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Zhang YL, Chen SM, Song YJ, Islam MA, Rao PL, Zhu MJ, Gu WY, Xu Y, Xu HX. Red ginseng ameliorates lipotoxicity-induced renal fibrosis in hyperuricemia mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 327:118014. [PMID: 38460576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chronic kidney disease can be caused by numerous diseases including obesity and hyperuricemia (HUA). Obesity may exacerbate the renal injury caused by HUA. Red ginseng, a steamed products of Panax ginseng Meyer root, is known for its remarkable efficacy in improving metabolic syndrome, such as maintaining lipid metabolic balance. However, the role of red ginseng on hyperuricemia-induced renal injury in obese cases remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the action of red ginseng extract (RGE) on lipotoxicity-induced renal injury in HUA mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS A high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity model was employed to initially investigate the effects of RGE on body weight, TC, OGTT, renal lipid droplets, and renal function indices such as uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen. Renal structural improvement was demonstrated by H&E staining. Subsequently, an animal model combining obesity and HUA was established to further study the impact of RGE on OAT1 and ACC1 expression levels. The mechanisms underlying renal injury regulation by RGE were postulated on the basis of RNA sequencing, which was verified by immunohistochemical (including F4/80, Ki67, TGF-β1, α-SMA, and E-cadherin), Masson, and Sirius red staining. RESULTS RGE modulated HFD-induced weight gain, glucose metabolism, and abnormalities of uric acid, urea nitrogen, and creatinine. RGE alleviated the more severe renal histopathological changes induced by obesity combined with HUA, with down-regulated the protein levels of ACC1, F4/80, Ki67, TGF-β1, and α-SMA, and up-regulated OAT1 and E-cadherin. CONCLUSIONS RGE has ameliorative effects on chronic kidney disease caused by obesity combined with HUA by maintaining lipid balance and reducing renal inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ling Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Si-Min Chen
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Yi-Jie Song
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Md Ariful Islam
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Pei-Li Rao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Meng-Jie Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wen-Yi Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Sun P, Wang J, Ilyasova T, Shumadalova A, Agaverdiev M, Wang C. The function of miRNAs in the process of kidney development. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:593-601. [PMID: 37680850 PMCID: PMC10480480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that typically consist of 19-25 nucleotides in length. These molecules function as essential regulators of gene expression by selectively binding to complementary target sequences within messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, consequently exerting a negative impact on gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. By modulating the stability and translation efficiency of target mRNAs, miRNAs play pivotal roles in diverse biological processes, including the intricate orchestration of organ development. Among these processes, the development of the kidney has emerged as a key area of interest regarding miRNA function. Intriguingly, recent investigations have uncovered a subset of miRNAs that exhibit remarkably high expression levels in the kidney, signifying their close association with kidney development and diseases affecting this vital organ. This growing body of evidence strongly suggests that miRNAs serve as crucial regulators, actively shaping both the physiological processes governing kidney function and the pathological events leading to renal disorders. This comprehensive review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the latest research progress regarding miRNAs and their involvement in kidney development. By examining the intricate interplay between miRNAs and the molecular pathways driving kidney development, this review seeks to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which miRNAs exert their regulatory functions. Furthermore, an in-depth exploration of the role played by miRNAs in the occurrence and progression of renal dysplasia will be presented. Renal dysplasia represents a significant developmental anomaly characterized by abnormal kidney tissue formation, and miRNAs have emerged as key players in this pathological process. By shedding light on the intricate network of miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms involved in kidney dysplasia, this review aims to provide valuable insights for the diagnosis and research of diseases associated with aberrant kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Sun
- Tianjin Baodi Hospital/Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 301800, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Tatiana Ilyasova
- Department of Internal Diseases, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan 450008, Russia
| | - Alina Shumadalova
- Department of General Chemistry, Bashkir State Medical University, 3 Lenin Street, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450008, Russia
| | - Murad Agaverdiev
- Department of Urology, Bashkir State Medical University, 450008, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
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Nagalakshmi VK, Li M, Liang X, Medrano S, Belyea BC, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Cells of the renin lineage promote kidney regeneration post-release of ureteral obstruction in neonatal mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e14014. [PMID: 37309075 PMCID: PMC10527043 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM Ureteral obstruction leads to significant changes in kidney renin expression. It is unclear whether those changes are responsible for the progression of kidney damage, repair, or regeneration. In the current study, we aimed to elucidate the contribution of renin-producing cells (RPCs) and the cells of the renin lineage (CoRL) towards kidney damage and regeneration using a model of partial and reversible unilateral ureteral obstruction (pUUO) in neonatal mice. METHODS Renin cells are progenitors for other renal cell types collectively called CoRL. We labeled the CoRL with green fluorescent protein (GFP) using genetic approaches. We performed lineage tracing to analyze the changes in the distribution of CoRL during and after the release of obstruction. We also ablated the RPCs and CoRL by cell-specific expression of Diphtheria Toxin Sub-unit A (DTA). Finally, we evaluated the kidney damage and regeneration during and after the release of obstruction in the absence of CoRL. RESULTS In the obstructed kidneys, there was a 163% increase in the renin-positive area and a remarkable increase in the distribution of GFP+ CoRL. Relief of obstruction abrogated these changes. In addition, DTA-expressing animals did not respond to pUUO with increased RPCs and CoRL. Moreover, reduction in CoRL significantly compromised the kidney's ability to recover from the damage after the release of obstruction. CONCLUSIONS CoRL play a role in the regeneration of the kidneys post-relief of obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya K. Nagalakshmi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Minghong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Xiuyin Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Silvia Medrano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Brian C Belyea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
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Neyra JS, Medrano S, Goes Martini AD, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. The role of Gata3 in renin cell identity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F188-F198. [PMID: 37345845 PMCID: PMC10396225 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00098.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Renin cells are precursors for other cell types in the kidney and show high plasticity in postnatal life in response to challenges to homeostasis. Our previous single-cell RNA-sequencing studies revealed that the dual zinc-finger transcription factor Gata3, which is important for cell lineage commitment and differentiation, is expressed in mouse renin cells under normal conditions and homeostatic threats. We identified a potential Gata3-binding site upstream of the renin gene leading us to hypothesize that Gata3 is essential for renin cell identity. We studied adult mice with conditional deletion of Gata3 in renin cells: Gata3fl/fl;Ren1dCre/+ (Gata3-cKO) and control Gata3fl/fl;Ren1d+/+ counterparts. Gata3 immunostaining revealed that Gata3-cKO mice had significantly reduced Gata3 expression in juxtaglomerular, mesangial, and smooth muscle cells, indicating a high degree of deletion of Gata3 in renin lineage cells. Gata3-cKO mice exhibited a significant increase in blood urea nitrogen, suggesting hypovolemia and/or compromised renal function. By immunostaining, renin-expressing cells appeared very thin compared with their normal plump shape in control mice. Renin cells were ectopically localized to Bowman's capsule in some glomeruli, and there was aberrant expression of actin-α2 signals in the mesangium, interstitium, and Bowman's capsule in Gata3-cKO mice. Distal tubules showed dilated morphology with visible intraluminal casts. Under physiological threat, Gata3-cKO mice exhibited a lower increase in mRNA levels than controls. Hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Masson's trichrome staining showed increased glomerular fusion, absent cubical epithelial cells in Bowman's capsule, intraglomerular aneurysms, and tubular dilation. In conclusion, our results indicate that Gata3 is crucial to the identity of cells of the renin lineage.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Gata3, a dual zinc-finger transcription factor, is responsible for the identity and localization of renin cells in the kidney. Mice with a conditional deletion of Gata3 in renin lineage cells have abnormal kidneys with juxtaglomerular cells that lose their characteristic location and are misplaced outside and around arterioles and glomeruli. The fundamental role of Gata3 in renin cell development offers a new model to understand how transcription factors control cell location, function, and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus S Neyra
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Silvia Medrano
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Alexandre De Goes Martini
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Maria Luisa S Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
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Wang G, Luo Y, Gao X, Liang Y, Yang F, Wu J, Fang D, Luo M. MicroRNA regulation of phenotypic transformations in vascular smooth muscle: relevance to vascular remodeling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:144. [PMID: 37165163 PMCID: PMC11071847 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04793-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) phenotype play a critical role in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and restenosis after angioplasty. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous noncoding RNAs (approximately 19-25 nucleotides in length) that function as regulators in various physiological and pathophysiological events. Recent studies have suggested that aberrant miRNAs' expression might underlie VSMC phenotypic transformation, appearing to regulate the phenotypic transformations of VSMCs by targeting specific genes that either participate in the maintenance of the contractile phenotype or contribute to the transformation to alternate phenotypes, and affecting atherosclerosis, hypertension, and coronary artery disease by altering VSMC proliferation, migration, differentiation, inflammation, calcification, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, suggesting an important regulatory role in vascular remodeling for maintaining vascular homeostasis. This review outlines recent progress in the discovery of miRNAs and elucidation of their mechanisms of action and functions in VSMC phenotypic regulation. Importantly, as the literature supports roles for miRNAs in modulating vascular remodeling and for maintaining vascular homeostasis, this area of research will likely provide new insights into clinical diagnosis and prognosis and ultimately facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Longmatan District, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Department of Pharmacology, the School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yulin Luo
- GCP Center, Affiliated Hospital (Traditional Chinese Medicine) of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Longmatan District, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Department of Pharmacology, the School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Feifei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Longmatan District, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Department of Pharmacology, the School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Longmatan District, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Department of Pharmacology, the School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Longmatan District, No. 1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Department of Pharmacology, the School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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6
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Larrue R, Fellah S, Van der Hauwaert C, Hennino MF, Perrais M, Lionet A, Glowacki F, Pottier N, Cauffiez C. The Versatile Role of miR-21 in Renal Homeostasis and Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213525. [PMID: 36359921 PMCID: PMC9657972 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA species that control gene expression and confer robustness to biological processes. Over the last two decades, their important roles during kidney development, homeostasis and the treatment of diseases have been established, in particular during the onset and progression of various forms of acute and chronic renal disorders. In recent years, miR-21, one of the best-characterized miRNAs to date, has received much attention in renal physiology in particular given its high degree of conservation and expression in kidneys, as well as its potent pathogenic role in various debilitating renal diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge on miR-21’s involvement in both renal homeostasis and diseases, in particular its double-edged-sword role in acute versus chronic kidney injuries. Finally, we also discuss the potential of miR-21 as a biomarker and therapeutic target in renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Larrue
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sandy Fellah
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Cynthia Van der Hauwaert
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Département de la Recherche en Santé, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Michaël Perrais
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Lionet
- CHU Lille, Service de Néphrologie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - François Glowacki
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Néphrologie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Pottier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christelle Cauffiez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277—CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
- Correspondence:
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Kushwaha K, Garg SS, Gupta J. Targeting epigenetic regulators for treating diabetic nephropathy. Biochimie 2022; 202:146-158. [PMID: 35985560 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is accompanied by the worsening of kidney functions. The reasons for kidney dysfunction mainly include high blood pressure (BP), high blood sugar levels, and genetic makeup. Vascular complications are the leading cause of the end-stage renal disorder (ESRD) and death of diabetic patients. Epigenetics has emerged as a new area to explain the inheritance of non-mendelian conditions like diabetic kidney diseases. Aberrant post-translational histone modifications (PTHMs), DNA methylation (DNAme), and miRNA constitute major epigenetic mechanisms that progress diabetic nephropathy (DN). Increased blood sugar levels alter PTHMs, DNAme, and miRNA in kidney cells results in aberrant gene expression that causes fibrosis, accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), and renal injuries. Histone acetylation (HAc) and histone deacetylation (HDAC) are the most studied epigenetic modifications with implications in the occurrence of kidney disorders. miRNAs induced by hyperglycemia in renal cells are also responsible for ECM accumulation and dysfunction of the glomerulus. In this review, we highlight the role of epigenetic modifications in DN progression and current strategies employed to ameliorate DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Kushwaha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sourbh Suren Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Jeena Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to a class of endogenous small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, through both translational repression and mRNA destabilization. They are key regulators of kidney morphogenesis, modulating diverse biological processes in different renal cell lineages. Dysregulation of miRNA expression disrupts early kidney development and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of developmental kidney diseases. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge of miRNA biogenesis and function and discuss in detail the role of miRNAs in kidney morphogenesis and developmental kidney diseases, including congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract and Wilms tumor. We conclude by discussing the utility of miRNAs as potentially novel biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Malta Cerqueira
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maliha Tayeb
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Broeker KAE, Schrankl J, Fuchs MAA, Kurtz A. Flexible and multifaceted: the plasticity of renin-expressing cells. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:799-812. [PMID: 35511367 PMCID: PMC9338909 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The protease renin, the key enzyme of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, is mainly produced and secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney, which are located in the walls of the afferent arterioles at their entrance into the glomeruli. When the body’s demand for renin rises, the renin production capacity of the kidneys commonly increases by induction of renin expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and in extraglomerular mesangial cells. These cells undergo a reversible metaplastic cellular transformation in order to produce renin. Juxtaglomerular cells of the renin lineage have also been described to migrate into the glomerulus and differentiate into podocytes, epithelial cells or mesangial cells to restore damaged cells in states of glomerular disease. More recently, it could be shown that renin cells can also undergo an endocrine and metaplastic switch to erythropoietin-producing cells. This review aims to describe the high degree of plasticity of renin-producing cells of the kidneys and to analyze the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A E Broeker
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Julia Schrankl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michaela A A Fuchs
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Armin Kurtz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany
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10
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Shirazi-Tehrani E, Chamasemani A, Firouzabadi N, Mousaei M. ncRNAs and polyphenols: new therapeutic strategies for hypertension. RNA Biol 2022; 19:575-587. [PMID: 35438046 PMCID: PMC9037439 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2066335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols have gained significant attention in protecting several chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Accumulating evidence indicates that polyphenols have potential protective roles for various CVDs. Hypertension (HTN) is among the hazardous CVDs accounting for nearly 8.5 million deaths worldwide. HTN is a complex and multifactorial disease and a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors play major roles in its development. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are still elusive. Polyphenols have shown to cause favourable and beneficial effects in the management of HTN. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) as influential mediators in modulating the biological properties of polyphenols, have shown significant footprints in CVDs. ncRNAs control basic functions in virtually all cell types relevant to the cardiovascular system and, thus, a direct link with blood pressure (BP) regulation is highly probable. Recent evidence suggests that a number of ncRNAs, including main small ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), play crucial roles with respect to the antihypertensive effects of polyphenols. Indeed, targeting lncRNAs by polyphenols will be a novel and promising strategy in the management of HTN. Herein, we reviewed the effects of polyphenols in HTN. Additionally, we emphasized on the potential effects of polyphenols on regulations of main ncRNAs, which imply the role of polyphenols in regulating ncRNAs in order to exert protective effects and thus proposing them as new targets for HTN treatment.Abbreviations : CVD: cardiovascular disease; BP: blood pressure; HTN: hypertension, lncRNAs: long noncoding RNAs; p38-MAPK: p38-mitogenactivated protein kinase; OPCs: oligomeric procyanidins; GTP: guanosine triphosphate; ROS: reactive oxygen species; cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate; SGC: soluble guanylate cyclase; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; cGMP: Cyclic GMP; eNOS: endothelial NO synthase; ERK ½: extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½; L-Arg: L-Arginine; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinases; NO: Nitric oxide; P: Phosphorus; PDK1: Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1; PI3-K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2: Phosphatidylinositol diphosphate; ncRNAs: non-protein-coding RNA; miRNAs: microRNAs; OPCs: oligomeric procyanidins; RES: resveratrol; GE: grape extract; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; IL: interleukin; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor-alpha; NF-κB: nuclear factor NF-kappa-B; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; PARP1: poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1; HIF1a: Hypoxia-inducible-factor 1A; NFATc2: nuclear factor of activated T cells 2; PAD: peripheral artery disease; SHR: spontaneously hypertensive rat; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; AT1R: angiotensin type-1 receptor; Nox: NADPH oxidase; HO-1: haem oxygenase-1; JAK/STAT: Janus kinase/signal transducers/activators of the transcription; PNS: panax notoginseng saponin; snoRNA: small nucleolar RNA; hnRNA: heterogeneous nuclear RNA; VSMCs: vascular smooth muscle cells; irf7: interferon regulatory factor 7; limo2: LIM only domain 2; GWAS: genome-wide association study; GAS5: Growth arrest-specific 5; Asb3, Ankyrin repeat and SPCS box containing 3; Chac2: cation transport regulator homolog 2; Pex11b: peroxisomal membrane 11B; Sp5: Sp5 transcription factor; EGCG: epigallocatechin gallate; ApoE: Apo lipoprotein E; ERK-MAP kinase: extracellular signal-regulated kinases-mitogen-activated protein kinase; PAH: pulmonary artery hypertension; PAP: pulmonary arterial pressure; HIF1a: hypoxia-inducible-factor 1A; NFATc2: nuclear factor of activated T cells 2; HMEC-1: Human microvascular endothelial cells; stat2: signal transducers and activators of transcription 2; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; iNOS: inducible NO synthase. SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; CAD: coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Shirazi-Tehrani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Chamasemani
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Negar Firouzabadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mousaei
- Archaea Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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11
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Ma M, Fu L, Jia Z, Zhong Q, Huang Z, Wang X, Fan Y, Lin T, Song T. miR-17-5p attenuates kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting the PTEN and BIM pathways. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1545. [PMID: 34790751 PMCID: PMC8576735 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Kidney ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is an independent risk factor for delayed graft function after kidney transplantation with long-term graft survival deterioration. Previously, we found that the upregulated expression of miR-17-5p exerts a protective effect in kidney I/R injury, but the mechanism has not been clearly studied. Methods A kidney I/R injury model was induced in adult C57BL/6 male mice (20–22 g) by clamping both kidney pedicles for 30 min. The miR-17-5p agomir complex was injected into mice 24 h before surgery via the tail vein at a total injection volume of 10 µL/g body weight. The mice were euthanized on post-I/R injury day 2, and kidney function, apoptosis, autophagy, and related molecules were then detected. Human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells, which underwent hypoxia/reoxygenation, were treated with the miR-17-5p agomir, miR-17-5p antagomir, and small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs). Cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy, and molecules were also examined. Results Autophagy, miR-17-5p expression, and kidney function damage were significantly more increased in the I/R group than in the sham group. In the cultured HK-2 cells underwent hypoxia/reoxygenation, the miR-17-5p agomir directly inhibited the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and Bcl-2 like protein 11 (BIM), and attenuated apoptosis and autophagy. Further, miR-17-5p inhibited autophagy by activating the protein kinase B (Akt)/Beclin1 pathway, which was suppressed by siRNAs. Additionally, the administration of miR-17-5p agomir greatly improved kidney function in the I/R mice group by inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis. Conclusions These findings suggest a new possible therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of kidney I/R injury. The upregulation of miR-17-5p expression appears to inhibit apoptosis and autophagy by suppressing PTEN and BIM expression, which in turn upregulates downstream Akt/Beclin1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- Urology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Fu
- Urology Department, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Zihao Jia
- Urology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Zhong
- Urology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongli Huang
- Urology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianding Wang
- Urology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Urology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Urology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Turun Song
- Urology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Caus M, Eritja À, Bozic M. Role of microRNAs in Obesity-Related Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111416. [PMID: 34768854 PMCID: PMC8583993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health problem and is associated with a significant risk of renal function decline. Obesity-related nephropathy, as one of the complications of obesity, is characterized by a structural and functional damage of the kidney and represents one of the important contributors to the morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite increasing data linking hyperlipidemia and lipotoxicity to kidney injury, the apprehension of molecular mechanisms leading to a development of kidney damage is scarce. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously produced small noncoding RNA molecules with an important function in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. miRNAs have been demonstrated to be important regulators of a vast array of physiological and pathological processes in many organs, kidney being one of them. In this review, we present an overview of miRNAs, focusing on their functional role in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated renal pathologies. We explain novel findings regarding miRNA-mediated signaling in obesity-related nephropathies and highlight advantages and future perspectives of the therapeutic application of miRNAs in renal diseases.
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13
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Abstract
Neurohormones and inflammatory mediators have effects in both the heart and the peripheral vasculature. In patients with heart failure (HF), neurohormonal activation and increased levels of inflammatory mediators promote ventricular remodeling and development of HF, as well as vascular dysfunction and arterial stiffness. These processes may lead to a vicious cycle, whereby arterial stiffness perpetuates further ventricular remodeling leading to exacerbation of symptoms. Although significant advances have been made in the treatment of HF, currently available treatment strategies slow, but do not halt, this cycle. The current treatment for HF patients involves the inhibition of neurohormonal activation, which can reduce morbidity and mortality related to this condition. Beyond benefits associated with neurohormonal blockade, other strategies have focused on inhibition of inflammatory pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of HF. Unfortunately, attempts to target inflammation have not yet been successful to improve prognosis of HF. Further work is required to interrupt key maladaptive mechanisms involved in disease progression.
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14
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de Sá Pereira BM, Montalvão de Azevedo R, da Silva Guerra JV, Faria PA, Soares-Lima SC, De Camargo B, Maschietto M. Non-coding RNAs in Wilms' tumor: biological function, mechanism, and clinical implications. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1043-1055. [PMID: 33950291 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs are involved with maintenance and regulation of physiological mechanisms and are involved in pathological processes, such as cancer. Among the small ncRNAs, miRNAs are the most explored in tumorigenesis, metastasis development, and resistance to chemotherapy. These small molecules of ~ 22 nucleotides are modulated during early renal development, involved in the regulation of gene expression and Wilms' tumor progression. Wilms' tumors are embryonic tumors with few mutations and complex epigenetic dysregulation. In recent years, the small ncRNAs have been explored as potentially related both in physiological development and in the tumorigenesis of several types of cancer. Besides, genes regulated by miRNAs are related to biological pathways as PI3K, Wnt, TGF-β, and Hippo signaling pathways, among others, which may be involved with the underlying mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy, and in this way, it has emerged as potential targets for cancer therapies, including for Wilms' tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafaela Montalvão de Azevedo
- Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCa), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Current institution: Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing Unit, Research Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - João Victor da Silva Guerra
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutic Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Faria
- Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCa), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Maschietto
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil. .,Current: Research Institute, Boldrini Children's Hospital, Rua Dr. Gabriel Porto, 1270 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-210, Brazil.
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15
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Iranzad R, Motavalli R, Ghassabi A, Pourakbari R, Etemadi J, Yousefi M. Roles of microRNAs in renal disorders related to primary podocyte dysfunction. Life Sci 2021; 277:119463. [PMID: 33862110 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Through the regulation of gene expression, microRNAs (miRNAs) are capable of modulating vital biological processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Several mechanisms control the function of miRNAs, including translational inhibition and targeted miRNA degradation. Through utilizing high-throughput screening methods, such as small RNA sequencing and microarray, alterations in miRNA expression of kidneys have recently been observed both in rodent models and humans throughout the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI). The levels of miRNAs in urine supernatant, sediment, and exosomal fraction could predict novel biomarker candidates in different diseases of kidneys, including IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, and diabetic nephropathy. The therapeutic potential of administrating anti-miRNAs and miRNAs has also been reported recently. The present study is aimed at reviewing the state-of-the-art research with regards to miRNAs involved in renal disorders related to primary podocyte dysfunction by laying particular emphasis on Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), Minimal Change Disease (MCD) and Membranous Nephropathy (MN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Iranzad
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roza Motavalli
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Ghassabi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Pourakbari
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Etemadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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16
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Abstract
Renin cells are essential for survival perfected throughout evolution to ensure normal development and defend the organism against a variety of homeostatic threats. During embryonic and early postnatal life, they are progenitors that participate in the morphogenesis of the renal arterial tree. In adult life, they are capable of regenerating injured glomeruli, control blood pressure, fluid-electrolyte balance, tissue perfusion, and in turn, the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells. Throughout life, renin cell descendants retain the plasticity or memory to regain the renin phenotype when homeostasis is threatened. To perform all of these functions and maintain well-being, renin cells must regulate their identity and fate. Here, we review the major mechanisms that control the differentiation and fate of renin cells, the chromatin events that control the memory of the renin phenotype, and the major pathways that determine their plasticity. We also examine how chronic stimulation of renin cells alters their fate leading to the development of a severe and concentric hypertrophy of the intrarenal arteries and arterioles. Lastly, we provide examples of additional changes in renin cell fate that contribute to equally severe kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Departments of Pediatrics an Biology, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Departments of Pediatrics an Biology, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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17
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Fragiadaki M, Macleod FM, Ong ACM. The Controversial Role of Fibrosis in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238936. [PMID: 33255651 PMCID: PMC7728143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is characterized by the progressive growth of cysts but it is also accompanied by diffuse tissue scarring or fibrosis. A number of recent studies have been published in this area, yet the role of fibrosis in ADPKD remains controversial. Here, we will discuss the stages of fibrosis progression in ADPKD, and how these compare with other common kidney diseases. We will also provide a detailed overview of some key mechanistic pathways to fibrosis in the polycystic kidney. Specifically, the role of the 'chronic hypoxia hypothesis', persistent inflammation, Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ), Janus Kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (JAK/STAT) and microRNAs will be examined. Evidence for and against a pathogenic role of extracellular matrix during ADPKD disease progression will be provided.
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18
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Martinez MF, Martini AG, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Ctcf is required for renin expression and maintenance of the structural integrity of the kidney. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1763-1774. [PMID: 32619009 PMCID: PMC7881370 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Renin cells are crucial for the regulation of blood pressure and fluid electrolyte homeostasis. We have recently shown that renin cells possess unique chromatin features at regulatory regions throughout the genome that may determine the identity and memory of the renin phenotype. The 3-D structure of chromatin may be equally important in the determination of cell identity and fate. CCCTC-binding factor (Ctcf) is a highly conserved chromatin organizer that may regulate the renin phenotype by controlling chromatin structure. We found that Ctcf binds at several conserved DNA sites surrounding and within the renin locus, suggesting that Ctcf may regulate the transcriptional activity of renin cells. In fact, deletion of Ctcf in cells of the renin lineage led to decreased endowment of renin-expressing cells accompanied by decreased circulating renin, hypotension, and severe morphological abnormalities of the kidney, including defects in arteriolar branching, and ultimately renal failure. We conclude that control of chromatin architecture by Ctcf is necessary for the appropriate expression of renin, control of renin cell number and structural integrity of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Florencia Martinez
- Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
| | - Alexandre G. Martini
- Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
| | - Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
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19
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Mohamed TH, Watanabe H, Kaur R, Belyea BC, Walker PD, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Renin-Expressing Cells Require β1-Integrin for Survival and for Development and Maintenance of the Renal Vasculature. Hypertension 2020; 76:458-467. [PMID: 32594804 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Juxtaglomerular cells are crucial for blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. The factors that maintain the life of renin cells are unknown. In vivo, renin cells receive constant cell-to-cell, mechanical, and neurohumoral stimulation that maintain their identity and function. Whether the presence of this niche is crucial for the vitality of the juxtaglomerular cells is unknown. Integrins are the largest family of cell adhesion molecules that mediate cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. Of those, β1-integrin is the most abundant in juxtaglomerular cells. However, its role in renin cell identity and function has not been ascertained. To test the hypothesis that cell-matrix interactions are fundamental not only to maintain the identity and function of juxtaglomerular cells but also to keep them alive, we deleted β1-integrin in vivo in cells of the renin lineage. In mutant mice, renin cells died by apoptosis, resulting in decreased circulating renin, hypotension, severe renal-vascular abnormalities, and renal failure. Results indicate that cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions via β1-integrin is essential for juxtaglomerular cells survival, suggesting that the juxtaglomerular niche is crucial not only for the tight regulation of renin release but also for juxtaglomerular cell survival-a sine qua non condition to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahagod H Mohamed
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Hirofumi Watanabe
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Rajwinderjit Kaur
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Brian C Belyea
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Patrick D Walker
- Renal Pathology Division, Arkana Laboratories, Little Rock, AR (P.D.W.)
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.,Department of Biology (R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Maria Luisa S Sequeira-Lopez
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.,Department of Biology (R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
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20
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MicroRNA-132 regulates salt-dependent steady-state renin levels in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:238. [PMID: 32409785 PMCID: PMC7224281 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The body's salt and fluid balance is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Generation of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) in a cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent manner in the macula densa, the salt-sensing cells of the kidney, plays a dominant role in renin regulation. Here we show that miR-132 directly targets Cox-2 and affects subsequent PGE2 and renin levels. MiR-132 is induced and reduced by low- and high salt treatment, respectively, in a p38- and ERK1/2-independent and CREB- and salt inducible kinase-dependent manner. Silencing of miR-132 in mice increases macula densa COX-2 expression and elevates PGE2 and renin levels, which are abrogated by the selective COX-2-inhibitor Celecoxib. Furthermore, a low or high salt diet induces and reduces macula densa miR-132 expression, while low salt diet combined with silencing miR-132 further increases renin levels. Taken together, we demonstrate a posttranscriptional regulatory role for salt-dependent miR-132 in fine-tuning the steady-state levels of renin.
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21
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Assmus AM, Mullins JJ, Brown CM, Mullins LJ. Cellular plasticity: A mechanism for homeostasis in the kidney. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13447. [PMID: 31991057 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular plasticity is a topical subject with interest spanning a wide range of fields from developmental biology to regenerative medicine. Even the nomenclature is a subject of debate, and the underlying mechanisms are still under investigation. On top of injury repair, cell plasticity is a constant physiological process in adult organisms and tissues, in response to homeostatic challenges. In this review we discuss two examples of plasticity for the maintenance of homeostasis in the renal system-namely the renin-producing juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) and cortical collecting duct (CCD) cells. JG cells show plasticity through recruitment mechanisms, answering the demand for an increase in renin production. In the CCD, cells appear to have the ability to transdifferentiate between principal and intercalated cells to help maintain the highly regulated solute transport levels of that segment. These two cases highlight the complexity of plasticity processes and the role they can play in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M. Assmus
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | - John J. Mullins
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | - Cara M. Brown
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | - Linda J. Mullins
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
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22
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Steglich A, Hickmann L, Linkermann A, Bornstein S, Hugo C, Todorov VT. Beyond the Paradigm: Novel Functions of Renin-Producing Cells. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:53-81. [PMID: 32691160 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The juxtaglomerular renin-producing cells (RPC) of the kidney are referred to as the major source of circulating renin. Renin is the limiting factor in renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which represents a proteolytic cascade in blood plasma that plays a central role in the regulation of blood pressure. Further cells disseminated in the entire organism express renin at a low level as part of tissue RASs, which are thought to locally modulate the effects of systemic RAS. In recent years, it became increasingly clear that the renal RPC are involved in developmental, physiological, and pathophysiological processes outside RAS. Based on recent experimental evidence, a novel concept emerges postulating that next to their traditional role, the RPC have non-canonical RAS-independent progenitor and renoprotective functions. Moreover, the RPC are part of a widespread renin lineage population, which may act as a global stem cell pool coordinating homeostatic, stress, and regenerative responses throughout the organism. This review focuses on the RAS-unrelated functions of RPC - a dynamic research area that increasingly attracts attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Steglich
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Hickmann
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Bornstein
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hugo
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir T Todorov
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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23
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Aitbaev KA, Murkamilov IT, Fomin VV. Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers of chronic kidney disease. TERAPEVT ARKH 2019; 91:131-136. [DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2019.06.000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a supra - nosological term that reflects the progressive nature of chronic kidney diseases, which are based on the mechanisms of nephrosclerosis. Diagnosis of CKD at the earliest stages is of great importance, because it allows, by using therapeutic agents, to slow the progression of renal dysfunction and the development of cardiovascular complications. However, the currently available methods for diagnosing renal function impairment, including the determination of endogenous creatinine clearance, can detect renal dysfunction too late, when around 40-50% of the renal parenchyma is already reversibly or irreversibly damaged. In this regard, there is an active search for new, more sensitive and specific biomarkers for early diagnosis of CKD. Recent studies in cellular and animal models of CKD have demonstrated the important role of microRNA, a new class of posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression, in physiology and pathophysiology of kidneys. In particular, it has been shown that their expression profile in blood or urine can reflect changes in cells involved in a particular pathological process, since these cells can secrete a specific population of microRNAs, for example, through secretion of microRNA-containing exosomes. This gave grounds for considering increased or decreased expression of individual microRNAs in renal tissue or biological fluids (including urine) as new biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of CKD. This review presents the results of recent experimental and clinical studies on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengze Wu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (G.W., C.Z.)
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology/Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (P.A.J.)
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- From the Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China (G.W., C.Z.)
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25
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Phua YL, Chen KH, Hemker SL, Marrone AK, Bodnar AJ, Liu X, Clugston A, Kostka D, Butterworth MB, Ho J. Loss of miR-17~92 results in dysregulation of Cftr in nephron progenitors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F993-F1005. [PMID: 30838872 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00450.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that loss of miR-17~92 in nephron progenitors in a mouse model results in renal hypodysplasia and chronic kidney disease. Clinically, decreased congenital nephron endowment because of renal hypodysplasia is associated with an increased risk of hypertension and chronic kidney disease, and this is at least partly dependent on the self-renewal of nephron progenitors. Here, we present evidence for a novel molecular mechanism regulating the self-renewal of nephron progenitors and congenital nephron endowment by the highly conserved miR-17~92 cluster. Whole transcriptome sequencing revealed that nephron progenitors lacking this cluster demonstrated increased Cftr expression. We showed that one member of the cluster, miR-19b, is sufficient to repress Cftr expression in vitro and that perturbation of Cftr activity in nephron progenitors results in impaired proliferation. Together, these data suggest that miR-19b regulates Cftr expression in nephron progenitors, with this interaction playing a role in appropriate nephron progenitor self-renewal during kidney development to generate normal nephron endowment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Leng Phua
- Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin Hong Chen
- Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shelby L Hemker
- Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - April K Marrone
- Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J Bodnar
- Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew Clugston
- Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Developmental Biology and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dennis Kostka
- Department of Developmental Biology and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael B Butterworth
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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26
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Liu Z, Yang Q, Wei Q, Chang Y, Qu M, Yu L. The protective effect of miR-377 inhibitor against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury through inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress via a VEGF-dependent mechanism in mice. Mol Immunol 2019; 106:153-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Sankrityayan H, Kulkarni YA, Gaikwad AB. Diabetic nephropathy: The regulatory interplay between epigenetics and microRNAs. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:574-585. [PMID: 30695734 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is still one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease despite the emergence of different therapies to counter the metabolic, hemodynamic and fibrotic pathways, implicating a prominent role of genetic and epigenetic factors in its progression. Epigenetics is the study of changes in the expression of genes which may be inheritable and does not involve a change in the genome sequence. Thrust areas of epigenetic research are DNA methylation and histone modifications. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs (miRNAs) control the expression of genes via post-transcriptional mechanisms. However, the regulation by epigenetic mechanisms and miRNAs are not completely distinct. A number of emerging reports have revealed the interplay between epigenetic machinery and miRNA expression, particularly in cancer. Further research has proved that a feedback loop exists between miRNA expression and epigenetic regulation in disorders including DN. Studies showed that different miRNAs (miR-200, miR-29 etc.) were found to be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms viz. DNA methylation and histone modifications. Conversely, miRNAs (miR-301, miR-449 etc.) themselves modulated levels of DNA methyltranferases (DNMTs) and Histone deacetylases (HDACs), enzymes vital to epigenetic modifications. With already few FDA approved epigenetic -modulating drugs (Vorinostat, Decitabine) in the market and miRNA therapeutic drugs under clinical trial it becomes imperative to analyze the possible interaction between the two classes of drugs in the modulation of a disease process. The purpose of this review is to articulate the interplay between miRNA expression and epigenetic modifications with a particular focus on its impact on the development and progression of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Sankrityayan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
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Changes in cell fate determine the regenerative and functional capacity of the developing kidney before and after release of obstruction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2519-2545. [PMID: 30442812 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Congenital obstructive nephropathy is a major cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children. The contribution of changes in the identity of renal cells to the pathology of obstructive nephropathy is poorly understood. Using a partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (pUUO) model in genetically modified neonatal mice, we traced the fate of cells derived from the renal stroma, cap mesenchyme, ureteric bud (UB) epithelium, and podocytes using Foxd1Cre, Six2Cre, HoxB7Cre, and Podocyte.Cre mice respectively, crossed with double fluorescent reporter (membrane-targetted tandem dimer Tomato (mT)/membrane-targetted GFP (mG)) mice. Persistent obstruction leads to a significant loss of tubular epithelium, rarefaction of the renal vasculature, and decreased renal blood flow (RBF). In addition, Forkhead Box D1 (Foxd1)-derived pericytes significantly expanded in the interstitial space, acquiring a myofibroblast phenotype. Degeneration of Sine Oculis Homeobox Homolog 2 (Six2) and HoxB7-derived cells resulted in significant loss of glomeruli, nephron tubules, and collecting ducts. Surgical release of obstruction resulted in striking regeneration of tubules, arterioles, interstitium accompanied by an increase in blood flow to the level of sham animals. Contralateral kidneys with remarkable compensatory response to kidney injury showed an increase in density of arteriolar branches. Deciphering the mechanisms involved in kidney repair and regeneration post relief of obstruction has potential therapeutic implications for infants and children and the growing number of adults suffering from CKD.
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Hurtado Del Pozo C, Garreta E, Izpisúa Belmonte JC, Montserrat N. Modeling epigenetic modifications in renal development and disease with organoids and genome editing. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm035048. [PMID: 30459215 PMCID: PMC6262817 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding epigenetic mechanisms is crucial to our comprehension of gene regulation in development and disease. In the past decades, different studies have shown the role of epigenetic modifications and modifiers in renal disease, especially during its progression towards chronic and end-stage renal disease. Thus, the identification of genetic variation associated with chronic kidney disease has resulted in better clinical management of patients. Despite the importance of these findings, the translation of genotype-phenotype data into gene-based medicine in chronic kidney disease populations still lacks faithful cellular or animal models that recapitulate the key aspects of the human kidney. The latest advances in the field of stem cells have shown that it is possible to emulate kidney development and function with organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells. These have successfully recapitulated not only kidney differentiation, but also the specific phenotypical traits related to kidney function. The combination of this methodology with CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has already helped researchers to model different genetic kidney disorders. Nowadays, CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches also allow epigenetic modifications, and thus represent an unprecedented tool for the screening of genetic variants, epigenetic modifications or even changes in chromatin structure that are altered in renal disease. In this Review, we discuss these technical advances in kidney modeling, and offer an overview of the role of epigenetic regulation in kidney development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hurtado Del Pozo
- Pluripotency for organ regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garreta
- Pluripotency for organ regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nuria Montserrat
- Pluripotency for organ regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Shaw I, Rider S, Mullins J, Hughes J, Péault B. Pericytes in the renal vasculature: roles in health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:521-534. [DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Role of MicroRNAs in Renal Parenchymal Diseases-A New Dimension. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061797. [PMID: 29914215 PMCID: PMC6032378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in 1993, numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in humans and other eukaryotic organisms, and their role as key regulators of gene expression is still being elucidated. It is now known that miRNAs not only play a central role in the processes that ensure normal development and physiology, but they are often dysregulated in various diseases. In this review, we present an overview of the role of miRNAs in normal renal development and physiology, in maladaptive renal repair after injury, and in the pathogenesis of renal parenchymal diseases. In addition, we describe methods used for their detection and their potential as therapeutic targets. Continued research on renal miRNAs will undoubtedly improve our understanding of diseases affecting the kidneys and may also lead to new therapeutic agents.
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32
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Development of the renal vasculature. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 91:132-146. [PMID: 29879472 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The kidney vasculature has a unique and complex architecture that is central for the kidney to exert its multiple and essential physiological functions with the ultimate goal of maintaining homeostasis. An appropriate development and coordinated assembly of the different vascular cell types and their association with the corresponding nephrons is crucial for the generation of a functioning kidney. In this review we provide an overview of the renal vascular anatomy, histology, and current knowledge of the embryological origin and molecular pathways involved in its development. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in renal vascular development is the first step to advance the field of regenerative medicine.
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Abstract
An accumulating body of evidence suggests that renin-expressing cells have developed throughout evolution as a mechanism to preserve blood pressure and fluid volume homeostasis as well as to counteract a number of homeostatic and immunological threats. In the developing embryo, renin precursor cells emerge in multiple tissues, where they differentiate into a variety of cell types. The function of those precursors and their progeny is beginning to be unravelled. In the developing kidney, renin-expressing cells control the morphogenesis and branching of the renal arterial tree. The cells do not seem to fully differentiate but instead retain a degree of developmental plasticity or molecular memory, which enables them to regenerate injured glomeruli or to alter their phenotype to control blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. In haematopoietic tissues, renin-expressing cells might regulate bone marrow differentiation and participate in a circulating leukocyte renin-angiotensin system, which acts as a defence mechanism against infections or tissue injury. Furthermore, renin-expressing cells have an intricate lineage and functional relationship with erythropoietin-producing cells and are therefore central to two endocrine systems - the renin-angiotensin and erythropoietin systems - that sustain life by controlling fluid volume and composition, perfusion pressure and oxygen delivery to tissues. However, loss of the homeostatic control of these systems following dysregulation of renin-expressing cells can be detrimental, with serious pathological events.
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34
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Fiumara CV, Scumaci D, Iervolino A, Perri AM, Concolino A, Tammè L, Petrillo F, Capasso G, Cuda G. Unraveling the Mechanistic Complexity of the Glomerulocystic Phenotype in Dicer Conditional KO Mice by 2D Gel Electrophoresis Coupled Mass Spectrometry. Proteomics Clin Appl 2017; 12:e1700006. [PMID: 29159954 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dicer, an RNase III type endonuclease, is a key enzyme involved in miRNA biogenesis. It has been shown that this enzyme is essential for several aspects of postnatal kidney functions and homeostasis. In this study, we have examined conditional knockout (cKO) mice for Dicer in Pax8 (Paired-box gene 8) expressing cells to investigate the kidney protein profile. This specific model develops a glomerulocystic phenotype coupled with urinary concentration impairment, proteinuria, and severe renal failure. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Proteomic analysis was performed on kidney tissue extracts from cKO and control (Ctr) mice by 2D Gel Electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. RESULTS The analysis highlighted 120 protein spots differentially expressed in Dicer cKO tissue compared with control; some of these proteins were validated by Western blotting. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis led to the identification of some interesting networks; among them, the one having ERK as a central hub may explain, through the modulation of the expression of a number of identified protein targets, the metabolic and structural alterations occurring during kidney cyst development in Dicer cKO mouse model. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our results contribute to gain new insights into molecular mechanisms through which Dicer endonuclease controls kidney development and physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vincenza Fiumara
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center on Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenica Scumaci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center on Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Iervolino
- Biogem, Biotechnology and Molecular Genetics Research Centre G. Salvatore, Ariano Irpino, Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Science, Second University of Naples, Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Mena Perri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center on Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Concolino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center on Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Laura Tammè
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center on Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Petrillo
- Biogem, Biotechnology and Molecular Genetics Research Centre G. Salvatore, Ariano Irpino, Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Science, Second University of Naples, Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Biogem, Biotechnology and Molecular Genetics Research Centre G. Salvatore, Ariano Irpino, Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Science, Second University of Naples, Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center on Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, Catanzaro, Italy
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Abstract
Hypertension (HT) is among the major components of the metabolic syndrome, i.e., obesity, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia/insulin resistance. It represents a significant health problem with foremost risks for chronic cardiovascular disease and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, it is not surprising that this disorder constitutes a serious public health concern. Although multiple studies have stressed the multifactorial nature of HT, the pathogenesis remains largely unknown. However, if we want to reduce the global prevalence of HT, restrain the number of deaths (currently 9.4 million/year in the world), and alleviate the socio-economic burden, a deeper insight into the mechanisms is urgently needed in order to define new meaningful therapeutic targets. Recently, the role of epigenetics in the development of various complex diseases has attracted much attention. In the present review, we provide a critical update on the available literature and ongoing research regarding the epigenetic modifications of genes involved in several pathways of elevated blood pressure, especially those linked to the vascular epithelium. This review also focuses on the role of microRNA (miRNA) in the regulation of gene expression associated with HT and of fetal programming mediating susceptibility to HT in adulthood.
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Petrillo F, Iervolino A, Zacchia M, Simeoni A, Masella C, Capolongo G, Perna A, Capasso G, Trepiccione F. MicroRNAs in Renal Diseases: A Potential Novel Therapeutic Target. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 3:111-119. [PMID: 29344506 PMCID: PMC5757617 DOI: 10.1159/000481730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of short noncoding RNAs that play important roles in posttranscriptional gene regulation. miRNAs inhibit target gene expression by blocking protein translation or by inducing mRNA degradation and therefore have the potential to modulate physiological and pathological processes. SUMMARY In the kidney, miRNAs play a role in the organogenesis and in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including renal carcinoma, diabetic nephropathy, cystogenesis, and glomerulopathies. Indeed, podocytes, but also the parietal cells of the Bowman capsule are severely affected by miRNA deregulation. In addition, several miRNAs have been found involved in the development of renal fibrosis. These experimental lines of evidence found a counterpart also in patients affected by diabetic and Ig-A nephropathies, opening the possibility of their use as biomarkers. Finally, the possibility to direct target-specific miRNA to prevent the development of renal fibrosis is encouraging potential novel therapies based on miRNA mimicking or antagonism. This review reports the main studies that investigate the role of miRNAs in the kidneys, in particular highlighting the experimental models used, their potential role as biomarkers and, finally, the most recent data on the miRNA-based therapy. KEY MESSAGES miRNAs are crucial regulators of cell function. They are easy to detect and represent potentially good targets for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Petrillo
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- Biogem S.c.a.r.l., Research Institute Gaetano Salvatore, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Anna Iervolino
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- Biogem S.c.a.r.l., Research Institute Gaetano Salvatore, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Miriam Zacchia
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Adelina Simeoni
- Department of Nephrology, Magna Graecia University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Masella
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Capolongo
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Perna
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- Biogem S.c.a.r.l., Research Institute Gaetano Salvatore, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Francesco Trepiccione
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- Biogem S.c.a.r.l., Research Institute Gaetano Salvatore, Ariano Irpino, Italy
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Koshy L, Vijayalekshmi SV, Harikrishnan S, Raman KV, Jissa VT, Jayakumaran Nair A, Gangaprasad A, Nair GM, Sudhakaran PR. Lack of association of mirSNP rs11174811 in AVPR1A gene with arterial blood pressure and hypertension in South Indian population. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 40:534-538. [PMID: 29182374 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1403624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of arterial blood pressure mediated through mirSNPs in renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) genes is a less explored hypothesis. Recently, the mirSNP rs11174811 in the 3'UTR of the AVPR1A gene was associated with higher arterial blood pressure in a large study population from the Study of Myocardial Infarctions Leiden (SMILE). The aim of the present study was to replicate the association of mirSNP rs11174811 with blood pressure outcomes and hypertension in a south Indian population. Four hundred and fifteen hypertensive cases and 416 normotensive controls were genotyped using a 5' nuclease allelic discrimination assay. Logistic regression was used to test the association of mirSNP rs11174811 with the hypertension phenotype. Censored normal regression was used to test the association of the polymorphism with continuous blood pressure outcomes such as systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The mirSNP rs11174811 did not show any significant association with hypertension. The adjusted odds ratio was 1.02, with 95% CI of 0.72 to 1.45 (p = 0.909). The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were not significantly different across the three genotypic groups, between hypertensives and normotensives, or when stratified by gender. Despite having a similar minor allele frequency (MAF) of 14.5% compared with the SMILE cohort, our results did not support an association of the mirSNP rs11174811 with the hypertension phenotype or with continuous blood pressure outcomes in the south Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Koshy
- a Inter-University Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology , University of Kerala , Trivandrum , India
| | - S V Vijayalekshmi
- a Inter-University Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology , University of Kerala , Trivandrum , India
| | - S Harikrishnan
- b Department of Cardiology , Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology , Trivandrum , India
| | - Kutty V Raman
- c Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies , Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology , Trivandrum , India
| | - V T Jissa
- c Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies , Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology , Trivandrum , India
| | - A Jayakumaran Nair
- a Inter-University Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology , University of Kerala , Trivandrum , India
| | - A Gangaprasad
- d Department of Botany , University of Kerala , Trivandrum , India
| | - G M Nair
- a Inter-University Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology , University of Kerala , Trivandrum , India
| | - P R Sudhakaran
- a Inter-University Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology , University of Kerala , Trivandrum , India
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Lachmann P, Hickmann L, Steglich A, Al-Mekhlafi M, Gerlach M, Jetschin N, Jahn S, Hamann B, Wnuk M, Madsen K, Djonov V, Chen M, Weinstein LS, Hohenstein B, Hugo CPM, Todorov VT. Interference with Gs α-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Renin-Producing Cells Leads to Renal Endothelial Damage. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:3479-3489. [PMID: 28775003 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular cAMP, the production of which is catalyzed by the α-subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gsα), controls renin synthesis and release by juxtaglomerular (JG) cells of the kidney, but may also have relevance for the physiologic integrity of the kidney. To investigate this possibility, we generated mice with inducible knockout of Gsα in JG cells and monitored them for 6 months after induction at 6 weeks of age. The knockout mapped exclusively to the JG cells of the Gsα-deficient animals. Progressive albuminuria occurred in Gsα-deficient mice. Compared with controls expressing wild-type Gsα alleles, the Gsα-deficient mice had enlarged glomeruli with mesangial expansion, injury, and FSGS at study end. Ultrastructurally, the glomerular filtration barrier of the Gsα-deficient animals featured endothelial gaps, thickened basement membrane, and fibrin-like intraluminal deposits, which are classic signs of thrombotic microangiopathy. Additionally, we found endothelial damage in peritubular capillaries and vasa recta. Because deficiency of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) results in thrombotic microangiopathy, we addressed the possibility that Gsα knockout may result in impaired VEGF production. We detected VEGF expression in JG cells of control mice, and cAMP agonists regulated VEGF expression in cultured renin-producing cells. Our data demonstrate that Gsα deficiency in JG cells of adult mice results in kidney injury, and suggest that JG cells are critically involved in the maintenance and protection of the renal microvascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lachmann
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Linda Hickmann
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Anne Steglich
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Moath Al-Mekhlafi
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Michael Gerlach
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Niels Jetschin
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Steffen Jahn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Hamann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Monika Wnuk
- Department of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten Madsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and
| | - Valentin Djonov
- Department of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Min Chen
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Lee S Weinstein
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Bernd Hohenstein
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Christian P M Hugo
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Vladimir T Todorov
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
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Abstract
Organ damage and resulting pathologies often involve multiple deregulated pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs that regulate a multitude of genes at the post-transcriptional level. Since their discovery over two decades ago, miRNAs have been established as key players in the molecular mechanisms of mammalian biology including the maintenance of normal homeostasis and the regulation of disease pathogenesis. In recent years, there has been substantial progress in innovative techniques to measure miRNAs along with advances in targeted delivery of agents modulating their expression. This has expanded the scope of miRNAs from being important mediators of cell signaling to becoming viable quantitative biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Currently, miRNA therapeutics are in clinical trials for multiple disease areas and vast numbers of patents have been filed for miRNAs involved in various pathological states. In this review, we summarize miRNAs involved in organ injury and repair, specifically with regard to organs that are the most susceptible to injury: the liver, heart and kidney. In addition, we review the current state of knowledge on miRNA biology, miRNA biomarkers and nucleotide-based therapeutics designed to target miRNAs to prevent organ injury and promote repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory V Gerlach
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vishal S Vaidya
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Room 562, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Dicer expression is impaired in diabetic cutaneous wound healing. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-017-0572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Oka M, Medrano S, Sequeira-Lόpez MLS, Gómez RA. Chronic Stimulation of Renin Cells Leads to Vascular Pathology. Hypertension 2017; 70:119-128. [PMID: 28533331 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Experimental or spontaneous genomic mutations of the renin-angiotensin system or its pharmacological inhibition in early life leads to renal abnormalities, including poorly developed renal medulla, papillary atrophy, hydronephrosis, inability to concentrate the urine, polyuria, polydipsia, renal failure, and anemia. At the core of such complex phenotype is the presence of unique vascular abnormalities: the renal arterioles do not branch or elongate properly and they have disorganized, concentric hypertrophy. This lesion has been puzzling because it is often found in hypertensive individuals whereas mutant or pharmacologically inhibited animals are hypotensive. Remarkably, when renin cells are ablated with diphtheria toxin, the vascular hypertrophy does not occur, suggesting that renin cells per se may contribute to the vascular disease. To test this hypothesis, on a Ren1c-/- background, we generated mutant mice with reporter expression (Ren1c-/-;Ren1c-Cre;R26R.mTmG and Ren1c-/-;Ren1c-Cre;R26R.LacZ) to trace the fate of reninnull cells. To assess whether reninnull cells maintain their renin promoter active, we used Ren1c-/-;Ren1c-YFP mice that transcribe YFP (yellow fluorescent protein) directed by the renin promoter. We also followed the expression of Akr1b7 and miR-330-5p, markers of cells programmed for the renin phenotype. Contrary to what we expected, reninnull cells did not die or disappear. Instead, they survived, increased in number along the renal arterial tree, and maintained an active molecular memory of the myoepitheliod renin phenotype. Furthermore, null cells of the renin lineage occupied the walls of the arteries and arterioles in a chaotic, directionless pattern directly contributing to the concentric arterial hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Oka
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Silvia Medrano
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | | | - R Ariel Gómez
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
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42
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Martini AG, Danser AHJ. Juxtaglomerular Cell Phenotypic Plasticity. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2017; 24:231-242. [PMID: 28527017 PMCID: PMC5574949 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-017-0212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin is the first and rate-limiting step of the renin-angiotensin system. The exclusive source of renin in the circulation are the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, which line the afferent arterioles at the entrance of the glomeruli. Normally, renin production by these cells suffices to maintain homeostasis. However, under chronic stimulation of renin release, for instance during a low-salt diet or antihypertensive therapy, cells that previously expressed renin during congenital life re-convert to a renin-producing cell phenotype, a phenomenon which is known as “recruitment”. How exactly such differentiation occurs remains to be clarified. This review critically discusses the phenotypic plasticity of renin cells, connecting them not only to the classical concept of blood pressure regulation, but also to more complex contexts such as development and growth processes, cell repair mechanisms and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Góes Martini
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Room EE1418b, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Room EE1418b, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kamyshova ES, Bobkova IN, Kutyrina IM. New insights on microRNAs in diabetic nephropathy: potential biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic targets. DIABETES MELLITUS 2017. [DOI: 10.14341/dm8237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus associated with the progressive deterioration of renal function. Although microalbuminuria is considered as a gold standard for DN diagnosis, it has limited predictive powers and specificity as a diagnostic tool for the early stage of DN. Therefore, new biomarkers are required for the early detection of DN. Studies using in vitro and in vivo models of DN have revealed an important role of microRNAs (miRNAs), short non-coding RNAs that modulate physiological and pathological processes by inhibiting target gene expression, in DN development. Recent studies have shown that the dysregulation of miRNAs, which is associated with the key features of DN, such as the mesangial expansion and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, is related to fibrosis and glomerular dysfunction. Thus, the up- and downregulation of miRNA expression in the renal tissue or biological fluids, including urine, may represent new biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of DN progression. In this review, we highlight the significance of miRNAs as biomarkers for the early detection of DN and emphasise their potential role as a therapeutic target.
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Paul P, Chakraborty A, Sarkar D, Langthasa M, Rahman M, Bari M, Singha RS, Malakar AK, Chakraborty S. Interplay between miRNAs and human diseases. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2007-2018. [PMID: 28181241 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, non-coding RNAs, which have evoked a great deal of interest due to their importance in many aspects of homeostasis and diseases. MicroRNAs are stable and are essential components of gene regulatory networks. They play a crucial role in healthy individuals and their dysregulations have also been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and cancer. This review summarized the current understanding of interactions between miRNAs and different diseases and their role in disease diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosenjit Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | - Debasree Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | - Musfhia Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Minakshi Bari
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
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45
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Gomez RA. Fate of Renin Cells During Development and Disease. Hypertension 2017; 69:387-395. [PMID: 28137982 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Ariel Gomez
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.
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46
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Laffont B, Rayner KJ. MicroRNAs in the Pathobiology and Therapy of Atherosclerosis. Can J Cardiol 2017; 33:313-324. [PMID: 28232017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short noncoding RNAs, expressed in humans and involved in sequence-specific post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They have emerged as key players in a wide array of biological processes, and changes in their expression and/or function have been associated with plethora of human diseases. Atherosclerosis and its related clinical complications, such as myocardial infarction or stroke, represent the leading cause of death in the Western world. Accumulating experimental evidence has revealed a key role for microRNAs in regulating cellular and molecular processes related to atherosclerosis development, ranging from risk factors, to plaque initiation and progression, up to atherosclerotic plaque rupture. In this review, we focus on how microRNAs can influence atherosclerosis biology, as well as the potential clinical applications of microRNAs, which are being developed as targets as well as therapeutic agents for a growing industry hoping to harness the power of RNA-guided gene regulation to fight disease and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Laffont
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katey J Rayner
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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47
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Liu X, Edinger RS, Klemens CA, Phua YL, Bodnar AJ, LaFramboise WA, Ho J, Butterworth MB. A MicroRNA Cluster miR-23-24-27 Is Upregulated by Aldosterone in the Distal Kidney Nephron Where it Alters Sodium Transport. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:1306-1317. [PMID: 27636893 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is expressed in the epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubules, connecting tubules, and cortical collecting duct (CCD) in the kidney nephron. Under the regulation of the steroid hormone aldosterone, ENaC is a major determinant of sodium (Na+ ) and water balance. The ability of aldosterone to regulate microRNAs (miRs) in the kidney has recently been realized, but the role of miRs in Na+ regulation has not been well established. Here we demonstrate that expression of a miR cluster mmu-miR-23-24-27, is upregulated in the CCD by aldosterone stimulation both in vitro and in vivo. Increasing the expression of these miRs increased Na+ transport in the absence of aldosterone stimulation. Potential miR targets were evaluated and miR-27a/b was verified to bind to the 3'-untranslated region of intersectin-2, a multi-domain protein expressed in the distal kidney nephron and involved in the regulation of membrane trafficking. Expression of Itsn2 mRNA and protein was decreased after aldosterone stimulation. Depletion of Itsn2 expression, mimicking aldosterone regulation, increased ENaC-mediated Na+ transport, while Itsn2 overexpression reduced ENaC's function. These findings reinforce a role for miRs in aldosterone regulation of Na+ transport, and implicate miR-27 in aldosterone's action via a novel target. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1306-1317, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert S Edinger
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christine A Klemens
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yu L Phua
- Division of Nephrology in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J Bodnar
- Division of Nephrology in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William A LaFramboise
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Division of Nephrology in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael B Butterworth
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Jaswani P, Prakash S, Dhar A, Sharma RK, Prasad N, Agrawal S. MicroRNAs Involvement in Renal Pathophysiology: A Bird's Eye View. Indian J Nephrol 2017; 27:337-341. [PMID: 28904427 PMCID: PMC5590408 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_264_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to suppress gene expression by binding to messenger RNAs and in turn regulate different pathophysiological processes. Transforming growth factor-β, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and Wnt signaling-like major pathways associated with miRNAs are involved with kidney diseases. The discovery of miRNAs has provided new insights into kidney pathologies and may provide effective therapeutic strategies. Research has demonstrated the role of miRNAs in a variety of kidney diseases including diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis, hypertension, nephritic syndrome, acute kidney injury, renal cell carcinoma, and renal fibrosis. miRNAs are implicated as playing a role in these diseases due to their role in apoptosis, cell proliferation, differentiation, and development. As miRNAs have been detected in a stable condition in different biological fluids, they have the potential to be tools to study the pathogenesis of human diseases with a great potential to be used in disease diagnosis and prognosis. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of miRNA in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jaswani
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S Prakash
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A Dhar
- Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R K Sharma
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - N Prasad
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S Agrawal
- Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hao J, Wei Q, Mei S, Li L, Su Y, Mei C, Dong Z. Induction of microRNA-17-5p by p53 protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by targeting death receptor 6. Kidney Int 2017; 91:106-118. [PMID: 27622990 PMCID: PMC5179285 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is a leading cause of acute kidney injury; the pathogenesis of which remains poorly understood and effective therapies are still lacking. Here we tested whether microRNAs, identified as critical regulators of cell health and disease, are involved in this process. We found that miR-17-5p was significantly up-regulated during renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice and during hypoxia in cultured renal tubular cells. In cultured cells, miR-17-5p directly inhibited the expression of death receptor 6 (DR6) and attenuated apoptosis during hypoxia. Blockade of miR-17-5p abolished the suppression of DR6 and facilitated caspase activation and apoptosis. In vivo, an miR-17-5p mimic suppressed DR6 expression and protected against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. We further verified that miR-17-5p induction during renal ischemia-reperfusion injury was dependent on p53. Inhibition of p53 with pifithrin-α or a dominant-negative mutant led to the repression of miR-17-5p expression under hypoxia in vitro. Moreover, miR-17-5p induction during renal ischemia-reperfusion injury was attenuated in proximal tubule p53 knockout mice, supporting the role of p53 in miR-17-5p induction in vivo. Thus, p53/miR-17-5p/DR6 is a new protective pathway in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and may be targeted for the prevention and treatment of ischemic acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielu Hao
- Department of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Qingqing Wei
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shuqin Mei
- Department of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Changlin Mei
- Department of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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50
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Leierer J, Mayer G, Kronbichler A. Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: miRNAs and targeted therapies. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:954-964. [PMID: 27651302 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome. AIMS The pathogenic steps leading to primary FSGS are still obscure, although evidence suggests that circulatory factor(s) are involved in the onset of disease. RESULTS Recent technical advances allow the analysis of miRNA expression in tissues and body fluids, leading to reports of miRNAs involved in the molecular mechanisms of FSGS-aetiopathogenesis. Moreover, investigations have also highlighted miRNAs that might serve as biomarkers for primary FSGS. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS The aim of this review was to summarize reports showing a direct relation between miRNAs and primary FSGS. In addition, the impact of identified miRNAs on treatment response, prediction of the disease onset as well as the regulation in different disease activities is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Leierer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Gert Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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