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Bertuol-Garcia D, Ladouceur E, Brudvig LA, Laughlin DC, Munson SM, Curran MF, Davies KW, Svejcar LN, Shackelford N. Testing the hierarchy of predictability in grassland restoration across a gradient of environmental severity. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2922. [PMID: 37776043 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Ecological restoration is critical for recovering degraded ecosystems but is challenged by variable success and low predictability. Understanding which outcomes are more predictable and less variable following restoration can improve restoration effectiveness. Recent theory asserts that the predictability of outcomes would follow an order from most to least predictable from coarse to fine community properties (physical structure > taxonomic diversity > functional composition > taxonomic composition) and that predictability would increase with more severe environmental conditions constraining species establishment. We tested this "hierarchy of predictability" hypothesis by synthesizing outcomes along an aridity gradient with 11 grassland restoration projects across the United States. We used 1829 vegetation monitoring plots from 227 restoration treatments, spread across 52 sites. We fit generalized linear mixed-effects models to predict six indicators of restoration outcomes as a function of restoration characteristics (i.e., seed mixes, disturbance, management actions, time since restoration) and used variance explained by models and model residuals as proxies for restoration predictability. We did not find consistent support for our hypotheses. Physical structure was among the most predictable outcomes when the response variable was relative abundance of grasses, but unpredictable for total canopy cover. Similarly, one dimension of taxonomic composition related to species identities was unpredictable, but another dimension of taxonomic composition indicating whether exotic or native species dominated the community was highly predictable. Taxonomic diversity (i.e., species richness) and functional composition (i.e., mean trait values) were intermittently predictable. Predictability also did not increase consistently with aridity. The dimension of taxonomic composition related to the identity of species in restored communities was more predictable (i.e., smaller residuals) in more arid sites, but functional composition was less predictable (i.e., larger residuals), and other outcomes showed no significant trend. Restoration outcomes were most predictable when they related to variation in dominant species, while those responding to rare species were harder to predict, indicating a potential role of scale in restoration predictability. Overall, our results highlight additional factors that might influence restoration predictability and add support to the importance of continuous monitoring and active management beyond one-time seed addition for successful grassland restoration in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bertuol-Garcia
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emma Ladouceur
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Leipzig-Halle-Jena, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lars A Brudvig
- Department of Plant Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Seth M Munson
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Kirk W Davies
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Burns, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Nancy Shackelford
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Halassy M, Batáry P, Csecserits A, Török K, Valkó O. Meta-analysis identifies native priority as a mechanism that supports the restoration of invasion-resistant plant communities. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1100. [PMID: 37903920 PMCID: PMC10616274 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The restoration of invasion-resistant plant communities is an important strategy to combat the negative impacts of alien invasions. Based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of seed-based ecological restoration experiments, here we demonstrate the potential of functional similarity, seeding density and priority effect in increasing invasion resistance. Our results indicate that native priority is the most promising mechanism to control invasion that can reduce the performance of invasive alien species by more than 50%. High-density seeding is effective in controlling invasive species, but threshold seeding rates may exist. Overall seeding functionally similar species do not have a significant effect. Generally, the impacts are more pronounced on perennial and grassy invaders and on the short-term. Our results suggest that biotic resistance can be best enhanced by the early introduction of native plant species during restoration. Seeding of a single species with high functional similarity to invasive alien species is unpromising, and instead, preference should be given to high-density multifunctional seed mixtures, possibly including native species favored by the priority effect. We highlight the need to integrate research across geographical regions, global invasive species and potential resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Halassy
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary.
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary.
| | - Péter Batáry
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary
- 'Lendület' Landscape and Conservation Ecology Research Group, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Anikó Csecserits
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Katalin Török
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Valkó
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary
- 'Lendület' Seed Ecology Research Group, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary
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3
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Hjertaas AC, Preston JC, Kainulainen K, Humphreys AM, Fjellheim S. Convergent evolution of the annual life history syndrome from perennial ancestors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1048656. [PMID: 36684797 PMCID: PMC9846227 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1048656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite most angiosperms being perennial, once-flowering annuals have evolved multiple times independently, making life history traits among the most labile trait syndromes in flowering plants. Much research has focused on discerning the adaptive forces driving the evolution of annual species, and in pinpointing traits that distinguish them from perennials. By contrast, little is known about how 'annual traits' evolve, and whether the same traits and genes have evolved in parallel to affect independent origins of the annual syndrome. Here, we review what is known about the distribution of annuals in both phylogenetic and environmental space and assess the evidence for parallel evolution of annuality through similar physiological, developmental, and/or genetic mechanisms. We then use temperate grasses as a case study for modeling the evolution of annuality and suggest future directions for understanding annual-perennial transitions in other groups of plants. Understanding how convergent life history traits evolve can help predict species responses to climate change and allows transfer of knowledge between model and agriculturally important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane C. Hjertaas
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jill C. Preston
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Kent Kainulainen
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aelys M. Humphreys
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Siri Fjellheim
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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4
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Native annual forbs decline in California coastal prairies over 15 years despite grazing. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278608. [PMID: 36472993 PMCID: PMC9725146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock grazing is often used as a land management tool to maximize vegetation diversity in grassland ecosystems worldwide. Prior research has shown that cattle grazing benefits native annual forb species in California's coastal prairies, but drought and increasing aridity may alter this relationship. In 2016 and 2017, we resurveyed the vegetation structure, native annual forb cover, and native annual forb richness in ten grazed and ungrazed prairies that were originally measured in 2000 and 2001 along a 200-km gradient from Monterey to Sonoma counties in California. We found that grazed prairies continued to have significantly lower vegetation height and thatch depth than ungrazed prairies, and that shrub encroachment over the 15-year period was significantly greater in ungrazed prairies. Furthermore, grazed prairies continued to have greater native annual forb richness (4.9 species per site) than ungrazed sites (3.0 species per site), but native annual forb richness declined by 2.8 species per site in grazed prairies and 0.1 species per site in ungrazed prairies between survey periods. We suggest that severe drought and increasing aridity may be driving declines in native annual forb richness in grazed prairies. The species we recorded only in earlier surveys were disproportionately wetland-associated and had higher average specific leaf area than species that remained through the second survey period. Finally, the cover of native annual species increased regardless of whether prairies were grazed, suggesting that the high precipitation in 2017 may have benefitted the native annual forb species that persisted at sites between surveys. Our study shows that weather conditions affect the outcomes of land management strategies.
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Mayer A, Silver WL. The climate change mitigation potential of annual grasslands under future climates. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2705. [PMID: 35808918 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Composted manure and green waste amendments have been shown to increase net carbon (C) sequestration in rangeland soils and have been proposed as a means to help lower atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, the effect of climate change on soil organic C (SOC) stocks and greenhouse gas emissions in rangelands is not well understood, and the viability of climate change mitigation strategies under future conditions is even less certain. We used a process-based biogeochemical model (DayCent) at a daily time step to explore the long-term effects of potential future climate changes on C and greenhouse gas dynamics in annual grassland ecosystems. We then used the model to explore how the same ecosystems might respond to climate change following compost amendments to soils and determined the long-term viability of net SOC sequestration under changing climates. We simulated net primary productivity (NPP), SOC, and greenhouse gas fluxes across seven California annual grasslands with and without compost amendments. We drove the DayCent simulations with field data and with site-specific daily climate data from two Earth system models (CanESM2 and HadGEM-ES) and two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) through 2100. NPP and SOC stocks in unamended and amended ecosystems were surprisingly insensitive to projected climate changes. A one-time amendment of compost to rangeland acted as a slow-release organic fertilizer and increased NPP by up to 390-814 kg C ha-1 year-1 across sites. The amendment effect on NPP was not sensitive to Earth system model or emissions scenario and endured through the end of the century. Net SOC sequestration amounted to 1.96 ± 0.02 Mg C ha-1 relative to unamended soils at the maximum amendment effect. Averaged across sites and scenarios, SOC sequestration peaked 22 ± 1 years after amendment and declined but remained positive throughout the century. Though compost stimulated nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions, the cumulative net emissions (in CO2 equivalents) due to compost were far less than the amount of SOC sequestered. Compost amendments resulted in a net climate benefit of 69.6 ± 0.5 Tg CO2 e 20 ± 1 years after amendment if applied to similar ecosystems across the state, amounting to 39% of California's rangeland. These results suggest that the biogeochemical benefits of a single amendment of compost to rangelands in California are insensitive to climate change and could contribute to decadal-scale climate change mitigation goals alongside emissions reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra Mayer
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Whendee L Silver
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Gao J, Guan B, Ge M, Eller F, Yu J, Wang X, Zuo J. Can allelopathy of Phragmites australis extracts aggravate the effects of salt stress on the seed germination of Suaeda salsa? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:990541. [PMID: 36186032 PMCID: PMC9523378 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.990541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phragmites australis is highly adaptable with high competitive ability and is widely distributed in the coastal wetland of the Yellow River Delta. However, allelopathic effects of P. australis on the growth of neighboring plants, such as Suaeda salsa, are poorly understood. In this study, germination responses of S. salsa seeds collected from two different habitats (intertidal zone and inland brackish wetland) to the extracts from different part of P. australis were compared. Potential allelopathic effects on germination percentage, germination rate, radicle length, and seedling biomass were analyzed. The germination of S. salsa was effectively inhibited by P. australis extract. Extract organ, extract concentration, and salt concentration showed different effects, the inhibitory rates were highest with belowground extract of P. australis between the four different parts. Germination percentage and germination rate were significantly decreased by the interactive effect of salt stress and extract concentration in S. salsa from a brackish wetland but not in S. salsa from the intertidal zone. The impact of different extracts of P. australis on radicle length and seedling biomass of S. salsa showed significant but inconsistent variation. The response index results showed that the higher concentration of extract solution (50 g·L-1) of P. australis had stronger inhibitory effect on the seed germination and seedling growth of S. salsa while the belowground extract had the strongest negative effect. Our results indicated that allelopathy is an important ecological adaptation mechanism for P. australis to maintain a high interspecific competitive advantage in the species' natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Gao
- Collage of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Bo Guan
- The Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Minjia Ge
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, China
| | - Franziska Eller
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Junbao Yu
- The Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xuehong Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jincheng Zuo
- Collage of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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7
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Palit R, DeKeyser ES. Impacts and Drivers of Smooth Brome ( Bromus inermis Leyss.) Invasion in Native Ecosystems. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1340. [PMID: 35631764 PMCID: PMC9146505 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.) is an invasive cool-season grass that has spread throughout the Great Plains of North America. The species is considered one of the most widespread exotic grasses that has successfully invaded both cool-season and warm-season native prairies. In the prairies where it has invaded, there has often been a total elimination of native species and an overall homogenization of ecosystems. Smooth brome has greater competitive abilities compared to many native grasses and can foster their total elimination in many instances. The greater competitiveness can be partially attributed to its ability to alter the soil and hydrological properties of a site. It is a deep-rooted rhizomatous grass species that thrives in nitrogen-enriched soil, and since its leaf tissue decomposes faster than native species, it in turn increases the soil nitrogen level, causing positive plant-soil feedback. Moreover, smooth brome is able to transport the required nutrients from older plants to the newer progenies invading new nutrient-depleted areas, making it a potent invader. However, the impact of smooth brome is not limited to soil biochemistry alone; it also affects other ecosystem components such as the movement and behavior of many native arthropods, thereby altering the overall population dynamics of such species. Thus, smooth brome invasion poses a serious threat to the remnant prairies of the Great Plains, and efficient management strategies are urgently needed to control its invasion. Control measures such as mowing, grazing, burning, and herbicide application have been effectively used to manage this species. However, due to the widespread distribution of smooth brome across North America and its adaptability to a wide range of environmental conditions, it is challenging to translate the management strategies from one area to another.
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8
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Luong JC, Loik ME. Adjustments in physiological and morphological traits suggest drought‐induced competitive release of some California plants. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8773. [PMID: 35386876 PMCID: PMC8975776 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought and competition affect how morphological and physiological traits are expressed in plants. California plants were previously found to respond less negatively to resource limitation compared to invasive counterparts. In a glasshouse in Santa Cruz, CA, USA, we exposed five native California C3 grassland species to episodic drought and competition (via five locally invasive species). We hypothesized that leaf morphology would be more affected by competition, and leaf photosynthetic gas exchange more so by drought, consistent with optimal partitioning and environmental filter theories. We expected that traits would exhibit trade‐offs along a spectrum for resource conservatism versus acquisition. Bromus carinatus had greater photosynthetic recovery, while Diplacus aurantiacus had lower percent loss of net assimilation (PLA) and intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE) during drought and competition simultaneously compared to just drought. Stipa pulchra and Sidalcea malviflora gas exchange was unaffected by drought, and leaf morphology exhibited drought‐related adjustments. Lupinus nanus exhibited trait adjustments for competition but not drought. Functional traits sorted onto two principal components related to trade‐offs for resource conservatism versus acquisition, and for above‐ versus belowground allocation. In summary, morphological traits were affected by competition and drought, whereas physiological traits, like leaf gas exchange, were primarily affected by drought. The grassland plants we studied showed diverse responses to drought and competition with trait trade‐offs related to resource conservatism versus acquisition, and for above‐ versus belowground allocation consistent with optimal partitioning and environmental filter theories. Diplacus aurantiacus experienced competitive release based on greater iWUE and lower PLA when facing drought and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Luong
- Environmental Studies Department University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Michael E. Loik
- Environmental Studies Department University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
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9
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Rayment J, French K, Bedward M. Understanding patterns and pathways of exotic perennial grass invasion in South‐eastern Australian grassy communities. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rayment
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Services School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences University of Wollongong New South WalesAustralia
| | - Kris French
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Services School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences University of Wollongong New South WalesAustralia
| | - Michael Bedward
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Services School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences University of Wollongong New South WalesAustralia
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10
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Is it best to add native shrubs to a coastal sage scrub restoration project as seeds or as seedlings? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262410. [PMID: 35134054 PMCID: PMC8824352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological restoration frequently involves the addition of native plants, but the effectiveness (in terms of plant growth, plant survival, and cost) of using seeds versus container plants has not been studied in many plant communities. It is also not known if plant success would vary by species or based on functional traits. To answer these questions, we added several shrub species to a coastal sage scrub restoration site as seeds or as seedlings in a randomized block design. We measured percent cover, density, species richness, size, survival, and costs. Over the two years of the study, shrubs added to the site as seeds grew more and continued to have greater density than plants added from containers. Seeded plots also had greater native species richness than planted plots. However, shrubs from containers had higher survival rates, and percent cover was comparable between the planted and seeded treatments. Responses varied by species depending on functional traits, with deep-rooted evergreen species establishing better from container plants. Our cost analysis showed that it is more expensive to use container plants than seed, with most of the costs attributed to labor and supplies needed to grow plants. Our measurements of shrub density, survival, species richness, and growth in two years in our experimental plots lead us to conclude that coastal sage scrub restoration with seeds is optimal for increasing density and species richness with limited funds, yet the addition of some species from container plants may be necessary if key species are desired as part of the project objectives.
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Paulus KR, Marshall JM. Competitive Interactions between Two Non-Native Species (Alliaria petiolata [M. Bieb.] Cavara & Grande and Hesperis matronalis L.) and a Native Species (Ageratina altissima [L.] R.M. King & H. Rob.). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030374. [PMID: 35161355 PMCID: PMC8839745 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alliaria petiolata and Hesperis matronalis are wide-ranging non-native species in North America. Ageratina altissima is native to North America but has become a concern as an invasive species in Asia. A replacement series experiment was established to quantify the competitive interactions between these three species and to rank their relative competitiveness with each other. We assessed leaf count, chlorophyll content, and aboveground biomass with comparisons between replacement series mixtures and competition species. Overall leaf count and aboveground biomass were greatest in A. altissima and chlorophyll content was lowest in A. petiolata. Chlorophyll content and aboveground biomass were lower for A. altissima in competition with A. petiolata compared to H. matronalis. Leaf count for A. petiolata was lower in competition with A. altissima compared to H. matronalis. Aboveground biomass for H. matronalis was lower in competition regardless of the species compared to monoculture. There were also negative trends in biomass for A. petiolata in competition with increasing neighbors. However, for A. altissima, the negative trend in biomass was with A. petiolata, H. matronalis did not negatively affect A. altissima biomass. Our rank order of competitiveness was A. altissima > A. petiolata >> H. matronalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra R. Paulus
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA
| | - Jordan M. Marshall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Ren G, Yang B, Cui M, Yu H, Fan X, Dai Z, Sun J, Li G, Zhang H, Du D. Additive effects of warming and nitrogen addition on the performance and competitiveness of invasive Solidago canadensis L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1017554. [PMID: 36407577 PMCID: PMC9671518 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1017554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes in temperature and nitrogen (N) deposition determine the growth and competitive dominance of both invasive and native plants. However, a paucity of experimental evidence limits understanding of how these changes influence plant invasion. Therefore, we conducted a greenhouse experiment in which invasive Solidago canadensis L. was planted in mixed culture with native Artemisia argyi Levl. et Van under combined conditions of warming and N addition. Our results show that due to the strong positive effect of nitrogen addition, the temperature increases and nitrogen deposition interaction resulted in greatly enhanced species performance. Most of the relative change ratios (RCR) of phenotypic traits differences between S. canadensis and A. argyi occur in the low invasion stage, and six of eight traits had higher RCR in response to N addition and/or warming in native A. argyi than in invasive S. canadensis. Our results also demonstrate that the effects of the warming and nitrogen interaction on growth-related traits and competitiveness of S. canadensis and A. argyi were usually additive rather than synergistic or antagonistic. This conclusion suggests that the impact of warming and nitrogen deposition on S. canadensis can be inferred from single factor studies. Further, environmental changes did not modify the competitive relationship between invasive S. canadensis and native A. argyi but the relative yield of S. canadensis was significantly greater than A. argyi. This finding indicated that we can rule out the influence of environmental changes such as N addition and warming which makes S. canadensis successfully invade new habitats through competition. Correlation analysis showed that invasive S. canadensis may be more inclined to mobilize various characteristics to strengthen competition during the invasion process, which will facilitate S. canadensis becoming the superior competitor in S. canadensis-A. argyi interactions. These findings contribute to our understanding of the spreading of invasive plants such as S. canadensis under climate change and help identify potential precautionary measures that could prevent biological invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqian Ren
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Miaomiao Cui
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haochen Yu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xue Fan
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhicong Dai
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianfan Sun
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guanlin Li
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- School of Inspection and Testing Certification, Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering, Changzhou, China
| | - Daolin Du
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Daolin Du,
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Smith RS, Alley H, Klement D, Haram LE. Academic‐conservation partnership reveals trade‐offs in treatment method and frequency needed to restore invaded floodplain. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Smith
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22903 U.S.A
| | - Heather Alley
- The State Botanical Garden of Georgia University of Georgia Athens GA 30605 U.S.A
| | - Diane Klement
- Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 U.S.A
| | - Linsey E. Haram
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater, Annapolis MD 21037 U.S.A
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14
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Importance of natural land cover for plant species' conservation: A nationwide study in The Netherlands. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259255. [PMID: 34784365 PMCID: PMC8594855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While shifts to high-intensity land cover have caused overwhelming biodiversity loss, it remains unclear how important natural land cover is to the occurrence, and thus the conservation, of different species groups. We used over 4 million plant species’ observations to evaluate the conservation importance of natural land cover by its association with the occurrence probability of 1 122 native and 403 exotic plant species at 1 km resolution by species distribution models. We found that 74.9% of native species, 83.9% of the threatened species and 77.1% rare species preferred landscapes with over 50% natural land cover, while these landscapes only accounted for 15.6% of all grids. Most species preferred natural areas with a mixture of forest and open areas rather than areas with completely open or forested nature. Compared to native species, exotic species preferred areas with lower natural land cover and the cover of natural open area, but they both preferred extremely high and low cover of natural forest area. Threatened and rare species preferred higher natural land cover, either cover of natural forest area or cover of natural open area than not threatened and common species, but rare species were also more likely to occur in landscapes with 0–25% cover of natural open area. Although more natural land cover in a landscape will not automatically result in more native species, because there is often a non-linear increase in species occurrence probability when going from 0% to 100% natural land cover, for conserving purposes, over 80% natural land cover should be kept in landscapes for conserving threatened and very rare species, and 60% natural land cover is the best for conserving common native species. Our results stress the importance of natural areas for plant species’ conservation. It also informs improvements to species conservation by increasing habitat diversity.
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15
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Reed PB, Pfeifer‐Meister LE, Roy BA, Johnson BR, Bailes GT, Nelson AA, Bridgham SD. Introduced annuals mediate climate‐driven community change in Mediterranean prairies of the Pacific Northwest, USA. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. Reed
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Oregon Eugene OR USA
| | | | - Bitty A. Roy
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Oregon Eugene OR USA
| | - Bart R. Johnson
- Department of Landscape Architecture University of Oregon Eugene OR USA
| | - Graham T. Bailes
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Oregon Eugene OR USA
| | - Aaron A. Nelson
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Oregon Eugene OR USA
| | - Scott D. Bridgham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Oregon Eugene OR USA
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16
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Questad EJ, Fitch RL, Paolini J, Hernández E, Suding KN. Nitrogen addition, not heterogeneity, alters the relationship between invasion and native decline in California grasslands. Oecologia 2021; 197:651-660. [PMID: 34642816 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of invasive species reduces the growth and performance of native species; however, the linear or non-linear relationships between invasive abundance and native population declines are less often studied. We examine how the amount and spatial distribution of experimental N deposition influences the relationship between non-native, invasive annual grass abundance (Bromus hordeaceus and Bromus diandrus) and a dominant, native perennial grass species (Stipa pulchra) in California. We hypothesized that native populations would decline as invasion increased, and that high nitrogen availability would cause native species to decline at lower invasion levels. We predicted that the rate of population decline would be slower in heterogeneous, compared to homogeneous, environments. We employed a field experiment that manipulated the amount and spatial heterogeneity of N addition across a range of invasive/native-dominated communities. There were strong negative and non-linear associations between level of invasion and S. pulchra proportional change (PC). Stipa pulchra PC was more negative and seedling survival was lower when N was added, and the negative effects of N addition on PC became larger in the final year of the study when S. pulchra had the largest declines. There was not strong evidence showing reduced competition in heterogeneous, compared to homogeneous, N treatments. Soil moisture was similar between S. pulchra and B. hordeaceus plots under ambient N, but B. hordeaceus under added N reduced soil moisture. Under N addition, Bromus spp. take up N earlier, reduce soil moisture, and create dry conditions in which S. pulchra declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Questad
- Biological Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 W Temple Ave, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA.
| | - Robert L Fitch
- Biological Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 W Temple Ave, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 5221 Cheadle Hall, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Joshua Paolini
- Biological Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 W Temple Ave, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA
| | - Eliza Hernández
- Biological Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 W Temple Ave, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA.,Environmental Studies Program, University of Oregon, 1585 E 13th Ave, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Katharine N Suding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
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17
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Belliard J, Beslagic S, Boucault J, Zahm A. Increasing Establishment of Non-native Fish Species in the Seine River Basin: Insights From Medium- and Long-Term Approaches. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.687451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of non-native species is nowadays recognized as a major threat to the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems. However, for a very long time the introduction and acclimatization of new species has been perceived mainly as a source of wealth for human societies. Here, we examined the establishment of non-native fish species in the Seine River basin from a historical perspective by adopting a twofold approach. In a first step, at the whole basin scale, considering various written and archeological sources, we traced the chronology, over the last millennium, of the establishments of non-native species. In a second step, by analyzing fish monitoring from several hundred sites covering the diversity of rivers and streams, we examined the changes in numbers and abundance of non-native species in local fish communities over the last three decades. The first documented species introduction dates back to the 13th century but it is from the middle of the 19th century that the introduction attempts accelerated. Today, these introductions have reached an unprecedented level and 46% of the species recorded in the basin are non-native. During the last three decades, non-native species have continued to increase within fish communities both in terms of number of species and abundance of individuals. The most pronounced increases are noted on large rivers and sites where anthropic pressures are strong. Waterways connecting European basins, globalization of trade, and ongoing climate change provide a general background suggesting that the increase in the proportion of non-native species in the fish communities of the Seine River basin is likely to continue for several decades.
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18
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Song C, Uricchio LH, Mordecai EA, Saavedra S. Understanding the emergence of contingent and deterministic exclusion in multispecies communities. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2155-2168. [PMID: 34288350 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Competitive exclusion can be classified as deterministic or as historically contingent. While competitive exclusion is common in nature, it has remained unclear when multispecies communities formed by more than two species should be dominated by deterministic or contingent exclusion. Here, we take a fully parameterised model of an empirical competitive system between invasive annual and native perennial plant species to explain both the emergence and sources of competitive exclusion in multispecies communities. Using a structural approach to understand the range of parameters promoting deterministic and contingent exclusions, we then find heuristic theoretical support for the following three general conclusions. First, we find that the life-history of perennial species increases the probability of observing contingent exclusion by increasing their effective intrinsic growth rates. Second, we find that the probability of observing contingent exclusion increases with weaker intraspecific competition, and not with the level of hierarchical competition. Third, we find a shift from contingent exclusion to deterministic exclusion with increasing numbers of competing species. Our work provides a heuristic framework to increase our understanding about the predictability of species persistence within multispecies communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuliang Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lawrence H Uricchio
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Serguei Saavedra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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19
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Santamaría J, Tomas F, Ballesteros E, Ruiz JM, Bernardeau-Esteller J, Terrados J, Cebrian E. The role of competition and herbivory in biotic resistance against invaders: a synergistic effect. Ecology 2021; 102:e03440. [PMID: 34143423 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Invasive species pose a major threat to global diversity, and once they are well established their eradication typically becomes unfeasible. However, certain natural mechanisms can increase the resistance of native communities to invaders and can be used to guide effective management policies. Both competition and herbivory have been identified as potential biotic resistance mechanisms that can limit plant invasiveness, but it is still under debate to what extent they might be effective against well-established invaders. Surprisingly, whereas biotic mechanisms are known to interact strongly, most studies to date have examined single biotic mechanisms separately, which likely influences our understanding of the strength and effectiveness of biotic resistance against invaders. Here we use long-term field data, benthic assemblage sampling, and exclusion experiments to assess the effect of native assemblage complexity and herbivory on the invasion dynamics of a successful invasive species, the alga Caulerpa cylindracea. A higher complexity of the native algal assemblage limited C. cylindracea invasion, probably through competition by canopy-forming and erect algae. Additionally, high herbivory pressure by the fish Sarpa salpa reduced C. cylindracea abundance by more than four times. However, long-term data of the invasion reflects that biotic resistance strength can vary across the invasion process and it is only where high assemblage complexity is concomitant with high herbivory pressure, that the most significant limitation is observed (synergistic effect). Overall, the findings reported in this study highlight that neglecting the interactions between biotic mechanisms during invasive processes and restricting the studied time scales may lead to underestimations of the true capacity of native assemblages to develop resistance to invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Santamaría
- Marine Resources and Biodiversity Research Group (GRMAR), Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fiona Tomas
- Marine Ecosystems Dynamics Group-Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (IMEDEA), Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Esporles, 07190, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Enric Ballesteros
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, 17300, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Juan M Ruiz
- Seagrass Ecology Group-Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jaime Bernardeau-Esteller
- Seagrass Ecology Group-Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jorge Terrados
- Marine Ecosystems Dynamics Group-Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (IMEDEA), Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Esporles, 07190, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Emma Cebrian
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, 17300, Catalonia, Spain
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20
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Barnett KL, Johnson SN, Facey SL, Gibson-Forty EVJ, Ochoa-Hueso R, Power SA. Altered precipitation and root herbivory affect the productivity and composition of a mesic grassland. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:145. [PMID: 34266378 PMCID: PMC8283849 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change models predict changes in the amount, frequency and seasonality of precipitation events, all of which have the potential to affect the structure and function of grassland ecosystems. While previous studies have examined plant or herbivore responses to these perturbations, few have examined their interactions; even fewer have included belowground herbivores. Given the ecological, economic and biodiversity value of grasslands, and their importance globally for carbon storage and agriculture, this is an important knowledge gap. To address this, we conducted a precipitation manipulation experiment in a former mesic pasture grassland comprising a mixture of C4 grasses and C3 grasses and forbs, in southeast Australia. Rainfall treatments included a control [ambient], reduced amount [50% ambient] and reduced frequency [ambient rainfall withheld for three weeks, then applied as a single deluge event] manipulations, to simulate predicted changes in both the size and frequency of future rainfall events. In addition, half of all experimental plots were inoculated with adult root herbivores (Scarabaeidae beetles). RESULTS We found strong seasonal dependence in plant community responses to both rainfall and root herbivore treatments. The largest effects were seen in the cool season with lower productivity, cover and diversity in rainfall-manipulated plots, while root herbivore inoculation increased the relative abundance of C3, compared to C4, plants. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of considering not only the seasonality of plant responses to altered rainfall, but also the important role of interactions between abiotic and biotic drivers of vegetation change when evaluating ecosystem-level responses to future shifts in climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk L Barnett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Sarah L Facey
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Eleanor V J Gibson-Forty
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Raul Ochoa-Hueso
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.,Department of Biology, University of Cádiz, Avenida República Árabe Saharaui, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Sally A Power
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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21
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Davies KW, Leger EA, Boyd CS, Hallett LM. Living with exotic annual grasses in the sagebrush ecosystem. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 288:112417. [PMID: 33765575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exotic annual grasses dominate millions of hectares and increase fire frequency in the sagebrush ecosystem of North America. This devastating invasion is so costly and challenging to revegetate with perennial vegetation that restoration efforts need to be prioritized and strategically implemented. Management needs to break the annual grass-fire cycle and prevent invasion of new areas, while research is needed to improve restoration success. Under current land management and climate regimes, extensive areas will remain annual grasslands, because of their expansiveness and the low probability of transition to perennial dominance. We propose referring to these communities as Intermountain West Annual Grasslands, recognizing that they are a stable state and require different management goals and objectives than perennial-dominated systems. We need to learn to live with annual grasslands, reducing their costs and increasing benefits derived from them, at the same time maintaining landscape-level plant diversity that could allow transition to perennial dominance under future scenarios. To accomplish this task, we propose a framework and research to improve our ability to live with exotic annual grasses in the sagebrush biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk W Davies
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 67826-A Hwy 205, Burns, OR, 97720, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Leger
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Chad S Boyd
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 67826-A Hwy 205, Burns, OR, 97720, USA
| | - Lauren M Hallett
- Department of Biology and Environmental Studies Program, University of Oregon, 12010 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97405, USA
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22
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Luong JC, Holl KD, Loik ME. Leaf traits and phylogeny explain plant survival and community dynamics in response to extreme drought in a restored coastal grassland. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Luong
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Karen D. Holl
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Michael E. Loik
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
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23
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Colombo M, Segura L. Forest edges negatively influence daily nest survival rates of a grassland Tinamou, the Spotted Nothura ( Nothura maculosa). CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Grassland degradation and fragmentation produced by land use have globally impacted biodiversity. In the Neotropics, the Pampas Grasslands have been greatly altered by agriculture and the introduction of exotic trees. To evaluate the effects of changing habitat features on indigenous grassland fauna, we studied a breeding population of a ground-nesting bird, the Spotted Nothura (Nothura maculosa (Temminck, 1815)), in a natural grassland under cattle grazing in central-east Argentina. We estimated daily nest survival rate (DSR) and modeled it as a function of habitat (distance to habitat edges, cattle density, and nest concealment) and temporal factors. Of the 80 nests found, 64 (80%) failed, predation being the principal cause of failure. DSR was 0.874, estimating a cumulative survival of only 6.8% throughout egg laying and incubation. DSR increased with distance to continuous forests and decreased with nest age. Nests located near forest edges could have increased predation risk because they are potentially exposed to forest-dwelling predators in addition to grassland-dependent predators. Considering the low success found and the ongoing invasion of exotic trees in the region, we encourage governments to protect large areas of grassland to ensure adequate nest success for Tinamous and other ground-nesting birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Colombo
- División Zoología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- División Zoología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L.N. Segura
- División Zoología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- División Zoología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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24
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Coleman ML, Mayence CE, White MD, Jacobsen AL, Pratt RB. A seed–seedling conflict for
Atriplex polycarpa
shrubs competing with exotic grasses and their residual dry matter. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L. Coleman
- Department of Biology California State University, Bakersfield 9001 Stockdale Highway Bakersfield California93311USA
- Tejon Ranch Conservancy 637 San Emidio Way Frazier Park California93225USA
| | - C. Ellery Mayence
- Tejon Ranch Conservancy 637 San Emidio Way Frazier Park California93225USA
- New Zealand Department of Conservation Private Bag 4715 Christchurch8140New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia6005Australia
| | - Michael D. White
- Tejon Ranch Conservancy 637 San Emidio Way Frazier Park California93225USA
- Department of Biological Sciences San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego California92182USA
| | - Anna L. Jacobsen
- Department of Biology California State University, Bakersfield 9001 Stockdale Highway Bakersfield California93311USA
| | - R. Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology California State University, Bakersfield 9001 Stockdale Highway Bakersfield California93311USA
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25
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Terry TJ, Madsen MD, Gill RA, Anderson VJ, St. Clair SB. Selective herbicide control: using furrows and carbon seed coatings to establish a native bunchgrass while reducing cheatgrass cover. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyson J. Terry
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Brigham Young University Provo UT United States
| | - Matthew D. Madsen
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Brigham Young University Provo UT United States
| | - Richard A. Gill
- Department of Biology Brigham Young University Provo UT United States
| | - Val Jo Anderson
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Brigham Young University Provo UT United States
| | - Samuel B. St. Clair
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Brigham Young University Provo UT United States
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26
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Holl KD, Lesage JC, Adams T, Rusk J, Schreiber RD, Tang M. Vegetative spread is key to applied nucleation success in non‐native‐dominated grasslands. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Holl
- Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
| | - Josephine C. Lesage
- Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
- Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Santa Barbara CA 93105 U.S.A
| | - Tianjiao Adams
- Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Houston TX 77204 U.S.A
| | - Jack Rusk
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
| | - Richard D. Schreiber
- Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
| | - Mickie Tang
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
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27
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Smith ME, Cavagnaro TR, Christmas MJ, Pound LM, Facelli JM. Site preparation impacts on soil biotic and abiotic properties, weed control, and native grass establishment. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique E. Smith
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Timothy R. Cavagnaro
- The Waite Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Matthew J. Christmas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Leanne M. Pound
- Department for Environment and Water Government of South Australia Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - José M. Facelli
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
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28
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Havrilla CA, Munson SM, McCormick ML, Laushman KM, Balazs KR, Butterfield BJ. RestoreNet: An emerging restoration network reveals controls on seeding success across dryland ecosystems. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Havrilla
- U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Flagstaff AZ USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - Seth M. Munson
- U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - Molly L. McCormick
- U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Flagstaff AZ USA
| | | | - Kathleen R. Balazs
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - Bradley J. Butterfield
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
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29
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Seasonal and environmental variation in volatile emissions of the New Zealand native plant Leptospermum scoparium in weed-invaded and non-invaded sites. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11736. [PMID: 32678113 PMCID: PMC7366711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The New Zealand tea tree Leptospermun scoparium (mānuka) is widely known for the antimicrobial properties of its honey. Mānuka is native to New Zealand, growing in a range of environments, including the Central Volcanic Plateau of the North Island, where it is currently threatened by the spread of exotic invasive weeds such as heather (Calluna vulgaris) and Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius). Here, we characterise for the first time the aboveground volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by mānuka in this area, during summer and winter seasons, in weed-invaded and non-invaded stands. We measured plant volatiles at four sites, each with a distinct combination of woody species: (1) conspecific stands of mānuka; (2) mānuka and another native species (Dracophyllum subulatum); and mānuka with one of two European invasive plants, (3) heather or (4) Scotch broom. We also quantified herbivore damage on target mānuka plants and analysed microclimatic variables (soil nutrients, air temperature and soil water content) to investigate their impact on volatile emissions. Our results reveal a strong seasonal effect on volatile emissions, but also significant differences between sites associated with biotic and abiotic changes partly driven by invasive plants. Overall, volatile emission rates from mānuka were typically lower at sites where invaders were present. We point to several factors that could contribute to the observed emission patterns and areas of interest for future research to provide a comprehensive understanding of VOC emissions in nature. Given the vital role of volatile compounds in plant communication, we also recommend future studies to be performed in multiple seasons, with larger sample sizes and more study sites to expand on these findings and explore the ecological impacts of changes in VOC emissions during plant invasion.
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Plant Community Assembly in Invaded Recipient Californian Grasslands and Putative Donor Grasslands in Spain. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12050193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of exotic species to new regions offers opportunities to test fundamental questions in ecology, such as the context-dependency of community structure and assembly. Annual grasslands provide a model system of a major unidirectional introduction of plant species from Europe to North America. We compared the community structure of grasslands in two Mediterranean regions by surveying plots in Spain and in California with similar environmental and management conditions. All species found in Spanish grasslands were native to Spain, and over half of them (74 of 139 species) are known to have colonized California. In contrast, in California, over half of the species (52 of 95 species) were exotic species, all of them native to Spain. Nineteen species were found in multiple plots in both regions (i.e., shared species). The abundance of shared species in California was either similar to (13 species) or greater than (6 species) in Spain. In California, plants considered pests were more likely than non-pest species to have higher abundance. Co-occurring shared species tended to maintain their relative abundance in native and introduced communities, which indicates that pools of exotic species might assemble similarly at home and away. These findings provide interesting insights into community assembly in novel ecosystems. They also highlight an example of startling global and local floristic homogenization.
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Feit B, Dempster T, Jessop TS, Webb JK, Letnic M. A trophic cascade initiated by an invasive vertebrate alters the structure of native reptile communities. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2829-2840. [PMID: 32034982 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Invasive vertebrates are frequently reported to have catastrophic effects on the populations of species which they directly impact. It follows then, that if invaders exert strong suppressive effects on some species then other species will indirectly benefit due to ecological release from interactions with directly impacted species. However, evidence that invasive vertebrates trigger such trophic cascades and alter community structure in terrestrial ecosystems remains rare. Here, we ask how the cane toad, a vertebrate invader that is toxic to many of Australia's vertebrate predators, influences lizard assemblages in a semi-arid rangeland. In our study area, the density of cane toads is influenced by the availability of water accessible to toads. We compared an index of the abundance of sand goannas, a large predatory lizard that is susceptible to poisoning by cane toads and the abundances of four lizard families preyed upon by goannas (skinks, pygopods, agamid lizards and geckos) in areas where cane toads were common or rare. Consistent with the idea that suppression of sand goannas by cane toads initiates a trophic cascade, goanna activity was lower and small lizards were more abundant where toads were common. The hypothesis that suppression of sand goannas by cane toads triggers a trophic cascade was further supported by our findings that small terrestrial lizards that are frequently preyed upon by goannas were more affected by toad abundance than arboreal geckos, which are rarely consumed by goannas. Furthermore, the abundance of at least one genus of terrestrial skinks benefitted from allogenic ecosystem engineering by goannas where toads were rare. Overall, our study provides evidence that the invasion of ecosystems by non-native species can have important effects on the structure and integrity of native communities extending beyond their often most obvious and frequently documented direct ecological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Feit
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tim Dempster
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Tim S Jessop
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia
| | - Jonathan K Webb
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Mike Letnic
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of BEES, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of BEES, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Uddin MN, Robinson RW, Asaeda T. Nitrogen immobilization may reduce invasibility of nutrient enriched plant community invaded by Phragmites australis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1601. [PMID: 32005878 PMCID: PMC6994487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient enrichment, particularly nitrogen, is an important determinant of plant community productivity, diversity and invasibility in a wetland ecosystem. It may contribute to increasing colonization and dominance of invasive species, such as Phragmites australis, especially during wetland restoration. Providing native species a competitive advantage over invasive species, manipulating soil nutrients (nitrogen) may be an effective strategy to control the invasive species and that management tool is essential to restore the degraded ecosystems. Therefore, we examined competition between Phragmites australis and Melaleuca ericifolia in a greenhouse setting with activated carbon (AC) treatments, followed by cutting of Phragmites shoots in nutrient-rich soils. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of AC on plant-free microcosms in the laboratory, to differentiate direct effects of AC on soil microbial functions from indirect effects. Overall, the objective was to test whether lowering nitrogen might be an effective approach for reducing Phragmites invasion in the wetland. The AC reduced Phragmites total biomass more significantly in repeated cut regime (57%) of Phragmites shoots compared to uncut regime (39%). Conversely, it increased Melaleuca total biomass by 41% and 68% in uncut and repeated cut regimes, respectively. Additionally, AC decreased more total nitrogen in above-ground biomass (41 to 55%) and non-structural carbohydrate in rhizome (21 to 65%) of Phragmites, and less total nitrogen reduction in above-ground biomass (25 to 24%) of Melaleuca in repeated cut compared to uncut regime. The significant negative correlation between Phragmites and Melaleuca total biomass was observed, and noticed that Phragmites acquired less biomass comparatively than Melaleuca in AC-untreated versus AC-treated pots across the cutting frequency. AC also caused significant changes to microbial community functions across Phragmites populations, namely nitrogen mineralization, nitrification, nitrogen microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity (P ≤ 0.05) that may potentially explain changes in plant growth competition between Phragmites and Melaleuca. The overall effects on plant growth, however, may be partially microbially mediated, which was demonstrated through soil microbial functions. Results support the idea that reducing community vulnerability to invasion through nutrient (nitrogen) manipulations by AC with reducing biomass of invasive species may provide an effective strategy for invasive species management and ecosystem restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nazim Uddin
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, College of Engineering & Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia.
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Randall William Robinson
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, College of Engineering & Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
| | - Takashi Asaeda
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
- Institute for Studies of the Global Environment, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
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Beaury EM, Finn JT, Corbin JD, Barr V, Bradley BA. Biotic resistance to invasion is ubiquitous across ecosystems of the United States. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:476-482. [PMID: 31875651 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The biotic resistance hypothesis predicts that diverse native communities are more resistant to invasion. However, past studies vary in their support for this hypothesis due to an apparent contradiction between experimental studies, which support biotic resistance, and observational studies, which find that native and non-native species richness are positively related at broad scales (small-scale studies are more variable). Here, we present a novel analysis of the biotic resistance hypothesis using 24 456 observations of plant richness spanning four community types and seven ecoregions of the United States. Non-native plant occurrence was negatively related to native plant richness across all community types and ecoregions, although the strength of biotic resistance varied across different ecological, anthropogenic and climatic contexts. Our results strongly support the biotic resistance hypothesis, thus reconciling differences between experimental and observational studies and providing evidence for the shared benefits between invasive species management and native biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Beaury
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - John T Finn
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Corbin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Union College, Schenectady, NY, USA
| | - Valerie Barr
- Department of Computer Science, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Bethany A Bradley
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.,Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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Hess MCM, Buisson E, Jaunatre R, Mesléard F. Using limiting similarity to enhance invasion resistance: Theoretical and practical concerns. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manon C. M. Hess
- NGE‐GUINTOLISaint‐Etienne-du-Grès Tarascon Cedex France
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE) Avignon UniversitéUMR CNRS IRD Aix Marseille UniversitéIUT Site Agroparc Avignon Cedex 09 France
- Institut de recherche pour la conservation des zones humides méditerranéennes Tour du Valat Arles France
| | - Elise Buisson
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE) Avignon UniversitéUMR CNRS IRD Aix Marseille UniversitéIUT Site Agroparc Avignon Cedex 09 France
| | - Renaud Jaunatre
- Université Grenoble AlpesIrsteaEMGR St‐Martin‐d'Hères France
| | - François Mesléard
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE) Avignon UniversitéUMR CNRS IRD Aix Marseille UniversitéIUT Site Agroparc Avignon Cedex 09 France
- Institut de recherche pour la conservation des zones humides méditerranéennes Tour du Valat Arles France
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Monroe JG, Gill B, Turner KG, McKay JK. Drought regimens predict life history strategies in Heliophila. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:2054-2062. [PMID: 31087648 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Explaining variation in life history strategies is an enduring goal of evolutionary biology and ecology. Early theory predicted that for plants, annual and perennial life histories reflect adaptations to environments that experience alternative drought regimens. Nevertheless, empirical support for this hypothesis from comparative analyses remains lacking. Here, we test classic life history theory in Heliophila L. (Brassicaceae), a diverse genus of flowering plants native to Africa, controlling for phylogeny and integrating 34 yr of satellite-based drought detection with 2192 herbaria occurrence records. We find that the common ancestor of these species was likely to be an annual, and that perenniality and annuality have repeatedly evolved, an estimated seven and five times, respectively. By comparing historical drought regimens, we show that annuals rather than perennial species occur in environments where droughts are significantly more frequent. We also find evidence that annual plants adapt to predictable drought regimens by escaping drought-prone seasons as seeds. These results yield compelling support for longstanding theoretical predictions by revealing the importance of drought frequency and predictability to explain plant life history. More broadly, this work highlights scalable approaches, integrating herbaria records and remote sensing to address outstanding questions in evolutionary ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grey Monroe
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
- College of Agriculture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Brian Gill
- Institute for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Kathryn G Turner
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - John K McKay
- College of Agriculture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
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Davies KW, Rios RC, Bates JD, Johnson DD, Kerby J, Boyd CS. To burn or not to burn: Comparing reintroducing fire with cutting an encroaching conifer for conservation of an imperiled shrub-steppe. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9137-9148. [PMID: 31463011 PMCID: PMC6706219 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Woody vegetation has increased on rangelands worldwide for the past 100-200 years, often because of reduced fire frequency. However, there is a general aversion to reintroducing fire, and therefore, fire surrogates are often used in its place to reverse woody plant encroachment. Determining the conservation effectiveness of reintroducing fire compared with fire surrogates over different time scales is needed to improve conservation efforts. We evaluated the conservation effectiveness of reintroducing fire with a fire surrogate (cutting) applied over the last ~30 years to control juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) encroachment on 77 sagebrush-steppe sites. Critical to conservation of this imperiled ecosystem is to limit juniper, not encourage exotic annual grasses, and promote sagebrush dominance of the overstory. Reintroducing fire was more effective than cutting at reducing juniper abundance and extending the period of time that juniper was not dominating the plant community. Sagebrush was reduced more with burning than cutting. Sagebrush, however, was predicted to be a substantial component of the overstory longer in burned than cut areas because of more effective juniper control. Variation in exotic annual grass cover was explained by environmental variables and perennial grass abundance, but not treatment, with annual grasses being problematic on hotter and drier sites with less perennial grass. This suggests that ecological memory varies along an environmental gradient. Reintroducing fire was more effective than cutting at conserving sagebrush-steppe encroached by juniper over extended time frames; however, cutting was more effective for short-term conservation. This suggests fire and fire surrogates both have critical roles in conservation of imperiled ecosystems.
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Martinez‐Cillero R, Willcock S, Perez‐Diaz A, Joslin E, Vergeer P, Peh KS. A practical tool for assessing ecosystem services enhancement and degradation associated with invasive alien species. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3918-3936. [PMID: 31015977 PMCID: PMC6467848 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current approaches for assessing the effects of invasive alien species (IAS) are biased toward the negative effects of these species, resulting in an incomplete picture of their real effects. This can result in an inefficient IAS management. We address this issue by describing the INvasive Species Effects Assessment Tool (INSEAT) that enables expert elicitation for rapidly assessing the ecological consequences of IAS using the ecosystem services (ES) framework. INSEAT scores the ecosystem service "gains and losses" using a scale that accounted for the magnitude and the reversibility of its effects. We tested INSEAT on 18 IAS in Great Britain. Here, we highlighted four case studies: Harmonia axyridis (Harlequin ladybird), Astacus leptodactylus (Turkish crayfish), Pacifastacus leniusculus (Signal crayfish) and Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam). The results demonstrated that a collation of different experts' opinions using INSEAT could yield valuable information on the invasive aliens' ecological and social effects. The users can identify certain IAS as ES providers and the trade-offs between the ES provision and loss associated with them. This practical tool can be useful for evidence-based policy and management decisions that consider the potential role of invasive species in delivering human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Martinez‐Cillero
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
| | - Simon Willcock
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- School of Natural SciencesBangor UniversityBangorUK
| | - Alvaro Perez‐Diaz
- Electronics and Computer ScienceUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Faculty of Engineering and the EnvironmentUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Emma Joslin
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | | | - Kelvin S.‐H. Peh
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Conservation Science Group, Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Uricchio LH, Daws SC, Spear ER, Mordecai EA. Priority Effects and Nonhierarchical Competition Shape Species Composition in a Complex Grassland Community. Am Nat 2019; 193:213-226. [PMID: 30720356 PMCID: PMC8518031 DOI: 10.1086/701434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Niche and fitness differences control the outcome of competition, but determining their relative importance in invaded communities—which may be far from equilibrium—remains a pressing concern. Moreover, it is unclear whether classic approaches for studying competition, which were developed predominantly for pairs of interacting species, will fully capture dynamics in complex species assemblages. We parameterized a population-dynamic model using competition experiments of two native and three exotic species from a grassland community. We found evidence for minimal fitness differences or niche differences between the native species, leading to slow replacement dynamics and priority effects, but large fitness advantages allowed exotics to unconditionally invade natives. Priority effects driven by strong interspecific competition between exotic species drove single-species dominance by one of two exotic species in 80% of model outcomes, while a complex mixture of nonhierarchical competition and coexistence between native and exotic species occurred in the remaining 20%. Fungal infection, a commonly hypothesized coexistence mechanism, had weak fitness effects and is unlikely to substantially affect coexistence. In contrast to previous work on pairwise outcomes in largely native-dominated communities, our work supports a role for nearly neutral dynamics and priority effects as drivers of species composition in invaded communities.
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Lesage JC, Howard EA, Holl KD. Homogenizing biodiversity in restoration: the “perennialization” of California prairies. Restor Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine C. Lesage
- Department of Environmental Studies; University of California; 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth A. Howard
- UC Santa Cruz Natural Reserves; 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
| | - Karen D. Holl
- Department of Environmental Studies; University of California; 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
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MacDougall AS, McCune JL, Eriksson O, Cousins SAO, Pärtel M, Firn J, Hierro JL. The Neolithic Plant Invasion Hypothesis: the role of preadaptation and disturbance in grassland invasion. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:94-103. [PMID: 29974472 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing hypothesis is that many European plants invade temperate grasslands globally because they are introduced simultaneously with pastoralism and cultivation, to which they are 'preadapted' after millennia of exposure dating to the Neolithic era ('Neolithic Plant Invasion Hypothesis' (NPIH)). These 'preadaptations' are predicted to maximize their performance relative to native species lacking this adaptive history. Here, we discuss the explanatory relevance of the NPIH, clarifying the importance of evolutionary context vs other mechanisms driving invasion. The NPIH makes intuitive sense given established connections between invasion and agricultural-based perturbation. However, tests are often incomplete given the need for performance contrasts between home and away ranges, while controlling for other mechanisms. We emphasize six NPIH-based predictions, centring on trait similarity of invaders between home vs away populations, and differing perturbation responses by invading and native plants. Although no research has integrated all six predictions, we highlight studies suggesting preadaptation influences on invasion. Given that many European grasslands are creations of human activity from the past, current invasions by these flora may represent the continuation of processes dating to the Neolithic. Ironically, European Neolithic-derived grasslands are becoming rarer, reflecting changes in management and illustrating the importance of human influences on these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Jenny L McCune
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Ove Eriksson
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Plant Sciences, Stockholm Universitet, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Sara A O Cousins
- Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm Universitet, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Jennifer Firn
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, 4001, Australia
| | - Jose L Hierro
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Pampa (UNLPam), Santa Rosa, 6300, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNLPam, Santa Rosa, Argentina
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Spear ER, Mordecai EA. Foliar pathogens are unlikely to stabilize coexistence of competing species in a California grassland. Ecology 2018; 99:2250-2259. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin R. Spear
- Biology Department Stanford University Stanford California 94305USA
| | - Erin A. Mordecai
- Biology Department Stanford University Stanford California 94305USA
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Valliere JM, Balch S, Bell C, Contreras C, Hilbig BE. Repeated mowing to restore remnant native grasslands invaded by nonnative annual grasses: upsides and downsides above and below ground. Restor Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Valliere
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA 90095 U.S.A
| | - Susan Balch
- Shivela Middle School; Murrieta Valley Unified School District; Murrieta CA 92562 U.S.A
| | - Carole Bell
- The Nature Conservancy, Santa Rosa Plateau Ecological Reserve; Murrieta CA 92562 U.S.A
| | - Carlos Contreras
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA 90095 U.S.A
| | - Bridget E. Hilbig
- Department of Botany; Weber State University; Ogden Utah 84408 U.S.A
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Radny J, Meyer KM. The role of biotic factors during plant establishment in novel communities assessed with an agent-based simulation model. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5342. [PMID: 30123698 PMCID: PMC6087422 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishment success of non-native species is not only influenced by environmental conditions, but also by interactions with local competitors and enemies. The magnitude of these biotic interactions is mediated by species traits that reflect competitive strength or defence mechanisms. Our aim was to investigate the importance of species traits for successful establishment of non-native species in a native community exhibiting biotic resistance in the form of competition and herbivory. METHODS We developed a trait-based, individual-based simulation model tracking the survival of non-native plants in a native community. In the model, non-native plants are characterized by high or low values of competition and defence traits. Model scenarios included variation of initial number of non-natives, intensity of competitive interaction, density of herbivores and density as well as mixture of the native community. RESULTS Traits related to competition had a much greater impact on survival of non-native species than traits related to defence. Survival rates of strong competitors never fell below 50% while survival of weak competitors averaged at about 10%. Weak competitors were also much more susceptible to competitive pressures such as community density, composition and competition intensity. Strong competitors responded negatively to changes in competition intensity, but hardly to composition or density of the native community. High initial numbers of non-native individuals decreased survival rate of strong competitors, but increased the survival rate of weak competitors. Survival under herbivore attack was only slightly higher for plants with high defensive ability than for those with low defensive ability. Surprisingly, though, herbivory increased survival of species classified as weak competitors. DISCUSSION High survival rates of strong non-native competitors relate to a higher probability of successful establishment than for weak competitors. However, the reduced survival of strong competitors at high initial numbers indicates a self-thinning effect, probably mediated by a strongly competitive milieu. For weak competitors, our model emphasizes positive effects of high propagule pressure known from field studies. General effects of herbivory or defence abilities on survival were not supported by our model. However, the positive effect of herbivory on survival of weak competitors indicated side effects of herbivory, such as weakening resident competitors. This might play an important role for establishment of non-natives in a new community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Radny
- Department of Ecosystem Modelling, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin M. Meyer
- Department of Ecosystem Modelling, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Havrilla CA, Barger NN. Biocrusts and their disturbance mediate the recruitment of native and exotic grasses from a hot desert ecosystem. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Havrilla
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department; University of Colorado; Campus Box 334 Boulder Colorado 80309-0334 USA
| | - Nichole N. Barger
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department; University of Colorado; Campus Box 334 Boulder Colorado 80309-0334 USA
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Cole I, Koen T, Prober S, Lunt L. Ecological control of exotic annuals in native C3 grass swards. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cole
- Institute for Land, Water & Society; Charles Sturt University; PO Box 789 Albury New South Wales 2640 Australia
| | - Terry Koen
- Office of Environment and Heritage; Cowra New South Wales Australia
| | - Suzanne Prober
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship; Wembley Western Australia Australia
| | - lan Lunt
- Institute for Land, Water & Society; Charles Sturt University; PO Box 789 Albury New South Wales 2640 Australia
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Christensen EM, Harris DJ, Ernest SKM. Long-term community change through multiple rapid transitions in a desert rodent community. Ecology 2018; 99:1523-1529. [PMID: 29718539 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While studies increasingly document long-term change in community composition, whether long-term change occurs gradually or via rapid reorganization events remains unclear. We used Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and a change-point model to examine the long-term dynamics of a desert rodent community undergoing compositional change over a 38-yr span. Our approach detected three rapid reorganization events, where changes in the relative abundances of dominant and rare species occurred, and a separate period of increased variance in the structure of the community. These events coincided with time periods, possibly related to climate events, where the total abundance of rodents was extremely low. There are a variety of processes that could link low abundance events with a higher probability of rapid ecological transitions, including higher importance of stochastic processes (i.e., competitive interactions or priority effects) and the removal of structuring effects of competitive dominants or incumbent species. Continued study of the dynamics of community change will provide important information not only on the processes structuring communities, but will also provide guidance for forecasting how communities will undergo change in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Christensen
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - David J Harris
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - S K Morgan Ernest
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
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Fick SE, Evett RR. Distribution modelling of pre-Columbian California grasslands with soil phytoliths: New insights for prehistoric grassland ecology and restoration. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194315. [PMID: 29617400 PMCID: PMC5884503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical reconstructions of plant community distributions are useful for biogeographic studies and restoration planning, but the quality of insights gained depends on the depth and reliability of historical information available. For the Central Valley of California, one of the most altered terrestrial ecosystems on the planet, this task is particularly difficult given poor historical documentation and sparse relict assemblages of pre-invasion plant species. Coastal and interior prairies were long assumed to have been dominated by perennial bunchgrasses, but this hypothesis has recently been challenged. We evaluated this hypothesis by creating species distribution models (SDMs) using a novel approach based on the abundance of soil phytoliths (microscopic particles of biogenic silica used as a proxy for long-term grass presence) extracted from soil samples at locations statewide. Modeled historical grass abundance was consistently high along the coast and to a lesser extent in higher elevation foothills surrounding the Central Valley. SDMs found strong associations with mean temperature, temperature variability, and precipitation variability, with higher predicted abundance in regions with cooler, equable temperatures and moderated rainfall, mirroring the pattern for modern perennial grass distribution across the state. The results of this study strongly suggest that the pre-Columbian Central Valley of California was not dominated by grasses. Using soil phytolith data as input for SDMs is a promising new method for predicting the extent of prehistoric grass distributions where alternative historical datasets are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Fick
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rand R. Evett
- Department of ESPM, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
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48
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Eastburn DJ, Roche LM, Doran MP, Blake PR, Bouril CS, Gamble G, Gornish ES. Seeding plants for long-term multiple ecosystem service goals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 211:191-197. [PMID: 29408066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The historical management of agroecological systems, such as California's rangelands, have received criticism for a singular focus on agricultural production goals, while society has shifting expectations to the supply of multiple ecosystem services from these working landscapes. The sustainability and the multiple benefits derived from these complex social-ecological systems is increasingly threatened by weed invasion, extreme disturbance, urban development, and the impacts of a rapidly changing and increasingly variable climate. California's grasslands, oak savannas, and oak woodlands are among the most invaded ecosystems in the world. Weed eradication efforts are rarely combined with seeding on these landscapes despite support for the inclusion of the practice in a weed management program. Depending on seed mix choice, cost and long-term uncertainty, especially for native seed, is an impediment to adoption by land managers. We investigated four seeding mixes (forage annual, native perennial, exotic perennial, and exotic-native perennial) to evaluate how these treatments resist reinvasion and support the delivery of simultaneous multiple ecosystem services (invasion resistance, native richness, nitrogen fixing plants, pollinator food sources, plant community diversity, forage quality, and productivity). We found the increase of exotic and native perennial cover will drive resistance to an invading weedy summer flowering forb Centaurea solstitialis but provides a mixed response to resisting invasive annual grasses. The resistance to invasion is coupled with little tradeoff in forage productivity and quality and gains in plant diversity and native cover.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Eastburn
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Leslie M Roche
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA; University of California Cooperative Extension, USA
| | | | - Philip R Blake
- United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, USA
| | - Chip S Bouril
- United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, USA
| | | | - Elise S Gornish
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, USA
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Uyà M, Bulleri F, Gribben PE. Propagules are not all equal: traits of vegetative fragments and disturbance regulate invasion success. Ecology 2018; 99:957-965. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Uyà
- Dipartimento di Biologia Università di Pisa Via Derna 1 Pisa 56126 Italy
- Centre for Marine Bio‐Innovation School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Fabio Bulleri
- Dipartimento di Biologia Università di Pisa Via Derna 1 Pisa 56126 Italy
- CoNISMa Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare Piazzale Flaminio 9 Roma 00196 Italy
| | - Paul E. Gribben
- Centre for Marine Bio‐Innovation School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales New South Wales 2052 Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science 19 Chowder Bay Road Mosman New South Wales 2088 Australia
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50
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Arcamone JR, Jaureguiberry P. Germination response of common annual and perennial forbs to heat shock and smoke treatments in the Chaco Serrano, central Argentina. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julieta R. Arcamone
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba) and FCEFyN; P.O. Box 495 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - Pedro Jaureguiberry
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba) and FCEFyN; P.O. Box 495 5000 Córdoba Argentina
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