Date fruit melanin is primarily based on (-)-epicatechin proanthocyanidin oligomers

Plant-based melanin seems to be abundant, but it did not receive scientific attention despite its importance in plant biology and medicinal applications, e.g. photoprotection, radical scavenging, antimicrobial properties, etc. Date fruit melanin (DM) has complex, graphene-like, polymeric structure that needs characterization to understand its molecular properties and potential applications. This study provides the first investigation of the possible molecular composition of DM. High performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) suggested that DM contains oligomeric structures (569-3236 Da) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed agglomeration of these structures in granules of low total porosity (10-1000 Å). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provided evidence for the presence of oligomeric proanthocyanidins and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy revealed a g-factor in the range 2.0034-2.005. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that the EPR signals can be associated with oligomeric proanthocyanidin structures having 4 and above molecular units of (-)-epicatechin. The discovery of edible melanin in date fruits and its characterization are expected to open a new area of research on its significance to nutritional and sensory characteristics of plant-based foods.

High-Density Lipoprotein Is Located Alongside Insulin in the Islets of Langerhans of Normal and Rodent Models of Diabetes

Recent studies have implicated pre-beta and beta lipoproteins (VLDL and LDL) in the etiopathogenesis of complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). In contrast, alpha lipoprotein (HDL) is protective of the beta cells of the pancreas. This study examined the distribution of HDL in the islets of Langerhans of murine models of type 1 diabetic rats (streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM in Wistar rats) and type 2 models of DM rats (Goto-Kakizaki (GK), non-diabetic Zucker lean (ZL), and Zucker diabetic and fatty (ZDF)). The extent by which HDL co-localizes with insulin or glucagon in the islets of the pancreas was also investigated. Pancreatic tissues of Wistar non-diabetic, diabetic Wistar, GK, ZL, and ZDF rats were processed for immunohistochemistry. Pancreatic samples of GK rats fed with either a low-fat or a high-fat diet were prepared for transmission immune-electron microscopy (TIEM) to establish the cytoplasmic localization of HDL in islet cells. HDL was detected in the core and periphery of pancreatic islets of Wistar non-diabetic and diabetic, GK, ZL, and ZDF rats. The average total of islet cells immune positive for HDL was markedly (<0.05) reduced in GK and ZDF rats in comparison to Wistar controls. The number of islet cells containing HDL was also remarkably (p < 0.05) reduced in Wistar diabetic rats and GK models fed on high-fat food. The co-localization study using immunofluorescence and TIEM techniques showed that HDL is detected alongside insulin within the secretory granules of β-cells. HDL did not co-localize with glucagon. This observation implies that HDL may contribute to the metabolism of insulin.

Unveiling the mechanisms of neuropathic pain suppression: perineural resiniferatoxin targets Trpv1 and beyond

Neuropathic pain arises from damage or disorders affecting the somatosensory system. In rats, L5 nerve injury induces thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity/hyperalgesia. Recently, we demonstrated that applying resiniferatoxin (RTX) directly on uninjured L3 and L4 nerves alleviated thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity resulting from L5 nerve injury. Herein, using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and qRT-PCR techniques, we reveal that perineural application of RTX (0.002%) on the L4 nerve substantially downregulated the expression of its receptor (Trpv1) and three different voltage-gated ion channels (Nav1.9, Kv4.3, and Cav2.2). These channels are found primarily in small-sized neurons and show significant colocalization with Trpv1 in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). However, RTX treatment did not affect the expression of Kv1.1, Piezo2 (found in large-sized neurons without colocalization with Trpv1), and Kir4.1 (localized in satellite cells) in the ipsilateral DRGs. Furthermore, RTX application on L3 and L4 nerves reduced the activation of c-fos in the spinal neurons induced by heat stimulation. Subsequently, we investigated whether applying RTX to the L3 and L4 nerves 3 weeks before the L5 nerve injury could prevent the onset of neuropathic pain. Both 0.002 and 0.004% concentrations of RTX produced significant analgesic effects, while complete prevention of thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity required a concentration of 0.008%. Importantly, this preventive effect on neuropathic manifestations was not associated with nerve degeneration, as microscopic examination revealed no morphological changes. Overall, this study underscores the mechanisms and the significance of perineural RTX treatment applied to adjacent uninjured nerves in entirely preventing nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain in humans and animals.

β-Caryophyllene, a Dietary Phytocannabinoid, Alleviates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Mice by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Activating Cannabinoid Type-2 Receptors

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its associated complications are considered one of the major health risks globally. Among numerous complications, diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by increased accumulation of lipids and reduced glucose utilization following abnormal lipid metabolism in the myocardium along with oxidative stress, myocardial fibrosis, and inflammation that eventually result in cardiac dysfunction. The abnormal metabolism of lipids plays a fundamental role in cardiac lipotoxicity following the occurrence and development of DCM. Recently, it has been revealed that cannabinoid type-2 (CB2) receptors, an essential component of the endocannabinoid system, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of obesity, hyperlipidemia, and DM. Provided the role of CB2R in regulating the glucolipid metabolic dysfunction and its antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory activities, we carried out the current study to investigate the protective effects of a selective CB2R agonist, β-caryophyllene (BCP), a natural dietary cannabinoid in the murine model of DCM and elucidated the underlying pharmacological and molecular mechanisms. Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (100 mg/kg) to induce the model of DCM. BCP (50 mg/kg body weight) was given orally for 12 weeks. AM630, a CB2R antagonist, was given 30 min before BCP treatment to demonstrate the CB2R-dependent mechanism of BCP. DCM mice exhibited hyperglycemia, increased serum lactate dehydrogenase, impaired cardiac function, and hypertrophy. In addition, DCM mice showed alternations in serum lipids and increased oxidative stress concomitant to reduced antioxidant defenses and enhanced cardiac lipid accumulation in the diabetic heart. DCM mice also exhibited activation of TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling and triggered the production of inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory enzyme mediators. However, treatment with BCP exerted remarkable protective effects by favorable modulation of the biochemical and molecular parameters, which were altered in DCM mice. Interestingly, pretreatment with AM630 abrogated the protective effects of BCP in DCM mice. Taken together, the findings of the present study demonstrate that BCP possesses the capability to mitigate the progression of DCM by inhibition of lipotoxicity-mediated cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation and favorable modulation of TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways mediating the CB2R-dependent mechanism.

Role of meteorological parameters with the spread of Covid-19 in Pakistan: application of autoregressive distributed lag approach

This research focuses on the impacts of different meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, rainfall, and evapotranspiration) on the transmission of Covid-19 in the administrative regions and provinces of Pakistan, i.e., Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Islamabad, Punjab, Sindh, and Balochistan from June 10, 2020, to August 31, 2021. This study analyzes the relation between Covid-19-confirmed cases and the meteorological parameters with the help of the autoregressive distributed lag model. In this research, additional tools (t-statistics, f-statistics, and time series analysis) are used for the motive of examining the linear relationship, the productivity of the model, and for the significant association between dependent and independent variables, lnccc and lnevp, lnhum, lnrain, lntemp, respectively. Values of t-statistics and f-statistics reveal that variables have a connection and individual significance for the model exist. Time series display that the Covid-19 spread increased from June 10, 2020, to August 31, 2021, in Pakistan. Temperature positively influenced the Covid-19-confirmed cases in all provinces of Pakistan in the long run. Evapotranspiration and rainfall influenced positively, while specific humidity influenced negatively on the confirmed Covid-19 cases in Azad Jammu Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Punjab. Specific humidity had a positive impact, while evapotranspiration and rainfall had the negative impact on the Covid-19-confirmed cases in Sindh and Balochistan. Evapotranspiration and specific humidity influenced positively, while rainfall influenced the Covid-19-confirmed cases negatively in Gilgit Baltistan. Evapotranspiration influenced positively, while specific humidity and rainfall influenced negatively on the Covid-19-confirmed cases in Islamabad.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13762-023-04997-4.

Boosting the Antibacterial Activity of Azithromycin on Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli by Efflux Pump Inhibition Coupled with Outer Membrane Permeabilization Induced by Phenylalanine-Arginine β-Naphthylamide

The global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria increases the demand for the discovery of new antibiotics and adjuvants. Phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN) is an inhibitor of efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria, such as the AcrAB-TolC complex in Escherichia coli. We aimed to explore the synergistic effect and mechanism of action of PAβN combined with azithromycin (AZT) on a group of MDR E. coli strains. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested for 56 strains, which were screened for macrolide resistance genes. Then, 29 strains were tested for synergy using the checkerboard assay. PAβN significantly enhanced AZT activity in a dose-dependent manner in strains expressing the mphA gene and encoding macrolide phosphotransferase, but not in strains carrying the ermB gene and encoding macrolide methylase. Early bacterial killing (6 h) was observed in a colistin-resistant strain with the mcr-1 gene, leading to lipid remodeling, which caused outer membrane (OM) permeability defects. Clear OM damage was revealed by transmission electron microscopy in bacteria exposed to high doses of PAβN. Increased OM permeability was also proven by fluorometric assays, confirming the action of PAβN on OM. PAβN maintained its activity as an efflux pump inhibitor at low doses without permeabilizing OM. A non-significant increase in acrA, acrB, and tolC expression in response to prolonged exposure to PAβN was noted in cells treated with PAβN alone or with AZT, as a reflection of bacterial attempts to counteract pump inhibition. Thus, PAβN was found to be effective in potentiating the antibacterial activity of AZT on E. coli through dose-dependent action. This warrants further investigations of its effect combined with other antibiotics on multiple Gram-negative bacterial species. Synergetic combinations will help in the battle against MDR pathogens, adding new tools to the arsenal of existing medications.

Targeting oxeiptosis-mediated tumor suppression: a novel approach to treat colorectal cancers by sanguinarine

Oxeiptosis is a recently identified reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive, caspase independent, non-inflammatory regulated cell death pathway. The activation of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-Phosphoglycerate mutase 5-Apoptosis inducing factor mitochondria associated 1 (KEAP1-PGAM5-AIFM1) pathway is the key signaling event in the execution of oxeiptosis. In the present study, we demonstrate that sanguinarine (SNG), a quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloid, induces oxeiptosis in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells via ROS, specifically hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-dependent activation of KEAP1-PGAM5-AIFM1 signaling axis. Whilst, knockdown of KEAP1, PGAM5, and AIFM1 largely abolishes SNG-induced oxeiptosis, hence reinforcing the importance of the role of this pathway in the SNG-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, extracellular addition of H₂O₂ sensitizes SNG-induced oxeiptosis in CRC cells, while removal of intracellular ROS by ROS scavengers, not only alleviated the overproduction of ROS caused by SNG, but also reversed the biochemical events associated with oxeiptosis. Finally, in vivo study demonstrates that SNG effectively reduces the tumor growth in HT-29 xenograft mouse model through features associated with oxeiptosis. This study highlights oxeiptosis as a novel tumor suppressive mechanism and further investigation of the role of oxeiptosis in cancer treatment is warranted.

Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles on the Erythrocytes of Wistar Normotensive and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials. SiNPs can encounter erythrocytes and hypertension is strongly linked to abnormalities in the functional and structural characteristics of erythrocytes. As little is known about the combinatorial effect of SiNP-hypertension interactions on erythrocytes, the aim of this work was to study the effects triggered by hypertension on SiNPs induced hemolysis and the pathophysiological mechanism underlying it. We compared the interaction of amorphous 50 nm SiNPs at various concentrations (0.2, 1, 5 and 25 µg/mL) with erythrocytes of normotensive (NT) and hypertensive (HT) rats in vitro. Following incubation of the erythrocytes, SiNPs induced significant and dose-dependent increase in hemolysis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed erythrocyte deformity in addition to SiNPs taken up by erythrocytes. The erythrocyte susceptibility to lipid peroxidation was significantly increased. The concentration of reduced glutathione, and activities of superoxide dismutase, and catalase were significantly increased. SiNPs significantly increased intracellular Ca²⁺. Likewise, the concentration of the cellular protein annexin V and calpain activity was enhanced by SiNPs. Concerningly, all the tested parameters were significantly enhanced in erythrocytes from HT rats compared to NT rats. Our results collectively demonstrate that hypertension can potentially exacerbate the in vitro effect induced by SiNPs.

Expression, purification, and functional characterization of soluble recombinant full-length simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Pr55Gag

The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) precursor polypeptide Pr55^Gag drives viral assembly and facilitates specific recognition and packaging of the SIV genomic RNA (gRNA) into viral particles. While several studies have tried to elucidate the role of SIV Pr55^Gag by expressing its different components independently, studies using full-length SIV Pr55^Gag have not been conducted, primarily due to the unavailability of purified and biologically active full-length SIV Pr55^Gag. We successfully expressed soluble, full-length SIV Pr55^Gag with His₆-tag in bacteria and purified it using affinity and gel filtration chromatography. In the process, we identified within Gag, a second in-frame start codon downstream of a putative Shine-Dalgarno-like sequence resulting in an additional truncated form of Gag. Synonymously mutating this sequence allowed expression of full-length Gag in its native form. The purified Gag assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) in vitro in the presence of nucleic acids, revealing its biological functionality. In vivo experiments also confirmed formation of functional VLPs, and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR demonstrated efficient packaging of SIV gRNA by these VLPs. The methodology we employed ensured the availability of >95% pure, biologically active, full-length SIV Pr55^Gag which should facilitate future studies to understand protein structure and RNA-protein interactions involved during SIV gRNA packaging.

Early Doxorubicin Myocardial Injury: Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptotic Role of Galectin-3

Doxorubicin (DOXO) is an effective drug that is used in the treatment of a large number of cancers. Regardless of its important chemotherapeutic characteristics, its usage is restricted because of its serious side effects; the most obvious is cardiotoxicity, which can manifest acutely or years after completion of treatment, leading to left ventricular dysfunction, dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Galectin 3 (Gal-3) is a beta galactoside binding lectin that has different roles in normal and pathophysiological conditions. Gal-3 was found to be upregulated in animal models, correlating with heart failure, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Male C57B6/J and B6.Cg-Lgals3 <tm 1 Poi>/J Gal-3 knockout (KO) mice were used for a mouse model of acute DOXO-induced cardiotoxicity. Mice were given DOXO or vehicle (normal saline), after which the mice again had free access to food and water. Heart and plasma samples were collected 5 days after DOXO administration and were used for tissue processing, staining, electron microscopy, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There was a significant increase in the heart concentration of Gal-3 in Gal-3 wild type DOXO-treated mice when compared with the sham control. There were significantly higher concentrations of heart cleaved caspase-3, plasma troponin I, plasma lactate dehydrogenase, and plasma creatine kinase in Gal-3 KO DOXO-treated mice than in Gal-3 wild type DOXO-treated mice. Moreover, there were significantly higher heart antioxidant proteins and lower oxidative stress in Gal-3 wild type DOXO-treated mice than in Gal-3 KO DOXO-treated mice. In conclusion, Gal-3 can affect the redox pathways and regulate cell survival and death of the myocardium following acute DOXO injury.

Discerning the role of polymyxin B nonapeptide in restoring the antibacterial activity of azithromycin against antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli

Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health threat. Antibiotic development pipeline has few new drugs; therefore, using antibiotic adjuvants has been envisioned as a successful method to preserve existing medications to fight multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. In this study, we investigated the synergistic effect of a polymyxin derivative known as polymyxin B nonapeptide (PMBN) with azithromycin (AZT). A total of 54 Escherichia coli strains were first characterized for macrolide resistance genes, and susceptibility to different antibiotics, including AZT. A subset of 24 strains was then selected for synergy testing by the checkerboard assay. PMBN was able to re-sensitize the bacteria to AZT, even in strains with high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC: 32 to ≥128 μg/ml) for AZT, and in strains resistant to the last resort drugs such as colistin and meropenem. The fractional inhibitory concentration index was lower than 0.5, demonstrating that PMBN and AZT combinations had a synergistic effect. The combinations worked efficiently in strains carrying mphA gene encoding macrolide phosphotransferase which can cause macrolide inactivation. However, the combinations were inactive in strains having an additional ermB gene encoding macrolide methylase which causes ribosomal drug target alteration. Killing kinetics study showed a significant reduction of bacterial growth after 6 h of treatment with complete killing achieved after 24 h. Transmission electron microscopy showed morphological alterations in the bacteria treated with PMBN alone or in combination with AZT, with evidence of damage to the outer membrane. These results suggested that PMBN acted by increasing the permeability of bacterial outer membrane to AZT, which was also evident using a fluorometric assay. Using multiple antimicrobial agents could therefore be a promising strategy in the eradication of MDR bacteria. PMBN is a good candidate for use with other antibiotics to potentiate their activity, but further studies are required in vivo. This will significantly contribute to resolving antimicrobial resistance crisis.

Nootkatone Ameliorates Doxorubicin Induced Myocardial Injury through Modulation of NF-κB Signals and Oxidative Stress

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Doxorubicin (DOXO) is a potent chemotherapeutic drug that is used in the treatment of a large number of cancers. Despite its important chemotherapeutic characteristics, its usage is limited because of the serious side effects; the most noticeable is cardiotoxicity which can manifest acutely or years after completion of treatment leading to left ventricular dysfunction, dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Nootkatone (NK) is a recognized bioactive compound isolated from the heartwood of Cupressus nootkatensis and has been reported to have antiseptic, antioxidant, and anti-allergic activities.

METHODS

Male C57B6/J mice were used for mice model of DOXO-cardiac toxicity. Mice were given either DOXO or NK or DOXO+NK or vehicle (normal saline) after which the mice again had free access to food and water. Heart and plasma samples were collected 5 days after DOXO administration and were used for immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

There were significant reduction in inflammatory markers in hearts of DOXO-NK- treated mice when compared with DOXO-treated mice. Moreover, there were significant increase in antioxidant proteins and reduction of oxidative stress in hearts of DOXO-NK-treated mice when compared with DOXO-treated mice. There was a significant reduction in myocardial damage as shown by significant reduction of troponin I in DOXO-NK- treated mice when compared with DOXO-treated mice.

CONCLUSION

Nootkatone improves DOXO-induced myocardial injury through modulation of NF-κB signals and reduction of oxidative stress.

Scintillation light detection in the 6-m drift-length ProtoDUNE Dual Phase liquid argon TPC

DUNE is a dual-site experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies, neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. ProtoDUNE Dual Phase (DP) is a 6  ×  6  ×  6 m 3 liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LArTPC) that recorded cosmic-muon data at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2019-2020 as a prototype of the DUNE Far Detector. Charged particles propagating through the LArTPC produce ionization and scintillation light. The scintillation light signal in these detectors can provide the trigger for non-beam events. In addition, it adds precise timing capabilities and improves the calorimetry measurements. In ProtoDUNE-DP, scintillation and electroluminescence light produced by cosmic muons in the LArTPC is collected by photomultiplier tubes placed up to 7 m away from the ionizing track. In this paper, the ProtoDUNE-DP photon detection system performance is evaluated with a particular focus on the different wavelength shifters, such as PEN and TPB, and the use of Xe-doped LAr, considering its future use in giant LArTPCs. The scintillation light production and propagation processes are analyzed and a comparison of simulation to data is performed, improving understanding of the liquid argon properties.

POS0661 MAJOR COST SAVINGS ASSOCIATED WITH BIOLOGIC DOSE REDUCTION IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS

Background

Anti-TNF drugs have dramatically improved the management of inflammatory arthritis (IA).

Although the introduction of biosimilars have reduced the cost, chronic use of biologic agents

has a high impact on healthcare expenditure. This study evaluated the cost effectiveness of a

dose reduction strategy for the most commonly used anti- TNF drugs over a period of 10 years

in patients with IA in remission.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to explore whether patients with Inflammatory Arthritis (IA) (Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) or Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) would remain in remission after 10 year period, following a reduction in biologic dosing frequency and to calculate the cost savings associated with dose reduction.

Methods

This prospective, non-blinded, non-randomised study was commenced in 2010. Patients

with IA, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA),ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and Psoriatic arthritis (PsA)

who were in remission as defined by disease activity indices (DAS28<2.6, BASDAI<4), and

were offered Anti TNF dose reduction. Patients on etanercept were reduced from 50mg

weekly to fortnightly, adalimumab 40mg once monthly instead of fortnightly. Patients were

assessed for disease activity at 1, 4 and 10 years following reduction in dosing

frequency.Cost saving was calculated by deducting the total annual cost of the biologic

agent used over 10 years compared with the cost if the dosing interval had not changed.

Results

Seventy nine patients with inflammatory arthritis in remission were recruited. 57% had rheumatoid arthritis (n=45), 13% psoriatic arthritis (n=10) and 30% ankylosing spondylitis (n=24). 57% (n=45) were taking etanercept and 43% (n=34) adalimumab. The percentage of patients who maintained dose reduction at 10 years was 9% (n=7). Of the total 48 patients who were successfully dose reduced at year 1 (n=42), (69%, n=29) were able to maintain the dose reduction up to 4 years and 9% (n=7) maintained this dose reduction up to year 10. The estimated cost saving was €4,928 per patient per year. Estimated cost savings for 7 patients on reduced dose was €344,952.88 over 10 years.

Conclusion

Anti TNF dose reduction strategy in patients with IA results in substantial cost savings. Implementation of a dose reduction strategy while monitoring of disease activity reduces the financial impact of the use of biologic therapies. Further studies should be done to identify which patients are more likely to remain in remission while on dose reduction.

References

[1]Bonafede MM, Gandra SR, Watson C, Princic N, Fox KM. Cost per treated patient for etanercept, adalimumab, and infliximab across adult indications: a claims analysis. Adv Ther. 2012 Mar;29(3):234-48. doi: 10.1007/s12325-012-0007-y. Epub 2012 Mar 9. PMID: 22411424.

[2]Joaquín Borrás-Blasco, Antonio Gracia-Pérez, J Dolores Rosique-Robles, MD Elvira Casterá & F Javier Abad (2014) Clinical and economic impact of the use of etanercept 25 mg once weekly in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthropathy and ankylosing spondylitis patients, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 14:2, 145-150, DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.868433

[3]Carter CT, Changolkar AK, Scott McKenzie R. Adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab utilization patterns and drug costs among rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Med Econ. 2012;15(2):332-9. doi: 10.3111/13696998.2011.649325. Epub 2012 Jan 6. PMID: 22168788.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

The Prevalence and Patterns of Menopausal Symptoms in Women Living with HIV

Increasing numbers of women with HIV are experiencing menopause. We use data from a large, representative sample of women with HIV to describe the prevalence and clustering of menopausal symptoms amongst pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women using hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis. Of the 709 women included, 21.6%, 44.9% and 33.6% were pre-, peri- and post-menopausal, respectively. Joint pain (66.4%) was the most commonly reported symptom, followed by hot flashes (63.0%), exhaustion (61.6%) and sleep problems (61.4%). All symptoms were reported more commonly by peri- and post-menopausal women compared to pre-menopausal women. Psychological symptoms and sleep problems clustered together at all menopausal stages. Somatic and urogenital symptom clusters emerged more distinctly at peri- and post-menopause. We recommend regular and proactive assessment of menopausal symptoms in midlife women with HIV, with an awareness of how particular patterns of symptoms may evolve over the menopausal transition.

Exacerbation of Thrombotic Responses to Silver Nanoparticles in Hypertensive Mouse Model

With advent of nanotechnology, silver nanoparticles, AgNPs owing majorly to their antibacterial properties, are used widely in food industry and biomedical applications implying human exposure by various routes including inhalation. Several reports have suggested AgNPs induced pathophysiological effects in a cardiovascular system. However, cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension may interfere with AgNPs-induced response, yet majority of them are understudied. The aim of this work was to evaluate the thrombotic complications in response to polyethylene glycol- (PEG-) coated AgNPs using an experimental hypertensive (HT) mouse model. Saline (control) or PEG-AgNPs (0.5 mg/kg) were intratracheally (i.t.) instilled four times, i.e., on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-angiotensin II-induced HT, or vehicle (saline) infusion. On day 29, various parameters were assessed including thrombosis in pial arterioles and venules, platelet aggregation in whole blood in vitro, plasma markers of coagulation, and fibrinolysis and systemic oxidative stress. Pulmonary exposure to PEG-AgNPs in HT mice induced an aggravation of in vivo thrombosis in pial arterioles and venules compared to normotensive (NT) mice exposed to PEG-AgNPs or HT mice given saline. The prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and platelet aggregation in vitro were exacerbated after exposure to PEG-AgNPs in HT mice compared with either NT mice exposed to nanoparticles or HT mice exposed to saline. Elevated concentrations of fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and von Willebrand factor were seen after the exposure to PEG-AgNPs in HT mice compared with either PEG-AgNPs exposed NT mice or HT mice given with saline. Likewise, the plasma levels of superoxide dismutase and nitric oxide were augmented by PEG-AgNPs in HT mice compared with either NT mice exposed to nanoparticles or HT mice exposed to saline. Collectively, these results demonstrate that PEG-AgNPs can potentially exacerbate the in vivo and in vitro procoagulatory and oxidative stress effect in HT mice and suggest that population with hypertension are at higher risk of the toxicity of PEG-AgNPs.

Biocontrol Potential of Endophytic Actinobacteria against Fusarium solani, the Causal Agent of Sudden Decline Syndrome on Date Palm in the UAE

Thirty-one endophytic streptomycete and non-streptomycete actinobacteria were isolated from healthy date palm root tissues. In vitro screening revealed that the antifungal action of isolate #16 was associated with the production of cell-wall degrading enzymes, whereas with diffusible antifungal metabolites in isolate #28, albeit their production of volatile antifungal compounds. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequencing, isolates #16 and #28 were identified as Streptomyces polychromogenes UAE2 (Sp; GenBank Accession #: OK560620) and Streptomyces coeruleoprunus UAE1 (Sc; OK560621), respectively. The two antagonists were recovered from root tissues until 12 weeks after inoculation, efficiently colonized root cortex and xylem vessels, indicating that the date palm roots are a suitable habitat for these endophytic isolates. At the end of the greenhouse experiments, the development of sudden decline syndrome (SDS) was markedly suppressed by 53% with the application of Sp and 86% with Sc, confirming their potential in disease management. Results showed that the estimated disease severity indices in diseased seedlings were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced from 4.75 (scale of 5) to 2.25 or 0.67 by either Sp or Sc, respectively. In addition, conidial numbers of the pathogen significantly (p < 0.05) dropped by 38% and 76% with Sp and Sc, respectively, compared to infected seedlings with F. solani (control). Thus, the suppression of disease symptoms was superior in seedlings pre-inoculated with S. coeruleoprunus, indicating that the diffusible antifungal metabolites were responsible for F. solani retardation in these plants. This is the first report of actinobacteria naturally existing in date palm tissues acting as microbial antagonists against SDS on date palm.

Protection of bone mineral density in heart failure patients:audit on current clinical practice in a busy tertiary care hospital cardiology department in Ireland

Background

The strong association between heart failure (HF) and osteoporosis is well recognised. Heart failure, due to its multiple risk factors and common pathogenesis with osteoporosis can lead to low bone mineral density (BMD) and increase the risk of fragility fractures. The mortality of HF patients following these fractures is high. Current National Osteoporosis Foundation Guidelines recommend that pharmacological therapy should be reserved for postmenopausal women and men aged 50 years or older who present with a hip or vertebral fracture, where the vertebral fractures may be clinical or identified on a radiograph alone.

Methods

Most HF patients have frequent chest radiographs over their course years. We aimed to audit the prevalence of osteoporosis and current practice of prescribing BMD-protection in patients attending the HF clinic in a busy tertiary care hospital in Ireland. 100 patients attending the clinic in the last one year were randomly selected and clinical, medication and chest radiograph information on this cohort was collected via the hospital electronic information system. All those patients with Radiologist confirmed vertebral compression fractures (VCF) on their plain chest radiographs were audited regarding osteoporosis screening and bone protection prescription.

Results

Due to limited penetration,18 out of 100 chest radiographs were inconclusive,reducing the sample size to 82. 9 out of the remaining 82 patients had radiologist confirmed VCF on their plain chest radiographs whereas 2 patients had VCF incidentally picked up on their lumbar spine x-rays. All patients were aged more than 50. 4 were female and 7 male. Median ejection fraction calculated was 35%. 3 out of 11 were smokers,8 had atrial fibrillation and were on anticoagulation,4 had DM-II and 2 had CKD. 10 were on loop diuretics. Of note,4 patients were on calcium and vitamin D supplements but only 1 patient was on antiresorptive therapy for osteoporosis.

Conclusion

Despite its strong association with heart failure,Osteoporosis remains undertreated in this patient cohort.Due to the significant mortality and morbidity associated with major osteoporotic fractures, doctors should carefully assess and screen heart failure patients for osteoporosis and initiate specific therapy where indicated.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Co-localization of nociceptive markers in the lumbar dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord of dromedary camel

Nociceptive markers in mice have been identified in two distinct peptidergic and nonpeptidergic neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and distributed in different laminae of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Recently, however, a study in humans showed a significant overlapping in these two populations. In this study, we investigated the distribution of various nociceptive markers in the lumbar DRG and spinal cord of the dromedary camel. Immunohistochemical data showed a remarkable percentage of total neurons in the DRG expressed IB4 binding (54.5%), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; 49.5%), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1; 48.2%), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS; 30.6%). The co-localization data showed that 89.6% and 74.0% of CGRP- and TRPV1-labeled neurons, respectively, were IB4 positive. In addition, 61.6% and 84.2% of TRPV1- and NOS-immunoreactive neurons, respectively, were also co-localized with CGRP. The distribution of IB4, CGRP, TRPV1, substance P, and NOS immunoreactivities in the spinal cord were observed in lamina I and outer lamina II (IIo). Quantitative data showed that 82.4% of IB4-positive nerve terminals in laminae I and IIo were co-localized with CGRP, and 86.0% of CGRP-labeled terminals were co-localized with IB4. Similarly, 85.1% of NOS-labeled nerve terminals were co-localized with CGRP. No neuropeptide Y (NPY) or cholecystokinin (CCK) immunoreactivities were detected in the DRG, and no co-localization between IB4, NPY, and CCK were observed in the spinal cord. Our results demonstrate marked convergence of nociceptive markers in the primary afferent neurons in camels, which is similar to humans rather than the mouse. The data also emphasizes the importance of interspecies differences when selecting ideal animal models for studying nociception and treating chronic pain.

β-Caryophyllene, a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene attenuates β-adrenergic agonist-induced myocardial injury in a cannabinoid receptor-2 dependent and independent manner

The downregulation of cannabinoid type-2 receptors (CB2R) have been reported in numerous diseases including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The activation of CB2R has recently emerged as an important therapeutic target to mitigate myocardial injury. We examined whether CB2R activation can protect against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury (MI) in rats. In the present study, we investigated the cardioprotective effect of β-caryophyllene (BCP), a naturally occurring dietary cannabinoid in rat model of MI. Rats were pre- and co-treated with BCP (50 mg/kg, orally) twice daily for 10 days along with subcutaneous injection of ISO (85 mg/kg) at an interval of 24 h for two days (9th and 10th days). AM630 (1 mg/kg), a CB2 receptor antagonist, was injected intraperitoneal as a pharmacological challenge prior to BCP treatment to reveal CB2R-mediated cardioprotective mechanisms of BCP. Desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling, receptor phosphorylation and recruitment of adapter β-arrestins were observed in ISO-induced MI in rats. ISO injections caused impaired cardiac function, elevated the levels of serum cardiac marker enzymes, and enhanced oxidative stress markers along with altered PI3K/Akt and NrF2/Keap1/HO-1 signaling pathways. ISO also promoted lysosomal dysfunction along with activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and TLR4-NFκB/MAPK signaling and triggered rise in proinflammatory cytokines. There was a concomitant mitochondrial dysfunction followed by the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated Hippo signaling and intrinsic pathway of apoptosis as well as altered autophagic flux/mTOR signaling in ISO-induced MI. Furthermore, ISO also triggered dyslipidemia evidenced by altered lipids, lipoproteins and lipid marker enzymes along with ionic homeostasis malfunction. However, treatment with BCP resulted in significant protective effects on all biochemical and molecular parameters analyzed. The cardioprotective effects were further strengthened by preservation of cardiomyocytes and cell organelles as observed in histopathological and ultrastructural studies. Interestingly, treatment with AM630, a CB2R antagonist was observed to abrogate the protective effects of BCP on the biochemical and molecular parameters except hyperlipidemia and ionic homeostasis in ISO-induced MI in rats. The present study findings demonstrate that BCP possess the potential to protect myocardium against ISO-induced MI in a CB2-dependent and independent manner.

Prospects for beyond the Standard Model physics searches at the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment: DUNE Collaboration

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will be a powerful tool for a variety of physics topics. The high-intensity proton beams provide a large neutrino flux, sampled by a near detector system consisting of a combination of capable precision detectors, and by the massive far detector system located deep underground. This configuration sets up DUNE as a machine for discovery, as it enables opportunities not only to perform precision neutrino measurements that may uncover deviations from the present three-flavor mixing paradigm, but also to discover new particles and unveil new interactions and symmetries beyond those predicted in the Standard Model (SM). Of the many potential beyond the Standard Model (BSM) topics DUNE will probe, this paper presents a selection of studies quantifying DUNE's sensitivities to sterile neutrino mixing, heavy neutral leptons, non-standard interactions, CPT symmetry violation, Lorentz invariance violation, neutrino trident production, dark matter from both beam induced and cosmogenic sources, baryon number violation, and other new physics topics that complement those at high-energy colliders and significantly extend the present reach.

The effect of long-term dehydration and subsequent rehydration on markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in the camel kidney

Background

Dehydration has deleterious effects in many species, but camels tolerate long periods of water deprivation without serious health compromise. The kidney plays crucial role in water conservation, however, some reports point to elevated kidney function tests in dehydrated camels. In this work, we investigated the effects of dehydration and rehydration on kidney cortex and medulla with respect to pro-inflammatory markers, oxidative stress and apoptosis along with corresponding gene expression.

Results

The cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 levels were significantly elevated in the kidney cortex of dehydrated camel, possibly expressed by tubular epithelium, podocytes and/or mesangial cells. Elevation of IL-18 persisted after rehydration. Dehydration induced oxidative stress in kidney cortex evident by significant increases in MDA and GSH, but significant decreases in SOD and CAT. In the medulla, CAT decreased significantly, but MDA, GSH and SOD levels were not affected. Rehydration abolished the oxidative stress. In parallel with the increased levels of MDA, we observed increased levels of PTGS1 mRNA, in MDA synthesis pathway. GCLC mRNA expression level, involved in GSH synthesis, was upregulated in kidney cortex by rehydration. However, both SOD1 and SOD3 mRNA levels dropped, in parallel with SOD activity, in the cortex by dehydration. There were significant increases in caspases 3 and 9, p53 and PARP1, indicating apoptosis was triggered by intrinsic pathway. Expression of BCL2l1 mRNA levels, encoding for BCL-xL, was down regulated by dehydration in cortex. CASP3 expression level increased significantly in medulla by dehydration and continued after rehydration whereas TP53 expression increased in cortex by rehydration. Changes in caspase 8 and TNF-α were negligible to instigate extrinsic apoptotic trail. Generally, apoptotic markers were extremely variable after rehydration indicating that animals did not fully recover within three days.

Conclusions

Dehydration causes oxidative stress in kidney cortex and apoptosis in cortex and medulla. Kidney cortex and medulla were not homogeneous in all parameters investigated indicating different response to dehydration/rehydration. Some changes in tested parameters directly correlate with alteration in steady-state mRNA levels.

Galectin-3: A Cardiomyocyte Antiapoptotic Mediator at 24-Hour Post Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Galectin 3 (GAL-3) is a beta galactoside binding lectin that has different roles in normal and pathophysiological conditions. GAL-3 has been associated with heart failure and was linked to increased risk of death in a number of studies. GAL-3 was found to be up regulated in animal models of heart failure as well as myocardial infarction (MI). The objective of his study is to test if high GAL-3 after myocardial infarction has a protective role on the heart through its anti-apoptotic and anti-necrotic functions.

METHODS

Male C57B6/J mice and GAL-3 knockout (KO) mice were used for permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery of the heart to create infarction in the anterior myocardium. Heart and plasma samples were collected 24 hours after the induction of MI and were used for immunohistochemistry, Tunnel procedure, electron microscopy and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

Our results show that the significant increase in GAL-3 levels in the left ventricle at 24-hour following MI is associated with significant lower levels of pro-apoptotic proteins; cytochrome c, Bax, annexin V, cleaved caspase-3 and a higher levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 in GAL-3 wild MI group than GAL-3 KO group. We also have identified the anti-apoptotic activity of GAL-3 is mediated through a significant increase in Akt-1, NF kappa-B and beta- catenin proteins. In addition, we have identified the antiapoptotic activity is mediated through a significant lower levels of cathepsin-D protein.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that the increased levels of GAL-3 at 24-hour following MI regulate antiapoptotic mechanisms in the myocardium that will shape the future course of the disease. We also identified that the anti-apoptotic mechanisms are likely mediated through interaction of GAL-3 with Akt-1, NF kappa-B, beta- catenin and cathepsin D proteins.

The association between severe menopausal symptoms and engagement with HIV care and treatment in women living with HIV

Using data from the PRIME Study, an observational study of the menopause in women living with HIV in England, we explored the association between menopausal symptoms and: (i) antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and (ii) HIV clinic attendance. We measured menopausal symptom severity with the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS, score ≥17 indicating severe symptoms), adherence with the CPCRA Antiretroviral Medication Adherence Self-Report Form, and ascertained HIV clinic attendance via self-report. Odds ratios were obtained using logistic regression. Women who reported severe menopausal symptoms had greater odds of suboptimal ART adherence (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.22; 95% CI 1.13, 4.35) and suboptimal clinic attendance (AOR 1.52; 95% CI 1.01, 2.29). When psychological, somatic and urogenital domains of the MRS were analysed individually there was no association between adherence and severe symptoms (all p > 0.1), however there was an association between suboptimal HIV clinic attendance and severe somatic (AOR 1.98; 95% CI 1.24, 3.16) and psychological (AOR 1.76; 95% CI 1.17, 2.65) symptoms. Severe menopausal symptoms were significantly associated with sub-optimal ART adherence and HIV clinic attendance, however we cannot infer causality, highlighting the need for longitudinal data.

"Support for the supporters": a qualitative study of the use of WhatsApp by and for mentor mothers with HIV in the UK

Third-sector organizations, an important support for people living with HIV, increasingly use digital technology to improve service efficiency and reach. However, there is limited empirical evidence on this use by women living with HIV. The 4M Network (4MNet) is a peer-run UK-wide network of trained Mentor Mothers (MMs) living with HIV; it uses the WhatsApp platform as its primary digital communication tool. We report on a qualitative study about 4MNet MMs' experiences of using WhatsApp, to inform the design of future digital support services. Seven telephone interviews were conducted with five MMs and two project management team (PMT) members in February 2019. Interviews were analyzed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). WhatsApp was found to have several key features that provided both positive and negative use considerations. WhatsApp eased communication among MMs and supported participation in group activities despite differing schedules and geographic locations. Challenges encountered with WhatsApp included: financial restrictions to data storage and continual access; self-confidence using technology; and security and privacy concerns. Peer-led digital communication is found to be acceptable and effective for women living with HIV. Understanding barriers and valued features of existing digital platforms increasingly used among potentially marginalized groups is vital for informing inclusive innovation.

Par-4 regulates autophagic cell death in human cancer cells via upregulating p53 and BNIP3

Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) is a tumor suppressor protein that selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Although the mechanism of Par-4-mediated induction of apoptosis has been well studied, the involvement of Par-4 in other mechanisms of cell death such as autophagy is unclear. We investigated the mechanism involved in Par-4-mediated autophagic cell death in human malignant glioma. We demonstrate for the first time that the tumor suppressor lipid, ceramide (Cer), causes Par-4 induction, leading to autophagic cell death in human malignant glioma. Furthermore, we identified the tumor suppressor protein p53 and BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) as downstream targets of Par-4 during Cer-mediated autophagic cell death. RNAi-mediated down-regulation of Par-4 blocks Cer-induced p53-BNIP3 activation and autophagic cell death, while upregulation of Par-4 augmented p53-BNIP3 activation and autophagic cell death. Remarkably, in many instances, Par-4 overexpression alone was sufficient to induce cell death which is associated with features of autophagy. Interestingly, similar results were seen when glioma cells were exposed to classical autophagy inducers such as serum starvation, arsenic trioxide, and curcumin. Collectively, the novel Par-4-p53-BNIP3 axis plays a crucial role in autophagy-mediated cell death in human malignant glioma.

Perineural application of resiniferatoxin on uninjured L3 and L4 nerves completely alleviates thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity following L5 nerve injury in rats

Fifth lumbar (L5) nerve injury in rats causes neuropathic pain manifested with thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity in the ipsilateral hind paw. This study aimed to determine whether the elimination of unmyelinated primary afferents of the adjacent uninjured nerves (L3 and L4) would alleviate peripheral neuropathic pain. Different concentrations of capsaicin or its analog, resiniferatoxin (RTX), were applied perineurally on either the left L4 or L3 and L4 nerves in Wistar rats whose left L5 nerves were ligated and cut. The application of both capsaicin and RTX on the L4 nerve significantly reduced both thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity. However, only the application of RTX on both L3 and L4 nerves completely alleviated all neuropathic manifestations. Interestingly, responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli were preserved, despite RTX application on uninjured L3, L4, and L5 nerves, which supply the plantar skin in rats. Perineural application of RTX caused downregulation of TRPV1, CGRP, and IB4 binding and upregulation of VIP in the corresponding dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. In comparison, VGLUT1 and NPY immunoreactivities were not altered. RTX application did not cause degenerative or ultrastructural changes in the treated nerves and corresponding DRGs. The results demonstrate that RTX induces neuroplasticity, rather than structural changes in primary afferents, that are responsible for alleviating hypersensitivity and chronic pain. Furthermore, this study suggests that treating uninjured adjacent spinal nerves may be used to manage chronic neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury.

α-Bisabolol protects against β-adrenergic agonist-induced myocardial infarction in rats by attenuating inflammation, lysosomal dysfunction, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulating autophagic flux

Emerging evidence demonstrates that NLRP3 inflammasome activation, lysosomal dysfunction, and impaired autophagic flux play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction (MI).

Thermal, electro-magnetic and thermoelectric investigation of CoNb1-x Ti x Sn (x = 0, 0.75, 0.5, 1) half-Heusler alloy

In this work, structural, thermal, electro-magnetic and thermoelectric attributes of CoNb_1-x Ti _x Sn (x  =  0, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25, 0) alloys have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT). The structural reforms, brought to CoNbSn, portray the increase in its rigidity when increasing the Ti content substituted at the Nb site. They also remodel the character of the alloy from semiconducting paramagnetic to half-metallic ferromagnetic nature. By investigating elastic properties that are interlinked with structural optimizations and enthalpy of formation, studied alloys displayed stable structure. Thermoelectric properties such as Seebeck coefficient (S), electrical conductivity (σ/τ) and power factor (S ² σ/τ), are calculated based on the Boltzmann transport theory. Results revealed that for x  =  0.75 in CoNb_1-x Ti _x Sn, a temperature dependent switch from n-type to p-type is observed. According to the results obtained, CoNb_1-x Ti _x Sn alloys could have potential thermoelectric applications.

In vivo Labeling of Bone Microdamage in an Animal Model of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) is linked to a decrease in bone strength. Bone strength entails both bone mineral density and bone quality. Limited data are available regarding diabetes-induced microdamage, which can severely influence bone quality. This study has investigated bone microdamage as a measure of bone quality in an animal model of DM1. Microdamage in the neck of the femur was labelled in vivo using multiple fluorochromes at 4, 12 and 24 weeks after the onset of DM1. Microcracks were quantified and their morphology analyzed using microscopy techniques. The mean length of microcracks at 24 weeks, and crack numerical and surface densities were significantly higher (p < 0.05) 4 weeks after the onset of DM1 when compared with control. Diffuse damage density was highest at 12 weeks after the onset of DM1. The arrangement of the collagen fibrils became progressively more irregular from 4 to 24 weeks of DM. This is the first study to analyze microdamage in vivo at different time points of DM1. DM1is associated with microcracks from the early stage, however bone microstructure shows toughening mechanisms that arrest their growth but disease progression further deteriorates bone quality resulting in longer microcracks which may increase fracture risk.

Growth Promotion of Salicornia bigelovii by Micromonospora chalcea UAE1, an Endophytic 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Deaminase-Producing Actinobacterial Isolate

Salicornia bigelovii is a promising halophytic crop for saline soils in semi-arid regions. This study was designed to characterize isolates of endophytic actinobacteria from S. bigelovii roots and evaluate the effects associated with plant growth promotion. Twenty-eight endophytic isolates obtained from surface-sterilized roots of S. bigelovii were initially selected based on their production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase in vitro in a chemically defined medium. Application of Micromonospora chalcea UAE1, possessing the highest ACC deaminase activity, to S. bigelovii seedlings significantly enhanced the plant growth under gnotobiotic and greenhouse conditions. This was clear from the increases in the dry weight and length of both shoot and root, and seed yield compared to the non-ACC deaminase-producing isolate Streptomyces violaceorectus, or control treatment. The growth promotion was also supported by significant increases in the content of photosynthetic pigments and the levels of auxins, but significant decreases in the levels of ACC in planta. Under greenhouse conditions, M. chalcea recovered from inside the inoculated roots in all samplings (up to 12 weeks post inoculation), suggesting that the roots of healthy S. bigelovii are a suitable habitat for the endophytic actinobacterial isolates. Pure cultures of M. chalcea were not capable of producing auxins, gibberellic acid, cytokinins or polyamines in vitro. This indicates that the growth promotion is most likely to be due to the reduction of the endogenous levels of the stress hormone ethylene. Our findings suggest that growth and yields of S. bigelovii can be enhanced by the field application of the endophyte M. chalcea UAE1. This study is the first to report potential endophytic non-streptomycete actinobacteria to promote the growth of halophytic plants in semi-arid zones under greenhouse conditions.

Effect of nociceptin on insulin release in normal and diabetic rat pancreas

Nociceptin (NC), also known as Orphanin FQ, is a brain peptide involved in the regulation of pain, but its role in the endocrine pancreas is poorly understood. The present study examines the pattern of distribution of NC and its effect on insulin and glucagon secretion after the onset of diabetes mellitus (DM). Male Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g were made diabetic with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally). Four weeks after the induction of DM, pancreatic tissues were retrieved and processed for immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, and insulin and glucagon secretion. Isolated islets from non-diabetic and diabetic rats were used to determine the effect of NC on insulin release. NC was discerned in islet cells of non-diabetic control and diabetic rat pancreata. NC co-localized only with insulin in pancreatic beta cells. NC did not co-localize with either glucagon or somatostatin or pancreatic polypeptide. The number of NC-positive cells was markedly (p < 0.001) reduced after the onset of DM. Electron microscopy study showed that NC is located with insulin in the same secretory granules of the beta cells of both non-diabetic and diabetic rat pancreas. NC inhibits insulin release markedly (p < 0.05) from pancreatic tissue fragments of non-diabetic and diabetic rats. In contrast, NC at 10-12 M stimulates insulin release in isolated islets of DM rats. In conclusion, NC co-localizes with insulin only in the islet of Langerhans. The co-localization of NC with insulin suggests a role for NC in the regulation of pancreatic beta cell function.

Tracking EBV-encoded RNAs (EBERs) from the nucleus to the excreted exosomes of B-lymphocytes

Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNAs (EBER1 and EBER2) are two highly abundant, non-protein coding RNAs consistently expressed in all EBV infected cells, but their function remains poorly understood. Conventional in situ hybridization studies have indicated that these RNAs are present exclusively in the nucleus. We have recently demonstrated that EBERs can be excreted from infected cells via exosomes. However, the details of the steps involved in their excretion remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to directly track the journey of EBERs from the nucleus to the excretory exosomes of EBV immortalized B-lymphocytes. Using a combination of molecular and novel immuno-gold labelled electron microscopy (EM) based techniques, we demonstrate the presence of EBERs, not only in the nucleus, but also in the cytoplasm of EBV infected B cell lines. EBERs were also seen in exosomes shed from infected cells along with the EBER binding protein La. Our results show, for the first time, that at least a proportion of EBERs are transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they appear to be loaded into multi-vesicular bodies for eventual excretion via exosomes.

The in Vitro Effect of Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Citrate Coated Silver Nanoparticles on Erythrocytic Oxidative Damage and Eryptosis

Background/Aims: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly used as antimicrobial agents and drug carriers in various biomedical fields. AgNPs can encounter erythrocytes either directly following intravenous injection, or indirectly via translocation from the site of administration. However, information regarding the pathophysiological effects and possible mechanism of action of AgNPs on the erythrocytes are still inadequately studied. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the mechanism underlying the effect of coating and concentration of AgNPs on mouse erythrocytes in vitro. Methods: We studied the interaction of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and citrate (CT) coated AgNPs (10 nm) at various concentrations (2.5, 10, 40 µg/ml) with mouse erythrocytes in vitro using various techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), hemolysis, and colorimetric measurement of markers of oxidative stress comprising malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT). Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) was determined using Fura 2AM fluorescence. Annexin V was quantified using ELISA and the caspase 3 was determined both flurometrically and by western blot technique. Results: Following incubation of the erythrocytes with AgNPs, both PVP- and CT- AgNPs induced significant and dose - dependent increase in hemolysis. TEM revealed that both PVP- and CT- AgNPs were taken up by erythrocytes. The erythrocyte susceptibility to lipid peroxidation measured by MDA was significantly increased in both PVP-and CT- AgNPs. The concentration of GSH and CAT activity were significantly decreased by both types of AgNPs. Additionally, PVP- and CT- AgNPs significantly increased intracellular Ca2+ in a dose -dependent manner. Likewise, the concentration of the cellular protein annexin V was significantly and dose - dependently enhanced by both types of AgNPs. Furthermore, PVP- and CT- AgNPs induced significant increase in calpain activity in incubated erythrocytes. Conclusion: We conclude that both PVP- and CT- AgNPs causes hemolysis, and are taken up by erythrocytes. Moreover, we demonstrated that AgNPs induces oxidative stress and eryptosis. These findings provide evidence for the potential pathophysiological effect of PVP-and CT- AgNPs on erythrocyte physiology.

Cholinergic Activation Enhances Resistance to Oral Salmonella Infection by Modulating Innate Immune Defense Mechanisms at the Intestinal Barrier

Inflammation is a crucial defense mechanism that protects the body from the devastating effects of invading pathogens. However, an unrestrained inflammatory reaction may result in systemic manifestations with dire consequences to the host. The extent of activation of the inflammatory response is tightly regulated through immunological and neural pathways. Previously, we demonstrated that cholinergic stimulation confers enhanced protection in experimental animals orally infected with virulent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which this enhanced protection takes place. Cholinergic stimulation was induced by a 3-week pretreatment with paraoxon, a highly specific acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. This treatment enhanced host survival following oral-route infection and this correlated with significantly reduced bacterial load in systemic target organs. Enhanced protection was not due to increased gut motility or rapid bacterial clearance from the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, protection against bacterial infection was not evident when the animals were infected systemically, suggesting that acetylcholine-mediated protective effect was mostly confined to the gut mucosal tissue. In vivo imaging demonstrated a more localized infection and delay in bacterial dissemination into systemic organs in mice pretreated with paraoxon. Morphological analysis of the small intestine (ileum) showed that AChE inhibition induced the degranulation of goblet cells and Paneth cells, two specialized secretory cells involved in innate immunity. Our findings demonstrate a crucial pathway between neural and immune systems that acts at the mucosal interface to protect the host against oral pathogens.

Role of water chemistry and stabilizers on the Vero-cells-based infectivity of Newcastle disease virus live vaccine

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) live vaccines are supplied in lyophilized form and usually administered through conventional routes (drinking water, spray, or eye drop) following reconstitution in a diluent. Virus inactivation due to physico-chemical properties of the diluent at the time of administration may lead to vaccine failure. The present study aimed to evaluate the survival of NDV live vaccine strain immersed in 5 pH-amended water samples (pH 5.00, pH 6.00, pH 7.00, pH 8.00, and pH 9.00) by sequential determination of virus infectivity on Vero cells for 3 hours. Minimum reduction in virus infectivity was recorded in the water with neutral or slightly alkaline pH, while the virus was relatively less stable at extreme pH conditions. Maximum reduction of infectivity was observed in the water with pH 9.00 in which the virus was completely inactivated within 3 hours. Addition of stabilizers (Cevamune^® or skimmed milk) slightly altered the pH and total dissolved solids (TDS) values of the virus-charged water samples. In the stabilizer-added water samples, minimum reduction in infectivity was observed in the water with neutral pH, followed by the ones with a pH of 8.00, 6.00, 5.00, and 9.00. In all types of water samples, T-90 values (time required for 90% reduction in virus infectivity) were highest (485 minutes) at neutral pH (pH 7.00) and lowest (102 to 134 min) at an extreme alkaline condition (pH 9.00). Results of the present study indicate that water with a pH range of 7.00 to 8.00 is suitable for administration of NDV live vaccines. However, the addition of Cevamune^® or skimmed milk may have beneficial effects on preserving the infectivity of the virus, even at extreme pH conditions.

Evolution of pH buffers and water homeostasis in eukaryotes: homology between humans and Acanthamoeba proteins

Aim: This study intended to trace the evolution of acid–base buffers and water homeostasis in eukaryotes. Acanthamoeba castellanii  was selected as a model unicellular eukaryote for this purpose. Homologies of proteins involved in pH and water regulatory mechanisms at cellular levels were compared between humans and A. castellanii. Materials & methods: Amino acid sequence homology, structural homology, 3D modeling and docking prediction were done to show the extent of similarities between carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1), aquaporin (AQP), band-3 protein and H+ pump. Experimental assays were done with acetazolamide (AZM), brinzolamide and mannitol to observe their effects on the trophozoites of  A. castellanii. Results: The human CA1, AQP, band-3 protein and H+-transport proteins revealed similar proteins in Acanthamoeba. Docking showed the binding of AZM on amoebal AQP-like proteins.  Acanthamoeba showed transient shape changes and encystation at differential doses of brinzolamide, mannitol and AZM.  Conclusion: Water and pH regulating adapter proteins in Acanthamoeba and humans show significant homology, these mechanisms evolved early in the primitive unicellular eukaryotes and have remained conserved in multicellular eukaryotes.

Terbufos-sulfone exacerbates cardiac lesions in diabetic rats: a sub-acute toxicity study

Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) have a wide range of applications, from agriculture to warfare. Exposure to these brings forward a varied kind of health issues globally. Terbufos is one of the leading OPCs used worldwide. The present study investigates the cardiac effect of no observable dose of a metabolite of terbufos, terbufos-sulfone (TS), under non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic condition. One hundred nanomoles per rat (1/20 of LD50) was administered intraperitoneally to adult male Wister rats daily for fifteen days. The left ventricle was collected for ultrastructural changes by transmission electron microscopy. The blood samples were collected for biochemical tests including RBC acetylcholinesterase, creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, ALT, AST, and GGT. The study revealed about 10 % inhibition of RBC-AChE in two weeks of TS treatment in non-diabetic rats whereas RBC-AChE activity was significantly decreased in diabetic TS treated rats. CK, LDH, and triglycerides were significantly higher in diabetic TS treated rats. Electron microscopy of the heart showed derangement and lesions of the mitochondria of cardiomyocytes in the TS treated groups. The present study concludes that a non-lethal dose of TS causes cardiac lesions which exacerbate under diabetic condition. Biochemical tests confirmed the ultrastructural changes. It is concluded that a non-lethal dose of TS may be a risk factor for a cardiovascular disease, which may be fatal under diabetic condition.

Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles acutely promote thrombosis and cardiac oxidative stress and DNA damage in mice

BACKGROUND

Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO) are being developed for several biomedical applications including drug delivery and imaging. However, little is known about their possible adverse effects on thrombosis and cardiac oxidative and DNA damage.

METHODS

Presently, we investigated the acute (1 h) effect of intravenously (i.v.) administered USPIO in mice (0.4, 2 and 10 μg/kg). Diesel exhaust particles (DEP; 400 μg/kg) were used as positive control.

RESULTS

USPIO induced a prothrombotic effect in pial arterioles and venules in vivo and increased the plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Both thrombogenicity and PAI-1 concentration were increased by DEP. The direct addition of USPIO (0.008, 0.04 and 0.2 μg/ml) to untreated mouse blood dose-dependently induced in vitro platelet aggregation. USPIO caused a shortening of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT). Similarly, DEP administration (1 μg/ml) triggered platelet aggregation in vitro in whole blood. DEP also reduced PT and aPTT. The plasma levels of creatine phosphokinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and troponin-I were increased by USPIO. DEP induced a significant increase of CK-MB, LDH and troponin I levels in plasma. The cardiac levels of markers of oxidative stress including lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species and superoxide dismutase activity were increased by USPIO. Moreover, USPIO caused DNA damage in the heart. Likewise, DEP increased the markers of oxidative stress and induced DNA damage in the heart.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that acute i.v. administration of USPIO caused thrombosis and cardiac oxidative stress and DNA damage. These findings provide novel insight into the pathophysiological effects of USPIO on cardiovascular homeostasis, and highlight the need for a thorough evaluation of their toxicity.

First Measurement of Electron Neutrino Appearance in NOvA

We report results from the first search for ν_{μ}→ν_{e} transitions by the NOvA experiment. In an exposure equivalent to 2.74×10^{20} protons on target in the upgraded NuMI beam at Fermilab, we observe 6 events in the Far Detector, compared to a background expectation of 0.99±0.11(syst) events based on the Near Detector measurement. A secondary analysis observes 11 events with a background of 1.07±0.14(syst). The 3.3σ excess of events observed in the primary analysis disfavors 0.1π<δ_{CP}<0.5π in the inverted mass hierarchy at the 90% C.L.