moDCs to generate a mix of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, indicating that this parasite can establish a different immune relationship with DCs. EVs promoted moDCs to express class I MHC associated with the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and the release of CXCL16, suggesting that EVs can modulate moDCs to attract cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Thus, these parasites and their EVs can shape DC activation. A detailed understanding of DC activation may open new avenues for the development of advanced leishmaniasis control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valério-Bolas
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Meunier
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Palma-Marques
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Armanda Rodrigues
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Santos
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana, 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Telmo Nunes
- Microscopy Center, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Ferreira
- Banco de Sangue Animal (BSA), 4100-462 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Armada
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Alves
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana, 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Wilson Antunes
- Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biológica e Química (UMLDBQ), 1849-012 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Cardoso
- Banco de Sangue Animal (BSA), 4100-462 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Mesquita-Gabriel
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lis Lobo
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Graça Alexandre-Pires
- CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Marques
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon-FCUL-BioISI Ce3CE, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Santos-Gomes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
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Melo MGND, Reino IBDSM, Vaitkevicius-Antão V, Silva JMD, Júnior JNDS, Andrade AFD, Bezerra RP, Marques DDAV, Silva SDFFD, Araújo PSRD, Lorena VMBD, Morais RCSD, Paiva-Cavalcanti MD. Chlorella vulgaris extract and Imiquimod as new therapeutic targets for leishmaniasis: An immunological approach. Immunobiology 2024; 229:152779. [PMID: 38118344 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic regimen for the treatment of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) is targeted at the death of the parasite; therefore, it is essential to develop a treatment that can act on the parasite, combined with the modulation of the inflammatory profile. Thus, the aim of this study was to make an in vitro evaluation of the therapeutic potential of Chlorella vulgaris extract (CV) and Imiquimod for ATL. Selectivity indices (SI) were determined by inhibitory concentration assays (IC50) in L. braziliensis cells and cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) were measured in human cells using the MTT method, based on the CV microalgae extract (IC50 concentrations of 15.63 to 500 µg/mL; CC50 concentrations of 62.5-1000 µg/mL) in comparison with the reference drugs and Imiquimod. The immune response was evaluated in healthy human cells by gene expression (RT-qPCR) and cytokine production (Flow Cytometry). The CV extract (SI = 6.89) indicated promising results by showing higher SI than meglumine antimoniate (SI = 3.44) (reference drug). In all analyses, CV presented a protective profile by stimulating the production of Th1 profile cytokines to a larger extent than the reference drugs. Imiquimod showed a high expression for Tbx21, GATA3, RORc and Foxp3 genes, with increased production only of the TNF cytokine. Therefore, the data highlight the natural extract and Imiquimod as strong therapeutic or adjuvant candidates against ATL, owing to modulation of immune response profiles, low toxicity in human cells and toxic action on the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victor Vaitkevicius-Antão
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz Pernambuco Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jady Moreira da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz Pernambuco Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - José Noé da Silva Júnior
- Research Support Center, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Pedrosa Bezerra
- Research Support Center, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Sérgio Ramos de Araújo
- Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Departament of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz Pernambuco Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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4
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Nascimento MT, Viana DL, Peixoto FC, Arruda SM, Carvalho EM, Carvalho LP. Prostaglandin E2 contributes to L. braziliensis survival and therapeutic failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2261565. [PMID: 37729084 PMCID: PMC10540647 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2261565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) present an exacerbated inflammatory response associated with tissue damage and ulcer development. In recent years, higher rates of failure to pentavalent antimoniate therapy have been observed, yet the underlying reason remains poorly understood. We hypothesize that the eicosanoid PGE2 favours the establishment of infection by L. braziliensis, which contributes to therapeutic failure. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of PGE2 on the survival of L. braziliensis in macrophages and rates of therapeutic failure in CL patients. PGE2, an eicosanoid derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by the COX-2 enzyme, plays several roles in immune response. We found that increased PGE2 decreases the microbicidal function of macrophages and is associated with disease severity and therapeutic failure. Additionally, the neutralization of COX-2 by NS398, a selective NSAID, increases the ability of macrophages to kill L. braziliensis and protects against the pathological inflammatory response. Our data suggest that NS398 may serve as an adjunct treatment for CL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício T. Nascimento
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, LAPEC, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz – Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, SIM, Complexo Universitário Professor Edgar Santos, COM-HUPES, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, PPgCS, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Débora L. Viana
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, LAPEC, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz – Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fábio C. Peixoto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, LAPEC, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz – Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, PPgCS, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Sérgio M. Arruda
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, LASP, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz – Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, LAPEC, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz – Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, SIM, Complexo Universitário Professor Edgar Santos, COM-HUPES, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, PPgCS, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, LAPEC, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz – Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, SIM, Complexo Universitário Professor Edgar Santos, COM-HUPES, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, PPgCS, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador, Brazil
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Sombra Santos A, de Castro Rodrigues NL, Marciano Fonseca FR, Braga Fayão Oliveira N, Oliveira Loucard B, Fernandes Heredia F, Albuquerque Gomes Nogueira TN, Monteiro Abreu T, Silva dos Santos H, Holanda Teixeira E, Almeida Moreira Leal LK, Brandim Gomes RB, Romero Teixeira C, Teixeira MJ. Leishmanicidal and healing effects of 3β,6β,16β-trihydroxy lup-20 (29)-ene isolated from Combretum leprosum on Leishmania braziliensis infection in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287665. [PMID: 38011211 PMCID: PMC10681296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis depends on drugs that potentially cause serious side effects and resistance. Thus, topical therapies are attractive alternatives to the drugs currently used. 3β, 6β, 16β-trihydroxylup-20 (29)-ene is a lupane triterpene isolated from Combretum leprosum Mart. leaves (CLF-1), with reports of in vitro antileishmanial effect against L. amazonensis and to promote lesion healing in animal model. Herein, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial and healing effects of CLF-1 against L. braziliensis. CLF-1 treatment showed low toxicity in macrophages and significantly reduced parasite load in vitro. CLF-1 induced higher IL-12 and TNF-α production and more discrete IL-4 and IL-10 production. For in vivo evaluation, a CLF-1 cream formulation was prepared to treat hamsters infected with L. braziliensis. CLF-1 treatment was able to reduce parasite load of the infected skin and lymph node more efficiently than the conventional treatment. Histopathological analysis indicated a strong inflammatory response accompanied by an important healing response. Data from this study indicate that topical CLF-1 treatment was effective and non-toxic in L. braziliensis infected hamsters suggesting its potential for further development as a future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Sombra Santos
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Naya Lúcia de Castro Rodrigues
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Francisco Rafael Marciano Fonseca
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Braga Fayão Oliveira
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Bianca Oliveira Loucard
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Fernandes Heredia
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Ticiana Monteiro Abreu
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Edson Holanda Teixeira
- Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Jania Teixeira
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Alonso A, Alcolea PJ, Larraga J, Peris MP, Esteban A, Cortés A, Ruiz-García S, Castillo JA, Larraga V. A non-replicative antibiotic resistance-free DNA vaccine delivered by the intranasal route protects against canine leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213193. [PMID: 37790927 PMCID: PMC10543895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is the etiological agent of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL). The disease is endemic in Central and South America, Central and South East Asia, and the Mediterranean basin. Dogs are the main reservoir, with an estimated prevalence of approximately 2.5 million dogs in Southern Europe. Current treatments cause side effects, disease recurrence, and drug resistance. Therefore, the development of vaccines against canine leishmaniasis is necessary. We have generated a DNA vaccine based on the non-replicative antibiotic resistance marker-free plasmid vector pPAL that contains the encoding gene for the L. infantum activated protein kinase C receptor analog (LACK). Homologous pPAL-LACK prime-boost intranasal administration confers efficacious protection in Beagle dogs with a reduction of clinical signs and a statistically significant reduction of the parasite burden in the bone marrow of more than 90% of dogs after experimental infection with highly infective promastigotes. This DNA vaccine elicits a robust cellular immune response skewed towards the Th1 profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alonso
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology and Vaccines, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro José Alcolea
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology and Vaccines, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Larraga
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology and Vaccines, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Paz Peris
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adriana Esteban
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Cortés
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Ruiz-García
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology and Vaccines, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Castillo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Vicente Larraga
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology and Vaccines, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Alotaibi H, Aldossari A, Alnasser S. Impetiginous Cutaneous Leishmaniasis after COVID-19 Infection in a Patient with Poor Cardiac Profile: A Case Report and Literature Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:443. [PMID: 37755904 PMCID: PMC10536164 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8090443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence has been rising in the past couple of decades. Standard therapy often includes antileishmanial drugs; however, due to their low safety and toxicity threshold, alternative treatments are being investigated. The association between COVID-19 and cutaneous leishmaniasis remains unclear and exploring this connection may offer crucial insights into the pathophysiology of and treatment strategies for infected patients. In this article, we describe a case of a male patient with a history of cardiac and other comorbidities who presented with cutaneous leishmaniasis in the form of impetigo-like skin lesions after being infected with COVID-19. Due to the patient's poor cardiac profile, sodium stibogluconate was not used and an alternative therapeutic approach was employed. The patient was treated with oral terbinafine, cryotherapy on specific lesions, and a course of cephalexin. Following the course of treatment and subsequent follow-up, the patient exhibited complete resolution and healing of the lesions with scarring, and no active lesions or recurrence were observed. This case highlights the potential for alternative treatment strategies for cutaneous leishmaniasis in patients with comorbidities and emphasizes the importance of further research to better understand the link between COVID-19 and cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Alotaibi
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Sultan Alnasser
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia;
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8
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Fiuza JA, Gannavaram S, Gaze ST, de Ornellas LG, Alves ÉA, Ismail N, Nakhasi HL, Correa-Oliveira R. Deletion of MIF gene from live attenuated LdCen -/- parasites enhances protective CD4 + T cell immunity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7362. [PMID: 37147351 PMCID: PMC10163264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with live attenuated Leishmania parasites such as centrin deleted Leishmania donovani (LdCen-/-) against visceral leishmaniasis has been reported extensively. The protection induced by LdCen-/- parasites was mediated by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. While the host immune mediators of protection are known, parasite determinants that affect the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations remain unknown. Parasite encoded inflammatory cytokine MIF has been shown to modulate the T cell differentiation characteristics by altering the inflammation induced apoptosis during contraction phase in experimental infections with Leishmania or Plasmodium. Neutralization of parasite encoded MIF either by antibodies or gene deletion conferred protection in Plasmodium and Leishmania studies. We investigated if the immunogenicity and protection induced by LdCen-/- parasites is affected by deleting MIF genes from this vaccine strain. Our results showed that LdCen-/-MIF-/- immunized group presented higher percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ central memory T cells, increased CD8+ T cell proliferation after challenge compared to LdCen-/- immunization. LdCen-/-MIF-/- immunized group presented elevated production of IFN-γ+ and TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells concomitant with a reduced parasite load in spleen and liver compared to LdCen-/-group following challenge with L. infantum. Our results demonstrate the role of parasite induced factors involved in protection and long-term immunity of vaccines against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Araújo Fiuza
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Soraya Torres Gaze
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Érica Alessandra Alves
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nevien Ismail
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hira Lal Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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9
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Genetic Iron Overload Hampers Development of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021669. [PMID: 36675185 PMCID: PMC9864902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival, growth, and virulence of Leishmania spp., a group of protozoan parasites, depends on the proper access and regulation of iron. Macrophages, Leishmania's host cell, may divert iron traffic by reducing uptake or by increasing the efflux of iron via the exporter ferroportin. This parasite has adapted by inhibiting the synthesis and inducing the degradation of ferroportin. To study the role of iron in leishmaniasis, we employed Hjv-/- mice, a model of hemochromatosis. The disruption of hemojuvelin (Hjv) abrogates the expression of the iron hormone hepcidin. This allows unrestricted iron entry into the plasma from ferroportin-expressing intestinal epithelial cells and tissue macrophages, resulting in systemic iron overload. Mice were injected with Leishmania major in hind footpads or intraperitoneally. Compared with wild-type controls, Hjv-/- mice displayed transient delayed growth of L. major in hind footpads, with a significant difference in parasite burden 4 weeks post-infection. Following acute intraperitoneal exposure to L. major, Hjv-/- peritoneal cells manifested increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (Il1b, Tnfa, Cxcl2, and Ccl2). In response to infection with L. infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, Hjv-/- and control mice developed similar liver and splenic parasite burden despite vastly different tissue iron content and ferroportin expression. Thus, genetic iron overload due to hemojuvelin deficiency appears to mitigate the early development of only cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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10
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Wijesinghe HD, Wijesinghe GK, Fernando D, de Silva C. Immunopathology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Cohort of Sri Lankan
Patients. Clin Med Insights Pathol 2022; 15:2632010X221134804. [PMCID: PMC9634189 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x221134804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and objectives: Leishmania donovani is the causative organism of
leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. Studies on the immunopathology of leishmaniasis
due to L. donovani are limited. The objective of this study was to describe
the immunopathological characteristics of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a
cohort of Sri Lankan patients. Methodology: Fifty skin biopsies of cutaneous leishmaniasis confirmed by detection of
organisms by histology, culture, slit-skin smear, and/or polymerase chain
reaction were reviewed. The inflammatory infiltrate was characterized by
immunohistochemical staining for CD4, CD8, CD20, and CD68. Associations and
correlations between immunohistochemical staining pattern and the parasitic
load, and patterns of inflammation were determined. Results: The majority of biopsies showed a CD8+/CD4− T lymphocyte predominant
infiltrate (84%, n = 42). A CD68 predominant infiltrate was seen in
16%(n = 8). The mean percentage of CD8+, CD4+, CD20+, and CD68+ inflammatory
cells in the biopsies were 56.1% (SD = 16.5%), 2.6% (SD = 4.5%), 12.3%
(SD = 10.9%), and 25.7% (SD = 15.8%) respectively. There was no association
between the predominant inflammatory cell and the degree of inflammation
(P = .173), presence of high RPI
(P = .922), MRI(P = .367) or presence of
granuloma (P = .247).The percentage of CD4+ cells showed a
positive correlation with granuloma formation (Correlation
coefficient = .411, P = .03). The percentage of CD20+ cells
in the infiltrate showed a positive correlation with the degree of
inflammation (Correlation coefficient = .491, P = .02) and
the RPI (Correlation coefficient = .334, P = .018). Discussion and Conclusion: Skin biopsies from cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L.
donovani infection showed a CD8+/CD4− predominant infiltrate.
This is similar to the findings of studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis due to
some other species and suggests that the cytotoxic T cell response plays a
role in infections due to L. donovani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshima Disvini Wijesinghe
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka,Harshima Disvini Wijesinghe, Department of
Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo,
00800, Sri Lanka.
| | | | - Deepika Fernando
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandu de Silva
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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11
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de Menezes JPB, Brodskyn C, Gonçalves R, Bacellar O. Editorial: Immunology and immunopathogenesis of human leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1055221. [PMID: 36310861 PMCID: PMC9614420 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1055221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P. B. de Menezes
- Laboratory of Parasite-Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Goncalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Brodskyn
- Laboratory of Parasite-Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Goncalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gonçalves
- General Pathology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olivia Bacellar
- Servico de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Doencas Tropicais - INCT-DT Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa/Ministério de Ciências e Tecnologia (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Olivia Bacellar,
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12
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Viana SM, Montoya AL, Carvalho AM, de Mendonça BS, Portillo S, Olivas JJ, Karimi NH, Estevao IL, Ortega-Rodriguez U, Carvalho EM, Dutra WO, Maldonaldo RA, Michael K, de Oliveira CI, Almeida IC. Serodiagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of New-World tegumentary leishmaniasis using synthetic type-2 glycoinositolphospholipid-based neoglycoproteins. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2147-2159. [PMID: 36039908 PMCID: PMC9518598 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2114852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
American tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis is characterized by a spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from localized cutaneous ulcers (CL), mucosal (ML), or disseminated (DL) disease, to a subclinical (SC) asymptomatic form. Current diagnosis based on parasite culture and/or microscopy lacks sensitivity and specificity. Previous studies showed that patients with CL and ML have very high levels of Leishmania-specific anti-α-Gal antibodies. However, the native parasite α-Gal glycotope(s) is(are) still elusive, thus they have not yet been explored for a more accurate TL diagnosis. Using a chemiluminescent immunoassay, we evaluated the seroreactivity of TL patients across its clinical spectrum, and of endemic (EC) and nonendemic healthy controls (NEC) against three synthetic neoglycoproteins (NGP29b, NGP30b, and NGP28b), respectively comprising the L. major-derived type-2 glycoinositolphospholipid (GIPL)-1 (Galfβ1,3Manα), GIPL-2 (Galα1,3Galfβ1,3Manα), and GIPL-3 (Galα1,6Galα1,3Galfβ) glycotopes. Contrary to NGP29b and NGP30b, NGP28b exhibited high sensitivity and specificity to a CL serum pool. More importantly, NGP28b reacted strongly and specifically with individual sera from distinct clinical forms of TL, especially with SC sera, with 94% sensitivity and 97% specificity, by post-two-graph receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. Contrary to NGP29b, NGP28b showed low cross-reactivity with Chagas disease and control (NEC/EC) sera. Additionally, seroreactivity of CL patients against NGP28b was significantly decreased after successful chemotherapy, indicating that L. braziliensis-specific anti-α-Gal antibodies may serve as an early biomarker of cure in CL. Our data also points towards the applicability of L. major type-2 GIPL-3-derived Galα1,6Galα1,3Galfβ glycotope for the serological diagnosis of American TL, particularly of the subclinical form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayonara M Viana
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Alba L Montoya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Augusto M Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Susana Portillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Janet J Olivas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Nasim H Karimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Igor L Estevao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Uriel Ortega-Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Walderez O Dutra
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosa A Maldonaldo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Katja Michael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Camila I de Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Igor C Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
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13
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Nascimento MT, Cordeiro RSO, Abreu C, Santos CP, Peixoto F, Duarte GA, Cardoso T, de Oliveira CI, Carvalho E, Carvalho LP. Pioglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Agonist, Downregulates the Inflammatory Response in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients Without Interfering in Leishmania braziliensis Killing by Monocytes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:884237. [PMID: 35909958 PMCID: PMC9329526 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.884237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania braziliensis infection have an exacerbated inflammatory response associated with tissue damage and ulcer development. An increase in the rate of patients who fail therapy with pentavalent antimony has been documented. An adjuvant therapy with an anti-inflammatory drug with the potential of Leishmania killing would benefit CL patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the contribution of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) activation by pioglitazone in the regulation of the inflammatory response and L. braziliensis killing by monocytes. Pioglitazone is an oral drug used in the treatment of diabetes, and its main mechanism of action is through the activation of PPAR-γ, which is expressed in many cell types of the immune response. We found that activation of PPAR-γ by pioglitazone decreases the inflammatory response in CL patients without affecting L. braziliensis killing by monocytes. Our data suggest that pioglitazone may serve as an adjunctive treatment for CL caused by L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício T. Nascimento
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ravena S. O. Cordeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cayo Abreu
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camila P. Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fábio Peixoto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A. Duarte
- Laboratório de Enfermidades Infecciosas Transmitidas por Vetores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cardoso
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camila I. de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Enfermidades Infecciosas Transmitidas por Vetores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Ministério de Ciências e Tecnologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Ministério de Ciências e Tecnologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Ministério de Ciências e Tecnologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Lucas P. Carvalho,
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14
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Singhal J, Madan E, Chaurasiya A, Srivastava P, Singh N, Kaushik S, Kahlon AK, Maurya MK, Marothia M, Joshi P, Ranganathan A, Singh S. Host SUMOylation Pathway Negatively Regulates Protective Immune Responses and Promotes Leishmania donovani Survival. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:878136. [PMID: 35734580 PMCID: PMC9207379 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.878136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is one of the post-translational modifications that have recently been described as a key regulator of various cellular, nuclear, metabolic, and immunological processes. The process of SUMOylation involves the modification of one or more lysine residues of target proteins by conjugation of a ubiquitin-like, small polypeptide known as SUMO for their degradation, stability, transcriptional regulation, cellular localization, and transport. Herein, for the first time, we report the involvement of the host SUMOylation pathway in the process of infection of Leishmania donovani, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Our data revealed that infection of L. donovani to the host macrophages leads to upregulation of SUMOylation pathway genes and downregulation of a deSUMOylating gene, SENP1. Further, to confirm the effect of the host SUMOylation on the growth of Leishmania, the genes associated with the SUMOylation pathway were silenced and parasite load was analyzed. The knockdown of the SUMOylation pathway led to a reduction in parasitic load, suggesting the role of the host SUMOylation pathway in the disease progression and parasite survival. Owing to the effect of the SUMOylation pathway in autophagy, we further investigated the status of host autophagy to gain mechanistic insights into how SUMOylation mediates the regulation of growth of L. donovani. Knockdown of genes of host SUMOylation pathway led to the reduction of the expression levels of host autophagy markers while promoting autophagosome–lysosome fusion, suggesting SUMOylation-mediated autophagy in terms of autophagy initiation and autophagy maturation during parasite survival. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nitric oxide (NO) production, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were also elevated upon the knockdown of genes of the host SUMOylation pathway during L. donovani infection. This indicates the involvement of the SUMOylation pathway in the modulation of protective immune responses and thus favoring parasite survival. Taken together, the results of this study indicate the hijacking of the host SUMOylation pathway by L. donovani toward the suppression of host immune responses and facilitation of host autophagy to potentially facilitate its survival. Targeting of SUMOylation pathway can provide a starting point for the design and development of novel therapeutic interventions to combat leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhalak Singhal
- *Correspondence: Jhalak Singhal, ; Anand Ranganathan, ; Shailja Singh,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anand Ranganathan
- *Correspondence: Jhalak Singhal, ; Anand Ranganathan, ; Shailja Singh,
| | - Shailja Singh
- *Correspondence: Jhalak Singhal, ; Anand Ranganathan, ; Shailja Singh,
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15
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Freire ML, Rego FD, Lopes KF, Coutinho LA, Grenfell RFQ, Avelar DM, Cota G, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Oliveira E. Anti-mitochondrial Tryparedoxin Peroxidase Monoclonal Antibody-Based Immunohistochemistry for Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:790906. [PMID: 35295679 PMCID: PMC8918995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.790906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains a globally spreading public health problem. Among Latin America countries, Brazil has the greatest number of recorded CL cases with several Leishmania species being associated with human cases. Laboratory diagnosis is one of the major challenges to disease control due to the low accuracy of parasitological techniques, the restricted use of molecular techniques, and the importance of differential diagnosis with regard to several dermatological and systemic diseases. In response, we have developed and validated an immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique for CL diagnosis using anti-mTXNPx monoclonal antibody (mAb). Recombinant Leishmania–mTXNPx was produced and used as an immunogen for mAb production through the somatic hybridization technique. The viability of mAb labeling of Leishmania amastigotes was tested by IHC performed with skin biopsies from hamsters experimentally infected with Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, and Leishmania guyanensis. The enzymes horseradish peroxidase (IHC-HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (IHC-AP), both biotin-free polymer detection systems, were used in the standardization step. The IHC was further validated with skin biopsies from 49 CL patients diagnosed by clinical examination and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and from 37 patients presenting other dermatological infectious diseases. Other parasitological techniques, such as direct examination and culture, were also performed for confirmed CL patients. Histopathology and IHC were performed for all included patients. Overall, the highest sensitivity was observed for IHC-AP (85.7%), followed by IHC-HRP (79.6%), direct examination (77.6%), histopathological examination (HE; 65.3%), and in vitro culture (49%). Only IHC and HE presented specificity over 90% and were able to detect CL patients regardless of parasite burden (odds ratio > 1.94; 95%CI: 0.34–11.23). A significant increase in positivity rates was observed when IHC-AP was combined with direct examination (95.9%) and HE (93.9%). The IHC techniques evaluated in here detected the main Leishmania species causing CL in Brazil and can support diagnostic strategies for controlling this neglected disease, especially if used in combination with other approaches for an integrative laboratorial diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Dutra Rego
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Gláucia Cota
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Antônio Pascoal-Xavier
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Edward Oliveira
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Edward Oliveira,
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16
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Barroso DH, Nóbrega ODT, de Araújo CN, Freire GSM, Martins SS, Rodrigues BC, Gomes CM, Sampaio RNR. The Presence of Leishmania braziliensis DNA in the Nasal Mucosa of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients and the Search for Possible Clinical and Immunological Patterns of Disease Progression: A Cross Sectional Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:744163. [PMID: 34722337 PMCID: PMC8551912 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.744163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is the most important causal agent of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), and 3 to 5% of patients develop mucosal lesions. The mechanisms related to parasite and host immune interactions and the parasite life cycle that lead to dissemination to the mucosa are poorly understood. We aimed to detect L. braziliensis DNA in the nasal mucosa of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients with early mucous dissemination and to relate those findings to specific inflammatory responses. Nasal swabs were collected from patients with the cutaneous form of ATL. L. braziliensis DNA was investigated using TaqMan-based real-time PCR. The levels of serum cytokines (IL-12, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β and IL-8) were measured by a multiplex cytometric array. A Poisson regression model was used to test prevalence ratios (PRs) and multivariate interactions of clinical and laboratory characteristics. Of the 79 CL patients, 24 (30%) had L. braziliensis DNA in the nasal mucosa. In the multivariate model, parasite DNA presence in mucosa was associated with a reduction in IL-12 levels (PR = 0.440; p=0.034), increased IL-6 levels (PR = 1.001; p=0.002) and a higher number of affected body segments (PR = 1.65; p<0.001). In this study, we observed a higher rate of early dissemination to the nasal mucosa than what was previously described. We suggest that an enhanced Th1 profile characterized by higher IL-12 is important for preventing dissemination of L. braziliensis to the mucosa. Further evaluation of parasite-related interactions with the host immunological response is necessary to elucidate the dissemination mechanisms of Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Holanda Barroso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratório de Dermatomicologia da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Otávio de Toledo Nóbrega
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Pós-Graduação de Ciências da Saúde da Faculdade de Ciências Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Carla Nunes de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Sofia Sales Martins
- Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Pós-Graduação de Ciências da Saúde da Faculdade de Ciências Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bruna Côrtes Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ciro Martins Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratório de Dermatomicologia da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Raimunda Nonata Ribeiro Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratório de Dermatomicologia da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Pós-Graduação de Ciências da Saúde da Faculdade de Ciências Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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17
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Ribeiro CS, França RR, Silva JA, Silva SCD, Uliana SRB, Boaventura VS, Machado PRL. Cellular infiltrate in cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions and therapeutic outcome. An Bras Dermatol 2021; 96:544-550. [PMID: 34330599 PMCID: PMC8441461 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis is a challenge. A better understanding of the in situ mechanisms involved in the evolution and cure of the disease is essential for the development of new therapies. OBJECTIVE Correlate histopathological and immunological characteristics of cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions with clinical outcome after different treatment regimens. METHODS The authors analyzed cellular infiltration and immunohistochemistry staining for CD4, CD8 and IL-17 in biopsy samples from 33 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis before treatment. All patients were recruited in a randomized clinical trial at Corte de Pedra (Bahia-Brazil) and assigned to receive Glucantime®, Glucantime® + Oral Tamoxifen or Glucantime® + Topical Tamoxifen. Patients were followed for 2 to 6 months to define disease outcome. RESULTS A similar expression of CD4, CD8 and IL-17 was observed in lesion samples regardless of clinical outcome. In general, a higher amount of CD8 cells were observed compared with CD4 cells. An important observation was that all patients whose cellular infiltrate did not contain plasma cells were cured after treatment. STUDY LIMITATIONS Isolated quantification of TCD8 and IL-17 using immunohistochemistry is insufficient to analyze the role of these molecules in the immunopathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. In addition, the expansion of the immunohistochemistry panel would allow a more complete analysis of the immune response in situ. CONCLUSIONS The absence of plasma cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions was related to a favorable therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riam Rocha França
- Immunology Service. Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgar Santos. Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sílvia R B Uliana
- Leishmaniasis Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane Sampaio Boaventura
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Immunology Service. Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgar Santos. Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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18
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Seif MA, Al-Mohammed HI. ASSESSMENT OF THE OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS IN THE SERUM OF SAUDI PATIENTS WITH CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT. J Parasitol 2021; 107:810-816. [PMID: 34648629 DOI: 10.1645/20-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, within which Leishmania species replicate, generate large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) to kill these parasites. The present study assessed the oxidative and nitrosative stress, and specific immune enzymes in the serum of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (Cl) before and after treatment and in the control individuals. Serum activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), L-arginase, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) and the levels of reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) were studied. The activities of L-arginase, MPO, and ADA and the levels of MDA and NO were significantly elevated (P < 0.001), while the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were significantly (P < 0.001) reduced in untreated patients as compared with values of patients after treatment and of control individuals. The treatment, which included intramuscular injection of sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimoniate, ameliorated these factors in comparison to the untreated group. These results suggest that oxidative and nitrosative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of untreated cutaneous leishmaniasis. Furthermore, the reduction in oxidative and nitrosative stress in the treated Cl patients may be due to the drug decreasing energy production by the parasite, which eventually leads to its death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mossad A Seif
- Division of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 10950, Hufof, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdan I Al-Mohammed
- Division of Parasitology, Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 10950, Hufof, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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19
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Kaushik D, Granato JT, Macedo GC, Dib PRB, Piplani S, Fung J, da Silva AD, Coimbra ES, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. Toll-like receptor-7/8 agonist kill Leishmania amazonensis by acting as pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory agent. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1180-1190. [PMID: 33940589 PMCID: PMC8359742 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluation of the anti-Leishmanial activity of imidazoquinoline-based TLR7/8 agonists. METHODS TLR7/8-active imidazoquinolines (2 and 3) were synthesized and assessed for activity against Leishmania amazonensis-intracellular amastigotes using mouse peritoneal macrophages. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines was determined in infected and non-infected macrophages. KEY FINDINGS The imidazoquinolines, 2 and 3, were primarily agonists of TLR7 with compound 3 also showing modest TLR8 activity. Docking studies showed them to occupy the same binding pocket on TLR7 and 8 as the known agonists, imiquimod and resiquimod. Compounds 2 and 3 inhibited the growth of L. amazonensis-intracellular amastigotes with the most potent compound (3, IC50 = 5.93 µM) having an IC50 value close to miltefosine (IC50 = 4.05 µM), a known anti-Leishmanial drug. Compound 3 induced macrophages to produce ROS, NO and inflammatory cytokines that likely explain the anti-Leishmanial effects. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that activating TLR7 using compounds 2 or 3 induces anti-Leishmanial activity associated with induction of free radicals and inflammatory cytokines able to kill the parasites. While 2 and 3 had a very narrow cytotoxicity window for macrophages, this identifies the possibility to further develop this chemical scaffold to less cytotoxic TLR7/8 agonist for potential use as anti-Leishmanial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepender Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Juliana T Granato
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gilson C Macedo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula R B Dib
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Warradale, South Australia, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Johnson Fung
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Warradale, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adilson D da Silva
- Departamento de Química, I.C.E., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine S Coimbra
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Warradale, South Australia, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials (NICOVIA), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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20
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Magalhães LS, Bomfim LGS, Santos CNO, Dos Santos PL, Tanajura DM, Lipscomb MW, de Jesus AR, de Almeida RP, de Moura TR. Antimony resistance associated with persistence of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum infection in macrophages. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2959-2964. [PMID: 34272999 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe disease caused by protozoan parasites that include Leishmania (L.) infantum. The disease is established when parasites subvert the immune response of the host. Notably, chemotherapy-based use of antimonial compounds can partially alleviate disease burden. Unfortunately, the resistance to drug treatments is increasing in areas endemic to the disease. In this report, we investigated immune responses within macrophages infected with antimony-resistant L. infantum isolates from patients with a relapse in the disease. Results revealed that antimony-resistant parasites persist in the first 24 h of infection. Activation of macrophage or blocking of thiol production during infection shows enhanced clearance of parasites, which is coordinately associated with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results suggest that the mechanism of antimony resistance in L. infantum isolates may be related to a decrease in macrophage microbicidal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sousa Magalhães
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | | | | | - Priscila Lima Dos Santos
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil.,Department of Health Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amélia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação Em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação Em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Rodrigues de Moura
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil. .,Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.
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21
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Guerra PV, Andrade CM, Nunes IV, Gama BC, Tibúrcio R, Santos WLC, Azevedo VA, Tavares NM, Rebouças JDS, Maiolii TU, Faria AMC, Brodskyn CI. Oral Tolerance Induced by Heat Shock Protein 65-Producing Lactococcus lactis Mitigates Inflammation in Leishmania braziliensis Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:647987. [PMID: 34248935 PMCID: PMC8264454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.647987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis induces a pronounced Th1 inflammatory response characterized by IFN-γ production. Even in the absence of parasites, lesions result from a severe inflammatory response in which inflammatory cytokines play an important role. Different approaches have been used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of orally administrated heat shock proteins (Hsp). These proteins are evolutionarily preserved from bacteria to humans, highly expressed under inflammatory conditions and described as immunodominant antigens. Tolerance induced by the oral administration of Hsp65 is capable of suppressing inflammation and inducing differentiation in regulatory cells, and has been successfully demonstrated in several experimental models of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We initially administered recombinant Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) prior to infection as a proof of concept, in order to verify its immunomodulatory potential in the inflammatory response arising from L. braziliensis. Using this experimental approach, we demonstrated that the oral administration of a recombinant L. lactis strain, which produces and secretes Hsp65 from Mycobacterium leprae directly into the gut, mitigated the effects of inflammation caused by L. braziliensis infection in association or not with PAM 3CSK4 (N-α-Palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-L-cysteine, a TLR2 agonist). This was evidenced by the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and the expansion of regulatory T cells in the draining lymph nodes of BALB/c mice. Our in vitro experimental results suggest that IL-10, TLR-2 and LAP are important immunomodulators in L. braziliensis infection. In addition, recombinant L. lactis administered 4 weeks after infection was observed to decrease lesion size, as well as the number of parasites, and produced a higher IL-10 production and decrease IFN-γ secretion. Together, these results indicate that Hsp65-producing L. lactis can be considered as an alternative candidate for treatment in both autoimmune diseases, as well as in chronic infections that cause inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Valera Guerra
- Laboratório da Interação Parasita-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia (LAIPHE) Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Curso de Medicina, Centro Universitário Christus, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Camila Mattos Andrade
- Laboratório da Interação Parasita-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia (LAIPHE) Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ivanéia Valeriano Nunes
- Laboratório da Interação Parasita-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia (LAIPHE) Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Brena Cardoso Gama
- Laboratório da Interação Parasita-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia (LAIPHE) Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rafael Tibúrcio
- Laboratório da Interação Parasita-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia (LAIPHE) Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Washington Luis Conrado Santos
- Laboratório de Patologia Estrutural e Molecular (LAPEM), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Vasco Ariston Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Minais Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Natalia Machado Tavares
- Laboratório da Interação Parasita-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia (LAIPHE) Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Souza Rebouças
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Tatiani Uceli Maiolii
- Departamento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Ida Brodskyn
- Laboratório da Interação Parasita-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia (LAIPHE) Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Reis LC, Ramos-Sanchez EM, Araujo FN, Leal AF, Ozaki CY, Sevillano OR, Uscata BA, Goto H. Pleiotropic Effect of Hormone Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in Immune Response and Pathogenesis in Leishmaniases. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6614475. [PMID: 34036108 PMCID: PMC8116165 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6614475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are diseases caused by several Leishmania species, and many factors contribute to the development of the infection. Because the adaptive immune response does not fully explain the outcome of Leishmania infection and considering that the initial events are crucial in the establishment of the infection, we investigated one of the growth factors, the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), found in circulation and produced by different cells including macrophages and present in the skin where the parasite is inoculated. Here, we review the role of IGF-I in leishmaniasis experimental models and human patients. IGF-I induces the growth of different Leishmania species in vitro and alters the disease outcome increasing the parasite load and lesion size, especially in L. major- and L. amazonensis-infected mouse leishmaniasis. IGF-I affects the parasite interacting with the IGF-I receptor present on Leishmania. During Leishmania-macrophage interaction, IGF-I acts on the arginine metabolic pathway, resulting in polyamine production both in macrophages and Leishmania. IGF-I and cytokines interact with reciprocal influences on their expression. IL-4 is a hallmark of susceptibility to L. major in murine leishmaniasis, but we observed that IGF-I operates astoundingly as an effector element of the IL-4. Approaching human leishmaniasis, patients with mucosal, disseminated, and visceral diseases presented surprisingly low IGF-I serum levels, suggesting diverse effects than parasite growth. We observed that low IGF-I levels might contribute to the inflammatory response persistence and delayed lesion healing in human cutaneous leishmaniasis and the anemia development in visceral leishmaniasis. We must highlight the complexity of infection revealed depending on the Leishmania species and the parasite's developmental stages. Because IGF-I exerts pleiotropic effects on the biology of interaction and disease pathogenesis, IGF-I turns up as an attractive tool to explore biological and pathogenic processes underlying infection development. IGF-I pleiotropic effects open further the possibility of approaching IGF-I as a therapeutical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza C. Reis
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IMTSP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Milton Ramos-Sanchez
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IMTSP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Salud Publica, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Fernanda N. Araujo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IMTSP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariane F. Leal
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IMTSP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiane Y. Ozaki
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IMTSP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orlando R. Sevillano
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IMTSP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernardina A. Uscata
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IMTSP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hiro Goto
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IMTSP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Clinical and immunological characteristics of tegumentary leishmaniasis cases in Bolivia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009223. [PMID: 33667232 PMCID: PMC7968743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is a parasitic disease that can present a cutaneous or mucocutaneous clinical form (CL and MCL, respectively). The disease is caused by different Leishmania species and transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. Bolivia has one of the highest incidences of the disease in South America and the diagnosis is done by parasitological techniques. Our aim was to describe the clinical and immunological characteristics of CL and MCL patients attending the leishmaniasis reference center in Cochabamba, Bolivia, in order to gain updated clinical and epidemiological information, to evaluate the diagnostic methods used and to identify biomarkers related to clinical disease and its evolution. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The study was conducted from September 2014 to November 2015 and 135 patients with lesions compatible with CL or MCL were included. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Two parasitological diagnostic methods were used: Giemsa-stained smears and culture of lesion aspirates. Blood samples obtained from participants were used to measure the concentrations of different cytokines. 59.2% (80/135) were leishmaniasis confirmed cases (CL: 71.3%; MCL: 28.7%). Sixty percent of the confirmed cases were positive by smears and 90.6% were positive by culture. 53.8% were primo-infections. Eotaxin and monokine induced by IFN-γ presented higher serum concentrations in the MCL clinical presentation compared to CL cases and no-cases. None of the cytokines presented different concentrations between primo-infections and secondary infections due to treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In Bolivia, parasitological diagnosis remains the reference standard in diagnosis of leishmaniasis because of its high specificity, whereas the sensitivity varies over a wide range leading to loss of cases. Until more accurate tools are implemented, all patients should be tested by both smears and culture of lesion aspirates to minimize the risk of false negatives. Our results showed higher concentrations of several cytokines in MCL compared to CL, but no differences were observed between CL and no-cases. In addition, none of the cytokines differed between primary and secondary infections. These results highlight the need of further research to identify biomarkers of susceptibility and disease progression, in addition to looking at the local cellular immune responses in the lesions.
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24
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Kawakami MYM, Zamora LO, Araújo RS, Fernandes CP, Ricotta TQN, de Oliveira LG, Queiroz-Junior CM, Fernandes AP, da Conceição EC, Ferreira LAM, Barros ALB, Aguiar MG, Oliveira AEMFM. Efficacy of nanoemulsion with Pterodon emarginatus Vogel oleoresin for topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 134:111109. [PMID: 33341050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical skin disease caused by the protozoan genus Leishmania. The treatment is restricted to a handful number of drugs that exhibit toxic effects, limited efficacy, and drug resistance. Additionally, developing an effective topical treatment is still an enormous unmet medical challenge. Natural oils, e.g. the oleoresin from P. emarginatus fruits (SO), contain various bioactive molecules, especially terpenoid compounds such as diterpenes and sesquiterpenes. However, its use in topical formulations can be impaired due to the natural barrier of the skin for low water solubility compounds. Nanoemulsions (NE) are drug delivery systems able to increase penetration of lipophilic compounds throughout the skin, improving their topical effect. In this context, we propose the use of SO-containing NE (SO-NE) for CL treatment. The SO-NE was produced by a low energy method and presented suitable physicochemical characteristic: average diameter and polydispersity index lower than 180 nm and 0.2, respectively. Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice were given topical doses of SO or SO-NE. The topical use of a combination of SO-NE and intraperitoneal meglumine antimoniate reduced lesion size by 41 % and tissue regeneration was proven by histopathological analyses. In addition, a reduction in the parasitic load and decreased in the level of IFN-γ in the lesion may be associated, as well as a lower level of the cytokine IL-10 may be associated with a less intense inflammatory process. The present study suggests that SO-NE in combination meglumine antimoniate represents a promising alternative for the topical treatment of CL caused by L. (L.) amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Y M Kawakami
- Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Amapá Federal University, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Lisset Ortiz Zamora
- Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Amapá Federal University, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Raquel S Araújo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Amapá Federal University, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Caio P Fernandes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Amapá Federal University, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Tiago Q N Ricotta
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leandro G de Oliveira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Celso M Queiroz-Junior
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edemilson C da Conceição
- Laboratory of Research, Development and Innovation of Bioproducts, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lucas A M Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André L B Barros
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marta G Aguiar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anna E M F M Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Amapá Federal University, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil.
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25
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Campos TM, Novais FO, Saldanha M, Costa R, Lordelo M, Celestino D, Sampaio C, Tavares N, Arruda S, Machado P, Brodskyn C, Scott P, Carvalho EM, Carvalho LP. Granzyme B Produced by Natural Killer Cells Enhances Inflammatory Response and Contributes to the Immunopathology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:973-982. [PMID: 31748808 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin lesions from patients infected with Leishmania braziliensis has been associated with inflammation induced by cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. In addition, CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity has not been linked to parasite killing. Meanwhile, the cytotoxic role played by natural killer (NK) cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we observed higher frequencies of NK cells in the peripheral blood of CL patients compared with healthy subjects, and that NK cells expressed more interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), granzyme B, and perforin than CD8+ T cells. RESULTS We also found that most of the cytotoxic activity in CL lesions was triggered by NK cells, and that the high levels of granzyme B produced in CL lesions was associated with larger lesion size. Furthermore, an in vitro blockade of granzyme B was observed to decrease TNF production. CONCCLUSIONS Our data, taken together, suggest an important role by NK cells in inducing inflammation in CL, thereby contributing to disease immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís M Campos
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fernanda O Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maíra Saldanha
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rúbia Costa
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Morgana Lordelo
- Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniela Celestino
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camilla Sampaio
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Natália Tavares
- Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Arruda
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Brodskyn
- Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
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26
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Malta-Santos H, Fukutani KF, Sorgi CA, Queiroz ATL, Nardini V, Silva J, Lago A, Carvalho LP, Machado PLR, Bozza PT, França-Costa J, Faccioli LH, Carvalho EM, Andrade BB, Borges VM. Multi-omic Analyses of Plasma Cytokines, Lipidomics, and Transcriptomics Distinguish Treatment Outcomes in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. iScience 2020; 23:101840. [PMID: 33313489 PMCID: PMC7721649 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis infection frequently results in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). An increase in incidence of drug-resistant CL leading to treatment failure has been reported. Identification of reliable predictors of treatment outcomes is necessary to optimize patient care. Here, we performed a prospective case-control study in which plasma levels of cytokines and lipid mediators were assessed at different time points during antileishmanial therapy in patients with CL from Brazil. Multidimensional analyses were employed to describe a combination of biomarkers able to predict and characterize treatment failure. We found a biosignature influenced mainly by plasma levels of lipid mediators that accurately predicted treatment failure. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis of a publicly available data set revealed that expression levels of genes related to lipid metabolism measured in skin lesions could distinguish treatment outcomes in CL. Thus, activation of pathways linked to lipid biosynthesis predicts treatment failure in CL. The biomarkers identified may be further explored as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayna Malta-Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia (FAMED), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Kiyoshi F Fukutani
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Sorgi
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP-USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Artur T L Queiroz
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Viviane Nardini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP-USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva
- Serviço de Imunologia, C-HUPES, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Alex Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, C-HUPES, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Serviço de Imunologia, C-HUPES, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo L R Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, C-HUPES, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline França-Costa
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Serviço de Imunologia, C-HUPES, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucia H Faccioli
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP-USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia (FAMED), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Serviço de Imunologia, C-HUPES, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia (FAMED), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER), Salvador, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil.,Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Valéria M Borges
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia (FAMED), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
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27
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Cytokine saga in visceral leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2020; 147:155322. [PMID: 33127259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, infection with Leishmania manifests into a spectrum of diseases. The manifestation of the diseases depend on the resultant evasion of the parasite to immune responses namely by macrophages, which is an exclusive host of Leishmania. The B cells valiantly mount antibody responses, however, to no avail as the Leishmania parasites occupy the intracellular niches of the macrophages and subvert the immune response. Extensive studies have been documented on the role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in protection and counter survival strategies of the parasites leading to downregulation of CMI. The present review attempts to discuss the cytokines in progression or resolution of visceral form of leishmaniasis or kala-azar, predominantly affecting the Indian subcontinent. The components/cytokine(s) responsible for the regulation of the critical balance of T helper cells and their subsets have been discussed in the perspective. Therefore, any strategy involving the treatment of visceral leishmania (VL) needs to consider the balance and regulation of T cell function.
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28
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Mirzaei A, Maleki M, Masoumi E, Maspi N. A historical review of the role of cytokines involved in leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2020; 145:155297. [PMID: 32972825 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by the Leishmania genus, affecting millions of persons in the world. Despite increased studies, no vaccine has been developed against leishmaniasis, and drug resistance is evolving in some Leishmania species (spp). Innate and acquired immune cells and their associated cytokines interplay together to determine the immune responses related outcomes in leishmaniasis. Interferon (IFN)-γ or macrophage activating factor (MAF) is the first effective lymphokine (LK), with a related function to leishmaniasis, discovered in 1979. This review article discussed the history of cytokines involved in Leishmania infection, and it is the first report demonstrating the involvement in the disease by focusing on cutaneous leishmaniasis. Up to now, the role of many cytokines has been determined and the literature review showed that IL-35 is the latest known cytokine involved in leishmaniasis. This review revealed that the cytokines have pleiotropic effects, depending upon the cytokine environment, generated during the infection and the host genetic background or infecting Leishmania spp. Overall, advances in our knowledge of immune cells and their secreted cytokines, contributing to the protection or pathological process of leishmaniasis may help to reach new approaches for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Mirzaei
- Department of Parasitology, School of Paramedicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Maryam Maleki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Elham Masoumi
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Nahid Maspi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Paramedicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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29
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Cardoso FDO, Zaverucha-do-Valle T, Almeida-Souza F, Abreu-Silva AL, Calabrese KDS. Modulation of Cytokines and Extracellular Matrix Proteins Expression by Leishmania amazonensis in Susceptible and Resistant Mice. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1986. [PMID: 32983013 PMCID: PMC7487551 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are a complex of diseases with a broad spectrum of clinical forms, which depend on the parasite species, immunological status, and genetic background of the host. In the Leishmania major model, susceptibility is associated with the Th2 pattern of cytokines production, while resistance is associated with Th1 response. However, the same dichotomy does not occur in L. amazonensis-infected mice. Cytokines are key players in these diseases progression, while the extracellular matrix (ECM) components participate in the process of parasite invasion as well as lesion healing. In this article, we analyzed the influence of host genetics on the expression of cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and ECM proteins, as well as the parasite load in mice with different genetic backgrounds infected by L. amazonensis. C57BL/10 and C3H/He mice were subcutaneously infected with 106L. amazonensis promastigotes. Lesion kinetics, parasite load, cytokines, iNOS, and ECM proteins expression were measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in the footpad, draining lymph nodes, liver, and spleen at early (24 h and 30 days) and late phase (120 and 180 days) of infection. Analysis of lesion kinetics showed that C57BL/10 mice developed ulcerative lesions at the inoculation site after L. amazonensis infection, while C3H/He showed slight swelling in the footpad 180 days after infection. C57BL/10 showed progressive enhancement of parasite load in all analyzed organs, while C3H/He mice showed extremely low parasite loads. Susceptible C57BL/10 mice showed high levels of TGF-β mRNA in the footpad early in infection and high levels of proinflammatory cytokines mRNA (IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) and iNOS in the late phase of the infection. There is an association between increased expression of fibronectin, laminin, collagen III and IV, and TGF-β. On the other hand, resistant C3H/He mice presented a lower repertory of cytokines mRNA expression when compared with susceptible C57BL/10 mice, basically producing TNF-α, collagen IV, and laminin early in infection. The findings of our study indicate that L. amazonensis infection induces different cytokine expression in resistant and susceptible mice but not like the L. major model. An organ-compartmentalized cytokine response was observed in our model. Host genetics determine this response, which modulates ECM proteins expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia de Oliveira Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tânia Zaverucha-do-Valle
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Almeida-Souza
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Anatomopatologia, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Abreu-Silva
- Laboratório de Anatomopatologia, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Kátia da Silva Calabrese
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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30
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Evaluation of the Ability of Miltefosine Associated with Topical GM-CSF in Modulating the Immune Response of Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2789859. [PMID: 32851099 PMCID: PMC7439779 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2789859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to L. braziliensis is associated with an exaggerated inflammatory response and tissue damage. Miltefosine is more effective than pentavalent antimony (Sbv) in the treatment of CL, and here, we evaluate the ability of Sbv, miltefosine, and GM-CSF administered intravenously, orally, or topically, respectively, to modify the immune response. Patients were treated with miltefosine plus GM-CSF, miltefosine plus placebo, or Sbv. Mononuclear cells were stimulated with soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA) on day 0 and day 15 of therapy, and cytokine levels were determined in supernatants by ELISA. The lymphocyte proliferation and oxidative burst were evaluated by flow cytometry, and the degree of infection and Leishmania killing by optical microscopy. Proliferation of CD4+ T cells were enhanced in patients using miltefosine and in CD8+ T cells when GM-CSF was associated. Enhancement in the oxidative burst occurred in the miltefosine plus GM-CSF group on day 15 of therapy. Moreover, the number of L. braziliensis in infected monocytes on day 15 as well as the percentage of infected cells was lower after 48- and 72-hour culture in cells from patients treated with miltefosine plus GM-CSF. In addition to the ability of miltefosine to kill Leishmania, the changes in the immune response caused by miltefosine and GM-CSF may increase the cure rate of CL patients using these drugs.
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Phylloseptin-1 is Leishmanicidal for Amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis Inside Infected Macrophages. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134856. [PMID: 32640562 PMCID: PMC7370015 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania protozoans are the causal agents of neglected diseases that represent an important public health issue worldwide. The growing occurrence of drug-resistant strains of Leishmania and severe side effects of available treatments represent an important challenge for the leishmaniases treatment. We have previously reported the leishmanicidal activity of phylloseptin-1 (PSN-1), a peptide found in the skin secretion of Phyllomedusa azurea (=Pithecopus azureus), against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes. However, its impact on the amastigote form of L. amazonensis and its impact on infected macrophages are unknown. In this work, we evaluated the effects of PSN-1 on amastigotes of L. amazonensis inside macrophages infected in vitro. We assessed the production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide, as well as the levels of inflammatory and immunomodulatory markers (TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-12), in infected and non-infected macrophages treated with PSN-1. Treatment with PSN-1 decreased the number of infected cells and the number of ingested amastigotes per cell when compared with the untreated cells. At 32 µM (64 µg/mL), PSN-1 reduced hydrogen peroxide levels in both infected and uninfected macrophages, whereas it had little effect on NO production or TGF-β release. The effect of PSN-1 on IL-12 and TNF-α secretion depended on its concentration, but, in general, their levels tended to increase as PSN-1 concentration increased. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms of action of PSN-1 and its interaction with the immune system aiming to develop pharmacological applications.
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32
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Conversion of asymptomatic infection to symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis: A study of possible immunological markers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008272. [PMID: 32555598 PMCID: PMC7326279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Presence of asymptomatic individuals in endemic areas is common. The possible biomarkers in asymptomatic individuals once they get exposed to infection as well as following conversion to symptomatic disease are yet to be identified.We identified asymptomatic Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) infection amongst rK39+sorted direct agglutination test positive (DAT+) endemic healthy population and confirmed it by quantitative PCR(qPCR).The immunological determinants such as Adenosine deaminase (ADA), Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin 10 (IL-10)were examined to predict probable biomarkers for conversion to symptomatic VL. Methods Sample size was 5794 healthy individuals from VL endemic region. Antibody tests(DAT &rK39) were performed and later a qPCR assay was employed using kDNA specific primers and probes. Immunological biomarkers examined were ADA level by ADA–MTP kit and quantitative cytokines(IFN-γ, IL-10 and TNF-α) by ELISA. Results 120 asymptomatic individuals of 308 rK39 sero-positives were DAT positive comprising of 56 with previous history and 64 with no history of VL. RT-PCR confirmed asymptomatic VL in 42 sero-positives. These were followed up through repeated qPCR and evaluation of immunological determinants. We observed10 symptomatic cases converted from a total of 42 asymptomatic individuals identified at base-line. The level of ADA, IL-10 and IFN-γ remained consistently high in asymptomatic cases and amongst these, ADA and IL-10 but not IFN-γ remained higher at the development of clinical symptoms into active VL. On the contrary, there was no significant change in the mean concentration of TNF-α at both stages of the disease. Discussion We surmise from our data that considerable proportion of asymptomatic cases can be a reservoir and may play a crucial role in transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic areas. The data also suggests that ADA and IL-10 can serve as a potential biomarker during the conversion of asymptomatic into symptomatic VL. The most threatening form of leishmaniasis is human visceral leishmaniasis, which is caused by L. donovani in Indian subcontinent. The disease accounts for huge annual burden of infectious disease in India. Efforts towards disease elimination programme are far beyond satisfaction and there is need to re-strengthen health monitoring, surveillance programme in endemic areas. There is a greater need to identify asymptomatic individuals amongst endemic healthy control by active surveillance programme. Further, except a few, many asymptomatic subjects become sero-negative without developing VL due to strong inherent cellular immunity possessed by them. This study enumerates use of rK39, DAT and quantitative PCR(qPCR) in asymptomatic detection and then evaluate immunological biomarkers(Adenosine deaminase, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10) which help in disease conversion to symptomatic VL, at 6 month follow- up. Follow–up analysis revealed that antibody testing with rK39 (3.24%), DAT (8.33%) had poor agreement with disease conversion. By qPCR, we could identify the level of parasitemia, and collectively with serology, the test detected 23.80% of asymptomatic cases converted into disease. The level of ADA and IL-10 remained consistently high during conversion. IFN-γ became high in asymptomatic infection but became low on conversion, whereas, no significant change in level of TNF-α was observed at both stages of disease. Thus by use of qPCR, concomitantly with DAT over rK39+ sorted endemic healthy control may be employed for early case detection. Adenosine is produced by ecto-nucleotide during L.donovaniinfection, has been previously reported and in parallel to this study we conclude that determination of adenosine deaminase level (ADA) might help identify early cases with more tendency to convert into disease. This will help to boost health monitoring programme to eradicate Kala-azar in Bihar, India.
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33
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Histopathology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania donovani in Sri Lanka. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4926819. [PMID: 32461993 PMCID: PMC7222607 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4926819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease that is gaining importance in Sri Lanka and internationally. The clinical presentation, pathology, and method of parasite elimination in CL vary according to the species. Leishmania donovani is the causative organism for leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. This collaborative cross-sectional study describes the clinicopathological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis among personnel of the tri-forces serving in the North and East of the country. The histology of fifty cases of CL confirmed by at least two methods (slit skin smear, lesion aspirate, tissue impression, and histology) was reviewed. The parasitic load was assessed semiquantitatively. The histological features were correlated with the clinical presentation and organism load. The majority (89.8%; n = 44) presented with a single lesion mostly located in the upper limb (69.4%). The lesion types included papule (34.7%), nodule (32.7%), and an ulcer (30.6%). The evolution time of lesions averaged 31.55 weeks. Epidermal changes were observed in 49 of the biopsies and included hyperkeratosis (90.0%; n = 45), acanthosis (44.0%; n = 22), atrophy (34.0%; n = 17), and interface change (66%; n = 33). Dermal changes were seen in all cases and were characterized by a lymphohistioplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate of variable intensity with ill-formed granuloma in 19 cases (38%) and well-formed epithelioid granulomas in 22 cases (44%). Focal necrosis was present in 20% (n = 10). Leishmania amastigote forms were observed in 88% (n = 44). Transepidermal elimination (P = 0.025), granuloma (P = 0.027) formation, and type of lesion (P = 0.034) were significantly associated with the organism load. Granuloma formation was associated with a reduction in organism load, indicating that the macrophage activation played an important role in the control of the organism.
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Heinemann M, Omansen TF, Hennigs A, Völker K, Menz A, Addo MM, Schmiedel S. Relapsing cutaneous leishmaniasis in a patient requiring TNF-α-inhibitor Infliximab for Takayasu-arteritis: Case report and review of the literature. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 37:101700. [PMID: 32339673 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a protozoan parasitic infection that can manifest as visceral or cutaneous disease. Immunosuppression, mainly through TNF-α) inhibition, is a risk factor for complicated leishmaniasis that is becoming increasingly known. Here, we present a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in a patient who suffers from advanced Takayasu-Arteritis, requiring TNF-α inhibition with infliximab. The primary CL lesions in this 47-year-old, female patient were caused by Leishmaniapanamensis and occurred after a touristic trip to Panama on her right foot. The lesions first resolved under treatment with liposomal amphotericin B. However, ten months later, the patient returned with relapsing lesions requiring further treatment. We discuss the challenges and risks of leishmaniasis in patients with TNF-α inhibition and the rare phenomenon of relapsing CL and the management hereof. We review published cases of CL associated with TNF-α inhibition. A growing body of evidence now suggests that especially CL (and visceral leishmaniasis (VL)) can be associated with TNF-α inhibition. The host response to leishmaniasis is of the Th1-type and TNF-α and interferon-gamma expression are crucial for disease control. Inversely, TNF-α inhibition can lead to complicated and relapsing progression of leishmanial infection. Therefore, we propose that CL and VL should be considered in at-risk patients receiving immunosuppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Heinemann
- I. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till F Omansen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Annette Hennigs
- I. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Völker
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Menz
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- I. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmiedel
- I. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Silveira FT. What makes mucosal and anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniases so clinically and immunopathogically different? A review in Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:505-516. [PMID: 31140559 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a parasitic protozoan disease caused by different Leishmania species widely distributed throughout Latin America. Fifteen Leishmania species belonging to the subgenera Viannia, Leishmania and Mundinia are known to cause ACL. Seven of these species are found in Brazil, of which Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis have the highest potential to cause mucosal (ML) and anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL), respectively, the most severe forms of ACL. The clinical and immunopathological differences between these two clinical forms are reviewed here, taking into account their different physiopathogenic mechanisms of dissemination from cutaneous lesions to mucosal tissues in the case of ML and to almost all body surfaces in the case of anergic DCL. We also discuss some immunopathogenic mechanisms of species-specific Leishmania antigens (from the subgenera Viannia and Leishmania) that are most likely associated with the clinical and immunopathological differences between ML and anergic DCL. Those discussions emphasize the pivotal importance of some surface antigens of L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis, such as lipophosphoglycan, phosphatidylserine and CD200 (an immunoregulatory molecule that inhibits macrophage activation), that have been shown to exert strong influences on the clinical and immunopathological differences between ML and anergic DCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T Silveira
- Leishmaniasis Laboratory Prof. Dr. Ralph Lainson, Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rod. BR 316-KM 07, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
- Nucleus of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará State, Brazil
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Costa RS, Carvalho LP, Campos TM, Magalhães AS, Passos ST, Schriefer A, Silva JA, Lago E, Paixão CS, Machado P, Scott P, Carvalho EM. Early Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients Infected With Leishmania braziliensis Express Increased Inflammatory Responses After Antimony Therapy. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:840-850. [PMID: 29216363 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early cutaneous leishmaniasis (ECL) is characterized by a nonulcerated papular lesion and illness duration less than 30 days. Approximately 4 weeks later, the cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) ulcers appear. We were surprised to find that failure after antimony therapy (Sb5) is higher in ECL than CL. We hypothesize that the inflammatory response in ECL patients may increase during Sb5 therapy, which leads to treatment failure. Methods A cohort of 44 ECL patients infected by Leishmania braziliensis was established to evaluate the response to Sb5 and to compare immunologic responses in ECL patients with CL and healthy subjects. Results A hierarchical clustering based on cytokine levels showed a weak positive correlation between proinflammatory cytokine levels and those patients that failed Sb5 treatment. Although Sb5 therapy decreased interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor levels in CL patients, we were surprised to find that an increase in these cytokines was observed in ECL patients. Moreover, interleukin (IL)-10 was less able to down-modulate immune responses in ECL. Conclusions The enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines, due in part to the decreased ability of IL-10 to down-modulate immune response during therapy in ECL, promotes the development and persistence of leishmania ulcer despite antimony therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rúbia S Costa
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Taís M Campos
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Andréa S Magalhães
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Sara T Passos
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Albert Schriefer
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Juliana A Silva
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ednaldo Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camilla S Paixão
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Dayakar A, Chandrasekaran S, Kuchipudi SV, Kalangi SK. Cytokines: Key Determinants of Resistance or Disease Progression in Visceral Leishmaniasis: Opportunities for Novel Diagnostics and Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:670. [PMID: 31024534 PMCID: PMC6459942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease of humans, highly prevalent in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. The disease mainly occurs in three different clinical forms namely cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The VL affects several internal organs and is the deadliest form of the disease. Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of VL are variable based on the vector, parasite (e.g., species, strains, and antigen diversity), host (e.g., genetic background, nutrition, diversity in antigen presentation and immunity) and the environment (e.g., temperature, humidity, and hygiene). Chemotherapy of VL is limited to a few drugs which is expensive and associated with profound toxicity, and could become ineffective due to the parasites developing resistance. Till date, there are no licensed vaccines for humans against leishmaniasis. Recently, immunotherapy has become an attractive strategy as it is cost-effective, causes limited side-effects and do not suffer from the downside of pathogens developing resistance. Among various immunotherapeutic approaches, cytokines (produced by helper T-lymphocytes) based immunotherapy has received great attention especially for drug refractive cases of human VL. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge on the molecular interactions of immune cells or components and on cytokines interplay in the host defense or pathogenesis is important to determine appropriate immunotherapies for leishmaniasis. Here, we summarized the current understanding of a wide-spectrum of cytokines and their interaction with immune cells that determine the clinical outcome of leishmaniasis. We have also highlighted opportunities for the development of novel diagnostics and intervention therapies for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Suresh K Kalangi
- Department of Biosciences, School of Sciences, Indrashil University, Mehsana, India
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38
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IL12 p35 and p40 subunit genes administered as pPAL plasmid constructs do not improve protection of pPAL-LACK vaccine against canine leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212136. [PMID: 30794597 PMCID: PMC6386296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum causes zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in the Mediterranean basin and South America. The parasite has been shown to co-infect HIV patients and an outbreak in central Spain was reported in the last decade. Therfore, ZVL is a public health problem, dogs being the parasite's reservoir. We have developed a DNA vaccine based on the L. infantum activated protein kinase A receptor (LACK) using different plasmid vectors and vaccinia virus strains as vehicles. Recently, we have generated an antibiotic resistance marker-free plasmid vector called pPAL. Homologous pPAL-LACK prime-boost vaccination protects Beagle dogs as well as a heterologous plasmid-virus regime. For both reasons, pPAL improves safety. IL12 was described to trigger Th1 response through IFN-γ production in infected dogs, being a good candidate for cytokine therapy in conventional treatment-unresponsive dogs. Herein, we report a complete protection study in dogs through inoculation of genes encoding for the p35 and p40 subunits which compose canine IL12 in combination with the LACK gene. A homologous plasmid-plasmid regime using independent pPAL constructs for each gene was inoculated in a 15-day interval. The infectious challenge using L. infantum promastigotes was successful. The outcome was pPAL-LACK vaccine protection suppression by IL12 administration. The important implications of this finding are discussed in the manuscript.
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Bamorovat M, Sharifi I, Aflatoonian MR, Sadeghi B, Shafiian A, Oliaee RT, Keyhani A, Afshar AA, Khosravi A, Mostafavi M, Parizi MH, Khatami M, Arefinia N. Host's immune response in unresponsive and responsive patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis treated by meglumine antimoniate: A case-control study of Th1 and Th2 pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 69:321-327. [PMID: 30771740 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare the host's immune responses between unresponsive and responsive patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) treated by meglumine antimoniate. A case-control study was carried out in an endemic focus in Iran. Blood samples were taken from patients and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated. Two wells were considered for each isolate of unresponsive and responsive patients; one was exposed to L. tropica (Lt-stimulated cells) and the other remained non-exposed (non-stimulated cells). After 24 h of incubation, whole RNA was extracted from each sample. Real-time quantitative PCR was carried out to confirm the differences in expression levels of IL-12 P40, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-10 among isolates. Data were analyzed and P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. In our study, Lt-stimulated cells and non-stimulated cells in unresponsive groups demonstrated significantly lower expression levels of IL-1β, IL-12 P40 and IFN-γ genes and higher expression levels of IL-4 and IL-10 genes, compared to Lt-stimulated cells and non-stimulated cells in responsive groups. There was a negative correlation between IL-12 P40 with IL-10 and IL-1β with IL-10 in ACL Lt-stimulated cells in unresponsive group, while a positive correlation between IL-12 P40 with IL-1β and IL-12 P40 with IFN-γ in ACL Lt-stimulated cells in responsive group. Probably, different immune responses caused by various factors play a major role in the pathogenesis and development of unresponsiveness in ACL patients. The profile and timing of cytokine production correlated well with the treatment outcome of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bamorovat
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Balal Sadeghi
- Food Hygiene and Public Health Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Shafiian
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Keyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei Afshar
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahshid Mostafavi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Hakimi Parizi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Nasir Arefinia
- Dadbin Health Clinic, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Lopes DM, Oliveira SC, Page B, Carvalho LP, Carvalho EM, Cardoso LS. Schistosoma mansoni rSm29 Antigen Induces a Regulatory Phenotype on Dendritic Cells and Lymphocytes From Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3122. [PMID: 30687325 PMCID: PMC6333737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response induced by Schistosma mansoni antigens is able to prevent immune-mediated diseases. Conversely, the inflammatory response in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), although responsible for controlling the infection, is also associated with the pathogenesis of disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the S. mansoni Sm29 antigen to change certain aspects of the profiles of monocyte derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and lymphocytes from subjects with CL in vitro. Expression of surface molecules and intracellular cytokines in the MoDCs and lymphocytes as well as the proliferation of Leishmania braziliensis were evaluated by flow cytometry. Levels of cytokines were evaluated in culture supernatants by ELISA. It was observed that stimulation by rSm29 increased the frequency of expression of CD83, CD80, CD86, and IL-10R in MoDCs compared to non-stimulated cultures. Additionally rSm29 decreased the frequency CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing CD28 and increased the frequency of CD4+CD25hi and CD4+CTLA-4+ T lymphocytes. Addition of rSm29 to cultures increased IL-10 levels and decreased levels of IL-12p40 and IFN-γ, while not altering TNF levels compared to non-stimulated cultures. This study showed that rSm29 induced a regulatory profile in MoDCs and lymphocytes and thereby regulated the exaggerated inflammation observed in CL. Considering that there are few therapeutic options for leishmaniasis, the use of rSm29 may be an alternative to current treatment and may be an important strategy to reduce the healing time of lesions in patients with CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Mota Lopes
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (DT/CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Costa Oliveira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (DT/CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Brady Page
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (DT/CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (DT/CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luciana Santos Cardoso
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (DT/CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
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Egui A, Ledesma D, Pérez-Antón E, Montoya A, Gómez I, Robledo SM, Infante JJ, Vélez ID, López MC, Thomas MC. Phenotypic and Functional Profiles of Antigen-Specific CD4 + and CD8 + T Cells Associated With Infection Control in Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:393. [PMID: 30510917 PMCID: PMC6252334 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The host immunological response is a key factor determining the pathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. It is known that a Th1 cellular response is associated with infection control and that antigen-specific memory T cells are necessary for the development of a rapid and strong protective cellular response. The present manuscript reports the analysis of the functional and phenotypic profiles of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients cured of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), patients with an active process of cutaneous leishmaniasis, asymptomatic individuals with a positive Montenegro test and healthy donors (HD). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the patients exhibited a lymphoproliferative capacity after stimulation with total soluble protein from either Leishmania panamensis (SLpA) or Leishmania infantum (SLiA) or with a recombinant paraflagellar rod protein-1 (rPFR1). Higher frequencies of antigen-specific TNAIVE cells, mainly following stimulation with rPFR1, were observed in asymptomatic and cured patients than in patients with active cutaneous leishmaniasis, while T cells from patients with active cutaneous leishmaniasis showed a higher percentage of effector memory T cells (TEM for CD4+ T cells and TEMRA for CD8+ T cells). The amount of antigen-specific CD57+/CD8+ TEMRA cells in patients with active cutaneous leishmaniasis was higher than that in cured patients and asymptomatic subjects. Regarding functionality, a more robust multifunctional CD8+ T cell response was detected in cured patients than in those with active cutaneous leishmaniasis. Moreover, cured patients showed a significant increase in the frequency of cells expressing a Th1-type cytotoxic production profile (IFN-γ+/granzyme-B/+perforin+). Patients with an active leishmaniosis process had a significantly higher frequency of CD8+ T cells expressing the inhibitory CD160 and 2B4 receptors than did cured patients. The expression profile observed in cured patients could be indicative of an imbalance toward a CD8+ Th1 response, which could be associated with infection control; consequently, the determination of this profile could be a useful tool for facilitating the clinical follow-up of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The results also suggest a possible exhaustion process of CD8+ T cells associated with the evolution of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Egui
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Darién Ledesma
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Pérez-Antón
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrés Montoya
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Inmaculada Gómez
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Sara María Robledo
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan José Infante
- Bionaturis Group, Bioorganic Research and Services, S.A., Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | - Ivan Darío Vélez
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Manuel C López
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - M Carmen Thomas
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
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Lago TS, Silva JA, Lago EL, Carvalho EM, Zanette DL, Castellucci LC. The miRNA 361-3p, a Regulator of GZMB and TNF Is Associated With Therapeutic Failure and Longer Time Healing of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by L. (viannia) braziliensis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2621. [PMID: 30487794 PMCID: PMC6247993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
L. (viannia) braziliensis infection causes American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL), with prolonged time to healing lesions. The potent inflammatory response developed by the host is important to control the parasite burden and infection however an unbalanced immunity may cooperate to the tissue damage observed. The range of mechanisms underlying the pathological responses associated with ATL still needs to be better understood. That includes epigenetic regulation by non-coding MicroRNAs (miRNAs), non-coding sequences around 22 nucleotides that act as post-transcriptional regulators of RNAs encoding proteins. The miRNAs have been associated with diverse parasitic diseases, including leishmaniasis. Here we evaluated miRNAs that targeted genes expressed in cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions (CL) by comparing its expression in both CL and normal skin obtained from the same individual. In addition, we evaluated if the miRNAs expression would be correlated with clinical parameters such as therapeutic failure, healing time as well as lesion size. The miR-361-3p and miR-140-3p were significantly more expressed in CL lesions compared to normal skin samples (p = 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). In addition, the miR-361-3p was correlated with both, therapeutic failure and healing time of disease (r = 0.6, p = 0.003 and r = 0.5, p = 0.007, respectively). In addition, complementary analysis shown that miR-361-3p is able to identify with good sensitivity (81.2%) and specificity (100%) patients who tend to fail initial treatment with pentavalent antimonial (Sbv). Finally, the survival analysis considering “cure” as the endpoint showed that the higher the expression of miR-361-3p, the longer the healing time of CL. Overall, our data suggest the potential of miR-361-3p as a prognostic biomarker in CL caused by L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainã S Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Laboratório de Investigação em Genética e Hematologia Tanslacional do Instituto Gonçalo Moniz-Fiocruz-Ba, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Ednaldo L Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica (LAPEC) do Instituto Gonçalo Moniz-Fiocruz-Ba, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Dalila L Zanette
- Laboratório de Investigação em Genética e Hematologia Tanslacional do Instituto Gonçalo Moniz-Fiocruz-Ba, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Léa Cristina Castellucci
- Serviço de Imunologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Borges AF, Gomes RS, Ribeiro-Dias F. Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in tegumentary leishmaniasis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4950396. [PMID: 29722820 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis is a causal agent of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL). This protozoan has been poorly investigated; however, it can cause different clinical forms of ATL, ranging from a single cutaneous lesion to severe lesions that can lead to destruction of the nasopharyngeal mucosa. L. (V.) guyanensis and the disease caused by this species can present unique aspects revealing the need to better characterize this parasite species to improve our knowledge of the immunopathological mechanisms and treatment options for ATL. The mechanisms by which some patients develop a more severe form of ATL remain unclear. It is known that the host immune profile and parasite factors may influence the clinical manifestations of the disease. Besides intrinsic parasite factors, Leishmaniavirus RNA 1 (LRV1) infecting L. guyanensis can contribute to ATL immunopathogenesis. In this review, general aspects of L. guyanensis infection in humans and mouse models are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arissa Felipe Borges
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Saar Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
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Jakkula P, Qureshi R, Iqbal A, Sagurthi SR, Qureshi IA. Leishmania donovani PP2C: Kinetics, structural attributes and in vitro immune response. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 223:37-49. [PMID: 29964060 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Most of the signaling pathways are regulated by reversible phosphorylation-dephosphorylation which involves enzymes- kinases and phosphatases. Current knowledge about the protein phosphatases in parasites like Trypanosoma and Leishmania is very minimal despite their enormousity. In present study, full length ORF of Leishmania donovani PP2C was cloned into expression vector followed by purification and molecular weight determination using Ni-NTA affinity and gel giltration chromatography respectively. Purified LdPP2C was found to be enzymatically active, while inhibition study suggested that sanguinarine acts as a non-competitive inhibitor. CD and fluorescence spectroscopy results indicated towards an adequate protein conformation from pH 3.5 to 8.5. The quenching constant (Ksv) and free energy (ΔG) of LdPP2C was found to be 11.1 ± 0.2 mM-1 and 2.0 ± 1.1 kcal mol-1 in presence of acrylamide and urea respectively. The protein was found to elicit the innate immune functions through upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) as well as nitric oxide generation. Simultaneously, these cytokines were found to be fairly higher in protein treated cells as compared to untreated cells at transcript level too. These observations advocate that LdPP2C generates a pro-inflammatory environment in macrophages and hence plays important role in immunomodulation. Computational modelling showed similar three-dimensional structure and metal binding sites present in other member of PP2C subfamily, while docking studies revealed its interaction with substrate as well as its specific inhibitor. Our study has provided first time reports on enzyme kinetics, structural features and immune response inside the host macrophage of metal-dependent protein phosphatases from a trypanosomatid parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Jakkula
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Rahila Qureshi
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Atif Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - S R Sagurthi
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Insaf A Qureshi
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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Conceição-Silva F, Leite-Silva J, Morgado FN. The Binomial Parasite-Host Immunity in the Healing Process and in Reactivation of Human Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1308. [PMID: 29971054 PMCID: PMC6018218 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by different species of protozoa from the Leishmania genus. Classically, the disease can be classified into two main clinical forms: Visceral (VL) and Tegumentary (TL) leishmaniasis. TL is a skin/mucosal granulomatous disease that manifests mainly as cutaneous localized or disseminated ulcers, papules diffusely distributed, mucosal lesions or atypical lesions. Once the etiology of the infection is confirmed, treatment can take place, and different drugs can be administered. It has already been shown that, even when the scar is clinically evident, inflammation is still present in the native tissue, and the decrease of the inflammatory process occurs slowly during the 1st years after clinical healing. The maintenance of residual parasites in the scar tissue is also well documented. Therefore, it is no longer a surprise that, under some circumstances, therapeutic failure and/or lesion reactivation occurs. All over the years, an impressive amount of data on relapses, treatment resistance and lesion reactivation after healing has been collected, and several factors have been pointed out as having a role in the process. Different factors such as Leishmania species, parasite variability, Leishmania RNA virus 1, parasite load, parasite persistence, age, nutritional status, gender, co-morbidities, co-infection, pregnancy, immunosuppression, lesion duration, number and localization of lesions, drug metabolism, irregular treatment and individual host cellular immune response were described and discussed in the present review. Unfortunately, despite this amount of information, a conclusive understanding remains under construction. In addition, multifactorial influence cannot be discarded. In this context, knowing why leishmaniasis has been difficult to treat and control can help the development of new approaches, such as drugs and immunotherapy in order to improve healing maintenance. In this sense, we would like to highlight some of the findings that may influence the course of Leishmania infection and the therapeutic response, with an emphasis on TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jessica Leite-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda N. Morgado
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Barroso DH, Falcão SDAC, da Motta JDOC, Sevilha Dos Santos L, Takano GHS, Gomes CM, Favali CBF, de Lima BD, Sampaio RNR. PD-L1 May Mediate T-Cell Exhaustion in a Case of Early Diffuse Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania (L.) amazonensis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1021. [PMID: 29867989 PMCID: PMC5958277 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) is a rare disease form associated with Leishmania (L.) amazonensis in South America. It represents the “anergic” pole of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis, and the explanation for its resistance to treatment remains elusive. We aimed to study some possible immunological mechanisms involved in the poor DCL treatment response by evaluating some cell surface molecules obtained from a patient with DCL by flow cytometry. Case presentation A 65-year-old DCL patient who initially failed to respond to the standard treatment for the disease showed vacuolated macrophages filled with amastigotes in lesion biopsy, and L. (L.) amazonensis was identified through ITS1PCR amplification. The Leishmania skin test and indirect immunofluorescence analysis revealed negative results. Peripheral blood from the patient was collected after a few months of treatment, when the patient presented with no lesion. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed ex vivo and in vitro after 48 h of stimulation with soluble L. (L.) amazonensis antigen (SLA). Cell death, surface molecules, and intracellular molecules, such as IFN-γ and granzyme B, were analyzed in the cells using flow cytometry. Analysis of the surface markers showed an increased expression of the inhibitory molecule programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in the monocytes restimulated with SLA (approximately 65%), whereas the negative controls were 35% positive for PD-L1. Conversely, compared with the negative controls, we observed a decrease in CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells (8.32 versus 1.7%) and CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells (14% versus 1%). We also observed a relevant decrease in the granzyme B levels in the CD8+ T cells, from 31% in the negative controls to 5% after SLA restimulation. Conclusion The dysfunctional activation of PD-L1 inhibitory pathway after Leishmania antigen stimulation and reduced levels of IFN-gamma and granzyme B-producing cells could be closely related to unresponssiveness to standard drug treatment of DCL patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Holanda Barroso
- Dermatomicology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Sarah De Athayde Couto Falcão
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Laís Sevilha Dos Santos
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Ciro Martins Gomes
- Dermatomicology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Internal Medicine Department - Dermatology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Cecília Beatriz Fiuza Favali
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Dolabela de Lima
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Raimunda Nonata Ribeiro Sampaio
- Dermatomicology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Internal Medicine Department - Dermatology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Ghorbani M, Farhoudi R. Leishmaniasis in humans: drug or vaccine therapy? DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 12:25-40. [PMID: 29317800 PMCID: PMC5743117 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s146521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania is an obligate intracellular pathogen that invades phagocytic host cells. Approximately 30 different species of Phlebotomine sand flies can transmit this parasite either anthroponotically or zoonotically through their bites. Leishmaniasis affects poor people living around the Mediterranean Basin, East Africa, the Americas, and Southeast Asia. Affected regions are often remote and unstable, with limited resources for treating this disease. Leishmaniasis has been reported as one of the most dangerous neglected tropical diseases, second only to malaria in parasitic causes of death. People can carry some species of Leishmania for long periods without becoming ill, and symptoms depend on the form of the disease. There are many drugs and candidate vaccines available to treat leishmaniasis. For instance, antiparasitic drugs, such as amphotericin B (AmBisome), are a treatment of choice for leishmaniasis depending on the type of the disease. Despite the availability of different treatment approaches to treat leishmaniasis, therapeutic tools are not adequate to eradicate this infection. In the meantime, drug therapy has been limited because of adverse side effects and unsuccessful vaccine preparation. However, it can immediately make infections inactive. According to other studies, vaccination cannot eradicate leishmaniasis. There is no perfect vaccine or suitable drug to eradicate leishmaniasis completely. So far, no vaccine or drug has been provided to induce long-term protection and ensure effective immunity against leishmaniasis. Therefore, it is necessary that intensive research should be performed in drug and vaccine fields to achieve certain results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Ghorbani
- Department of Viral Vaccine Production, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Research and Production Complex, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ramin Farhoudi
- Department of Viral Vaccine Production, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Research and Production Complex, Karaj, Iran
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48
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IL-1β Production by Intermediate Monocytes Is Associated with Immunopathology in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:1107-1115. [PMID: 29246797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis infection is an inflammatory disease in which skin ulcer development is associated with mononuclear cell infiltrate and high levels of inflammatory cytokine production. Recently, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β production have been associated with increased pathology in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. We hypothesized that cutaneous leishmaniasis patients have increased expression of NLRP3, leading to high levels of IL-1β production. In this article we show high production of IL-1β in biopsy samples and Leishmania antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients infected with L. braziliensis and reduced IL-1β levels after cure. IL-1β production positively correlated with the area of necrosis in lesions and duration of the lesions. The main source of IL-1β was intermediate monocytes (CD14++CD16+). Furthermore, our murine experiments show that IL-1β production in response to L. braziliensis was dependent on NLRP3, caspase-1, and caspase-recruiting domain (ASC). Additionally, we observed an increased expression of the NLRP3 gene in macrophages and the NLRP3 protein in intermediate monocytes from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. These results identify an important role for human intermediate monocytes in the production of IL-1β, which contributes to the immunopathology observed in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients.
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Lopes DM, de Almeida TVVS, de Souza RDP, Ribeiro LEV, Page B, Fernandes JDS, Carvalho EM, Cardoso LS. Susceptibility of dendritic cells from individuals with schistosomiasis to infection by Leishmania braziliensis. Mol Immunol 2017; 93:173-183. [PMID: 29197260 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coinfection with leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis has been associated with increased time to healing of cutaneous lesions of leishmaniasis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Leishmania braziliensis infection on co-cultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) with autologous lymphocytes from patients with schistosomiasis and patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. MoDCs were differentiated from peripheral blood monocytes, isolated by magnetic beads, infected with L. braziliensis, and co-cultured with autologous lymphocytes. Expression of HLA-DR, CD1a, CD83, CD80, CD86, CD40, and the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) on MoDCs as well as CD28, CD40L, CD25, and CTLA-4 on lymphocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry. The production of the cytokines IL-10, TNF, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ were evaluated by sandwich ELISA of the culture supernatant. The infectivity evaluation was performed by light microscopy after concentration of cells by cytospin and Giemsa staining. It was observed that the frequency of MoDCs expressing CD83, CD80, and CD86 as well as the MFI of HLA-DR were smaller in the group of patients with schistosomiasis compared to the group of patients with leishmaniasis. On the other hand, the frequency of IL-10R on MoDCs was higher in patients with schistosomiasis than in patients with leishmaniasis. CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from patients with schistosomiasis presented a lower frequency of CD28 and a higher frequency of CTLA-4 compared to lymphocytes from patients with leishmaniasis. Levels of IL-10 were higher in the supernatants of co-cultures from individuals with schistosomiasis compared to those with leishmaniasis. However, levels of TNF, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ were lower in the group of individuals with schistosomiasis. Regarding the frequency of MoDCs infected by L. braziliensis after 72h in culture, it was observed that higher frequencies of cells from patients with schistosomiasis were infected compared to cells from patients with leishmaniasis. It was concluded that MoDCs from patients with schistosomiasis are more likely to be infected by L. braziliensis, possibly due to a lower degree of activation and a regulatory profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Mota Lopes
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT- DT) -CNPQ/MCT, Brazil
| | - Tarcísio Vila Verde S de Almeida
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Robson da Paixão de Souza
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luís Eduardo Viana Ribeiro
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Brady Page
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT- DT) -CNPQ/MCT, Brazil; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Luciana Santos Cardoso
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT- DT) -CNPQ/MCT, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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50
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Campos TM, Costa R, Passos S, Carvalho LP. Cytotoxic activity in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:733-740. [PMID: 29091132 PMCID: PMC5661895 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a chronic disease caused by species of the protozoan Leishmania and characterised by the presence of ulcerated skin lesions. Both parasite and host factors affect the clinical presentation of the disease. The development of skin ulcers in CL is associated with an inflammatory response mediated by cells that control parasite growth but also contribute to pathogenesis. CD8+ T cells contribute to deleterious inflammatory responses in patients with CL through cytotoxic mechanisms. In addition, natural killer cells also limit Leishmania infections by production of interferon-γ and cytotoxicity. In this review, we focus on studies of cytotoxicity in CL and its contribution to the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís M Campos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Rúbia Costa
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Sara Passos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Nanomedicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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