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Varela YR, Iriondo MN, Goñi FM, Alonso A, Montes LR. Ceramide regulation of autophagy: A biophysical approach. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159444. [PMID: 38056762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Specific membrane lipids play unique roles in (macro)autophagy. Those include phosphatidylethanolamine, to which LC3/GABARAP autophagy proteins become covalently bound in the process, or cardiolipin, an important effector in mitochondrial autophagy (or mitophagy). Ceramide (Cer), or N-acyl sphingosine, is one of the simplest sphingolipids, known as a stress signal in the apoptotic pathway. Moreover, Cer is increasingly being recognized as an autophagy activator, although its mechanism of action is unclear. In the present review, the proposed Cer roles in autophagy are summarized, together with some biophysical properties of Cer in membranes. Possible pathways for Cer activation of autophagy are discussed, including specific protein binding of the lipid, and Cer-dependent perturbation of bilayer properties. Cer generation of lateral inhomogeneities (domain formation) is given special attention. Recent biophysical results, including fluorescence and atomic force microscopy data, show Cer-promoted enhanced binding of LC3/GABARAP to lipid bilayers. These observations could be interpreted in terms of the putative formation of Cer-rich nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaiza R Varela
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marina N Iriondo
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Félix M Goñi
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - L Ruth Montes
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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2
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Afrin F, Mateen S, Oman J, Lai JCK, Barrott JJ, Pashikanti S. Natural Products and Small Molecules Targeting Cellular Ceramide Metabolism to Enhance Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4645. [PMID: 37760612 PMCID: PMC10527029 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeting strategies have been used for years in order to control cancer progression and are often based on targeting various enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. Keeping this in mind, it is essential to determine the role of each enzyme in a particular metabolic pathway. In this review, we provide in-depth information on various enzymes such as ceramidase, sphingosine kinase, sphingomyelin synthase, dihydroceramide desaturase, and ceramide synthase which are associated with various types of cancers. We also discuss the physicochemical properties of well-studied inhibitors with natural product origins and their related structures in terms of these enzymes. Targeting ceramide metabolism exhibited promising mono- and combination therapies at preclinical stages in preventing cancer progression and cemented the significance of sphingolipid metabolism in cancer treatments. Targeting ceramide-metabolizing enzymes will help medicinal chemists design potent and selective small molecules for treating cancer progression at various levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farjana Afrin
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (F.A.); (S.M.); (J.O.); (J.C.K.L.)
| | - Sameena Mateen
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (F.A.); (S.M.); (J.O.); (J.C.K.L.)
| | - Jordan Oman
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (F.A.); (S.M.); (J.O.); (J.C.K.L.)
| | - James C. K. Lai
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (F.A.); (S.M.); (J.O.); (J.C.K.L.)
| | - Jared J. Barrott
- Cell Biology and Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Srinath Pashikanti
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (F.A.); (S.M.); (J.O.); (J.C.K.L.)
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Alizadeh J, da Silva Rosa SC, Weng X, Jacobs J, Lorzadeh S, Ravandi A, Vitorino R, Pecic S, Zivkovic A, Stark H, Shojaei S, Ghavami S. Ceramides and ceramide synthases in cancer: Focus on apoptosis and autophagy. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151337. [PMID: 37392580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Different studies corroborate a role for ceramide synthases and their downstream products, ceramides, in modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in the context of cancer. These mechanisms of regulation, however, appear to be context dependent in terms of ceramides' fatty acid chain length, subcellular localization, and the presence or absence of their downstream targets. Our current understanding of the role of ceramide synthases and ceramides in regulation of apoptosis and autophagy could be harnessed to pioneer the development of new treatments to activate or inhibit a single type of ceramide synthase, thereby regulating the apoptosis induction or cross talk of apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Moreover, the apoptotic function of ceramide suggests that ceramide analogues can pave the way for the development of novel cancer treatments. Therefore, in the current review paper we discuss the impact of ceramide synthases and ceramides in regulation of apoptosis and autophagy in context of different types of cancers. We also briefly introduce the latest information on ceramide synthase inhibitors, their application in diseases including cancer therapy, and discuss approaches for drug discovery in the field of ceramide synthase inhibitors. We finally discussed strategies for developing strategies to use lipids and ceramides analysis in biological fluids for developing early biomarkers for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Simone C da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Weng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College, Fullerton, CA 92834, United States
| | - Joadi Jacobs
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 66 Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rui Vitorino
- UnIC, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College, Fullerton, CA 92834, United States
| | - Aleksandra Zivkovic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Pilátová MB, Solárová Z, Mezencev R, Solár P. Ceramides and their roles in programmed cell death. Adv Med Sci 2023; 68:417-425. [PMID: 37866204 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death plays a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis and integrity of multicellular organisms, and its dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases. Programmed cell death is regulated by a range of macromolecules and low-molecular messengers, including ceramides. Endogenous ceramides have different functions, that are influenced by their localization and the presence of their target molecules. This article provides an overview of the current understanding of ceramides and their impact on various types of programmed cell death, including apoptosis, anoikis, macroautophagy and mitophagy, and necroptosis. Moreover, it highlights the emergence of dihydroceramides as a new class of bioactive sphingolipids and their downstream targets as well as their future roles in cancer cell growth, drug resistance and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bago Pilátová
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Solárová
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Roman Mezencev
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter Solár
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic.
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5
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Shi Y, Li Z, Du Q, Li W, Liu J, Jia Q, Xue L, Zhang X, Sun Z. UHPLC-HRMS-based metabolomic and lipidomic characterization of glioma cells in response to anlotinib. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8044. [PMID: 37198251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Anlotinib, as a promising oral small-molecule antitumor drug, its role in glioma has been only reported in a small number of case reports. Therefore, anlotinib has been considered as a promising candidate in glioma. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic network of C6 cells after exposure to anlotinib and to identify anti-glioma mechanism from the perspective of metabolic reprogramming. Firstly, CCK8 method was used to evaluate the effects of anlotinib on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Secondly, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS)-based metabolomic and lipidomic were developed to characterize the metabolite and lipid changes in cell and cell culture medium (CCM) caused by anlotinib in the treatment of glioma. As a result, anlotinib had concentration-dependent inhibitory effect with the concentration range. In total, twenty-four and twenty-three disturbed metabolites in cell and CCM responsible for the intervention effect of anlotinib were screened and annotated using UHPLC-HRMS. Altogether, seventeen differential lipids in cell were identified between anlotinib exposure and untreated groups. Metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, ceramide metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism, were modulated by anlotinib in glioma cell. Overall, anlotinib has an effective treatment against the development and progression of glioma, and these remarkable pathways can generate the key molecular events in cells treated with anlotinib. Future research into the mechanisms underlying the metabolic changes is expected to provide new strategies for treating glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuolun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuzheng Du
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou Traditional Chinese Hospital of Orthopaedics, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingquan Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianping Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Clinical Mass Spectrometry for Precision Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Xu Y, Pan J, Lin Y, Wu Y, Chen Y, Li H. Ceramide Synthase 1 Inhibits Brain Metastasis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Interacting with USP14 and Downregulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071994. [PMID: 37046655 PMCID: PMC10093008 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis (BM) is common in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is associated with a poor prognosis. Ceramide synthase 1 (CERS1) participates in malignancy development, but its potential role in NSCLC BM remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the physiological effects and molecular mechanism of CERS1 in NSCLC BM. CERS1 expression was evaluated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines, and its physiological roles were subsequently explored in vivo and in vitro. Mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation were performed to explore CERS1-interacting proteins. The associated signaling pathways of CERS1 in NSCLC BM were further investigated using bioinformatics analysis and molecular biotechnology. We demonstrated that CERS1 was significantly downregulated in NSCLC cell lines and BM tissues, and its upregulation was associated with better prognoses. In vitro, CERS1 overexpression inhibited cell migration, invasion, and the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, CERS1 interacted with ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) and inhibited BM progression by downregulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Further, CERS1 expression substantially suppressed BM tumor formation in vivo. This study demonstrated that CERS1 plays a suppressor role in NSCLC BM by interacting with USP14 and downregulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby serving as a novel therapeutic target for NSCLC BM.
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Zhang M, Li Z, Liu Y, Ding X, Wang Y, Fan S. The ceramide synthase (CERS/LASS) family: Functions involved in cancer progression. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023:10.1007/s13402-023-00798-6. [PMID: 36947340 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ceramide synthases (CERSes) are also known longevity assurance (LASS) genes. CERSes play important roles in the regulation of cancer progression. The CERS family is expressed in a variety of human tumours and is involved in tumorigenesis. They are closely associated with the progression of liver, breast, cervical, ovarian, colorectal, head and neck squamous cell, gastric, lung, prostate, oesophageal, pancreatic and blood cancers. CERSes play diverse and important roles in the regulation of cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and drug resistance. The differential expression of CERSes in tumour and nontumour cells and survival analysis of cancer patients suggest that some CERSes could be used as potential prognostic markers. They are also important potential targets for cancer therapy. METHODS In this review, we summarize the available evidence on the inhibitory or promotive roles of CERSes in the progression of many cancers. Furthermore, we summarize the identified upstream and downstream molecular mechanisms that may regulate the function of CERSes in cancer settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Zhangyun Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China.
| | - Shaohua Fan
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
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8
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Abdul Rashid K, Ibrahim K, Wong JHD, Mohd Ramli N. Lipid Alterations in Glioma: A Systematic Review. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121280. [PMID: 36557318 PMCID: PMC9783089 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are highly lethal tumours characterised by heterogeneous molecular features, producing various metabolic phenotypes leading to therapeutic resistance. Lipid metabolism reprogramming is predominant and has contributed to the metabolic plasticity in glioma. This systematic review aims to discover lipids alteration and their biological roles in glioma and the identification of potential lipids biomarker. This systematic review was conducted using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Extensive research articles search for the last 10 years, from 2011 to 2021, were conducted using four electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL and ScienceDirect. A total of 158 research articles were included in this study. All studies reported significant lipid alteration between glioma and control groups, impacting glioma cell growth, proliferation, drug resistance, patients' survival and metastasis. Different lipids demonstrated different biological roles, either beneficial or detrimental effects on glioma. Notably, prostaglandin (PGE2), triacylglycerol (TG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and sphingosine-1-phosphate play significant roles in glioma development. Conversely, the most prominent anti-carcinogenic lipids include docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and vitamin D3 have been reported to have detrimental effects on glioma cells. Furthermore, high lipid signals were detected at 0.9 and 1.3 ppm in high-grade glioma relative to low-grade glioma. This evidence shows that lipid metabolisms were significantly dysregulated in glioma. Concurrent with this knowledge, the discovery of specific lipid classes altered in glioma will accelerate the development of potential lipid biomarkers and enhance future glioma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairunnisa Abdul Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kamariah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Jeannie Hsiu Ding Wong
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Norlisah Mohd Ramli
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-379673238
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9
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González-Ramírez EJ, Etxaniz A, Alonso A, Goñi FM. Phase behaviour of C18-N-acyl sphingolipids, the prevalent species in human brain. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 219:112855. [PMID: 36137336 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Lipidomic analysis of the N-acyl components of sphingolipids in different mammalian tissues had revealed that brain tissue differed from all the other samples in that SM contained mainly C18:0 and C24:1N-acyl chains, and that the most abundant Cer species was C18:0. Only in the nervous system was C18:0 found in sizable proportions. The high levels of C18:0 and C16:0, respectively in brain and non-brain SM, were important because SM is by far the most abundant sphingolipid in the plasma membrane. In view of these observations, the present paper is devoted to a comparative study of the properties of C16:0 and C18:0 sphingolipids (SM and Cer) pure and in mixtures of increasing complexities, using differential scanning calorimetry, confocal microscopy of giant unilamellar vesicles, and correlative fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy of supported lipid bilayers. Membrane rigidity was measured by force spectroscopy. It was found that in mixtures containing dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, i.e. representing the lipids predominant in the outer monolayer of cell membranes, lateral inhomogeneities occurred, with the formation of rigid domains within a continuous fluid phase. Inclusion of saturated Cer in the system was always found to increase the rigidity of the segregated domains. C18:0-based sphingolipids exhibit hydrocarbon chain-length asymmetry, and some singularities observed with this N-acyl chain, e.g. complex calorimetric endotherms, could be attributed to this property. Moreover, C18:0-based sphingolipids, that are typical of the excitable cells, were less miscible with the fluid phase than their C16:0 counterparts. The results could be interpreted as suggesting that the predominance of C18:0 Cer in the nervous system would contribute to the tightness of its plasma membranes, thus facilitating maintenance of the ion gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio J González-Ramírez
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Asier Etxaniz
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Félix M Goñi
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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10
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Khokhlatchev AV, Sharma A, Deering TG, Shaw JJP, Costa‐Pinheiro P, Golla U, Annageldiyev C, Cabot MC, Conaway MR, Tan S, Ung J, Feith DJ, Loughran TP, Claxton DF, Fox TE, Kester M. Ceramide nanoliposomes augment the efficacy of venetoclax and cytarabine in models of acute myeloid leukemia. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22514. [PMID: 36106439 PMCID: PMC9544744 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200765r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite several new therapeutic options for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), disease relapse remains a significant challenge. We have previously demonstrated that augmenting ceramides can counter various drug-resistance mechanisms, leading to enhanced cell death in cancer cells and extended survival in animal models. Using a nanoscale delivery system for ceramide (ceramide nanoliposomes, CNL), we investigated the effect of CNL within a standard of care venetoclax/cytarabine (Ara-C) regimen. We demonstrate that CNL augmented the efficacy of venetoclax/cytarabine in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models of AML. CNL treatment induced non-apoptotic cytotoxicity, and augmented cell death induced by Ara-C and venetoclax. Mechanistically, CNL reduced both venetoclax (Mcl-1) and cytarabine (Chk1) drug-resistant signaling pathways. Moreover, venetoclax and Ara-C augmented the generation of endogenous pro-death ceramide species, which was intensified with CNL. Taken together, CNL has the potential to be utilized as an adjuvant therapy to improve outcomes, potentially extending survival, in patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arati Sharma
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicinePenn State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of PharmacologyPennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Penn State Cancer InstitutePennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Tye G. Deering
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Jeremy J. P. Shaw
- Department of Experimental PathologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Pedro Costa‐Pinheiro
- Department of Experimental PathologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Upendarrao Golla
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicinePenn State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Penn State Cancer InstitutePennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Charyguly Annageldiyev
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicinePenn State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Penn State Cancer InstitutePennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Myles C. Cabot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of MedicineEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Mark R. Conaway
- University of Virginia School of MedicinePublic Health SciencesCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Su‐Fern Tan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
- University of Virginia Cancer CenterCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Johnson Ung
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - David J. Feith
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
- University of Virginia Cancer CenterCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Thomas P. Loughran
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
- University of Virginia Cancer CenterCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - David F. Claxton
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicinePenn State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Penn State Cancer InstitutePennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Todd E. Fox
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Mark Kester
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
- University of Virginia Cancer CenterCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
- NanoSTAR InstituteCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
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11
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Diterpenoid DGA induces apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by changes in glycosphingolipid composition and inhibition of STAT3 in glioma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Targeting the Sphingolipid Rheostat in Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169255. [PMID: 36012521 PMCID: PMC9408832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are highly aggressive cancer types that are in urgent need of novel drugs and targeted therapies. Treatment protocols have not improved in over a decade, and glioma patient survival remains among the worst of all cancer types. As a result, cancer metabolism research has served as an innovative approach to identifying novel glioma targets and improving our understanding of brain tumors. Recent research has uncovered a unique metabolic vulnerability in the sphingolipid pathways of gliomas that possess the IDH1 mutation. Sphingolipids are a family of lipid signaling molecules that play a variety of second messenger functions in cellular regulation. The two primary metabolites, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide, maintain a rheostat balance and play opposing roles in cell survival and proliferation. Altering the rheostat such that the pro-apoptotic signaling of the ceramides outweighs the pro-survival S1P signaling in glioma cells diminishes the hallmarks of cancer and enhances tumor cell death. Throughout this review, we discuss the sphingolipid pathway and identify the enzymes that can be most effectively targeted to alter the sphingolipid rheostat and enhance apoptosis in gliomas. We discuss each pathway’s steps based on their site of occurrence in the organelles and postulate novel targets that can effectively exploit this vulnerability.
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13
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Custodia A, Romaus-Sanjurjo D, Aramburu-Núñez M, Álvarez-Rafael D, Vázquez-Vázquez L, Camino-Castiñeiras J, Leira Y, Pías-Peleteiro JM, Aldrey JM, Sobrino T, Ouro A. Ceramide/Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Axis as a Key Target for Diagnosis and Treatment in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158082. [PMID: 35897658 PMCID: PMC9331765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Sphingolipids, such as ceramide or sphingosine 1-phosphate, are bioactive molecules implicated in structural and signaling functions. Metabolic dysfunction in the highly conserved pathways to produce sphingolipids may lead to or be a consequence of an underlying disease. Recent studies on transcriptomics and sphingolipidomics have observed alterations in sphingolipid metabolism of both enzymes and metabolites involved in their synthesis in several neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. In this review, we highlight the most relevant findings related to ceramide and neurodegeneration, with a special focus on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tomás Sobrino
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (A.O.); Tel.: +34-981951098 (T.S.); +34-664326589 (A.O.)
| | - Alberto Ouro
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (A.O.); Tel.: +34-981951098 (T.S.); +34-664326589 (A.O.)
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14
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Abstract
Autophagy is an important life phenomenon in eukaryotic cells. Its main role is to remove and degrade its damaged organelles and excess biological macromolecules, and use degradation products to provide energy and rebuild the cell structure, playing an important role in maintaining cell homeostasis and cell life activities. Mitophagy is a form of macroautophagy. It has the beneficial effect of eliminating damaged mitochondria, thereby maintaining the integrity of the mitochondrial pool. Autophagy and mitophagy have a dual role in the development of cancer. On one hand, autophagy and mitophagy can maintain the normal physiological function of cells. On the other hand, excessive autophagy and mitophagy can lead to diseases. The present review introduces the mechanisms of autophagy and mitophagy, and the main related proteins, and introduce the correlation with cancers, providing a basis for the treatment of cancers through the understanding of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ming Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Cixi Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Hu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
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15
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Melero-Fernandez de Mera RM, Villaseñor A, Rojo D, Carrión-Navarro J, Gradillas A, Ayuso-Sacido A, Barbas C. Ceramide Composition in Exosomes for Characterization of Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cell Phenotypes. Front Oncol 2022; 11:788100. [PMID: 35127492 PMCID: PMC8814423 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.788100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most malignant central nervous system tumor types. Comparative analysis of GBM tissues has rendered four major molecular subtypes. From them, two molecular subtypes are mainly found in their glioblastoma cancer stem-like cells (GSCs) derived in vitro: proneural (PN) and mesenchymal (MES) with nodular (MES-N) and semi-nodular (MES-SN) disseminations, which exhibit different metabolic, growth, and malignancy properties. Many studies suggest that cancer cells communicate between them, and the surrounding microenvironment, via exosomes. Identifying molecular markers that allow the specific isolation of GSC-derived exosomes is key in the development of new therapies. However, the differential exosome composition produced by main GSCs remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine ceramide (Cer) composition, one of the critical lipids in both cells and their cell-derived exosomes, from the main three GSC phenotypes using mass spectrometry-based lipidomics. GSCs from human tissue samples and their cell-derived exosomes were measured using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS) in an untargeted analysis. Complete characterization of the ceramide profile, in both cells and cell-derived exosomes from GSC phenotypes, showed differential distributions among them. Results indicate that such differences of ceramide are chain-length dependent. Significant changes for the C16 Cer and C24:1 Cer and their ratio were observed among GSC phenotypes, being different for cells and their cell-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel M Melero-Fernandez de Mera
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Tumores Sólidos Infantiles, Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CB06/07/1009; CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alma Villaseñor
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Rojo
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefa Carrión-Navarro
- Brain Tumor Laboratory, Faculty of Experimental Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gradillas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Ayuso-Sacido
- Brain Tumor Laboratory, Faculty of Experimental Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Vithas, Grupo Vithas Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Tanase DM, Gosav EM, Petrov D, Jucan AE, Lacatusu CM, Floria M, Tarniceriu CC, Costea CF, Ciocoiu M, Rezus C. Involvement of Ceramides in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Atherosclerosis (ATS) Development: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:2053. [PMID: 34829402 PMCID: PMC8621166 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and atherosclerosis (ATS) are worldwide known diseases with increased incidence and prevalence. These two are driven and are interconnected by multiple oxidative and metabolic functions such as lipotoxicity. A gamut of evidence suggests that sphingolipids (SL), such as ceramides, account for much of the tissue damage. Although in humans they are proving to be accurate biomarkers of adverse cardiovascular disease outcomes and NAFLD progression, in rodents, pharmacological inhibition or depletion of enzymes driving de novo ceramide synthesis prevents the development of metabolic driven diseases such as diabetes, ATS, and hepatic steatosis. In this narrative review, we discuss the pathways which generate the ceramide synthesis, the potential use of circulating ceramides as novel biomarkers in the development and progression of ATS and related diseases, and their potential use as therapeutic targets in NAFDL-ATS development which can further provide new clues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Maria Tanase
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.M.T.); (E.M.G.); (C.R.)
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Evelina Maria Gosav
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.M.T.); (E.M.G.); (C.R.)
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniela Petrov
- Department of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- I Rheumatology Clinic, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alina Ecaterina Jucan
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Mihaela Lacatusu
- Unit of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Clinical Center of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Floria
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.M.T.); (E.M.G.); (C.R.)
- Internal Medicine Clinic, Emergency Military Clinical Hospital Iasi, 700483 Iasi, Romania
| | - Claudia Cristina Tarniceriu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Discipline of Anatomy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Hematology Clinic, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Claudia Florida Costea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- 2nd Ophthalmology Clinic, “Prof. Dr. Nicolae Oblu” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Manuela Ciocoiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Ciprian Rezus
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.M.T.); (E.M.G.); (C.R.)
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania
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17
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Meyer N, Henkel L, Linder B, Zielke S, Tascher G, Trautmann S, Geisslinger G, Münch C, Fulda S, Tegeder I, Kögel D. Autophagy activation, lipotoxicity and lysosomal membrane permeabilization synergize to promote pimozide- and loperamide-induced glioma cell death. Autophagy 2021; 17:3424-3443. [PMID: 33461384 PMCID: PMC8632287 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1874208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that induction of lethal macroautophagy/autophagy carries potential significance for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). In continuation of previous work, we demonstrate that pimozide and loperamide trigger an ATG5- and ATG7 (autophagy related 5 and 7)-dependent type of cell death that is significantly reduced with cathepsin inhibitors and the lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger α-tocopherol in MZ-54 GBM cells. Global proteomic analysis after treatment with both drugs also revealed an increase of proteins related to lipid and cholesterol metabolic processes. These changes were accompanied by a massive accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in the lysosomal compartment, indicative of impaired lipid transport/degradation. In line with these observations, pimozide and loperamide treatment were associated with a pronounced increase of bioactive sphingolipids including ceramides, glucosylceramides and sphingoid bases measured by targeted lipidomic analysis. Furthermore, pimozide and loperamide inhibited the activity of SMPD1/ASM (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1) and promoted induction of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), as well as release of CTSB (cathepsin B) into the cytosol in MZ-54 wild-type (WT) cells. Whereas LMP and cell death were significantly attenuated in ATG5 and ATG7 knockout (KO) cells, both events were enhanced by depletion of the lysophagy receptor VCP (valosin containing protein), supporting a pro-survival function of lysophagy under these conditions. Collectively, our data suggest that pimozide and loperamide-driven autophagy and lipotoxicity synergize to induce LMP and cell death. The results also support the notion that simultaneous overactivation of autophagy and induction of LMP represents a promising approach for the treatment of GBM.Abbreviations: ACD: autophagic cell death; AKT1: AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; ATG14: autophagy related 14; CERS1: ceramide synthase 1; CTSB: cathepsin B; CYBB/NOX2: cytochrome b-245 beta chain; ER: endoplasmatic reticulum; FBS: fetal bovine serum; GBM: glioblastoma; GO: gene ontology; HTR7/5-HT7: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7; KD: knockdown; KO: knockout; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; LMP: lysosomal membrane permeabilization; MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; RB1CC1: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RPS6: ribosomal protein S6; SMPD1/ASM: sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1; VCP/p97: valosin containing protein; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Meyer
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Henkel
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benedikt Linder
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Svenja Zielke
- Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Georg Tascher
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Münch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Donat Kögel
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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18
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Chen XR, Zhang YG, Wang Q. miR-9-5p Mediates ABCC1 to Elevate the Sensitivity of Glioma Cells to Temozolomide. Front Oncol 2021; 11:661653. [PMID: 34532283 PMCID: PMC8438306 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.661653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy combined with surgery is an important clinical treatment for glioma, but endogenous or acquired temozolomide (TMZ) resistance can lead to poor prognosis. microRNA (miR)-9-5p acts in biological function of glioma, but the drug resistance of miR-9-5p in glioma is under exploration. The study intended to test the molecular mechanism of miR-9-5p in glioma cells. MTT assay was applied to investigate the chemosensitivity enhancement of miR-9-5p on TMZ in glioma cells U87-TMZ and U251-TMZ, and in vivo experiments confirmed its role on tumor growth in nude mice. The results of double luciferase reporter gene assay, qRT-PCR and WB indicated that miR-9-5p directly targeted ABCC1 (ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 1) to reduce its expressions. MTT and flow cytometry indicated that elevation of miR-9-5p or down-regulation of ABCC1 could inhibit proliferation-induced apoptosis of drug-resistant cells, and the decrease of miR-9-5p could reverse the reduction of ABCC1 on proliferation-induced apoptosis of drug-resistant cells. In vivo experiments showed that miR-9-5p could promote the anti-tumor role of TMZ. To sum up, the increase of miR-9-5p directly targets ABCC1 and may make glioma cells sensitive to TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Rui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical Unversity, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yan-Guo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical Unversity, Qiqihar, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical Unversity, Qiqihar, China
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19
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Fabris D, Karmelić I, Muharemović H, Sajko T, Jurilj M, Potočki S, Novak R, Vukelić Ž. Ganglioside Composition Distinguishes Anaplastic Ganglioglioma Tumor Tissue from Peritumoral Brain Tissue: Complementary Mass Spectrometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168844. [PMID: 34445547 PMCID: PMC8396361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides serve as antitumor therapy targets and aberrations in their composition strongly correlate with tumor growth and invasiveness. Anaplastic ganglioglioma is a rare, poorly characterized, malignant neuronal–glial tumor type. We present the first comparative characterization of ganglioside composition in anaplastic ganglioglioma vs. peritumoral and healthy brain tissues by combining mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. Anaplastic ganglioglioma ganglioside composition was highly distinguishable from both peritumoral and healthy tissue despite having five to six times lower total content. Ten out of twelve MS-identified ganglioside classes, defined by unique glycan residues, were represented by a large number and considerable abundance of individual species with different fatty acid residues (C16–C24) in ceramide portions. The major structurally identified class was tumor-associated GD3 (>50%) with 11 species; GD3 (d18:1/24:0) being the most abundant. The dominant sphingoid base residue in ganglioside ceramides was sphingosine (d18:1), followed by eicosasphingosine (d20:1). The peritumoral tissue ganglioside composition was estimated as normal. Specific ganglioside composition and large variability of ganglioside ceramide structures determined in anaplastic ganglioglioma demonstrate realistic ganglioside expression patterns and correspond to the profile of high-grade malignancy brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Fabris
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.K.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (D.F.); (Ž.V.)
| | - Ivana Karmelić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Hasan Muharemović
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Tomislav Sajko
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center “Sestre Milosrdnice”, Vinogradska cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Mia Jurilj
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center “Sestre Milosrdnice”, Vinogradska cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Slavica Potočki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Ruđer Novak
- Department for Protemics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Željka Vukelić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.K.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (D.F.); (Ž.V.)
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20
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Ceramide Metabolism Enzymes-Therapeutic Targets against Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57070729. [PMID: 34357010 PMCID: PMC8303233 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57070729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are both structural molecules that are essential for cell architecture and second messengers that are involved in numerous cell functions. Ceramide is the central hub of sphingolipid metabolism. In addition to being the precursor of complex sphingolipids, ceramides induce cell cycle arrest and promote cell death and inflammation. At least some of the enzymes involved in the regulation of sphingolipid metabolism are altered in carcinogenesis, and some are targets for anticancer drugs. A number of scientific reports have shown how alterations in sphingolipid pools can affect cell proliferation, survival and migration. Determination of sphingolipid levels and the regulation of the enzymes that are implicated in their metabolism is a key factor for developing novel therapeutic strategies or improving conventional therapies. The present review highlights the importance of bioactive sphingolipids and their regulatory enzymes as targets for therapeutic interventions with especial emphasis in carcinogenesis and cancer dissemination.
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21
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Nduwumwami AJ, Hengst JA, Yun JK. Sphingosine kinase inhibition enhances dimerization of calreticulin at the cell surface in mitoxantrone-induced immunogenic cell death. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 378:300-310. [PMID: 34158403 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Agents that induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) alter the cellular localization of calreticulin (CRT) causing it to become cell surface exposed within the plasma membrane lipid raft microdomain (ectoCRT) where it serves as a damage associated molecular pattern that elicits an antitumor immune response. We have identified the sphingolipid metabolic pathway as an integral component of the process of ectoCRT exposure. Inhibition of the sphingosine kinases (SphKs) enhances mitoxantrone-induced production of hallmarks of ICD including ectoCRT production, with an absolute mean difference of 40 MFI (95% CI: 19 to 62; P=0.0014) and 1.3 fold increase of ATP secretion with an absolute mean difference of 87 RLU (95% CI: 55 to 120; P<0.0001). Mechanistically, sphingosine kinase inhibition increases mitoxantrone-induced accumulation of ceramide species including C16:0 ceramide 2.8 fold with an absolute mean difference of 1.390 pmoles/nmoles Pi (95% CI: 0.798 to 1.983; P=0.0023). We further examined the localization of ectoCRT to the lipid raft microdomain and demonstrate that ectoCRT forms disulfide bridged dimers. Together, our findings suggest that ceramide accumulation impinges on the homeostatic function of the endoplasmic reticulum to induce ectoCRT exposure and that structural alterations of ectoCRT may underlie its immunogenicity. Our findings further suggest that inhibition of the SphKs may represent a means to enhance the therapeutic immunogenic efficacy of ICD-inducing agents while reducing overt toxicity/immunosuppressive effects by allowing for the modification of dosing regimens or directly lowering the dosages of ICD-inducing agents employed in therapeutic regimens. Significance Statement This study demonstrates that inhibition of sphingosine kinase enhances the mitoxantrone-induced cell surface exposure of a dimeric form of the normally endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone calreticulin as part of the process of a unique form of regulated cell death termed immunogenic cell death. Importantly, inhibition of sphingosine kinase may represent a means to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of immunogenic cell death-inducing agents, such as mitoxantrone, while reducing their overt toxicity and immunosuppressive effects leading to better therapeutic outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asvelt J Nduwumwami
- Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States
| | - Jeremy A Hengst
- Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States
| | - Jong K Yun
- Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, United States
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22
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The Role of Ceramide Metabolism and Signaling in the Regulation of Mitophagy and Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102475. [PMID: 34069611 PMCID: PMC8161379 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sphingolipids are membrane-associated lipids that are involved in signal transduction pathways regulating cell death, growth, and migration. In cancer cells, sphingolipids regulate pathways relevant to cancer therapy, such as invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, and lethal mitophagy. Notable sphingolipids include ceramide, a sphingolipid that induces death and lethal mitophagy, and sphingosine-1 phosphate, a sphingolipid that induces survival and chemotherapeutic resistance. These sphingolipids participate in regulating the process of mitophagy, where cells encapsulate damaged mitochondria in double-membrane vesicles (called autophagosomes) for degradation. Lethal mitophagy is an anti-tumorigenic mechanism mediated by ceramide, where cells degrade many mitochondria until the cancer cell dies in an apoptosis-independent manner. Abstract Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids responsible for regulating diverse cellular functions such as proliferation, migration, senescence, and death. These lipids are characterized by a long-chain sphingosine backbone amide-linked to a fatty acyl chain with variable length. The length of the fatty acyl chain is determined by specific ceramide synthases, and this fatty acyl length also determines the sphingolipid’s specialized functions within the cell. One function in particular, the regulation of the selective autophagy of mitochondria, or mitophagy, is closely regulated by ceramide, a key regulatory sphingolipid. Mitophagy alterations have important implications for cancer cell proliferation, response to chemotherapeutics, and mitophagy-mediated cell death. This review will focus on the alterations of ceramide synthases in cancer and sphingolipid regulation of lethal mitophagy, concerning cancer therapy.
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Downregulation of ceramide synthase 1 promotes oral cancer through endoplasmic reticulum stress. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:10. [PMID: 33753723 PMCID: PMC7985500 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
C18 ceramide plays an important role in the occurrence and development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, the function of ceramide synthase 1, a key enzyme in C18 ceramide synthesis, in oral squamous cell carcinoma is still unclear. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between ceramide synthase 1 and oral cancer. In this study, we found that the expression of ceramide synthase 1 was downregulated in oral cancer tissues and cell lines. In a mouse oral squamous cell carcinoma model induced by 4-nitroquinolin-1-oxide, ceramide synthase 1 knockout was associated with the severity of oral malignant transformation. Immunohistochemical studies showed significant upregulation of PCNA, MMP2, MMP9, and BCL2 expression and downregulation of BAX expression in the pathological hyperplastic area. In addition, ceramide synthase 1 knockdown promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Overexpression of CERS1 obtained the opposite effect. Ceramide synthase 1 knockdown caused endoplasmic reticulum stress and induced the VEGFA upregulation. Activating transcription factor 4 is responsible for ceramide synthase 1 knockdown caused VEGFA transcriptional upregulation. In addition, mild endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by ceramide synthase 1 knockdown could induce cisplatin resistance. Taken together, our study suggests that ceramide synthase 1 is downregulated in oral cancer and promotes the aggressiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma and chemotherapeutic drug resistance.
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Drastichova Z, Rudajev V, Pallag G, Novotny J. Proteome profiling of different rat brain regions reveals the modulatory effect of prolonged maternal separation on proteins involved in cell death-related processes. Biol Res 2021; 54:4. [PMID: 33557947 PMCID: PMC7871601 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-021-00327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early-life stress in the form of maternal separation can be associated with alterations in offspring neurodevelopment and brain functioning. Here, we aimed to investigate the potential impact of prolonged maternal separation on proteomic profiling of prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of juvenile and young adult rats. A special attention was devoted to proteins involved in the process of cell death and redox state maintenance. Methods Long-Evans pups were separated from their mothers for 3 h daily over the first 3 weeks of life (during days 2–21 of age). Brain tissue samples collected from juvenile (22-day-old) and young adult (90-day-old) rats were used for label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomic analysis. In parallel, selected oxidative stress markers and apoptosis-related proteins were assessed biochemically and by Western blot, respectively. Results In total, 5526 proteins were detected in our proteomic analysis of rat brain tissue. Approximately one tenth of them (586 proteins) represented those involved in cell death processes or regulation of oxidative stress balance. Prolonged maternal separation caused changes in less than half of these proteins (271). The observed alterations in protein expression levels were age-, sex- and brain region-dependent. Interestingly, the proteins detected by mass spectrometry that are known to be involved in the maintenance of redox state were not markedly altered. Accordingly, we did not observe any significant differences between selected oxidative stress markers, such as the levels of hydrogen peroxide, reduced glutathione, protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation in brain samples from rats that underwent maternal separation and from the corresponding controls. On the other hand, a number of changes were found in cell death-associated proteins, mainly in those involved in the apoptotic and autophagic pathways. However, there were no detectable alterations in the levels of cleaved products of caspases or Bcl-2 family members. Taken together, these data indicate that the apoptotic and autophagic cell death pathways were not activated by maternal separation either in adolescent or young adult rats. Conclusion Prolonged maternal separation can distinctly modulate expression profiles of proteins associated with cell death pathways in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of juvenile rats and the consequences of early-life stress may last into adulthood and likely participate in variations in stress reactivity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40659-021-00327-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Drastichova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Rudajev
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gergely Pallag
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Mitochondrial Homeostasis Mediates Lipotoxicity in the Failing Myocardium. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031498. [PMID: 33540894 PMCID: PMC7867320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure remains the most common cause of death in the industrialized world. In spite of new therapeutic interventions that are constantly being developed, it is still not possible to completely protect against heart failure development and progression. This shows how much more research is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms of this process. In this review, we give a detailed overview of the contribution of impaired mitochondrial dynamics and energy homeostasis during heart failure progression. In particular, we focus on the regulation of fatty acid metabolism and the effects of fatty acid accumulation on mitochondrial structural and functional homeostasis.
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Fisher-Wellman KH, Hagen JT, Neufer PD, Kassai M, Cabot MC. On the nature of ceramide-mitochondria interactions - Dissection using comprehensive mitochondrial phenotyping. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109838. [PMID: 33212155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a unique class of lipids owing to their non-glycerol-containing backbone, ceramide, that is constructed from a long-chain aliphatic amino alcohol, sphinganine, to which a fatty acid is attached via an amide bond. Ceramide plays a star role in the initiation of apoptosis by virtue of its interactions with mitochondria, a control point for a downstream array of signaling cascades culminating in apoptosis. Many pathways converge on mitochondria to elicit mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), a step that corrupts bioenergetic service. Although much is known regarding ceramides interaction with mitochondria and the ensuing cell signal transduction cascades, how ceramide impacts the elements of mitochondrial bioenergetic function is poorly understood. The objective of this review is to introduce the reader to sphingolipid metabolism, present a snapshot of mitochondrial respiration, elaborate on ceramides convergence on mitochondria and the upstream players that collaborate to elicit MOMP, and introduce a mitochondrial phenotyping platform that can be of utility in dissecting the fine-points of ceramide impact on cellular bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America.
| | - James T Hagen
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
| | - Miki Kassai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
| | - Myles C Cabot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America.
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Qian H, Deng J, Lu C, Hou G, Zhang H, Zhang M, Fang Z, Lv XD. Ceramide synthases: insights into the expression and prognosis of lung cancer. Exp Lung Res 2020; 47:37-53. [PMID: 33183094 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2020.1844345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CerSs (ceramide synthases), a group of enzymes that catalyze the formation of ceramides from sphingoid base and acyl-CoA substrates. As far, six types of CerSs (CerS1-CerS6) have been found in mammals. Each of these enzymes have unique characteristics, but maybe more noteworthy is the ability of individual CerS isoform to produce a ceramide with a characteristic acyl chain distribution. As key regulators of sphingolipid metabolism, CerSs highlight their unique characteristics and have emerging roles in regulating programmed cell death, cancer and many other aspects of biology. However, the role of CerSs in lung cancer has not been fully elucidated. In this study, there was no significant change in the sequence or copy number of CerSs gene, which could explain the stability of malignant tumor development through COSMIC database. In addition, gene expression in lung cancer was examined using the OncomineTM database, and the prognostic value of each gene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The results showed that high mRNA expression levels of CerS2, CerS3, CerS4 and CerS5 in all NSCLC patients were associated with improved prognosis. Among them, CerS2 and CerS5 are also highly expressed in adenocarcinoma (Ade), but not in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In contrast, high or low expression of CerS1 and CerS6 no difference was observed in patients with NSCLC, Ade and SCC. Integrated the data of this study suggested that these CerSs may be a potential tumor markers or drug target of new research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijiang Qian
- Department of Respiratory, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University
| | - Jingjing Deng
- Department of Respiratory, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University
| | - Gouxin Hou
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Hualiang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University
| | - Zhixian Fang
- Department of Respiratory, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University
| | - Xiao-Dong Lv
- Department of Respiratory, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University
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Dai L, Chen J, Lin Z, Wang Z, Mu S, Qin Z. Targeting Sphingosine Kinase by ABC294640 against Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG). J Cancer 2020; 11:4683-4691. [PMID: 32626514 PMCID: PMC7330698 DOI: 10.7150/jca.46269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a highly aggressive pediatric brainstem tumor, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) accounts for 10% to 20% of childhood brain tumors. The survival rate for DIPG remains very low, with a median survival time as less than one year even under radiotherapy, the current standard treatment. Moreover, over than 250 clinical trials have failed when trying to improve the survival compared to radiotherapy. The sphingolipid metabolism and related signaling pathways have been found closely related to cancer cell survival; however, the sphingolipid metabolism targeted therapies have never been investigated in DIPG. In the current study, the anti-DIPG activity of ABC294640, the only first-in-class orally available Sphingosine kinase (SphK) inhibitor was explored. Treatment with ABC294640 significantly repressed DIPG cell growth by inducing intracellular pro-apoptotic ceramides production and cell apoptosis. We also profiled ABC294640-induced changes in gene expression within DIPG cells and identified many new genes tightly controlled by sphingolipid metabolism, such as IFITM1 and KAL1. These genes are required for DIPG cell survival and display clinical relevance in DIPG patients' samples. Together, our findings in this study indicate that targeting sphingolipid metabolism may represent a promising strategy to improve DIPG treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Dai
- Departments of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Jungang Chen
- Departments of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Zhen Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Tulane Cancer Center, 1700 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Zhaoxiong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Tulane Cancer Center, 1700 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shengyu Mu
- Pharmacology & Toxicology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Departments of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Thayyullathil F, Cheratta AR, Pallichankandy S, Subburayan K, Tariq S, Rangnekar VM, Galadari S. Par-4 regulates autophagic cell death in human cancer cells via upregulating p53 and BNIP3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118692. [PMID: 32135176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) is a tumor suppressor protein that selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Although the mechanism of Par-4-mediated induction of apoptosis has been well studied, the involvement of Par-4 in other mechanisms of cell death such as autophagy is unclear. We investigated the mechanism involved in Par-4-mediated autophagic cell death in human malignant glioma. We demonstrate for the first time that the tumor suppressor lipid, ceramide (Cer), causes Par-4 induction, leading to autophagic cell death in human malignant glioma. Furthermore, we identified the tumor suppressor protein p53 and BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) as downstream targets of Par-4 during Cer-mediated autophagic cell death. RNAi-mediated down-regulation of Par-4 blocks Cer-induced p53-BNIP3 activation and autophagic cell death, while upregulation of Par-4 augmented p53-BNIP3 activation and autophagic cell death. Remarkably, in many instances, Par-4 overexpression alone was sufficient to induce cell death which is associated with features of autophagy. Interestingly, similar results were seen when glioma cells were exposed to classical autophagy inducers such as serum starvation, arsenic trioxide, and curcumin. Collectively, the novel Par-4-p53-BNIP3 axis plays a crucial role in autophagy-mediated cell death in human malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Thayyullathil
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University, Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box. 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anees Rahman Cheratta
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University, Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box. 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Siraj Pallichankandy
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University, Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box. 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karthikeyan Subburayan
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University, Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box. 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Tariq
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sehamuddin Galadari
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University, Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box. 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Li L, Xie Q, Bian G, Zhang B, Wang M, Wang Y, Chen Z, Li Y. Anti-H1N1 viral activity of three main active ingredients from zedoary oil. Fitoterapia 2020; 142:104489. [PMID: 32004654 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus is one of the most widespread infectious diseases in the world. It poses a serious public health threat to humans. With the emergence of drug-resistant virus strains, antiviral drugs are urgently needed to control virus transmission and disease progression. In this study, three main active substances-curcumol, curdione and germacrone-were isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine zedoary. They inhibited the replication of influenza A (H1N1) virus in a dose-dependent manner. After treatment with these compounds, the expression of viral protein and RNA synthesis were inhibited. In vivo, these compounds also reduced H1N1-induced lung damage and the load of virus in serum as well as whole blood cells. In a proteomic analysis, after treatment with germacrone, the expression of antiviral protein and the amount of intracellular virus were significantly reduced, further proving that germacrone can inhibit viral replication. Our experiments have shown that curcumol, curdione and germacrone can inhibit the replication of H1N1 virus; in particular, germacrone shows potential both in vitro and in vivo as a therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- School of Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qing Xie
- School of Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Bian
- School of Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Biyan Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengfei Wang
- School of Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- School of Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zijun Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yunsen Li
- School of Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Tea MN, Poonnoose SI, Pitson SM. Targeting the Sphingolipid System as a Therapeutic Direction for Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010111. [PMID: 31906280 PMCID: PMC7017054 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most commonly diagnosed malignant brain tumor in adults. The prognosis for patients with GBM remains poor and largely unchanged over the last 30 years, due to the limitations of existing therapies. Thus, new therapeutic approaches are desperately required. Sphingolipids are highly enriched in the brain, forming the structural components of cell membranes, and are major lipid constituents of the myelin sheaths of nerve axons, as well as playing critical roles in cell signaling. Indeed, a number of sphingolipids elicit a variety of cellular responses involved in the development and progression of GBM. Here, we discuss the role of sphingolipids in the pathobiology of GBM, and how targeting sphingolipid metabolism has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda N. Tea
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, UniSA CRI Building, North Tce, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Santosh I. Poonnoose
- Department of Neurosurgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Stuart M. Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, UniSA CRI Building, North Tce, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
- Adelaide Medical School and School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8302-7832; Fax: +61-8-8302-9246
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Lee M, Cho HS, Yoon KJ, Lee W, Moon HY. Exercise-induced changes of gene expression in the cerebellum of aged mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 521:952-956. [PMID: 31718796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise has been prescribed to the elderly based on its effect on increasing muscle strength and protein synthesis that prevent sense of balance and/or cognitive functions. However, a few molecular mechanism researches has been conducted on how the vestibular organs, cerebellum, and hippocampus, which are responsible for the deterioration and balance of spatial learning memory due to aging, are affected by exercise. METHODS The 9-week old and 84-week old C57Bl/6 were assigned randomly to Young-Control (YC), Young-Exercise (YE), Old-Control (OC) and Old-Exercise (OE) groups for 4 -week treadmill running. A Rotarod test was used to evaluate motor coordination function. Moreover, a high-throughput whole transcript expression RNA array approach was applied to the cerebellum of aged mice to explain the novel molecular mechanism of beneficial effect of exercise. RESULTS As results, the motor coordination function was significantly improved in exercise-aged mice. The RNA sequencing analysis showed that the expression of cerebellar genes was significantly changed by aging rather than exercise. Especially, Cers1 was up-regulated in sedentary aged mice and down-regulated in exercise aged mice. Fumonisin B1, inhibition of Cers1, mitigates neuronal cell death induced by doxorubicin. CONCLUSION These results provide unraveling specific transcripts and understanding of the exercise-related cerebellum transcriptome in aged mice. Well-designed exercise program might prevent the motor coordination defect in aged model, which development of the exercise protocol for elderly population based on these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchul Lee
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Science, CHA University, Pocheon, South Korea
| | - Hae-Sung Cho
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Yoon
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - WonSang Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo Youl Moon
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Brachtendorf S, El-Hindi K, Grösch S. WITHDRAWN: Ceramide synthases in cancer therapy and chemoresistance. Prog Lipid Res 2019:100992. [PMID: 31442523 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brachtendorf
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Khadija El-Hindi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Sabine Grösch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
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Mitophagy in Cancer: A Tale of Adaptation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050493. [PMID: 31121959 PMCID: PMC6562743 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
:In the past years, we have learnt that tumors co-evolve with their microenvironment, and that the active interaction between cancer cells and stromal cells plays a pivotal role in cancer initiation, progression and treatment response. Among the players involved, the pathways regulating mitochondrial functions have been shown to be crucial for both cancer and stromal cells. This is perhaps not surprising, considering that mitochondria in both cancerous and non-cancerous cells are decisive for vital metabolic and bioenergetic functions and to elicit cell death. The central part played by mitochondria also implies the existence of stringent mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, where a specialized autophagy pathway (mitophagy) ensures the selective removal of damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria. Although the molecular underpinnings of mitophagy regulation in mammalian cells remain incomplete, it is becoming clear that mitophagy pathways are intricately linked to the metabolic rewiring of cancer cells to support the high bioenergetic demand of the tumor. In this review, after a brief introduction of the main mitophagy regulators operating in mammalian cells, we discuss emerging cell autonomous roles of mitochondria quality control in cancer onset and progression. We also discuss the relevance of mitophagy in the cellular crosstalk with the tumor microenvironment and in anti-cancer therapy responses.
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Stith JL, Velazquez FN, Obeid LM. Advances in determining signaling mechanisms of ceramide and role in disease. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:913-918. [PMID: 30846529 PMCID: PMC6495170 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.s092874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is a critical bioactive lipid involved in diverse cellular processes. It has been proposed to regulate cellular processes by influencing membrane properties and by directly interacting with effector proteins. Advances over the past decade have improved our understanding of ceramide as a bioactive lipid. Generation and characterization of ceramide-metabolizing enzyme KO mice, development of specific inhibitors and ceramide-specific antibodies, use of advanced microscopy and mass spectrometry, and design of synthetic ceramide derivatives have all provided insight into the signaling mechanisms of ceramide and its implications in disease. As a result, the role of ceramide in biological functions and disease are now better understood, with promise for development of therapeutic strategies to treat ceramide-regulated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Stith
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Fabiola N Velazquez
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794; Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center Northport, NY 11768.
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Brachtendorf S, El-Hindi K, Grösch S. Ceramide synthases in cancer therapy and chemoresistance. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:160-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Visualizing bioactive ceramides. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 216:142-151. [PMID: 30266560 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last 30 years, ceramides have been found to mediate a myriad of biological processes. Ceramides have been recognized as bioactive molecules and their metabolizing enzymes are attractive targets in cancer therapy and other diseases. The molecular mechanism of action of cellular ceramides are still not fully established, with insights into roles through modification of lipid rafts, creation of ceramide platforms, ceramide channels, or through regulation of direct protein effectors such as protein phosphatases and kinases. Recently, the 'Many Ceramides' hypothesis focuses on distinct pools of subcellular ceramides and ceramide species as potential defined bioactive entities. Traditional methods that measure changes in ceramide levels in the whole cell, such as mass spectrometry, fluorescent ceramide analogues, and ceramide antibodies, fail to differentiate specific bioactive species at the subcellular level. However, a few ceramide binding proteins have been reported, and a smaller subgroup within these, have been shown to translocate to ceramide-enriched membranes, revealing these localized pools of bioactive ceramides. In this review we want to discuss and consolidate these works and explore the possibility of defining these binding proteins as new tools are emerging to visualize bioactive ceramides in cells. Our goal is to encourage the scientific community to explore these ceramide partners, to improve techniques to refine the list of these binding partners, making possible the identification of specific domains that recognize and bind ceramides to be used to visualize the 'Many Ceramides' in the cell.
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Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance, inherent or acquired, represents a serious barrier to the successful treatment of cancer. Although drug efflux, conducted by plasma membrane-resident proteins, detoxification enzymes, cell death inhibition, and DNA damage repair are ensemble players in this unwanted biology, a full understanding of the many in concert molecular mechanisms driving drug resistance is lacking. Recent discoveries in sphingolipid (SL) metabolism have provided significant insight into the role of these lipids in cancer growth; however, considerably less is known with respect to SLs and the drug-resistant phenotype. One exception here is enhanced ceramide glycosylation, a hallmark of multidrug resistance that is believed responsible, in part, for diminishing ceramides tumor-suppressor potential. This chapter will review various aspects of SL biology that relate to chemotherapy resistance and extend this topic to acknowledge the role of chemotherapy selection pressure in promoting dysregulated SL metabolism, a characteristic in cancer and an exploitable target for therapy.
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Abstract
Macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) is a highly conserved stress response that engulfs damaged proteins, lipids, and/or organelles within double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes for lysosomal degradation. Dysregulated autophagy is a hallmark of cancer; and thus, there is great interest in modulating autophagy for cancer therapy. Sphingolipids regulate each step of autophagosome biogenesis with roles for sphingolipid metabolites and enzymes spanning from the initial step of de novo ceramide synthesis to the sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1-mediated exit from the sphingolipid pathway. Notably, sphingolipid metabolism occurs at several of the organelles that contribute to autophagosome biogenesis to suggest that local changes in sphingolipids may regulate autophagy. As sphingolipid metabolism is frequently dysregulated in cancer, a molecular understanding of sphingolipids in stress-induced autophagy may provide insight into the mechanisms driving tumor development and progression. On the contrary, modulation of sphingolipid metabolites and/or enzymes can induce autophagy-dependent cell death for cancer therapy. This chapter will overview the major steps in mammalian autophagy, discuss the regulation of each step by sphingolipid metabolites, and describe the functions of sphingolipid-mediated autophagy in cancer. While our understanding of the signaling and biophysical properties of sphingolipids in autophagy remains in its infancy, the unique cross talk between the two pathways is an exciting area for further development, particularly in the context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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