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Niu P, Huang F, Wang J, Suo JJ, Wang JR, Fang D, Han CM, Gao QH. Effects of melatonin on sperm quality, enzyme activity, antioxidant gene expression and fertility of cryopreserved bovine semen. Theriogenology 2024; 226:104-109. [PMID: 38875920 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) has strong antioxidant capacity and can reduce the damage caused by oxidative stress in sperm, but there is still little content in the field we have studied. In this study, we are committed to scientific research on adding melatonin to Belgian blue bull semen diluent for cryopreservation. Different concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 or 0.7 mg/mL) of MLT were added diluent. Sperm kinetic parameters, enzyme activity, antioxidant gene expression and fertility were analyzed after thawing. The results showed that MLT concentration of 0.3 mg/mL exerted positive effects on post-thaw kinetic parameters. Compared with other groups, 0.3 mg/mL MLT treated sperm acrosome and plasma membrane integrity, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels significantly increased. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of antioxidant genes SOD2, CAT and GPx increased in the 0.3 mg/mL MLT treatment group, and the mRNA expression of apoptosis genes Caspase-3 and Bax were significantly reduced. In addition, in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryo cleavage, blastocyst rate and artificial insemination (AI) pregnancy rate were higher in 0.3 mg/mL MLT. Therefore, MLT showed cryoprotective capacity to the freezing diluent used for Belgian blue bull sperm during the process of freezing-thawing, and the optimal concentration of MLT for the frozen diluent was 0.3 mg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Niu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Fei Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Jia-Jia Suo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Jie-Ru Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Di Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Chun-Mei Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Qing-Hua Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China; Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China.
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2
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Regmi P, Young M, Minigo G, Milic N, Gyawali P. Photoperiod and metabolic health: evidence, mechanism, and implications. Metabolism 2024; 152:155770. [PMID: 38160935 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are evolutionarily programmed biological rhythms that are primarily entrained by the light cycle. Disruption of circadian rhythms is an important risk factor for several metabolic disorders. Photoperiod is defined as total duration of light exposure in a day. With the extended use of indoor/outdoor light, smartphones, television, computers, and social jetlag people are exposed to excessive artificial light at night increasing their photoperiod. Importantly long photoperiod is not limited to any geographical region, season, age, or socioeconomic group, it is pervasive. Long photoperiod is an established disrupter of the circadian rhythm and can induce a range of chronic health conditions including adiposity, altered hormonal signaling and metabolism, premature ageing, and poor psychological health. This review discusses the impact of exposure to long photoperiod on circadian rhythms, metabolic and mental health, hormonal signaling, and ageing and provides a perspective on possible preventive and therapeutic approaches for this pervasive challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Regmi
- Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Australia.
| | - Morag Young
- Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Milic
- Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Australia
| | - Prajwal Gyawali
- Centre of Health Research and School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
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3
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Stewart C, Marshall CJ. Seasonality of prolactin in birds and mammals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:919-938. [PMID: 35686456 PMCID: PMC9796654 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In most animals, annual rhythms in environmental cues and internal programs regulate seasonal physiology and behavior. Prolactin, an evolutionarily ancient hormone, serves as a molecular correlate of seasonal timing in most species. Prolactin is highly pleiotropic with a wide variety of well-documented physiological effects; in a seasonal context prolactin is known to regulate annual changes in pelage and molt. While short-term homeostatic variation of prolactin secretion is under the control of the hypothalamus, long-term seasonal rhythms of prolactin are programmed by endogenous timers that reside in the pituitary gland. The molecular basis of these rhythms is generally understood to be melatonin dependent in mammals. Prolactin rhythmicity persists for several years in many species, in the absence of hypothalamic signaling. Such evidence in mammals has supported the hypothesis that seasonal rhythms in prolactin derive from an endogenous timer within the pituitary gland that is entrained by external photoperiod. In this review, we describe the conserved nature of prolactin signaling in birds and mammals and highlight its role in regulating multiple diverse physiological systems. The review will cover the current understanding of the molecular control of prolactin seasonality and propose a mechanism by which long-term rhythms may be generated in amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Stewart
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Christopher J. Marshall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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The Effect of Leptin on the Blood Hormonal Profile (Cortisol, Insulin, Thyroid Hormones) of the Ewe in Acute Inflammation in Two Different Photoperiodical Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158109. [PMID: 35897684 PMCID: PMC9331064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As a day animal with sensitivity to inflammation similar to that of humans, the sheep may highly outperform the rodent model in inflammation studies. Additionally, seasonality makes sheep an interesting model in endocrinology research. Although there are studies concerning inflammation’s influence on leptin secretion and vice versa, a ewe model, with its possible ‘long-day leptin resistance’, is still not examined enough. The present study aimed to examine whether leptin may modulate an acute inflammation influence on plasma hormones in two photoperiodical conditions. The experiment was conducted on 48 ewes divided into four groups (control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leptin, LPS + leptin) during short and long days. Blood sampling started 1 hour before and continued 3 h after LPS/saline administration for further hormonal analysis. The results showed that the photoperiod is one of the main factors influencing the basal concentrations of several hormones with higher values of leptin, insulin and thyroid hormones during long days. Additionally, the acute inflammation effect on cortisol, insulin and thyroid hormones was photoperiod-dependent. The endotoxemia may also exert an influence on leptin concentration regardless of season. The effects of leptin alone on hormone blood concentrations are rather limited; however, leptin can modulate the LPS influence on insulin or thyroxine in a photoperiod-dependent way.
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Zieba DA, Szczesna M, Kirsz K, Biernat W. Effects of Leptin, Growth Hormone and Photoperiod on Pituitary SOCS-3 Expression in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030403. [PMID: 35158726 PMCID: PMC8833742 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Maintaining energy homeostasis requires numerous processes and interactions between many systems. This study investigated the relationships between leptin, growth hormone (GH), and factors involved in cell signaling, such as suppressors of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3). Exogenous or endogenous factors affecting these relationships may have different origins, and their interactions are determined in this study. The finding that the length of day significantly influenced the concentrations of growth hormone as well as pituitary leptin- and GH-dependent SOCS-3 expressions suggests that photoperiod plays an important role in regulating the physiological processes underlying adaptive phenomena in response to changing seasons in sheep, which facilitates energy homeostasis despite changing external and internal conditions. Abstract This study examined how leptin affects growth hormone (GH) release and investigated the effects of leptin, GH, and day length on the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) mRNA levels in the adenohypophyses of sheep. The study consisted of two experiments. The first experiment was conducted during long (LD) and short (SD) days. Within-season and replicate sheep were centrally infused with Ringer-Locke buffer or leptin three times at 60-min intervals at the beginning of experiments. The second experiment involved adenohypophyses collected from sheep that were euthanized in May or November. Pituitary explants were treated with medium alone (Control) or medium with leptin or GH at different concentrations and incubated for various times. The results of the first experiment indicated GH concentrations were seasonally dependent and that leptin had no effect on GH secretion. The results of the second experiment indicated a stronger influence of leptin on the expression of SOCS-3 during the SD season than the LD season. During SDs, significant effects of both GH doses on SOCS-3 expression were observed. These results indicate a strong association between leptin, GH, and SOCS-3, which may explain the disruption of SOCS-3 leptin and GH signaling and the dominant effect of photoperiod on the above relationships.
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Seasonal and Nutritional Fluctuations in the mRNA Levels of the Short Form of the Leptin Receptor ( LRa) in the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary in Resistin-Treated Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082451. [PMID: 34438908 PMCID: PMC8388769 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Research since the discovery of leptin has mainly focused on the long form of the leptin receptor. Currently, experiments on the short form of the leptin receptor have confirmed that not only is short form of leptin receptor present in the hypothalamus, but also expanded knowledge with information documenting the specific expression of that form of leptin receptor in selected areas of the hypothalamus and in the pituitary gland. In addition, we have shown that short form of leptin receptor expression levels are affected by day length, adiposity and resistin in sheep. Abstract The short form of the leptin receptor (LRa) plays a key role in the transport of leptin to the central nervous system (CNS). Here, the resistin (RSTN)-mediated expression of LRa in the preoptic area (POA), ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei (VMH/DMH),arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the anterior pituitary gland (AP)was analyzed considering the photoperiodic (experiment 1) and nutritional status (experiment 2) of ewes. In experiment 1, 30 sheep were fed normally and received one injection of saline or two doses of RSTN one hour prior to euthanasia. RSTN increased LRa expression mainly in the ARC and AP during long days (LD) and only in the AP during short days (SD). In experiment 2, an altered diet for 5 months created lean or fat sheep. Twenty sheep were divided into four groups: the lean and fat groups were given saline, while the lean-R and fat-R groups received RSTN one hour prior to euthanasia. Changes in adiposity influenced the effect of RSTN on LRa mRNA transcript levels in the POA, ARC and AP and without detection of LRa in the VMH/DMH. Overall, both photoperiodic and nutritional signals influence the effects of RSTN on leptin transport to the CNS and are involved in the adaptive/pathological phenomenon of leptin resistance in sheep.
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Zieba DA, Biernat W, Barć J. Roles of leptin and resistin in metabolism, reproduction, and leptin resistance. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 73:106472. [PMID: 32265081 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased adipose mass can cause insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This phenomenon is related to adipocyte-secreted signaling molecules that affect glucose balance, such as fatty acids, adiponectin, leptin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and resistin. Among these hormones, leptin and resistin play important roles in regulating weight and glucose metabolism. Leptin and resistin work in both similar and opposite ways, and they interact with each other. Circulating concentrations of leptin and resistin are elevated in models of obesity and rodents fed a high-fat diet. In addition, leptin and resistin are similarly regulated by nutritional status: they are reduced by fasting and increased by feeding. This effect is mediated partially through insulin receptors and glucose transporters. Our latest data provided the first indication that in sheep, intravenous infusion of resistin increases the mean circulating concentrations of leptin and decreases luteinizing hormone in a dose-dependent manner during both the long-day (LD) and short-day seasons. Furthermore, exogenous resistin increased suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 mRNA expression only during the LD season, when the leptin resistance/insensitivity phenomenon was observed in the arcuate nucleus, preoptic area, and anterior pituitary. We concluded that one factor contributing to central leptin resistance is autosuppression, via which leptin and resistin stimulate the expression of SOCS-3, which inhibits leptin signaling. The increased expression of SOCS-3 in response to leptin and resistin may be a pivotal cause of leptin resistance/insensitivity, a pathological situation in obese individuals and a physiological occurrence in sheep during the LD season.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Zieba
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - W Biernat
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - J Barć
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Zieba DA, Biernat W, Szczesna M, Kirsz K, Barć J, Misztal T. Changes in Expression of the Genes for the Leptin Signaling in Hypothalamic-Pituitary Selected Areas and Endocrine Responses to Long-Term Manipulation in Body Weight and Resistin in Ewes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124238. [PMID: 32545900 PMCID: PMC7348850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both long-term undernutrition and overnutrition disturb metabolic balance, which is mediated partially by the action of two adipokines, leptin and resistin (RSTN). In this study, we manipulated the diet of ewes to produce either a thin (lean) or fat (fat) body condition and investigated how RSTN affects endocrine and metabolic status under different leptin concentrations. Twenty ewes were distributed into four groups (n = 5): the lean and fat groups were administered with saline (Lean and Fat), while the Lean-R (Lean-Resistin treated) and Fat-R (Fat-Resistin treated) groups received recombinant bovine resistin. Plasma was assayed for LH, FSH, PRL, RSTN, leptin, GH, glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and triglycerides. Expression levels of a suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS-3) and the long form of the leptin receptor (LRb) were determined in selected brain regions, such as the anterior pituitary, hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, preoptic area and ventro- and dorsomedial nuclei. The results indicate long-term alterations in body weight affect RSTN-mediated effects on metabolic and reproductive hormones concentrations and the expression of leptin signaling components: LRb and SOCS-3. This may be an adaptive mechanism to long-term changes in adiposity during the state of long-day leptin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Anna Zieba
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-120 Krakow, Poland; (W.B.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-4297224
| | - Weronika Biernat
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-120 Krakow, Poland; (W.B.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Malgorzata Szczesna
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-120 Krakow, Poland; (W.B.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Kirsz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-120 Krakow, Poland; (W.B.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Justyna Barć
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-120 Krakow, Poland; (W.B.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Tomasz Misztal
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Jablonna, Poland;
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Wójcik M, Herman AP, Zieba DA, Krawczyńska A. The Impact of Photoperiod on the Leptin Sensitivity and Course of Inflammation in the Anterior Pituitary. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114153. [PMID: 32532062 PMCID: PMC7312887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin has a modulatory impact on the course of inflammation, affecting the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and their receptors. Pathophysiological leptin resistance identified in humans occurs typically in sheep during the long-day photoperiod. This study aimed to determine the effect of the photoperiod with relation to the leptin-modulating action on the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines and their receptors in the anterior pituitary under physiological or acute inflammation. Two in vivo experiments were conducted on 24 blackface sheep per experiment in different photoperiods. The real-time PCR analysis for the expression of the genes IL1B, IL1R1, IL1R2, IL6, IL6R, IL6ST, TNF, TNFR1, and TNFR2 was performed. Expression of all examined genes, except IL1β and IL1R2, was higher during short days. The leptin injection increased the expression of all examined genes during short days. In short days the synergistic effect of lipopolysaccharide and leptin increased the expression of IL1B, IL1R1, IL1R2, IL6, TNF, and TNFR2, and decreased expression of IL6ST. This mechanism was inhibited during long days for the expression of IL1R1, IL6, IL6ST, and TNFR1. The obtained results suggest the occurrence of leptin resistance during long days and suggest that leptin modulates the course of inflammation in a photoperiod-dependent manner in the anterior pituitary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wójcik
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (A.P.H.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrzej Przemysław Herman
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (A.P.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Dorota Anna Zieba
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, Department of Nutrition, Animal Biotechnology and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Krakow, 30-248 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Agata Krawczyńska
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (A.P.H.); (A.K.)
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Kirsz K, Szczęsna M, Biernat W, Molik E, Zięba DA. Involvement of orexin A in nocturnal melatonin secretion into the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood plasma in seasonal sheep. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 286:113304. [PMID: 31654677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In sheep, differences in orexin A (OXA) gene expression and activity are related to changes in energy demand and seasonal reproduction. However, the mechanism by which and the key place where the OXA signal is integrated with photoperiod, whose main biochemical expression is melatonin (MEL), remain unknown. We examined the effects of cisterna magna injections of OXA (0.3 μg/kg body weight) on nocturnal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma MEL concentrations; mRNA and protein expression of two rate-limiting enzymes for MEL biosynthesis, tryptophan 5-hydroxylase-1 (TPH1) and arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT); and OXA receptor (OX1R, OX2R) expression in the pineal gland (PG) obtained from twenty ewes during the short-day (SD) and long-day (LD) seasons. OXA increased (P < 0.001) CSF and plasma MEL concentrations regardless of the season. Plasma MEL was positively correlated (P < 0.001) with CSF MEL in the OXA-treated sheep in both seasons. OXA had no effect (P > 0.05) on TPH1 transcript or protein level but upregulated (P < 0.05) AA-NAT mRNA and protein expression in both seasons. OXA enhanced (P < 0.05) OX1R mRNA level only during the LD season. Our results show that the endocrine activity of the ovine PG is regulated by day length and non-photic signals via hypothalamic OXA. These results are important for understanding the work of the biological clock and recognizing mechanisms responsible for the adaptation of seasonal animals to the changing external environment conditions. OXA and MEL are both involved in the regulation of the sleep-wakefulness system, therefore our results can be used in the study on the circadian rhythm disorders in humans (e.g. jet lag, insomnia, seasonal depression).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kirsz
- University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Animal Biotechnology, 1B Rędzina Street, 31-248 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Szczęsna
- University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Animal Biotechnology, 1B Rędzina Street, 31-248 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Weronika Biernat
- University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Animal Biotechnology, 1B Rędzina Street, 31-248 Krakow, Poland
| | - Edyta Molik
- University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Animal Biotechnology, 1B Rędzina Street, 31-248 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Dorota A Zięba
- University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Animal Biotechnology, 1B Rędzina Street, 31-248 Krakow, Poland.
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary and Adipose Tissue Responses to the Effect of Resistin in Sheep: The Integration of Leptin and Resistin Signaling Involving a Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 and the Long Form of the Leptin Receptor. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092180. [PMID: 31514318 PMCID: PMC6769434 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that resistin is engaged in the development of leptin central insensitivity/resistance in sheep, which is a unique animal model to explore reversible leptin resistance. Thirty Polish Longwool ewes, which were ovariectomized with estrogen replacement, were used. Treatments consisted of the intravenous injection of control (saline) or recombinant bovine resistin (rbresistin): control (Control; n = 10), a low dose of rbresistin (R1; 1.0 μg/kg body weight (BW); n = 10), and a high dose of rbresistin (R2; 10.0 μg/kg BW; n = 10). The studies were performed during short-day (SD) and long-day (LD) photoperiods. Leptin and resistin concentrations were determined. Expression levels of a suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 and the long form of the leptin receptor (LeptRb) were determined in selected brain regions, including in the anterior pituitary (AP), hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), preoptic area (POA), and ventro- and dorsomedial nuclei (VMH/DMH). The results indicate that resistin induced a consistent decrease in LeptRb (except in POA) and an increase in SOCS-3 expression during the LD photoperiod in all selected brain regions. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the action of resistin appears to be strongly associated with photoperiod-driven changes in the leptin signaling pathway, which may underlie the phenomenon of central leptin resistance.
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12
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Chi L, Li X, Liu Q, Liu Y. Photoperiod may regulate growth via leptin receptor A1 in the hypothalamus and saccus vasculosus of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2019; 23:200-208. [PMID: 31231584 PMCID: PMC6566995 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2019.1595138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoperiod is believed to regulate growth in fish, although the mechanism involved is still unclear. In this paper, we report a relationship between leptin-receptor A1 (AsLRa1), melatonin-receptor (AsMR) and photoperiod in Atlantic salmon. Atlantic salmon (mean weight 1071.70 ± 155.54 g) were reared under six photoperiod regimes, four constant light regimes 24L:0D, 18L:6D, 12L:12D and 8L:16D, hours of light (L) and dark (D) and two varying light regimes, LL-SL = 24L:0D-8L:16D, and SL-LL = 8L:16D-24L:0D over a period of seven months. The results showed that AsLRa1 transcripts were mainly existed in the hypothalamus and saccus vasculosus (SV), AsMR was mainly expressed in the hypothalamus. Long photoperiod inhibited the expression of AsLRa1 and AsMR transcripts in the Atlantic salmon brain. The expression pattern of AsLRa1 was similar to the expression pattern of AsMR in the hypothalamus. Food intake was higher in fish with lower AsLRa1 transcript levels. This demonstrated that photoperiod influenced somatic growth by changing expression of AsLRa1 in the hypothalamus and SV to affect appetite. In addition, we found that the SV appears to act as a seasonal sensor regulating reproduction in a similar way to the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chi
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Li
- Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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Qiu J, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Li X, Li H, Liu J, Gou K, Zhao J, Cui S. MicroRNA-7 inhibits melatonin synthesis by acting as a linking molecule between leptin and norepinephrine signaling pathways in pig pineal gland. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12552. [PMID: 30618087 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs, including microRNA-7 (miR-7), are important modulators of numerous gene expressions and the related biological processes. Melatonin is a key hormone regulating daily and seasonal rhythms, in which a variety of positive and negative regulatory factors, such as norepinephrine (NE) and leptin, are involved. However, the interactions among these factors and the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The aims of the present study were to identify the functions and the related mechanisms of miR-7 in regulating melatonin synthesis and secretion through in vitro and in vivo experiments in pineal gland of pigs, which is an important animal model for agricultural and biomedical studies. Our results firstly show that miR-7 is specifically expressed in porcine pinealocytes and negatively regulates melatonin synthesis. The further functional studies show that the dynamic expression levels of miR-7 are contrary to the melatonin levels throughout the day, and the forced inhibition of endogenous miR-7 in porcine pinealocytes sharply increases arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) expression by 80.0% (P = 0.0031) and melatonin levels by 81.0% (P = 0.0421), whereas miR-7 over-expression down-regulates AANAT expression by 38.6% (P = 0.0004) and melatonin levels by 37.6% (P = 0.0212). In addition, the miR-7 expression is up-regulated by leptin through the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway, and the in vivo intracerebroventricular injection of leptin increases miR-7 expression by 80.0% (P = 0.0044) in porcine pineal glands and reduces melatonin levels by 57.1% (P = 0.0060) compared with the controls. This functional inhibition of melatonin synthesis by miR-7 is accomplished by its binding to the 3'-UTR of Raf1. Further, our results demonstrate that the RAF1/MEK/ERK signaling pathway mediates NE-induced AANAT expression, whereas leptin attenuates NE's function through miR-7. Taken together, the results demonstrated that leptin activates the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway to increase the expression of miR-7, which acts as a negative regulatory molecule inhibiting NE-activated RAF1/MEK/ERK signaling pathway by targeting Raf1, resulting in decreased AANAT expression and melatonin synthesis. These findings suggest that miR-7 is a novel negative regulator of melatonin synthesis and links leptin- and NE-mediated signaling pathways in porcine pineal glands, which will contribute to our understanding in the establishment of the biological rhythms resulting from melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinglin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yewen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kemian Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Szczesna M, Kirsz K, Misztal T, Zieba DA. Downregulation of LRb in VMH/DMH during the second half of gestation and upregulation of SOCS-3 in ARC in late-pregnant ewes - Implications for leptin resistance. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 274:73-79. [PMID: 30611814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate factors involved in pregnancy-induced regulation of tissue sensitivity to leptin, we determined leptin concentrations and expression levels of the long form of the leptin receptor (LRb) and suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS)-3 in the ventro- and dorsomedial nuclei (VMH/DMH), arcuate nucleus (ARC), median eminence (ME) and anterior pituitary (AP) in 15 Polish Longwool ewes euthanized at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of pregnancy and before gestation (n = 3 per group). Leptin concentrations increased during the first half of pregnancy, peaked on day 60, and then declined. In the VMH/DMH, LRb mRNA levels decreased from day 60 of pregnancy; in the ARC, LRb mRNA levels remained stable before and throughout pregnancy. LRb expression in the ME was lower in the first two months of pregnancy than before pregnancy (P < 0.01) and peaked at day 90. In the AP, LRb mRNA levels were higher during mid-pregnancy (P < 0.05) than before pregnancy. SOCS-3 expression in the VMH/DMH was higher throughout gestation (P < 0.05) than before pregnancy but was undetectable at day 120. SOCS-3 transcript levels were higher in the ARC (P < 0.05) in late-pregnancy (at day 120) than in non-pregnant ewes. SOCS-3 mRNA levels in the ME were lower at days 30 and 60 (P < 0.05) than at day 120 or before pregnancy. In the AP, SOCS-3 transcription was stable throughout gestation except at day 120, when it increased (P < 0.05). The changes in plasma leptin concentrations during pregnancy, hypothalamic LRb downregulation in the VMH/DMH during the second half of gestation and SOCS-3 upregulation in the ARC in late-pregnant ewes identified here may be essential components of the mechanisms driving ovine leptin insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Szczesna
- University of Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kirsz
- University of Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Misztal
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Animal Physiology, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jablonna, Poland
| | - Dorota A Zieba
- University of Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
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Szczesna M, Kirsz K, Misztal T, Molik E, Zieba DA. The effects of leptin on plasma concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone, and melatonin vary depending on the stage of pregnancy in sheep. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3348-3357. [PMID: 29788119 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance during gestation are unclear. Leptin, an important neuroendocrine regulator, has anorexic effects, but its interactions with other metabolic hormones during pregnancy are unclear. We examined potential roles of leptin in regulating prolactin (PRL), GH, and melatonin plasma concentrations during pregnancy in Polish Longwool ewes. Twelve estrus-synchronized ewes carrying twins after mating were randomly assigned to receive i.v. injections of saline or recombinant ovine leptin (2.5 or 5.0 µg/kg BW). Blood samples were collected (15-min intervals over 4 h) immediately before the first injection at dusk and kept under red light. Treatments were repeated at 2-wk intervals, starting before mating and continuing from days 30 to 135 of gestation. Concentrations of plasma PRL, GH, and melatonin were determined using a validated RIA. The effects of leptin on hormone plasma concentrations varied depending on pregnancy stage and leptin dose. PRL plasma concentrations were affected at most stages of pregnancy and before gestation. In non-, very early- (day 30), and late- (day 120 and 135) pregnant ewes, exogenous leptin stimulated PRL (P < 0.001) plasma concentrations, while during the second month of gestation, it decreased PRL concentrations (P < 0.01). Leptin affected GH plasma concentrations (P < 0.05) only during the first 2 mo of pregnancy, with no effects during the second part of gestation or before pregnancy. In early-pregnant ewes (day 30 and 45), leptin decreased melatonin plasma concentrations (P < 0.05), but at day 60, leptin stimulated melatonin plasma concentrations at low (P < 0.01) and high doses (P < 0.05), with no effects in ewes after 105 d of gestation. These data indicate specific pregnancy-induced endocrine adaptations to changes in energy homeostasis, supporting the hypothesis that leptin affects PRL, GH, and melatonin release during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Szczesna
- Agricultural University, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kirsz
- Agricultural University, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Misztal
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland
| | - Edyta Molik
- Agricultural University, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota A Zieba
- Agricultural University, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
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Biernat W, Kirsz K, Szczesna M, Zieba DA. Resistin regulates reproductive hormone secretion from the ovine adenohypophysis depending on season. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 65:95-100. [PMID: 30086525 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Work in cattle and rodents has shown that resistin, in addition to its roles in insulin resistance and inflammation, is involved in the regulation of gonadal steroidogenesis. However, the role of resistin in the regulation of reproductive processes in other species, such as seasonally breeding sheep, is completely unknown. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that resistin can influence the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones and that its effect in ewes is dependent on the day length. Thirty Polish Longwool ewes, a breed that exhibits a strong seasonal reproductive pattern, were ovariectomized with estrogen replacement using subcutaneously inserted estradiol implants. Ewes were fed ad libitum and housed under a natural photoperiod (longitude: 19°57' E, latitude: 50° 04' N). Intravenous treatments consisted of control or recombinant bovine resistin (rbresistin) in saline: (1) control (saline; n = 10), (2) low resistin dose (1.0 μg/kg BW; n = 10), and (3) high resistin dose (10.0 μg/kg BW; n = 10). Experiments were conducted during both short-day (SD) and long-day (LD) seasons using 5 sheep per group within each season. Blood samples were collected every 10 min over 4 h. Blood plasma concentrations of FSH, LH, and prolactin (PRL) were assayed using RIA. A season × dose interaction was observed for all hormonal variables measured. Greater concentrations (P < 0.001) of LH and FSH were observed during SDs than during LDs in all groups. During SDs, the high dose (10 μg/kg BW) decreased (P < 0.001) basal LH levels and amplitude (P < 0.05) of LH pulses and increased (P < 0.001) circulating concentrations of FSH. However, the low dose of resistin decreased (P < 0.001) FSH concentrations compared to those of controls. During LDs, both the low and high resistin doses increased mean concentrations of LH (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively) and FSH (P < 0.001). A high dose of rbresistin increased (P < 0.001) the mean circulating concentrations of PRL during both seasons. However, in all groups, concentrations of PRL were greater during LDs than SDs. These results demonstrate for the first time that resistin is involved in the regulation of pituitary hormone secretion and that this effect is differentially mediated during LDs and SDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Biernat
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Krakow, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kirsz
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Krakow, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Szczesna
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Krakow, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota A Zieba
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Krakow, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, Krakow, Poland.
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17
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Kirsz K, Szczesna M, Molik E, Zieba DA. Effects of ghrelin on nocturnal melatonin secretion in sheep: An in vitro and in vivo approach1. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Kirsz K, Szczęsna M, Molik E, Misztal T, Zięba DA. Induction of the Secretion of LH and GH by Orexin A and Ghrelin is Controlled in Vivo by Leptin and Photoperiod in Sheep. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/aoas-2016-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The influence of leptin on orexin A and the interaction of leptin with ghrelin in regulating the gonadotropic and somatotropic axes in seasonally polyestrous animals are not well understood. This study examined the effects of these factors as well as the mediating roles of specific ovine leptin antagonist (SOLA; mutant D23L/L39A/D40A/F41A) and photoperiod on luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) secretion. Twenty-four ovariectomized, estradiol-implanted ewes were used in a replicated switchback design. The ewes were assigned randomly to 1 of 6 treatments (infused into the third ventricle 3 times at 0 (dusk), 1, and 2 h) as follows: control, Ringer-Locke buffer; leptin, 0.5 μg/kg b.w.; orexin A, 0.3 μg/kg b.w.; ghrelin, 2.5 μg/kg b.w.; SOLA, 50 μg/kg b.w. + orexin A, 0.3 μg/kg b.w.; and SOLA, 50 μg/kg b.w. + ghrelin, 2.5 μg/kg b.w. Blood samples (5 ml) were collected at 15-min intervals for 4 h. SOLA + orexin A resulted in an increase (P<0.01) in the LH plasma concentration during short-day (SD) and long-day (LD) photoperiods. However, ghrelin and SOLA + ghrelin had the opposite effect. SOLA + orexin A resulted in an increase (P<0.001) in the GH concentration compared with leptin or orexin A during the LD season. Ghrelin and SOLA + ghrelin increased the GH concentration (P<0.01) regardless of the season. In summary, LH and GH secretion are seasonally dependent on relationships that are subject to photoperiodic regulation, and leptin is an important regulator of the effects of ghrelin and orexin A on the activities of the gonadotropic and somatotropic axes in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kirsz
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, Agricultural University of Krakow, Rędzina 1B, 31-248 Kraków , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szczęsna
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, Agricultural University of Krakow, Rędzina 1B, 31-248 Kraków , Poland
| | - Edyta Molik
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, Agricultural University of Krakow, Rędzina 1B, 31-248 Kraków , Poland
| | - Tomasz Misztal
- Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna , Poland
| | - Dorota A. Zięba
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, Agricultural University of Krakow, Rędzina 1B, 31-248 Kraków , Poland
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19
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Resumption of ovarian activity is modified by non-photoperiodic environmental cues in Criollo goats in tropical latitudes. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Chaves M, Aguilera-Merlo C, Cruceño A, Fogal T, Mohamed F. Morphological study of the prostate gland in viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) during periods of maximal and minimal reproductive activity. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1919-31. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Chaves
- Cátedra de Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Av. Ejército de los Andes 950-Bloque I, 1º Piso San Luis 5700 Argentina
| | - Claudia Aguilera-Merlo
- Cátedra de Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Av. Ejército de los Andes 950-Bloque I, 1º Piso San Luis 5700 Argentina
| | - Albana Cruceño
- Cátedra de Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Av. Ejército de los Andes 950-Bloque I, 1º Piso San Luis 5700 Argentina
| | - Teresa Fogal
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET; Mendoza 5500 Argentina
| | - Fabian Mohamed
- Cátedra de Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Av. Ejército de los Andes 950-Bloque I, 1º Piso San Luis 5700 Argentina
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21
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Szczesna M, Zieba DA. Phenomenon of leptin resistance in seasonal animals: the failure of leptin action in the brain. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2015; 52:60-70. [PMID: 25863197 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The core of the leptin resistance hypothesis promulgated several years ago to explain obesity as a result of environmental causes consists of 2 tenets: the extinction of leptin-induced intracellular signaling downstream of leptin binding to the long form of the neuronal receptor LTRb in the hypothalamus and the impedance to leptin entry imposed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A recent comprehensive investigation concluded that a central leptin insufficiency associated with obesity can be attributed to a decreased efficiency of BBB leptin transport and not to leptin insensitivity within the hypothalamus. Interestingly, anorectic leptin's effects are counteracted in some individuals by a natural resistance associated with hyperleptinemia, which is related to changes in hypothalamic sensitivity to leptin (eg, due to malnutrition, obesity, or seasonal variations due to day-length-dependent reproduction changes). In sheep, it has been observed that the hypothalamus is resistant to leptin in some periods, which is related to the adaptation of these animals to annual changes in energy supply and demand. However, a broad range of ambiguities exists regarding the implications that the intracellular signaling of signal transducer and activator of transcription-2/suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (STAT2/SOCS3) imparts central leptin resistance. Furthermore, several plausible alternative possibilities have been proposed, such as compensatory functional and anatomic reorganizations in the appetite regulating network, rearrangements in the afferent hormonal feedback signaling involved in weight homeostasis, and modifications in leptin transport to the hypothalamus across the BBB. Taken together, these observations suggest that the contention that impaired intracellular signaling downstream of leptin entry into the appetite regulating network expedites environmentally induced obesity remains unsubstantiated and requires further evidence. Furthermore, pregnancy decreases hypothalamic sensitivity to leptin (or other unknown mechanisms), and lactation can also alter the appetite-suppressing central activity of leptin. The objective of this review was to offer an approach to understanding (1) how information regarding nutritional status is transmitted to and interpreted within the hypothalamus in animals, with special attention on seasonally breeding animals and (2) whether central leptin resistance and/or leptin insufficiency in the hypothalamus favors the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Szczesna
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agricultural University in Krakow, 31-248 Krakow, Poland
| | - D A Zieba
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agricultural University in Krakow, 31-248 Krakow, Poland.
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22
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Szczęsna M, Kirsz K, Kmiotek M, Zieba D. Seasonal fluctuations in the steady-state mRNA levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) in the mammary gland of lactating and non-lactating ewes. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Kirsz K, Szczesna M, Dudek K, Bartlewski PM, Zieba DA. Influence of season and nutritional status on the direct effects of leptin, orexin-A and ghrelin on luteinizing hormone and growth hormone secretion in the ovine pituitary explant model. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2014; 48:69-76. [PMID: 24906931 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether leptin (anorexigenic peptide), orexin-A, and ghrelin (orexigenic peptides) could directly (ie, independently of hypothalamic influences) affect the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) by adenohypophyseal (AP) explants obtained from normally fed or fasted (48 h) ewes during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. In addition, a specific ovine super leptin antagonist (SLAN-3) was used to assess the interactions between leptin and ghrelin and/or orexin-A. Pituitary glands from 16 ovariectomized Polish Longwool ewes that had received estradiol-releasing subcutaneous implants were collected in the breeding (November; n = 8) and nonbreeding (May; n = 8) seasons. The AP explants were incubated for 240 min in a gas-liquid interface and treated with leptin (50 ng/mL), ghrelin (100 ng/mL), orexin-A (100 ng/mL), and SLAN-3 (500 ng/mL) with orexin-A or ghrelin. Treatments with leptin and SLAN-3 + orexin-A increased (P < 0.05) LH concentrations in the cultures of AP explants from fasted animals in the breeding season. Orexin-A increased (P < 0.05) LH secretion by AP explants from both fasted and fed animals in the breeding season. Ghrelin stimulated (P < 0.05) GH secretion by AP explants collected from fasted animals in nonbreeding season and from normally fed ewes in both seasons. Leptin decreased (P < 0.05) GH secretion by AP explants collected from fasted ewes in both seasons and from nonfasted ewes in the breeding season. However, the treatment with SLAN-3 + ghrelin resulted in greater (P < 0.05) GH concentrations compared with leptin treatment of AP explants from fasted ewes in the breeding season and from normally fed ewes in nonbreeding season. In summary, leptin, orexin-A, and ghrelin exerted direct effects on AP secretory function in an ex situ model and both the reproductive season and nutritional status of the animals impinged on the direct effects of the peptides on LH and GH release. Specifically, orexin-A was more potent than leptin in directly stimulating LH secretion in cycling ewes, whereas ghrelin and leptin generally had opposing effects on the secretory function of somatotrophs in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kirsz
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Agricultural University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Szczesna
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Agricultural University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - K Dudek
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Agricultural University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - P M Bartlewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - D A Zieba
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Agricultural University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland.
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24
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Seale AP, Yamaguchi Y, Johnstone WM, Borski RJ, Lerner DT, Grau EG. Endocrine regulation of prolactin cell function and modulation of osmoreception in the Mozambique tilapia. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 192:191-203. [PMID: 23722201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) cells of the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, are osmoreceptors by virtue of their intrinsic osmosensitivity coupled with their ability to directly regulate hydromineral homeostasis through the actions of PRL. Layered upon this fundamental osmotic reflex is an array of endocrine control of PRL synthesis and secretion. Consistent with its role in fresh water (FW) osmoregulation, PRL release in tilapia increases as extracellular osmolality decreases. The hyposmotically-induced release of PRL can be enhanced or attenuated by a variety of hormones. Prolactin release has been shown to be stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 17-β-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain-natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), ventricular natriuretic peptide (VNP), PRL-releasing peptide (PrRP), angiotensin II (ANG II), leptin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), ghrelin, and inhibited by somatostatin (SS), urotensin-II (U-II), dopamine, cortisol, ouabain and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). This review is aimed at providing an overview of the hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic hormones that regulate PRL release in euryhaline Mozambique tilapia, particularly in the context on how they may modulate osmoreception, and mediate the multifunctional actions of PRL. Also considered are the signal transduction pathways through which these secretagogues regulate PRL cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Seale
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA.
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25
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Leptin modulates norepinephrine-mediated melatonin synthesis in cultured rat pineal gland. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:546516. [PMID: 23936817 PMCID: PMC3713337 DOI: 10.1155/2013/546516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pineal melatonin synthesis can be modulated by many peptides, including insulin. Because melatonin appears to alter leptin synthesis, in this work we aimed to investigate whether leptin would have a role on norepinephrine- (NE-)mediated melatonin synthesis in cultured rat pineal glands. According to our data, cultured rat pineal glands express leptin receptor isoform b (Ob-Rb). Pineal expression of Ob-Rb mRNA was also observed in vivo. Administration of leptin (1 nM) associated with NE ( 1 µM) reduced melatonin content as well as arylalkylamine-N-acetyl transferase (AANAT) activity and expression in cultured pineal glands. Leptin treatment per se induced the expression of STAT3 in cultured pineal glands, but STAT3 does not participate in the leptin modulation of NE-mediated pineal melatonin synthesis. In addition, the expression of inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) was further induced by leptin challenge when associated with NE. In conclusion, leptin inhibition of pineal melatonin synthesis appears to be mediated by a reduction in AANAT activity and expression as well as by increased expression of Icer mRNA. Peptidergic signaling within the pineal gland appears to be one of the most important signals which modulates melatonin synthesis; leptin, as a member of this system, is not an exception.
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Moen AGG, Finn RN. Short-term, but not long-term feed restriction causes differential expression of leptins in Atlantic salmon. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013. [PMID: 23201187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic salmon was used to investigate the effect of long- and short-term dietary ration on the tissue expression levels of leptins. Compared to ad libitum fed fish (0.8-3kg), 6months of dietary restriction (60%) resulted in significantly lower body mass and adiposity, but did not produce a clear effect on the expression levels of either lepa1 or lepa2. For visceral adipose tissue, however, the long-term data indicated that season appeared to influence the levels of lepa1 expression of ad libitum fed fish, but not feed-restricted fish. By comparing the total levels of leptin mRNA expression to the tissue lipid contents, we found that only white muscle lepa1 showed the positive relation reported in mammals. The existence of a postprandial leptin response in Atlantic salmon parr was determined in fed and unfed parr over a 24h period. In contrast to other animals, lepa1 peaked in the unfed fish, initially in the white muscle at 6h, and subsequently in belly flap, liver and visceral adipose tissue at 9h. Only lepa2 in the visceral adipose tissue of fed fish showed a similar 9h peak, but at an order of magnitude lower than lepa1 in the unfed fish. These data reveal that short-term feed restriction causes a latent (6-9h) upregulation of lepa-type genes in the fatty tissues of Atlantic salmon, a finding that contrasts the mammalian response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Grethe Gamst Moen
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen High Technology Centre, Bergen, Norway.
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Zięba D, Szczęsna M, Kirsz K, Molik E. Seasonal plasticity of brain—The use of sheep model to study reproductive processes. Reprod Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Szczesna M, Kirsz K, Kucharski M, Szymaszek P, Zieba DA. Obesity and leptin resistance: The role of growth hormone. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.58a3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kirsz K, Szczesna M, Molik E, Misztal T, Wojtowicz AK, Zieba DA. Seasonal changes in the interactions among leptin, ghrelin, and orexin in sheep1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2524-31. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kirsz
- Agricultural University, Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, 31-274 Krakow, Poland
| | - M. Szczesna
- Agricultural University, Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, 31-274 Krakow, Poland
| | - E. Molik
- Agricultural University, Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, 31-274 Krakow, Poland
| | - T. Misztal
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Endocrinology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jablonna, Poland
| | - A. K. Wojtowicz
- Agricultural University, Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, 31-274 Krakow, Poland
| | - D. A. Zieba
- Agricultural University, Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, 31-274 Krakow, Poland
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Chaves EM, Aguilera-Merlo C, Cruceño A, Fogal T, Piezzi R, Scardapane L, Dominguez S. Seasonal Morphological Variations and Age-Related Changes of the Seminal Vesicle of Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus): An Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:886-95. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Szczesna M, Zieba D, Klocek-Gorka B, Keisler D. Interactive in vitro effect of prolactin, growth hormone and season on leptin secretion by ovine adipose tissue. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Manzar D, Hussain ME. Leptin rhythmicity and its relationship with other rhythm markers. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09291011003759558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The effects of melatonin on prolactin and growth hormone secretion in ewes under different photoperiods, during the early post partum period. Small Rumin Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Klocek-Gorka B, Szczesna M, Molik E, Zieba DA. The interactions of season, leptin and melatonin levels with thyroid hormone secretion, using an in vitro approach. Small Rumin Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Grab DJ, Garcia-Garcia JC, Nikolskaia OV, Kim YV, Brown A, Pardo CA, Zhang Y, Becker KG, Wilson BA, de A Lima APC, Scharfstein J, Dumler JS. Protease activated receptor signaling is required for African trypanosome traversal of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e479. [PMID: 19621073 PMCID: PMC2707606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) as an in vitro model for how African trypanosomes cross the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) we recently reported that the parasites cross the BBB by generating calcium activation signals in HBMECs through the activity of parasite cysteine proteases, particularly cathepsin L (brucipain). In the current study, we examined the possible role of a class of protease stimulated HBMEC G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) known as protease activated receptors (PARs) that might be implicated in calcium signaling by African trypanosomes. Methodology/Principal Findings Using RNA interference (RNAi) we found that in vitro PAR-2 gene (F2RL1) expression in HBMEC monolayers could be reduced by over 95%. We also found that the ability of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense to cross F2RL1-silenced HBMEC monolayers was reduced (39%–49%) and that HBMECs silenced for F2RL1 maintained control levels of barrier function in the presence of the parasite. Consistent with the role of PAR-2, we found that HBMEC barrier function was also maintained after blockade of Gαq with Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT). PAR-2 signaling has been shown in other systems to have neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective roles and our data implicate a role for proteases (i.e. brucipain) and PAR-2 in African trypanosome/HBMEC interactions. Using gene-profiling methods to interrogate candidate HBMEC pathways specifically triggered by brucipain, several pathways that potentially link some pathophysiologic processes associated with CNS HAT were identified. Conclusions/Significance Together, the data support a role, in part, for GPCRs as molecular targets for parasite proteases that lead to the activation of Gαq-mediated calcium signaling. The consequence of these events is predicted to be increased permeability of the BBB to parasite transmigration and the initiation of neuroinflammation, events precursory to CNS disease. Human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, occurs when single-cell trypanosome protozoan parasites spread from the blood to brain over the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This barrier is composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) especially designed to keep pathogens out. Safe drugs for treating sleeping sickness are lacking and alternative treatments are urgently required. Using our human BMEC BBB model, we previously found that a parasite protease, brucipain, induced calcium activation signals that allowed this barrier to open up to parasite crossing. Because human BMECs express protease-activated receptors (PARs) that trigger calcium signals in BMECs, we hypothesized a functional link between parasite brucipain and BMEC PARs. Utilizing RNA interference to block the production of one type of PAR called PAR-2, we hindered the ability of trypanosomes to both open up and cross human BMECs. Using gene-profiling methods to interrogate candidate BMEC pathways specifically triggered by brucipain, several pathways that potentially link brain inflammatory processes were identified, a finding congruent with the known role of PAR-2 as a mediator of inflammation. Overall, our data support a role for brucipain and BMEC PARs in trypanosome BBB transmigration, and as potential triggers for brain inflammation associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Grab
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
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