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Eusebi PG, Cortés Ó, Contreras E, Cañón J, Dunner S, Sevane N. A novel missense variant in endothelin-2 (EDN2) causes a growth and respiratory lethal syndrome in bovine. Anim Genet 2022; 53:583-591. [PMID: 35912509 PMCID: PMC9544818 DOI: 10.1111/age.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The high level of fragmentation of the Spanish Lidia cattle breed, divided into lineages called ‘castas’ and into herds within lineages based on reproductive isolation, increases the risk of homozygosity and the outbreak of recessive genetic defects. Since 2004, an increasing number of calves have been identified in a Lidia herd with signs of severe growth retardation, respiratory alterations and juvenile lethality, which constitutes a novel inherited syndrome in cattle and was subsequently termed growth and respiratory lethal syndrome. We performed a genome‐wide association study on a cohort of 13 affected calves and 24 putative non‐carrier parents, mapping the disease to a wide 6 cM region on bovine chromosome 3 (p < 10−7). Whole genome re‐sequencing of three affected calves and three putative non‐carrier parents identified a novel missense variant (c.149G>A|p.Cys50Tyr) in exon 2 of the endothelin 2 (EDN2) gene. Bioinformatic analyses of p.Cys50Tyr effects predicted them to be damaging for both the structure and the function of the edn2 protein, and to create a new site of splicing that may also affect the pattern of pre‐mRNA splicing and exon definition. Sanger sequencing of this variant on the rest of the sample set confirmed the segregation pattern obtained with whole genome re‐sequencing. The identification of the causative variant and the development of a diagnostic genetic test enable the efficient design of matings to keep the effective population size as high as possible, as well as providing insights into the first EDN2‐associated hereditary disease in cattle or other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina G Eusebi
- Departmento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Cortés
- Departmento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Contreras
- Departmento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Cañón
- Departmento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Dunner
- Departmento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Sevane
- Departmento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Torres Crigna A, Link B, Samec M, Giordano FA, Kubatka P, Golubnitschaja O. Endothelin-1 axes in the framework of predictive, preventive and personalised (3P) medicine. EPMA J 2021; 12:265-305. [PMID: 34367381 PMCID: PMC8334338 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-021-00248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is involved in the regulation of a myriad of processes highly relevant for physical and mental well-being; female and male health; in the modulation of senses, pain, stress reactions and drug sensitivity as well as healing processes, amongst others. Shifted ET-1 homeostasis may influence and predict the development and progression of suboptimal health conditions, metabolic impairments with cascading complications, ageing and related pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies, aggressive malignancies, modulating, therefore, individual outcomes of both non-communicable and infectious diseases such as COVID-19. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the involvement of ET-1 and related regulatory pathways in physiological and pathophysiological processes and estimates its capacity as a predictor of ageing and related pathologies,a sensor of lifestyle quality and progression of suboptimal health conditions to diseases for their targeted preventionand as a potent target for cost-effective treatments tailored to the person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Torres Crigna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Link
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marek Samec
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Frank A. Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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3
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Kiser JN, Wang Z, Zanella R, Scraggs E, Neupane M, Cantrell B, Van Tassell CP, White SN, Taylor JF, Neibergs HL. Functional Variants Surrounding Endothelin 2 Are Associated With Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:625323. [PMID: 34026885 PMCID: PMC8131860 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.625323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), continues to impact the dairy industry through increased morbidity, mortality, and lost production. Although genome-wide association analyses (GWAAs) have identified loci associated with susceptibility to MAP, limited progress has been made in identifying mutations that cause disease susceptibility. A 235-kb region on Bos taurus chromosome 3 (BTA3), containing a 70-kb haplotype block surrounding endothelin 2 (EDN2), has previously been associated with the risk of MAP infection. EDN2 is highly expressed in the gut and is involved in intracellular calcium signaling and a wide array of biological processes. The objective of this study was to identify putative causal mutations for disease susceptibility in the region surrounding EDN2 in Holstein and Jersey cattle. Using sequence data from 10 Holstein and 10 Jersey cattle, common variants within the 70-kb region containing EDN2 were identified. A custom SNP genotyping array fine-mapped the region using 221 Holstein and 51 Jersey cattle and identified 17 putative causal variants (P < 0.01) located in the 5′ region of EDN2 and a SNP in the 3′ UTR (P = 0.00009) associated with MAP infection. MicroRNA interference assays, mRNA stability assays, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays were performed to determine if allelic changes at each SNP resulted in differences in EDN2 stability or expression. Two SNPs [rs109651404 (G/A) and rs110287192 (G/T)] located within the promoter region of EDN2 displayed differential binding affinity for transcription factors in binding sequences harboring the alternate SNP alleles. The luciferase reporter assay revealed that the transcriptional activity of the EDN2 promoter was increased (P < 0.05) with the A allele for rs109651404 and the G allele for rs110287192. These results suggest that the variants rs109651404 and rs110287192 are mutations that alter transcription and thus may alter susceptibility to MAP infection in Holstein and Jersey cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Kiser
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Zeping Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Ricardo Zanella
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Erik Scraggs
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Mahesh Neupane
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Bonnie Cantrell
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Curtis P Van Tassell
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Stephen N White
- Animal Disease Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Jeremy F Taylor
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Holly L Neibergs
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Çınar MU, Akyüz B, Arslan K, White SN, Neibergs HL, Gümüşsoy KS. The EDN2 rs110287192 gene polymorphism is associated with paratuberculosis susceptibility in multibreed cattle population. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238631. [PMID: 32881967 PMCID: PMC7470282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (pTB), also known as Johne's disease (JD), is a contagious, chronic, and granulomatous inflammatory disease of the intestines of ruminants which is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection, resulting in billions of dollars in economic losses worldwide. Since, currently, no effective cure is available for MAP infection, it is important to explore the genetic variants that affect the host MAP susceptibility. The aim of this study was to analyze a potential association between EDN2 synonymous gene mutations (rs110287192, rs109651404 and rs136707411), that modifies susceptibility to pTB. EDN2 rs110287192, rs109651404 and rs136707411 mutations were genotyped in 68 infected and 753 healthy animals from East Anatolian Red crossbred, Anatolian Black crossbred and Holstein breed cattle by using Custom TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays. For pTB status, serum antibody levels S/P ≥ 1.0 were assessed in carriers of the different EDN2 genotypes. EDN2 rs110287192 mutation showed a significant association with bovine pTB (adj. p < 0.05). For rs110287192 locus, the odd ratios for GG and TG genotypes versus TT genotypes were 1.73; (95% CI = 0.34–8.59) and 0.53 (95% CI = 0.12–2.37) respectively, which indicated that proportion of TG heterozygotes were significantly higher in control animals as compared to pTB animals. On the other hand, while rs136707411 mutation showed a suggestive association with pTB status in the examined cattle population (nominal p < 0.05); no association was detected between rs109651404 genotypes and pTB status. Selecting animals against rs110287192-GG genotype may decrease the risk of pTB in cattle of the Bos taurus taurus subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ulaş Çınar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bilal Akyüz
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Korhan Arslan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Stephen N. White
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Holly L. Neibergs
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Kadir Semih Gümüşsoy
- Department of Microbiology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
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5
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The Neuropeptide System and Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Mechanisms and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103494
expr 969553959 + 931886332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), classified as the third most prevalent cancer worldwide, remains to be a clinical and research challenge. It is estimated that ~50% of CRC patients die from distant metastases, with treatment of this complication still posing significant difficulties. While liver metastasis (LM) cascade is known in the literature, its mechanisms are still unclear and remain studied in different research models. A connection is suggested between nervous system dysfunctions and a range of Neurotransmitters (Nts) (including Neuropeptides, NPs), Neurotrophins (Ntt) and their receptors (Rs) in CRC liver metastasis development. Studies on the role of NP/NP-Rs in the progression and metastasis of CRC, show the complexity of brain–tumor interactions, caused by their different forms of release to the extracellular environment (endocrine, autocrine, paracrine and neurocrine). Many stages of LM are connected to the activity of pro-inflammatory, e.g., Corticotropin-releasing Hormone Receptor 1 (CRHR1), Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Neurotensin (NT), anti-inflammatory, e.g., Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP), CRHR2 and Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) or dual role neuropeptides, e.g., Substance P (SP). The regulation of the local immunological profile (e.g., CRH/CRHRs), dysfunctions of enteroprotective role of NPs on epithelial cells (e.g., NT/NT-R), as well as structural-functional changes in enteric nervous system innervation of the tumor are also important. More research is needed to understand the exact mechanisms of communication between the neurons and tumor cells. The knowledge on the mechanisms regulating tumor growth and different stages of metastasis, as well as effects of the action of a numerous group of Nts/NPs/Ntt as growth factors, have implications for future therapeutic strategies. To obtain the best treatment outcomes, it is important to use signaling pathways common for many NPs, as well to develop a range of broad-spectrum antagonists. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the importance of neuroactive molecules in the promotion of the invasion-metastasis cascade in CRC, as well as the improvements of clinical management of CRC liver metastasis.
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6
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The Neuropeptide System and Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Mechanisms and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103494. [PMID: 32429087 PMCID: PMC7279011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), classified as the third most prevalent cancer worldwide, remains to be a clinical and research challenge. It is estimated that ~50% of CRC patients die from distant metastases, with treatment of this complication still posing significant difficulties. While liver metastasis (LM) cascade is known in the literature, its mechanisms are still unclear and remain studied in different research models. A connection is suggested between nervous system dysfunctions and a range of Neurotransmitters (Nts) (including Neuropeptides, NPs), Neurotrophins (Ntt) and their receptors (Rs) in CRC liver metastasis development. Studies on the role of NP/NP-Rs in the progression and metastasis of CRC, show the complexity of brain–tumor interactions, caused by their different forms of release to the extracellular environment (endocrine, autocrine, paracrine and neurocrine). Many stages of LM are connected to the activity of pro-inflammatory, e.g., Corticotropin-releasing Hormone Receptor 1 (CRHR1), Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Neurotensin (NT), anti-inflammatory, e.g., Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP), CRHR2 and Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) or dual role neuropeptides, e.g., Substance P (SP). The regulation of the local immunological profile (e.g., CRH/CRHRs), dysfunctions of enteroprotective role of NPs on epithelial cells (e.g., NT/NT-R), as well as structural-functional changes in enteric nervous system innervation of the tumor are also important. More research is needed to understand the exact mechanisms of communication between the neurons and tumor cells. The knowledge on the mechanisms regulating tumor growth and different stages of metastasis, as well as effects of the action of a numerous group of Nts/NPs/Ntt as growth factors, have implications for future therapeutic strategies. To obtain the best treatment outcomes, it is important to use signaling pathways common for many NPs, as well to develop a range of broad-spectrum antagonists. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the importance of neuroactive molecules in the promotion of the invasion-metastasis cascade in CRC, as well as the improvements of clinical management of CRC liver metastasis.
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7
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Wang J, Wang W, Zhai H. MicroRNA-124 Enhances Dopamine Receptor Expression and Neuronal Proliferation in Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease via the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway by Targeting EDN2. Neuroimmunomodulation 2019; 26:174-187. [PMID: 31454817 DOI: 10.1159/000501339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have elaborated on the concept that a number of microRNAs (miRNAs) have a potential effect on the pathogenesis and development of Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is recognized as a common progressive bradykinetic disorder that results from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The purpose of this study was to explore whether microRNA-124 (miR-124) affected dopamine receptor (DAR) expression and neuronal proliferation and apoptosis in the 1-methyl-4-pheny-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse models of PD. The targeting relationship of miR-124 and EDN2 was confirmed through bioinformatic predictions and dual-luciferase reporter assay. The expression of miR-124 and EDN2 was altered to assess their effect on the expression of DAR in the substantia nigra and isolated neurons, as well as the neuronal proliferation and apoptosis rate. The obtained results implied that the treatments of miR-124 mimic and si-EDN2 resulted in elevated expressions of Glil, SHH, PTCH1, DAT, DRD1, and DRD2. However, these treatments facilitated neuronal proliferation and suppressed neuronal apoptosis, corresponding to reduced expression of caspase-3 and Bax, as well as increased levels of Bcl-2 expression. These results were discovered to be achieved through the activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. With this taken into account, our study demonstrated that miR-124 overexpression promoted DAR expression and neuronal proliferation and suppressed neuronal apoptosis by downregulating EDN2 via activating the Hedgehog signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, No. 215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang, China
| | - Wan Wang
- Department of Neurology, No. 215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang, China
| | - Haiyan Zhai
- Department of Neurology, No. 215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang, China,
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8
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Hartenstein V, Takashima S, Hartenstein P, Asanad S, Asanad K. bHLH proneural genes as cell fate determinants of entero-endocrine cells, an evolutionarily conserved lineage sharing a common root with sensory neurons. Dev Biol 2017; 431:36-47. [PMID: 28751238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Entero-endocrine cells involved in the regulation of digestive function form a large and diverse cell population within the intestinal epithelium of all animals. Together with absorptive enterocytes and secretory gland cells, entero-endocrine cells are generated by the embryonic endoderm and, in the mature animal, from a pool of endoderm derived, self-renewing stem cells. Entero-endocrine cells share many structural/functional and developmental properties with sensory neurons, which hints at the possibility of an ancient evolutionary relationship between these two cell types. We will survey in this article recent findings that emphasize the similarities between entero-endocrine cells and sensory neurons in vertebrates and insects, for which a substantial volume of data pertaining to the entero-endocrine system has been compiled. We will then report new findings that shed light on the specification and morphogenesis of entero-endocrine cells in Drosophila. In this system, presumptive intestinal stem cells (pISCs), generated during early metamorphosis, undergo several rounds of mitosis that produce the endocrine cells and stem cells (ISCs) with which the fly is born. Clonal analysis demonstrated that individual pISCs can give rise to endocrine cells expressing different types of peptides. Immature endocrine cells start out as unpolarized cells located basally of the gut epithelium; they each extend an apical process into the epithelium which establishes a junctional complex and apical membrane specializations contacting the lumen of the gut. Finally, we show that the Drosophila homolog of ngn3, a bHLH gene that defines the entero-endocrine lineage in mammals, is expressed and required for the differentiation of this cell type in the fly gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.
| | - Shigeo Takashima
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Parvana Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Samuel Asanad
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Kian Asanad
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
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9
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Gabr RQ, El-Sherbeni AA, Ben-Eltriki M, El-Kadi AO, Brocks DR. Pharmacokinetics of metformin in the rat: assessment of the effect of hyperlipidemia and evidence for its metabolism to guanylurea. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 95:530-538. [PMID: 28177686 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metformin pharmacokinetics are highly dependent upon organic cationic transporters. There is evidence of a change in its renal clearance in hyperlipidemic obese patients, and no information on its metabolic fate. To study some of these aspects, the influence of poloxamer 407 (P407)-induced hyperlipidemia on metformin pharmacokinetics was assessed. Control and P407-treated adult male rats were administered 30 mg/kg metformin intravenously (i.v.). The pharmacokinetic assessments were performed at 2 time points, 36 and 108 h, following the intraperitoneal dose of P407 (1 g/kg). mRNA and protein expressions of cationic drug transporters were also measured. There was no evidence of a change in metformin pharmacokinetics after i.v. doses as a consequence of short-term hyperlipidemia, and a change in transporter mRNA but not protein expression was observed in the P407- treated rats 108 h after P407 injection. Urinary recovery of unchanged drug was high (>90%) but incomplete. Presumed metabolite peaks were detected in chromatograms of hepatocytes and microsomal protein spiked with metformin. Comparative chromatographic elution times and mass spectra suggested that one of the predominant metabolites was guanylurea. Hyperlipidemia by itself did not affect the pharmacokinetics of metformin. Guanylurea is a putative metabolite of metformin in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raniah Q Gabr
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Ahmed A El-Sherbeni
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Mohamed Ben-Eltriki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Ayman O El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Dion R Brocks
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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10
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Potential role for ET-2 acting through ETA receptors in experimental colitis in mice. Inflamm Res 2016; 66:141-155. [PMID: 27778057 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-1001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN This study attempted to clarify the roles of endothelins and mechanisms associated with ETA/ETB receptors in mouse models of colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colitis was induced by intracolonic administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS, 1.5 mg/animal) or dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 3%). After colitis establishment, mice received Atrasentan (ETA receptor antagonist, 10 mg/kg), A-192621 (ETB receptor antagonist, 20 mg/kg) or Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) and several inflammatory parameters were assessed, as well as mRNA levels for ET-1, ET-2 and ET receptors. RESULTS Atrasentan treatment ameliorates TNBS- and DSS-induced colitis. In the TNBS model was observed reduction in macroscopic and microscopic score, colon weight, neutrophil influx, IL-1β, MIP-2 and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) levels, inhibition of adhesion molecules expression and restoration of IL-10 levels. However, A192621 treatment did not modify any parameter. ET-1 and ET-2 mRNA was decreased 24 h, but ET-2 mRNA was markedly increased at 48 h after TNBS. ET-2 was able to potentiate LPS-induced KC production in vitro. ETA and ETB receptors mRNA were increased at 24, 48 and 72 h after colitis induction. CONCLUSIONS Atrasentan treatment was effective in reducing the severity of colitis in DSS- and TNBS-treated mice, suggesting that ETA receptors might be a potential target for inflammatory bowel diseases.
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11
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Davenport AP, Hyndman KA, Dhaun N, Southan C, Kohan DE, Pollock JS, Pollock DM, Webb DJ, Maguire JJ. Endothelin. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:357-418. [PMID: 26956245 PMCID: PMC4815360 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelins comprise three structurally similar 21-amino acid peptides. Endothelin-1 and -2 activate two G-protein coupled receptors, ETA and ETB, with equal affinity, whereas endothelin-3 has a lower affinity for the ETA subtype. Genes encoding the peptides are present only among vertebrates. The ligand-receptor signaling pathway is a vertebrate innovation and may reflect the evolution of endothelin-1 as the most potent vasoconstrictor in the human cardiovascular system with remarkably long lasting action. Highly selective peptide ETA and ETB antagonists and ETB agonists together with radiolabeled analogs have accurately delineated endothelin pharmacology in humans and animal models, although surprisingly no ETA agonist has been discovered. ET antagonists (bosentan, ambrisentan) have revolutionized the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, with the next generation of antagonists exhibiting improved efficacy (macitentan). Clinical trials continue to explore new applications, particularly in renal failure and for reducing proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Translational studies suggest a potential benefit of ETB agonists in chemotherapy and neuroprotection. However, demonstrating clinical efficacy of combined inhibitors of the endothelin converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase has proved elusive. Over 28 genetic modifications have been made to the ET system in mice through global or cell-specific knockouts, knock ins, or alterations in gene expression of endothelin ligands or their target receptors. These studies have identified key roles for the endothelin isoforms and new therapeutic targets in development, fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, and cardiovascular and neuronal function. For the future, novel pharmacological strategies are emerging via small molecule epigenetic modulators, biologicals such as ETB monoclonal antibodies and the potential of signaling pathway biased agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly A Hyndman
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Southan
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Donald E Kohan
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David M Pollock
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David J Webb
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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12
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Koyama Y. Endothelin systems in the brain: involvement in pathophysiological responses of damaged nerve tissues. Biomol Concepts 2015; 4:335-47. [PMID: 25436584 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2013-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their potent vasoconstriction effects, endothelins (ETs) show multiple actions in various tissues including the brain. The brain contains high levels of ETs, and their production is stimulated in many brain disorders. Accumulating evidence indicates that activation of brain ET receptors is involved in several pathophysiological responses in damaged brains. In this article, the roles of brain ET systems in relation to brain disorders are reviewed. In the acute phase of stroke, prolonged vasospasm of cerebral arteries and brain edema occur, both of which aggravate brain damage. Studies using ET antagonists show that activation of ETA receptors in the brain vascular smooth muscle induces vasospasm after stroke. Brain edema is induced by increased activity of vascular permeability factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinases. Activation of ETB receptors stimulates astrocytic production of these permeability factors. Increases in reactive astrocytes are observed in neurodegenerative diseases and in the chronic phase of stroke, where they facilitate the repair of damaged nerve tissues by releasing neurotrophic factors. ETs promote the induction of reactive astrocytes through ETB receptors. ETs also stimulate the production of astrocytic neurotrophic factors. Recent studies have shown high expression of ETB receptors in neural progenitors. Activation of ETB receptors in neural progenitors promotes their proliferation and migration, suggesting roles for ETB receptors in neurogenesis. Much effort has been invested in the pursuit of novel drugs to induce protection or repair of damaged nerve tissues. From these studies, the pharmacological significance of brain ET systems as a possible target of neuroprotective drugs is anticipated.
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Cacioppo JA, Koo Y, Lin PCP, Gal A, Ko C. Generation and characterization of an endothelin-2 iCre mouse. Genesis 2015; 53:245-56. [PMID: 25604013 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel transgenic mouse line that expresses codon-improved Cre recombinase (iCre) under regulation of the Endothelin-2 gene (edn2) promoter was developed for the conditional deletion of genes in Endothelin-2 lineage cells and for the spatial and temporal localization of Endothelin-2 expression. Endothelin-2 (EDN2, ET-2, previously VIC) is a transcriptionally regulated 21 amino acid peptide implicated in vascular homeostasis, and more recently in female reproduction, gastrointestinal function, immunology, and cancer pathogenesis that acts through membrane receptors and G-protein signaling. A cassette (edn2-iCre) was constructed that contained iCre, a polyadenylation sequence, and a neomycin selection marker in front of the endogenous start codon of the edn2 gene in a mouse genome BAC clone. The cassette was introduced into the C57BL/6 genome by pronuclear injection, and two lines of edn2-iCre positive mice were produced. The edn2-iCre mice were bred with ROSA26-lacZ and Ai9 reporter mice to visualize areas of functional iCre expression. Strong expression was seen in the periovulatory ovary, stomach and small intestine, and colon. Uniquely, we report punctate expression in the corneal epithelium, the liver, the lung, the pituitary, the uterus, and the heart. In the embryo, expression is localized in developing hair follicles and the dermis. Therefore, edn2-iCre mice will serve as a novel line for conditional gene deletion in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Cacioppo
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Campaign, Illinois
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14
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Vatta MS, Bianciotti LG, Guil MJ, Hope SI. Regulation of the Norepinephrine Transporter by Endothelins. HORMONES AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 2015; 98:371-405. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Endothelin@25 - new agonists, antagonists, inhibitors and emerging research frontiers: IUPHAR Review 12. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5555-72. [PMID: 25131455 PMCID: PMC4290702 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of endothelin (ET)-1 in 1988, the main components of the signalling pathway have become established, comprising three structurally similar endogenous 21-amino acid peptides, ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3, that activate two GPCRs, ETA and ETB . Our aim in this review is to highlight the recent progress in ET research. The ET-like domain peptide, corresponding to prepro-ET-193-166 , has been proposed to be co-synthesized and released with ET-1, to modulate the actions of the peptide. ET-1 remains the most potent vasoconstrictor in the human cardiovascular system with a particularly long-lasting action. To date, the major therapeutic strategy to block the unwanted actions of ET in disease, principally in pulmonary arterial hypertension, has been to use antagonists that are selective for the ETA receptor (ambrisentan) or that block both receptor subtypes (bosentan). Macitentan represents the next generation of antagonists, being more potent than bosentan, with longer receptor occupancy and it is converted to an active metabolite; properties contributing to greater pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic efficacy. A second strategy is now being more widely tested in clinical trials and uses combined inhibitors of ET-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase such as SLV306 (daglutril). A third strategy based on activating the ETB receptor, has led to the renaissance of the modified peptide agonist IRL1620 as a clinical candidate in delivering anti-tumour drugs and as a pharmacological tool to investigate experimental pathophysiological conditions. Finally, we discuss biased signalling, epigenetic regulation and targeting with monoclonal antibodies as prospective new areas for ET research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Cacioppo JA, Oh SW, Kim HY, Cho J, Lin PCP, Yanagisawa M, Ko C. Loss of function of endothelin-2 leads to reduced ovulation and CL formation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96115. [PMID: 24763822 PMCID: PMC3999112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-2 (EDN2), a potent vasoconstrictive peptide, is transiently produced by periovulatory follicles at the time of ovulation when corpus luteum (CL) formation begins. EDN2 induces contraction of ovarian smooth muscles ex vivo via an endothelin receptor A-mediated pathway. In this study, we aimed to determine if EDN2 is required for normal ovulation and subsequent CL formation in?vivo. In the ovaries of a mouse model that globally lacks the Edn2 gene (Edn2 knockout mouse; Edn2KO), histology showed that post-pubertal Edn2KO mice possess follicles of all developmental stages, but no corpora lutea. When exogenous gonadotropins were injected to induce super-ovulation, Edn2KO mice exhibited significantly impaired ovulation and CL formation compared to control littermates. Edn2KO ovaries that did ovulate in response to gonadotropins did not contain histologically and functionally identifiable CL. Intra-ovarian injection of EDN2 peptide results suggest partial induction of ovulation in Edn2KO mice. Endothelin receptor antagonism in wild type mice similarly disrupted ovulation, CL formation, and progesterone secretion. Overall, this study suggests that EDN2 is necessary for normal ovulation and CL formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Cacioppo
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sang Wook Oh
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biology Education, Institute of Fusion Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hey-young Kim
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jongki Cho
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon, South Korea
| | - Po-Ching Patrick Lin
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Welch AK, Jacobs ME, Wingo CS, Cain BD. Early progress in epigenetic regulation of endothelin pathway genes. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:327-34. [PMID: 22220553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of gene transcription is a major regulatory determinant for function of the endothelin pathway. Epigenetic mechanisms act on tissue-specific gene expression during development and in response to physiological stimuli. Most of the limited evidence available on epigenetic regulation of the endothelin pathway focuses on the EDN1 and EDNRB genes. Examination of whole genome databases suggests that both genes are influenced by histone modifications and DNA methylation. This interpretation is supported by studies directed at detecting epigenetic action on the two genes. The clearest illustration of epigenetic factors altering endothelin signalling is DNA methylation-associated EDNRB silencing during tumourigenesis. This review summarizes our current understanding of epigenetic regulation of the endothelin pathway genes. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Endothelin. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.168.issue-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Welch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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18
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Ling L, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Endothelin-2, the forgotten isoform: emerging role in the cardiovascular system, ovarian development, immunology and cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:283-95. [PMID: 22118774 PMCID: PMC3572556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-2 [ET-2; also known as vasoactive intestinal contractor (VIC), in rodents] differs from endothelin-1 (ET-1) by only two amino acids, and unlike the third isoform, endothelin-3 (ET-3), it has the same affinity as ET-1 for both ET(A) and ET(B) receptors. It is often assumed that ET-2 would mimic the actions of the more abundant ET-1 and current pharmacological interventions used to inhibit the ET system would also block the actions of ET-2. These assumptions have focused research on ET-1 with ET-2 studied in much less detail. Recent research suggests that our understanding of the ET family requires re-evaluation. Although ET-2 is very similar in structure as well as pharmacology to ET-1, and may co-exist in the same tissue compartments, there is converging evidence for an important and distinct ET-2 pathway. Specifically is has been demonstrated that ET-2 has a key role in ovarian physiology, with ET-2-mediated contraction proposed as a final signal facilitating ovulation. Furthermore, ET-2 may also have a pathophysiological role in heart failure, immunology and cancer. Comparison of ET-2 versus ET-1 mRNA expression suggests this may be accomplished at the level of gene expression but differences may also exist in peptide synthesis by enzymes such as endothelin converting enzymes (ECEs) and chymase, which may allow the two pathways to be distinguished pharmacologically and become separate drug targets. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Endothelin. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.168.issue-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowell Ling
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Schrödl F, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Kaser-Eichberger A, Eberhard N, Santic R, Kofler B, Reitsamer HA. Distribution of the regulatory peptide alarin in the eye of various species. Exp Eye Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Furuya S, Furuya K. Roles of substance P and ATP in the subepithelial fibroblasts of rat intestinal villi. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 304:133-89. [PMID: 23809436 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407696-9.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ingestion of food and water induces chemical and mechanical signals that trigger peristaltic reflexes and also villous movement in the gut. In the intestinal villi, subepithelial fibroblasts under the epithelium form contractile cellular networks and closely contact to the varicosities of substance P and nonsubstance P afferent neurons. Subepithelial fibroblasts of the duodenal villi possess purinergic receptor P2Y1 and tachykinin receptor NK1. ATP and substance P induce increase in intracellular Ca(2+) and cell contraction in subepithelial fibroblasts. They are highly mechanosensitive and release ATP by mechanical stimuli. Released ATP spreads to form an ATP "cloud" with nearly 1μM concentration and activates the surroundings via P2Y1 and afferent neurons via P2X receptors. These findings suggest that villous subepithelial fibroblasts and afferent neurons interact via ATP and substance P. This mutual interaction may play important roles in the signal transduction of mechano reflex pathways including a coordinate villous movement and also in the maturation of the structure and function of the intestinal villi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Furuya
- Section of Brain Structure Information, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.
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21
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Compeer MG, Suylen DP, Hackeng TM, De Mey JG. Endothelin-1 and -2: Two amino acids matter. Life Sci 2012; 91:607-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Endothelin system in intestinal villi: A possible role of endothelin-2/vasoactive intestinal contractor in the maintenance of intestinal architecture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 417:1113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Neibergs HL, Settles ML, Whitlock RH, Taylor JF. GSEA-SNP identifies genes associated with Johne's disease in cattle. Mamm Genome 2010; 21:419-25. [PMID: 20706723 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
SNP-based gene-set enrichment analysis from single nucleotide polymorphisms, or GSEA-SNP, is a tool to identify candidate genes based on enrichment analysis of sets of genes rather than single SNP associations. The objective of this study was to identify modest-effect genes associated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) tissue infection or fecal shedding using GSEA-SNP applied to KEGG pathways or Gene Ontology (GO) gene sets. The Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip was used to genotype 209 Holstein cows for the GSEA-SNP analyses. For each of 13,744 annotated genes genome-wide located within 50 kb of a Bovine SNP50 SNP, the single SNP with the highest Cochran-Armitage Max statistic was used as a proxy statistic for that gene's strength of affiliation with Map. Gene-set enrichment was tested using a weighted Kolmogorov-Smirnov-like running sum statistic with data permutation to adjust for multiple testing. For tissue infection and fecal shedding, no gene sets in KEGG pathways or in GO sets for molecular function or cellular component were enriched for signal. The GO biological process gene set for positive regulation of cell motion (GO:0051272, q = 0.039, 5/11 genes contributing to the core enrichment) was enriched for Map tissue infection, while no GO biological process gene sets were enriched for fecal shedding. GSEA-SNP complements traditional SNP association approaches to identify genes of modest effects as well as genes with larger effects as demonstrated by the identification of one locus that we previously found to be associated with Map tissue infection using a SNP-by-SNP genome-wide association study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Neibergs
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-6353, USA.
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24
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Claudino RF, Marcon R, Bento AF, Chichorro JG, Rae GA. Endothelins implicated in referred mechanical hyperalgesia associated with colitis induced by TNBS in miceThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the two-part special issue entitled 20 Years of Endothelin Research. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:661-7. [DOI: 10.1139/y10-043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the contribution of endothelins to changes in sensitivity to mechanical stimulation of the lower abdomen and hind paw associated with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. The frequency of withdrawal responses to 10 consecutive applications of von Frey probes to the lower abdomen (0.07 g) or hind paw (0.4 g) was assessed in male BALB/c mice before and after intracolonic TNBS injection (0.5 mg in 100 µL of 35% ethanol). TNBS (0.5 mg) induced referred mechanical hyperalgesia in the abdomen (response frequencies at 24 h: saline 11.0% ± 3.1%, TNBS 48.0% ± 6.9%) and hind paw (frequencies at 24 h: saline 12.5% ± 4.7%, TNBS 47.1% ± 7.1%) lasting up to 72 and 48 h, respectively. Mice receiving 1.0 or 1.5 mg TNBS assumed hunch-backed postures and became immobile during abdominal mechanical stimulation, suggestive of excessive ongoing pain. Atrasentan (ETA receptor antagonist; 10 and 30 mg/kg, i.v.) given 24 h after TNBS abolished hind paw and abdominal mechanical hyperalgesia for 2–3 h. A-192621 (ETB receptor antagonist; 20 mg/kg, i.v.) attenuated abdominal mechanical hyperalgesia at the 3 h time point only. Thus, endothelins contribute importantly to abdominal and hind paw referred mechanical hyperalgesia during TNBS-induced colitis mainly through ETA receptor-signaled mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Franco Claudino
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Center, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Marcon
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Center, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Allisson Freire Bento
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Center, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Geremias Chichorro
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Center, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Giles Alexander Rae
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Center, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil
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Settles M, Zanella R, McKay SD, Schnabel RD, Taylor JF, Whitlock R, Schukken Y, Van Kessel JS, Smith JM, Neibergs H. A whole genome association analysis identifies loci associated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection status in US holstein cattle. Anim Genet 2009; 40:655-62. [PMID: 19422364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify loci associated with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) infection status in US Holsteins using the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay. Two hundred forty-five cows from dairies in New York, Pennsylvania and Vermont enrolled in longitudinal herd studies between January 1999 and November 2007 were assessed for the presence of Map in both faecal and tissue samples. An animal was considered tissue infected if any sample contained at least one colony forming unit of Map per gram of tissue (CFU/g) and the same definition was employed for faecal samples. Each animal was genotyped with the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip and after quality assurance filtering, 218 animals and 45 683 SNPs remained. We sought to identify loci associated with four different case/control classifications: presence of Map in the tissue, presence of Map in faeces, presence of Map in both tissue and faeces and presence of Map in tissue but not faeces. A case-control genome wide association study was conducted to test the four different classifications of Map infection status (cases) when compared with a Map-negative control group (control). Regions on chromosomes 1, 5, 7, 8, 16, 21 and 23 were identified with moderate significance (P < 5 x 10(-5)). Two regions, one on chromosome 3 (near EDN2) and another on chromosome 9 (no positional gene candidates), were identified with a high level of association to the presence of Map in tissue and both tissue and faeces respectively (P < 5 x 10(-7), genome-wide Bonferonni P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Settles
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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26
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Kalabis J, Li G, Fukunaga-Kalabis M, Rustgi AK, Herlyn M. Endothelin-3 stimulates survival of goblet cells in organotypic cultures of fetal human colonic epithelium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G1182-9. [PMID: 18832450 PMCID: PMC2604801 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90294.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cells within the normal human colonic epithelium undergo a dynamic cycle of growth, differentiation, and death. The organotypic culture system of human fetal colonic epithelial cells seeded on top of collagen gels with embedded colonic fibroblasts allowed prolonged culture of the colonic epithelial cells (Kalabis J, Patterson MJ, Enders GM, Marian B, Iozzo RV, Rogler G, Gimotty PA, Herlyn M. FASEB J 17: 1115-1117, 2003). Herein, we have evaluated the role of endothelin-3 (ET3) and both cognate endothelin receptors (ETRA, ETRB) for human colonic epithelial cell growth and survival. ET3 was produced continuously by the fibroblasts as a result of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. The presence and function of the endothelin receptors (ETRs) in epithelial cells was evaluated by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation using primary epithelial cells in monoculture and by immunohistochemistry on human fetal and adult paraffin-embedded tissues. In organotypic culture, ET3 increased the number of goblet cells but not of enteroendocrine cells. The increase in goblet cells was caused by prolonged cell survival and differentiation. The inhibition of both ETRA and ETRB significantly decreased the number of goblet cells and proliferation in epithelial cells, whereas the number of enteroendocrine cells remained unchanged. ET3 induced activation of IkappaB and MAPK in the epithelial cells, suggesting that these signaling pathways mediate its proproliferation and prosurvival activities. Our results demonstrate that ET3 is involved in regulating human colonic epithelial cell proliferation and survival, particularly for goblet cells, and may be an important component of colonic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kalabis
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute; and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gang Li
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute; and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mizuho Fukunaga-Kalabis
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute; and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anil K. Rustgi
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute; and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute; and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Rankinen T, Church T, Rice T, Markward N, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Blair SN, Bouchard C. Effect of Endothelin 1 Genotype on Blood Pressure Is Dependent on Physical Activity or Fitness Levels. Hypertension 2007; 50:1120-5. [PMID: 17938376 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.093609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Contributions of the DNA sequence variation at the endothelin 1 locus to the risk of hypertension and to endurance training–induced changes in blood pressure were investigated in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study and the Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training and Genetics Family Study cohorts. We identified 586 normotensive control subjects and 607 incident hypertensive case subjects from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study cohort (all whites) who were normotensive and healthy at their first clinic visit. The case subjects were diagnosed with hypertension during an average follow-up of 9.5 years, whereas the control subjects remained normotensive. The allele and genotype frequencies of 5 endothelin 1 haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms did not differ significantly between the case and control subjects. However, we observed a significant (
P
=0.0025) interaction between the endothelin 1 rs5370 (G/T; Lys198Asn) genotype and cardiorespiratory fitness level on the risk of hypertension: among low-fit subjects, the rs5370 minor allele (T; 198Asn) was associated with higher risk of hypertension (odds ratio: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.36 to 2.81;
P
=0.0003), whereas the risk did not differ among genotypes in high-fit subjects. In the white Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training and Genetics subjects (N=480), the rs5370 T allele was associated with blunted systolic blood pressure (
P
=0.0046) and pulse pressure (
P
=0.0016) responses to a 20-week endurance training program. The Lys198Asn variant of the endothelin 1 locus is associated with blood pressure phenotypes in whites. However, the expression of the genotype effect is modulated by physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness level. Our study provides an illustrative example of how physical activity and fitness level modifies the associations between a candidate gene and outcome phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- From the Human Genomics Laboratory (T.Rankinen, N.M., C.B.) and Preventive Medicine Laboratory (T.C.), Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, La; Division of Biostatistics (T.Rice, D.C.R.) and Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry (D.C.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo; Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (A.S.L.), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Kinesiology (J.S.S.), Indiana University,
| | - Timothy Church
- From the Human Genomics Laboratory (T.Rankinen, N.M., C.B.) and Preventive Medicine Laboratory (T.C.), Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, La; Division of Biostatistics (T.Rice, D.C.R.) and Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry (D.C.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo; Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (A.S.L.), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Kinesiology (J.S.S.), Indiana University,
| | - Treva Rice
- From the Human Genomics Laboratory (T.Rankinen, N.M., C.B.) and Preventive Medicine Laboratory (T.C.), Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, La; Division of Biostatistics (T.Rice, D.C.R.) and Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry (D.C.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo; Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (A.S.L.), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Kinesiology (J.S.S.), Indiana University,
| | - Nathan Markward
- From the Human Genomics Laboratory (T.Rankinen, N.M., C.B.) and Preventive Medicine Laboratory (T.C.), Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, La; Division of Biostatistics (T.Rice, D.C.R.) and Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry (D.C.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo; Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (A.S.L.), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Kinesiology (J.S.S.), Indiana University,
| | - Arthur S. Leon
- From the Human Genomics Laboratory (T.Rankinen, N.M., C.B.) and Preventive Medicine Laboratory (T.C.), Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, La; Division of Biostatistics (T.Rice, D.C.R.) and Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry (D.C.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo; Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (A.S.L.), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Kinesiology (J.S.S.), Indiana University,
| | - Dabeeru C. Rao
- From the Human Genomics Laboratory (T.Rankinen, N.M., C.B.) and Preventive Medicine Laboratory (T.C.), Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, La; Division of Biostatistics (T.Rice, D.C.R.) and Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry (D.C.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo; Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (A.S.L.), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Kinesiology (J.S.S.), Indiana University,
| | - James S. Skinner
- From the Human Genomics Laboratory (T.Rankinen, N.M., C.B.) and Preventive Medicine Laboratory (T.C.), Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, La; Division of Biostatistics (T.Rice, D.C.R.) and Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry (D.C.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo; Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (A.S.L.), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Kinesiology (J.S.S.), Indiana University,
| | - Steven N. Blair
- From the Human Genomics Laboratory (T.Rankinen, N.M., C.B.) and Preventive Medicine Laboratory (T.C.), Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, La; Division of Biostatistics (T.Rice, D.C.R.) and Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry (D.C.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo; Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (A.S.L.), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Kinesiology (J.S.S.), Indiana University,
| | - Claude Bouchard
- From the Human Genomics Laboratory (T.Rankinen, N.M., C.B.) and Preventive Medicine Laboratory (T.C.), Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, La; Division of Biostatistics (T.Rice, D.C.R.) and Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry (D.C.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo; Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (A.S.L.), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Kinesiology (J.S.S.), Indiana University,
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Kotake-Nara E, Saida K. Characterization of CoCl2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS): Inductions of neurite outgrowth and endothelin-2/vasoactive intestinal contractor in PC12 cells by CoCl2 are ROS dependent, but those by MnCl2 are not. Neurosci Lett 2007; 422:223-7. [PMID: 17629402 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CoCl(2) and MnCl(2) are hypoxic mimetic agents. We previously found that expression of ET-2/VIC, one of hypoxia-related factors, and the induction of neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells through ROS induced by CoCl(2). MnCl(2) also are known to induce neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. However, it is unclear whether the mechanism of the effect induced by these metals is same. In the present study, we evaluated biological effects induced by MnCl(2) and compared with those induced by CoCl(2). Furthermore, we analyzed sources of CoCl(2)-induced ROS generation. MnCl(2) up-regulated ET-2/VIC gene expression and ET-2/VIC peptide production as CoCl(2) did, but not affect ET-1 gene expression, in the neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. NAC did not at all inhibit the effects induced by MnCl(2). Furthermore, addition of MnCl(2) to the culture medium did not generate ROS as CoCl(2) did. These results indicate that ET-2/VIC expression is a common pathway in neurite outgrowth induced by CoCl(2) and MnCl(2), but the effects induced by CoCl(2) are ROS dependent, whereas the effects induced by MnCl(2) are ROS independent. Taken together, the mechanism for the effects by CoCl(2) was different from that by MnCl(2). The ROS, were not decomposed by catalase or SOD, were rapidly generated by reaction of CoCl(2) mainly with components of HS rather than with FBS or DMEM. Some ROS generated by reaction of CoCl(2) with components of HS may participate in the observed neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kotake-Nara
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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29
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Adur J, Takizawa S, Uchide T, Casco V, Saida K. High doses of ultraviolet-C irradiation increases vasoactive intestinal contractor/endothelin-2 expression in keratinocytes of the newborn mouse epidermis. Peptides 2007; 28:1083-94. [PMID: 17449143 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We examined the expression profiles of vasoactive intestinal contractor/endothelin-2 (VIC/ET-2) at both gene and peptide level in skin irradiated with different ultraviolet wavelengths. We found that VIC/ET-2 gene expression is sensitive only to ultraviolet-C (UVC) irradiation and has an immediate response. These results provide direct evidence that high doses of UVC irradiation induce an increase in gene expression and protein production of VIC/ET-2 and endothelin (ET) receptors in a dose-dependent manner in epidermal keratinocytes. We suggest that VIC/ET-2 can play an essential role in the maintenance, protection and hyperpigmentation of the epidermis exposed to UVC irradiation from artificial or natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Adur
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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30
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Kotake-Nara E, Takizawa S, Saida K. Endothelin-2/vasoactive Intestinal Contractor via ROCK regulates transglutaminase 1 on differentiation of mouse keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 357:168-73. [PMID: 17418814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that endothelin-2/vasoactive intestinal contractor (ET-2/VIC) greatly increased in mouse epidermis after birth. In the present study, we evaluated whether ET-2/VIC expression was associated with the calcium-induced differentiation of cultured mouse keratinocytes. The differentiation induction was revealed by morphological change, cornified envelope (CE) formation, and involucrin and transglutaminase 1 (TG 1) expressions. ET-2/VIC gene expression and peptide production subsequently increased in the induction of the differentiation. We also found that Y-27632, a Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein serine/threonine kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, suppressed up-regulation of ET-2/VIC gene expression, the induction of morphological change, the CE formation, and TG 1 expression, but not involucrin expression. These results indicate new three findings, (1) ET-2/VIC expression increases and has potential as a differentiation marker, (2) ET-2/VIC expression is mediated by ROCK, and (3) the ROCK regulated TG 1 expression, on the calcium-induced differentiation of mouse keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kotake-Nara
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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31
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Furuya S, Furuya K. Subepithelial fibroblasts in intestinal villi: roles in intercellular communication. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2007; 264:165-223. [PMID: 17964923 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)64004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of food and water induces chemical and mechanical signals that trigger peristaltic reflexes in the gut. Intestinal villi are motile, equipped with chemosensors and mechanosensors, and transduce signaling to sensory neurons, but the exact mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Subepithelial fibroblasts located under the villous epithelium form contractile cellular networks via gap junctions. The networks ensheathe lamina propria and are in close contact with epithelium, neural and capillary networks, smooth muscles, and immune cells. Unique characteristics of subepithelial fibroblasts have been revealed by primary cultures isolated from rat duodenal villi. They include rapid reversal changes in cell shape by cAMP reagents and endothelins, cell shape-dependent mechanosensitivity that induces ATP release as a paracrine mediator, contractile ability, and expression of various receptors for vasoactive and neuroactive substances. Herein, we review these characteristics that play a key role in the villi. They serve as a barrier/sieve, flexible mechanical frame, mechanosensor, and signal transduction machinery in the intestinal villi, which are regulated locally and dynamically by rapid cell shape conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Furuya
- Section of Brain Structure, Center for Brain Experiment, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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