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Kong H, Yang EJ, Jiao N, Lee Y, Jung J, Cho KH, Moon JK, Kim JH, Xu D. RNA outperforms DNA-based metabarcoding in assessing the diversity and response of microeukaryotes to environmental variables in the Arctic Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162608. [PMID: 36871742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic Ocean (AO) has a harsh environment characterized by low temperatures, extensive ice coverage, and periodic freezing and melting of sea ice, which has provided diverse habitats for microorganisms. Prior studies primarily focused on microeukaryote communities in the upper water or sea ice based on environmental DNA, leaving the composition of active microeukaryotes in the diverse AO environments largely unknown. This study provided a vertical assessment of microeukaryote communities in the AO from snow and ice to sea water at a depth of 1670 m using high-throughput sequencing of co-extracted DNA and RNA. RNA extracts depicted microeukaryote community structure and intergroup correlations more accurately and responded more sensitively to environmental conditions than those derived from DNA. Using RNA:DNA ratios as a proxy for relative activity of major taxonomic groups, the metabolic activities of major microeukaryote groups were determined along depth. Analysis of co-occurrence networks showed that parasitism between Syndiniales and dinoflagellates/ciliates in the deep ocean may be significant. This study increased our knowledge of the diversity of active microeukaryote communities and highlighted the importance of using RNA-based sequencing over DNA-based sequencing to examine the relationship between microeukaryote assemblages and the responses of microeukaryotes to environmental variables in the AO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Eun-Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Youngju Lee
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Cho
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Kuk Moon
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hoon Kim
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Dapeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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2
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Douce P, Mermillod-Blondin F, Simon L, Dolédec S, Eymar-Dauphin P, Renault D, Sulmon C, Vallier F, Bittebiere AK. Biotic and abiotic drivers of aquatic plant communities in shallow pools and wallows on the sub-Antarctic Iles Kerguelen. Polar Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-023-03122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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3
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Determining the role of richness and evenness in alpine grassland productivity across climatic and edaphic gradients. Oecologia 2022; 200:491-502. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Wu W, Wang X, Ren Z, Zhou X, Du G. N-Induced Species Loss Dampened by Clipping Mainly Through Suppressing Dominant Species in an Alpine Meadow. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:815011. [PMID: 35392523 PMCID: PMC8980528 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.815011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen addition and clipping can exert substantial impact on species diversity but their interactions and the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. Resource competition theory holds that sufficiently strong competitive ability of dominant species can lead to the losses of subordinate species through competitive exclusion, while niche differentiation theory suggests that the persistence of subordinate species in competitive systems can be promoted by guaranteeing positive growth rates of rare species. Taking advantage of a field experiment with nitrogen addition (10 g N m-2 year-1) and different clipping intensities (2, 15, and 30 cm) treatments in a Tibetan alpine meadow across 2015-2020, we assessed the relative importance of competitively dominant species and niche differentiation in driving species diversity changes via using community weighted mean (CWM) and variation coefficient of nearest neighbor distance (CV_NND) of functional traits including height, specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC). We show that nitrogen enrichment drove a strong plant diversity loss (P < 0.001). Clipping at different intensities had little effect on species diversity, but it can reduce the N-induced diversity loss. Nitrogen addition and clipping caused changes in community diversity were mainly indirectly attributed to their effects on community functional composition, and the competitive ability of dominant species. Nitrogen increased the CWM of functional traits to improve the competitive ability of dominant species. In contrast, clipping influenced species diversity positively by decreasing CWMheight (P < 0.001), and also negatively by increasing CWMSLA (P < 0.001) and decreasing CV_NNDSLA (P < 0.05). Interacting with N addition, clipping resulted in a neutral effect on species diversity, because clipping could offset the negative effects of nitrogen addition through an opposite effect on CWMheight. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of diversity maintenance with respect to nitrogen addition and clipping. Thus, clipping is recommended as a useful management strategy to alleviate the species loss caused by nutrients enrichment and maintain the diversity of grassland ecosystems.
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Zhang W, Bussmann RW, Li J, Liu B, Xue T, Yang X, Qin F, Liu H, Yu S. Biodiversity hotspots and conservation efficiency of a large drainage basin: Distribution patterns of species richness and conservation gaps analysis in the Yangtze River Basin, China. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Rainer W. Bussmann
- Department of Ethnobotany Institute of Botany, Ilia State University Tbilisi Georgia
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences Minzu University of China Beijing China
| | - Tiantian Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xudong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Fei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Huiming Liu
- Satellite Environment Center Ministry of Environmental Protection Beijing China
| | - Shengxiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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6
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Sritharan MS, Scheele BC, Blanchard W, Lindenmayer DB. Spatial associations between plants and vegetation community characteristics provide insights into the processes influencing plant rarity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260215. [PMID: 34928957 PMCID: PMC8687526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the drivers of plant rarity is a major challenge in ecology. Analysing spatial associations between different plant species can provide an exploratory avenue for understanding the ecological drivers of plant rarity. Here, we examined the different types of spatial associations between rare and common plants to determine if they influence the occurrence patterns of rare species. We completed vegetation surveys at 86 sites in woodland, forest, and heath communities in south-east Australia. We also examined two different rarity measures to quantify how categorisation criteria affected our results. Rare species were more likely to have positive associations with both rare and common species across all three vegetation communities. However, common species had positive or negative associations with rare and other common species, depending on the vegetation community in which they occurred. Rare species were positively associated with species diversity in forest communities. In woodland communities, rare species were associated negatively with species diversity but positively associated with species evenness. Rare species with high habitat specificity were more clustered spatially than expected by chance. Efforts to understand the drivers of plant rarity should use rarity definitions that consider habitat specificity. Our findings suggest that examining spatial associations between plants can help understand the drivers of plant rarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena S. Sritharan
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ben C. Scheele
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Wade Blanchard
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - David B. Lindenmayer
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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7
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Gao WQ, Lei XD, Liang MW, Larjavaara M, Li YT, Gao DL, Zhang HR. Biodiversity increased both productivity and its spatial stability in temperate forests in northeastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146674. [PMID: 34030338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has been extensively studied, it remains unclear if the relationships of biodiversity with productivity and its spatial stability vary along productivity gradients in natural ecosystems. Based on a large dataset from 2324 permanent forest inventory plots across northeastern China, we examined the intensity of species richness (SR) and tree size diversity (Hd) effects on aboveground wood productivity (AWP) and its spatial stability among different productivity levels. Structural equation modeling was applied, integrating abiotic (climate and soil) and biotic (stand density) factors. Our results demonstrated that both SR and Hd positively affected AWP and its spatial stability, and the intensity of these positive effects decreased with increasing productivity. At low productivity levels, SR and Hd increased spatial stability by reducing spatial variability and increasing mean AWP. At high productivity levels, stability increased only through mean AWP increase. Moreover, temperature and stand density affected the AWP directly and indirectly via biodiversity, and the strength and direction of these effects varied among different productivity levels. We concluded that biodiversity could simultaneously enhance productivity and its spatial stability in temperate forests, and that the effect intensity was uniform along productivity gradients, which provided a new perspective on relationships within biodiversity-ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiang Gao
- Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Management and Growth Modelling, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Lei
- Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Management and Growth Modelling, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China.
| | - Mao-Wei Liang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Markku Larjavaara
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Tang Li
- Jilin Forestry Inventory and Planning Institute, Changchun, China
| | - Dong-Li Gao
- Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Management and Growth Modelling, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China; Planning and Design Institute of the Forest Products Industry of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Hui-Ru Zhang
- Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Management and Growth Modelling, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
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8
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Ma F, Yang L, Lv T, Zuo Z, Zhao H, Fan S, Liu C, Yu D. The Biodiversity–Biomass Relationship of Aquatic Macrophytes Is Regulated by Water Depth: A Case Study of a Shallow Mesotrophic Lake in China. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.650001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between biodiversity and productivity (or biomass production) (BPR) has been a popular topic in macroecology and debated for decades. However, this relationship is poorly understood in macrophyte communities, and the mechanism of the BPR pattern of the aquatic macrophyte community is not clear. We investigated 78 aquatic macrophyte communities in a shallow mesotrophic freshwater lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. We analyzed the relationship between biodiversity (species richness, diversity, and evenness indices) and community biomass, and the effects of water environments and interspecific interactions on biodiversity–biomass patterns. Unimodal patterns between community biomass and diversity indices instead of evenness indices are shown, and these indicate the importance of both the number and abundance of species when studying biodiversity–biomass patterns under mesotrophic conditions. These patterns were moderated by species identity biologically and water depth environmentally. However, water depth determined the distribution and growth of species with different life-forms as well as species identities through environmental filtering. These results demonstrate that water depth regulates the biodiversity–biomass pattern of the aquatic macrophyte community as a result of its effect on species identity and species distribution. Our study may provide useful information for conservation and restoration of macrophyte vegetation in shallow lakes through matching water depth and species or life-form combinations properly to reach high ecosystem functions and services.
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9
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Miner CM, Burnaford JL, Ammann K, Becker BH, Fradkin SC, Ostermann-Kelm S, Smith JR, Whitaker SG, Raimondi PT. Latitudinal variation in long-term stability of North American rocky intertidal communities. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2077-2093. [PMID: 34002377 PMCID: PMC8518646 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although long‐term ecological stability is often discussed as a community attribute, it is typically investigated at the species level (e.g. density, biomass), or as a univariate metric (e.g. species diversity). To provide a more comprehensive assessment of long‐term community stability, we used a multivariate similarity approach that included all species and their relative abundances. We used data from 74 sites sampled annually from 2006 to 2017 to examine broad temporal and spatial patterns of change within rocky intertidal communities along the west coast of North America. We explored relationships between community change (inverse of stability) and the following potential drivers of change/stability: (a) marine heatwave events; (b) three attributes of biodiversity: richness, diversity and evenness and (c) presence of the mussel, Mytilus californianus, a dominant space holder and foundation species in this system. At a broad scale, we found an inverse relationship between community stability and elevated water temperatures. In addition, we found substantial differences in stability among regions, with lower stability in the south, which may provide a glimpse into the patterns expected with a changing climate. At the site level, community stability was linked to high species richness and, perhaps counterintuitively, to low evenness, which could be a consequence of the dominance of mussels in this system. Synthesis. Assessments of long‐term stability at the whole‐community level are rarely done but are key to a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of climate change. In communities structured around a spatially dominant species, long‐term stability can be linked to the stability of this ‘foundation species’, as well as to traditional predictors, such as species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Melissa Miner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Burnaford
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Karah Ammann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin H Becker
- U.S. National Park Service, Point Reyes National Seashore, Point Reyes Station, CA, USA
| | - Steven C Fradkin
- U.S. National Park Service, Olympic National Park, Port Angeles, WA, USA
| | - Stacey Ostermann-Kelm
- U.S. National Park Service, Inventory and Monitoring Division, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Jayson R Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Stephen G Whitaker
- U.S. National Park Service, Channel Islands National Park, Ventura, CA, USA
| | - Peter T Raimondi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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10
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Oliveira JCF, Santos RD, Barros LPV, Leite M, Risse-Quaioto B, Militão CM, Fatorelli P, Belmoch FAL, Pombal Jr. JP, Rocha CFD. Amphibians of Serra das Torres Natural Monument: a reservoir of biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2020-1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The Brazilian Atlantic Forest holds a major part of the country’s amphibian species richness and high rates of endemism. In this study, we conducted surveys using the Rapid Assessment (RA) method to sample the amphibian fauna of the Serra das Torres Natural Monument (MONAST), an Atlantic Forest remnant in southeastern Brazil. We sampled actively with a 6-10-person team to collect standard samples from 09:00 to 12:00 hours for the daytime period, and from 18:00 to 22:00 hours for the crepuscular/nighttime period, with a total of approximately 1,320 hours of sampling effort. We supplemented these data with 720 hours of passive sampling, using pitfall traps with drift fences (30 bucket-days). We recorded 54 amphibian species (two gymnophionans and 52 anurans), and the species richness estimated by the Bootstrap method indicates that a slightly larger number of species (n = 60) may occur in the study area. The most speciose family was Hylidae (n = 21), followed by Brachycephalidae (n = 8). Overall, 25% of the species (n = 13) were recorded only once (singletons) and 15% (n = 8) only twice (doubletons). Most amphibians recorded in this study (71%, n = 37 species) were restricted to the Atlantic Forest biome, two species (Euparkerella robusta and Luetkenotyphlus fredi) are endemic to the Espírito Santo state, and one of them, the leaf litter species E. robusta, is endemic to the MONAST. Euparkerella robusta is currently listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN and is classified as Critically Endangered in the Espírito Santo State red list, while L. fredi has yet to be evaluated due to its recent description. Thoropa lutzi is currently listed as Endangered (EN) by both the IUCN and in the State list. Nine species are listed as Data Deficient (DD) and populations of 13 species are considered to be declining by the IUCN. We extend the geographical distribution of two anuran species (Hylodes babax and Phasmahyla lisbella) and fill an important gap in the distribution of Siphonops hardyi. Amphibians associated with the forest floor represented 42% of the species richness from MONAST, and 43% of these species inhabit the leaf litter exclusively. Our study revealed that Serra das Torres preserves a considerable diversity of Atlantic Forest amphibians, which reinforces the need for the conservation of this forest remnant.
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11
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Xue W, Huang L, Yu FH. Increasing soil configurational heterogeneity promotes plant community evenness through equalizing differences in competitive ability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:142308. [PMID: 33182201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Compared to homogeneous soils, soil heterogeneity is thought to promote plant species diversity through niche differentiation. The number of patch types within the heterogeneous soil (i.e. the difference in soil configurational heterogeneity) may also play a key role in regulating plant diversity. However, most empirical studies examining heterogeneity-diversity relationships involved only two contrasting types of patches. Moreover, the shape of heterogeneity-diversity relationships may also be changed by background soil fertility. To test how soil heterogeneity and number of patch types within the heterogeneous soil influence plant community evenness and their potential dependence on background soil fertility, we constructed plant communities consisting of four plant species in low- and high-nutrient soils, and manipulated the soils in heterogeneous configurations consisting of two or four types of soil patches and in a homogeneous condition where these soil patches were homogenized. Neither evenness of the plant community nor the difference in competitive ability between plants within the community was significantly different between the homogeneous soil and the heterogeneous soils, suggesting that soil heterogeneity overall had no effect on community evenness. However, evenness was higher and the difference in competitive ability between plants was lower in the heterogeneous soils with four types of soil patches than in the heterogeneous soils with two types of soil patches and also in the low-nutrient soils than in the high-nutrient soils. These results suggest that lowering soil fertility and increasing soil configurational heterogeneity can promote plant community evenness through reducing the difference in competitive ability between plant species within the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xue
- Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China.
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12
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Kohli M, Henning JA, Borer ET, Kinkel L, Seabloom EW. Foliar fungi and plant diversity drive ecosystem carbon fluxes in experimental prairies. Ecol Lett 2020; 24:487-497. [PMID: 33300281 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant diversity and plant-consumer/pathogen interactions likely interact to influence ecosystem carbon fluxes but experimental evidence is scarce. We examined how experimental removal of foliar fungi, soil fungi and arthropods from experimental prairies planted with 1, 4 or 16 plant species affected instantaneous rates of carbon uptake (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Re ) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Increasing plant diversity increased plant biomass, GPP and Re , but NEE remained unchanged. Removing foliar fungi increased GPP and NEE, with the greatest effects at low plant diversity. After accounting for plant biomass, we found that removing foliar fungi increased mass-specific flux rates in the low-diversity plant communities by altering plant species composition and community-wide foliar nitrogen content. However, this effect disappeared when soil fungi and arthropods were also removed, demonstrating that both plant diversity and interactions among consumer groups determine the ecosystem-scale effects of plant-fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Kohli
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MI, USA
| | - Jeremiah A Henning
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MI, USA.,Department of Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MI, USA
| | - Linda Kinkel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MI, USA
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MI, USA
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13
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Jochum M, Fischer M, Isbell F, Roscher C, van der Plas F, Boch S, Boenisch G, Buchmann N, Catford JA, Cavender-Bares J, Ebeling A, Eisenhauer N, Gleixner G, Hölzel N, Kattge J, Klaus VH, Kleinebecker T, Lange M, Le Provost G, Meyer ST, Molina-Venegas R, Mommer L, Oelmann Y, Penone C, Prati D, Reich PB, Rindisbacher A, Schäfer D, Scheu S, Schmid B, Tilman D, Tscharntke T, Vogel A, Wagg C, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wilcke W, Manning P. The results of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiments are realistic. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1485-1494. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Schmidt ML, Biddanda BA, Weinke AD, Chiang E, Januska F, Props R, Denef VJ. Microhabitats are associated with diversity-productivity relationships in freshwater bacterial communities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:fiaa029. [PMID: 32105331 PMCID: PMC8453396 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic communities commonly display a positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function (BEF) but the results have been mixed when assessed in bacterial communities. Habitat heterogeneity, a factor in eukaryotic BEFs, may explain these variable observations but it has not been thoroughly evaluated in bacterial communities. Here, we examined the impact of habitat on the relationship between diversity assessed based on the (phylogenetic) Hill diversity metrics and heterotrophic productivity. We sampled co-occurring free-living (more homogenous) and particle-associated (more heterogeneous) bacterial habitats in a freshwater, estuarine lake over three seasons: spring, summer and fall. There was a strong, positive, linear relationship between particle-associated bacterial richness and heterotrophic productivity that strengthened when considering dominant taxa. There were no observable BEF trends in free-living bacterial communities for any diversity metric. Biodiversity, richness and Inverse Simpson's index, were the best predictors of particle-associated production whereas pH was the best predictor of free-living production. Our findings show that heterotrophic productivity is positively correlated with the effective number of taxa and that BEF relationships are associated with microhabitats. These results add to the understanding of the highly distinct contributions to diversity and functioning contributed by bacteria in free-living and particle-associated habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L Schmidt
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Integrative Biology, Austin, TX USA
| | - Bopaiah A Biddanda
- Grand Valley State University, Annis Water Resources Institute, Muskegon, MI, USA
| | - Anthony D Weinke
- Grand Valley State University, Annis Water Resources Institute, Muskegon, MI, USA
| | - Edna Chiang
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Bacteriology, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Fallon Januska
- Grand Valley State University, Annis Water Resources Institute, Muskegon, MI, USA
| | - Ruben Props
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Vincent J Denef
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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15
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Eisenhauer N, Schielzeth H, Barnes AD, Barry K, Bonn A, Brose U, Bruelheide H, Buchmann N, Buscot F, Ebeling A, Ferlian O, Freschet GT, Giling DP, Hättenschwiler S, Hillebrand H, Hines J, Isbell F, Koller-France E, König-Ries B, de Kroon H, Meyer ST, Milcu A, Müller J, Nock CA, Petermann JS, Roscher C, Scherber C, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schnitzer SA, Schuldt A, Tscharntke T, Türke M, van Dam NM, van der Plas F, Vogel A, Wagg C, Wardle DA, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wirth C, Jochum M. A multitrophic perspective on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research. ADV ECOL RES 2019; 61:1-54. [PMID: 31908360 PMCID: PMC6944504 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Concern about the functional consequences of unprecedented loss in biodiversity has prompted biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) research to become one of the most active fields of ecological research in the past 25 years. Hundreds of experiments have manipulated biodiversity as an independent variable and found compelling support that the functioning of ecosystems increases with the diversity of their ecological communities. This research has also identified some of the mechanisms underlying BEF relationships, some context-dependencies of the strength of relationships, as well as implications for various ecosystem services that mankind depends upon. In this paper, we argue that a multitrophic perspective of biotic interactions in random and non-random biodiversity change scenarios is key to advance future BEF research and to address some of its most important remaining challenges. We discuss that the study and the quantification of multitrophic interactions in space and time facilitates scaling up from small-scale biodiversity manipulations and ecosystem function assessments to management-relevant spatial scales across ecosystem boundaries. We specifically consider multitrophic conceptual frameworks to understand and predict the context-dependency of BEF relationships. Moreover, we highlight the importance of the eco-evolutionary underpinnings of multitrophic BEF relationships. We outline that FAIR data (meeting the standards of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability) and reproducible processing will be key to advance this field of research by making it more integrative. Finally, we show how these BEF insights may be implemented for ecosystem management, society, and policy. Given that human well-being critically depends on the multiple services provided by diverse, multitrophic communities, integrating the approaches of evolutionary ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology in future BEF research will be key to refine conservation targets and develop sustainable management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Schielzeth
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrew D Barnes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathryn Barry
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aletta Bonn
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- EcoNetLab, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology / Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstr. 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Soil Ecology Department, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle Saale, Germany
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Grégoire T Freschet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Darren P Giling
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Hättenschwiler
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM], Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Jes Hines
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Eva Koller-France
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Geographie und Geoökologie, Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Birgitta König-Ries
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Animal Ecology and Physiology & Experimental Plant Ecology, PO Box 9100, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian T Meyer
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alexandru Milcu
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Propre de Service 3248, Campus Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Charles A Nock
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2H1
| | - Jana S Petermann
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christiane Roscher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Physiological Diversity, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Scherber
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Scherer-Lorenzen
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, University of Zürich, 190 Winterthurerstrasse, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Schuldt
- Forest Nature Conservation, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Buesgenweg 3, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Dept. of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Türke
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU) - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Vogel
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Cameron Wagg
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, E3B 8B7, Fredericton, Canada
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 190 Winterthurerstrasse, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David A Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Malte Jochum
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
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16
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Dee LE, Cowles J, Isbell F, Pau S, Gaines SD, Reich PB. When Do Ecosystem Services Depend on Rare Species? Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:746-758. [PMID: 31104954 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Conservation aims to preserve species and ecosystem services. If rare species contribute little to ecosystem services, yet are those most in need of preservation, tradeoffs may exist for these contrasting objectives. However, little attention has focused on identifying how, when, and where rare species contribute to ecosystem services and at what scales. Here, we review distinct ways that ecosystem services can positively depend on the presence, abundance, disproportionate contribution or, counterintuitively, the scarcity of rare species. By contrast, ecosystem services are less likely to depend on rare species that do not have a unique role in any service or become abundant enough to contribute substantially. We propose a research agenda to identify when rare species may contribute significantly to services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Dee
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA; Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Jane Cowles
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Stephanie Pau
- Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Steven D Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia
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17
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Sonkoly J, Kelemen A, Valkó O, Deák B, Kiss R, Tóth K, Miglécz T, Tóthmérész B, Török P. Both mass ratio effects and community diversity drive biomass production in a grassland experiment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1848. [PMID: 30755623 PMCID: PMC6372655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem processes such as plant biomass production, as higher species richness is associated with increased biomass production in plant communities. However, the effects of evenness and functional diversity on biomass production are understudied. We manipulated the composition of an experimental grassland by sowing various seed mixtures and examined the effects of diversity and evenness on biomass production after three years. We found that biomass production increased with greater species and functional richness but decreased with greater species and functional evenness. Standing biomass increased but species number and functional richness decreased with increasing proportion of perennial grasses. Our findings emphasise the importance of productive dominant species, as the proportion of perennial grasses had a positive effect on standing biomass, while species and functional evenness had a negative effect on it. Thus, our findings support the theory that, besides diversity, dominance effects and the so-called mass ratio hypothesis may also play a key role in explaining primary biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Sonkoly
- MTA-DE Lendület Functional and Restoration Ecology Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - András Kelemen
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
- MTA's Premium Postdoctoral Research Programme, MTA TKI Nádor utca 7, Budapest, H-1051, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Valkó
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Balázs Deák
- MTA-DE Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Réka Kiss
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Katalin Tóth
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Tamás Miglécz
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Béla Tóthmérész
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary.
| | - Péter Török
- MTA-DE Lendület Functional and Restoration Ecology Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
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18
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Yang GJ, Lü XT, Stevens CJ, Zhang GM, Wang HY, Wang ZW, Zhang ZJ, Liu ZY, Han XG. Mowing mitigates the negative impacts of N addition on plant species diversity. Oecologia 2019; 189:769-779. [PMID: 30725373 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing availability of reactive nitrogen (N) threatens plant diversity in diverse ecosystems. While there is mounting evidence for the negative impacts of N deposition on one component of diversity, species richness, we know little about its effects on another one, species evenness. It is suspected that ecosystem management practice that removes nitrogen from the ecosystem, such as hay-harvesting by mowing in grasslands, would mitigate the negative impacts of N deposition on plant diversity. However, empirical evidence is scarce. Here, we reported the main and interactive effects of N deposition and mowing on plant diversity in a temperate meadow steppe with 4-year data from a field experiment within which multi-level N addition rates and multiple N compounds are considered. Across all the types of N compounds, species richness and evenness significantly decreased with the increases of N addition rate, which was mainly caused by the growth of a tall rhizomatous grass, Leymus chinensis. Such negative impacts of N addition were accumulating with time. Mowing significantly reduced the dominance of L. chinensis, and mitigated the negative impacts of N deposition on species evenness. We present robust evidence that N deposition threatened biodiversity by reducing both species richness and evenness, a process which could be alleviated by mowing. Our results highlight the changes of species evenness in driving the negative impacts of N deposition on plant diversity and the role of mowing in mediating such negative impacts of N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jiao Yang
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Lü
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Carly J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Guang-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation of Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hong-Yi Wang
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.,Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Zheng-Wen Wang
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zi-Jia Zhang
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhuo-Yi Liu
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xing-Guo Han
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Vegetation of Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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19
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Brophy C, Dooley Á, Kirwan L, Finn JA, McDonnell J, Bell T, Cadotte MW, Connolly J. Biodiversity and ecosystem function: making sense of numerous species interactions in multi-species communities. Ecology 2018; 98:1771-1778. [PMID: 28444961 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the biodiversity and ecosystem function relationship can be challenging in species-rich ecosystems. Traditionally, species richness has been relied on heavily to explain changes in ecosystem function across diversity gradients. Diversity-Interactions models can test how ecosystem function is affected by species identity, species interactions, and evenness, in addition to richness. However, in a species-rich system, there may be too many species interactions to allow estimation of each coefficient, and if all interaction coefficients are estimable, they may be devoid of any sensible biological meaning. Parsimonious descriptions using constraints among interaction coefficients have been developed but important variability may still remain unexplained. Here, we extend Diversity-Interactions models to describe the effects of diversity on ecosystem function using a combination of fixed coefficients and random effects. Our approach provides improved standard errors for testing fixed coefficients and incorporates lack-of-fit tests for diversity effects. We illustrate our methods using data from a grassland and a microbial experiment. Our framework considerably reduces the complexities associated with understanding how species interactions contribute to ecosystem function in species-rich ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Brophy
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Áine Dooley
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Laura Kirwan
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John A Finn
- Teagasc Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Ireland
| | - Jack McDonnell
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland.,Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Thomas Bell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - John Connolly
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ecological and Environmental Modelling Group, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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20
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Kulmatiski A, Beard KH, Grenzer J, Forero L, Heavilin J. Using plant-soil feedbacks to predict plant biomass in diverse communities. Ecology 2018; 97:2064-2073. [PMID: 27859209 DOI: 10.1890/15-2037.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has become clear that plants can create soils that affect subsequent plant growth. However, because plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) are typically measured in monoculture experiments, it remains unclear to what extent PSFs affect plant growth in communities. Here we used data from a factorial PSF experiment to predict the biomass of 12 species grown in 162 plant community combinations. Five different plant growth models were parameterized with either monoculture biomass data (Null) or with PSF data (PSF) and model predictions were compared to plant growth observed in communities. For each of the five models, PSF model predictions were closer to observed species biomass in communities than Null model predictions. PSFs, which were associated with a 28% difference in plant biomass across soil types, explained 10% more variance than Null models. Results provided strong support for a small role for PSFs in predicting plant growth in communities and suggest several reasons that PSFs, as traditionally measured in monoculture experiments, may overestimate PSF effects in communities. First, monoculture data used in Null models inherently includes "self " PSF effects. Second, PSFs must be large relative to differences in intrinsic growth rates among species to change competitive outcomes. Third, PSFs must vary among species to change species relative abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kulmatiski
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Karen H Beard
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Josephine Grenzer
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Leslie Forero
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Justin Heavilin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
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21
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Craven D, Eisenhauer N, Pearse WD, Hautier Y, Isbell F, Roscher C, Bahn M, Beierkuhnlein C, Bönisch G, Buchmann N, Byun C, Catford JA, Cerabolini BEL, Cornelissen JHC, Craine JM, De Luca E, Ebeling A, Griffin JN, Hector A, Hines J, Jentsch A, Kattge J, Kreyling J, Lanta V, Lemoine N, Meyer ST, Minden V, Onipchenko V, Polley HW, Reich PB, van Ruijven J, Schamp B, Smith MD, Soudzilovskaia NA, Tilman D, Weigelt A, Wilsey B, Manning P. Multiple facets of biodiversity drive the diversity–stability relationship. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1579-1587. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Lohbeck M, Bongers F, Martinez-Ramos M, Poorter L. The importance of biodiversity and dominance for multiple ecosystem functions in a human-modified tropical landscape. Ecology 2018; 97:2772-2779. [PMID: 27859119 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Many studies suggest that biodiversity may be particularly important for ecosystem multifunctionality, because different species with different traits can contribute to different functions. Support, however, comes mostly from experimental studies conducted at small spatial scales in low-diversity systems. Here, we test whether different species contribute to different ecosystem functions that are important for carbon cycling in a high-diversity human-modified tropical forest landscape in Southern Mexico. We quantified aboveground standing biomass, primary productivity, litter production, and wood decomposition at the landscape level, and evaluated the extent to which tree species contribute to these ecosystem functions. We used simulations to tease apart the effects of species richness, species dominance and species functional traits on ecosystem functions. We found that dominance was more important than species traits in determining a species' contribution to ecosystem functions. As a consequence of the high dominance in human-modified landscapes, the same small subset of species mattered across different functions. In human-modified landscapes in the tropics, biodiversity may play a limited role for ecosystem multifunctionality due to the potentially large effect of species dominance on biogeochemical functions. However, given the spatial and temporal turnover in species dominance, biodiversity may be critically important for the maintenance and resilience of ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon Lohbeck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro 8701, Ex-hacienda de San Jose de la Huerta, 58190, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico.,World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, PO Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Miguel Martinez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro 8701, Ex-hacienda de San Jose de la Huerta, 58190, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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23
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Polley HW, Wilsey BJ. Variability in community productivity—mediating effects of vegetation attributes. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Wayne Polley
- USDA–Agricultural Research Service, Grassland, Soil & Water Research Laboratory Temple TX USA
| | - Brian J. Wilsey
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal BiologyIowa State University Ames IA USA
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Lembrechts JJ, De Boeck HJ, Liao J, Milbau A, Nijs I. Effects of species evenness can be derived from species richness - ecosystem functioning relationships. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J. Lembrechts
- Centre of Excellence Plants and ecosystems, Dept of Biology, Univ. of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 BE-2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Hans J. De Boeck
- Centre of Excellence Plants and ecosystems, Dept of Biology, Univ. of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 BE-2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Jinbao Liao
- Ministry of Education's Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Jiangxi Normal Univ.; Nanchang PR China
| | - Ann Milbau
- Research Inst. for Nature and Forest INBO; Brussels Belgium
| | - Ivan Nijs
- Centre of Excellence Plants and ecosystems, Dept of Biology, Univ. of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 BE-2610 Wilrijk Belgium
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25
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Wubs ERJ, Bezemer TM. Plant community evenness responds to spatial plant–soil feedback heterogeneity primarily through the diversity of soil conditioning. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. R. Jasper Wubs
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - T. Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
- Section Plant Ecology and PhytochemistryInstitute of BiologyLeiden University RA Leiden The Netherlands
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26
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Souza L, Stuble KL, Genung MA, Classen AT. Plant genotypic variation and intraspecific diversity trump soil nutrient availability to shape old‐field structure and function. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Souza
- Oklahoma Biological Survey and Microbiology and Plant Biology Department University of Oklahoma 111 E. Chesapeake Street Norman OK73019 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee 569 Dabney Hall Knoxville TN37996 USA
| | - Katharine L. Stuble
- Oklahoma Biological Survey and Microbiology and Plant Biology Department University of Oklahoma 111 E. Chesapeake Street Norman OK73019 USA
- The Holden Arboretum Kirtland OH44094 USA
| | - Mark A. Genung
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources Rutgers University 14 College Farm Road New Brunswick NJ08901 USA
| | - Aimee T. Classen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee 569 Dabney Hall Knoxville TN37996 USA
- Center for Macroecology Evolution and Climate & the Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15 Copenhagen Ø2100 Denmark
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27
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Rohr RP, Saavedra S, Peralta G, Frost CM, Bersier LF, Bascompte J, Tylianakis JM. Persist or Produce: A Community Trade-Off Tuned by Species Evenness. Am Nat 2016; 188:411-22. [PMID: 27622875 DOI: 10.1086/688046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of biodiversity on community persistence and productivity is key to managing both natural and production systems. Because rare species face greater danger of extinction, species evenness, a measure of how similar abundances are across species in a community, is seen as a key component of biodiversity. However, previous studies have failed to find a consistent association of species evenness with species survival and biomass production. Here we provide a theoretical framework for the relationship among these three elements. We demonstrate that the lack of consistent outcomes is not an idiosyncratic artifact of different studies but can be unified under one common framework. Applying a niche theory approach, we confirm that under demographic stochasticity evenness is a general indicator of the risk of future species extinctions in a community, in accordance with the majority of empirical studies. In contrast, evenness cannot be used as a direct indicator of the level of biomass production in a community. When a single species dominates, as expressed by the constraints imposed by the population dynamics, biomass production depends on the niche position of the dominating species and can increase or decrease with evenness. We demonstrate that high species evenness and an intermediate level of biomass production is the configuration that maximizes the average species survival probability in response to demographic stochasticity.
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28
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Daly AJ, Baetens JM, De Baets B. In silico substrate dependence increases community productivity but threatens biodiversity. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:042414. [PMID: 27176336 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.042414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The critical role that biodiversity plays in ecosystem functioning has motivated many studies of the mechanisms that sustain biodiversity, a notable example being cyclic competition. We extend existing models of communities with cyclic competition by incorporating variable community evenness and resource dependence in demographic processes, two features that have generally been neglected. In this way, we align previous approaches more closely with real-world microbial ecosystems. We demonstrate the existence of a trade-off between increasing biomass production and maintaining biodiversity. This supports experimental observations of a net negative biodiversity effect on biomass productivity, due to competition effects suffered by highly productive species in diverse communities. Our results also support the important role assigned by microbial ecologists to evenness in maintaining ecosystem stability, thus far largely overlooked in in silico approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling J Daly
- KERMIT, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan M Baetens
- KERMIT, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernard De Baets
- KERMIT, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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29
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Litter Decomposition as an Indicator of Stream Ecosystem Functioning at Local-to-Continental Scales. ADV ECOL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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30
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Daly AJ, Baetens JM, De Baets B. The impact of initial evenness on biodiversity maintenance for a four-species in silico bacterial community. J Theor Biol 2015; 387:189-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Dooley Á, Isbell F, Kirwan L, Connolly J, Finn JA, Brophy C. Testing the effects of diversity on ecosystem multifunctionality using a multivariate model. Ecol Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Áine Dooley
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Maynooth University; Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; University of Minnesota; St Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Laura Kirwan
- Waterford Institute of Technology; Cork Road Waterford Ireland
| | - John Connolly
- School of Mathematical Sciences; Ecological and Environmental Modelling Group; University College Dublin; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - John A. Finn
- Teagasc, Environment Research Centre; Johnstown Castle; Wexford Ireland
| | - Caroline Brophy
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Maynooth University; Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
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Radchuk V, Laender F, Brink PJ, Grimm V. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning decoupled: invariant ecosystem functioning despite non‐random reductions in consumer diversity. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Radchuk
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e DE‐04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Frederik Laender
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. de Namur Rue de Bruxelles 61 BE‐5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Paul J. Brink
- Alterra, Wageningen Univ. and Research centre PO Box 47, NL‐6700 AA, Wageningen the Netherlands
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Wageningen Univ., Wageningen Univ. and Research centre PO Box 47, NL‐6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Volker Grimm
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e DE‐04103 Leipzig Germany
- Dept of Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstr. 15 Leipzig Germany
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33
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Wang J, Wang XY, Zhang CB, Liu WL. Initial community evenness increases the light resource use complementarity and sampling effects on species richness. Basic Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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34
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Ulrich W, Soliveres S, Maestre FT, Gotelli NJ, Quero JL, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Bowker MA, Eldridge DJ, Ochoa V, Gozalo B, Valencia E, Berdugo M, Escolar C, García-Gómez M, Escudero A, Prina A, Alfonso G, Arredondo T, Bran D, Cabrera O, Cea A, Chaieb M, Contreras J, Derak M, Espinosa CI, Florentino A, Gaitán J, Muro VG, Ghiloufi W, Gómez-González S, Gutiérrez JR, Hernández RM, Huber-Sannwald E, Jankju M, Mau RL, Hughes FM, Miriti M, Monerris J, Muchane M, Naseri K, Pucheta E, Ramírez-Collantes DA, Raveh E, Romão RL, Torres-Díaz C, Val J, Veiga JP, Wang D, Yuan X, Zaady E. Climate and soil attributes determine plant species turnover in global drylands. JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY 2014; 41:2307-2319. [PMID: 25914437 PMCID: PMC4407967 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Geographic, climatic, and soil factors are major drivers of plant beta diversity, but their importance for dryland plant communities is poorly known. This study aims to: i) characterize patterns of beta diversity in global drylands, ii) detect common environmental drivers of beta diversity, and iii) test for thresholds in environmental conditions driving potential shifts in plant species composition. LOCATION 224 sites in diverse dryland plant communities from 22 geographical regions in six continents. METHODS Beta diversity was quantified with four complementary measures: the percentage of singletons (species occurring at only one site), Whittake's beta diversity (β(W)), a directional beta diversity metric based on the correlation in species occurrences among spatially contiguous sites (β(R2)), and a multivariate abundance-based metric (β(MV)). We used linear modelling to quantify the relationships between these metrics of beta diversity and geographic, climatic, and soil variables. RESULTS Soil fertility and variability in temperature and rainfall, and to a lesser extent latitude, were the most important environmental predictors of beta diversity. Metrics related to species identity (percentage of singletons and β(W)) were most sensitive to soil fertility, whereas those metrics related to environmental gradients and abundance ((β(R2)) and β(MV)) were more associated with climate variability. Interactions among soil variables, climatic factors, and plant cover were not important determinants of beta diversity. Sites receiving less than 178 mm of annual rainfall differed sharply in species composition from more mesic sites (> 200 mm). MAIN CONCLUSIONS Soil fertility and variability in temperature and rainfall are the most important environmental predictors of variation in plant beta diversity in global drylands. Our results suggest that those sites annually receiving ~ 178 mm of rainfall will be especially sensitive to future climate changes. These findings may help to define appropriate conservation strategies for mitigating effects of climate change on dryland vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Ulrich
- Chair of Ecology and Biogeography Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Lwowska1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Santiago Soliveres
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación Departamento de Biología y Geología Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Fernando T. Maestre
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación Departamento de Biología y Geología Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | | | - José L. Quero
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación Departamento de Biología y Geología Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes. Universidad de Córdoba. Edificio Leonardo da Vinci, 1 planta. Campus de Rabanales. Ctra N-IV km 396. C.P. 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación Departamento de Biología y Geología Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera kilómetro 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Matthew A. Bowker
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 East Pine Knoll Drive, AZ 86011, Flagstaff, USA
| | - David J. Eldridge
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Victoria Ochoa
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación Departamento de Biología y Geología Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gozalo
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación Departamento de Biología y Geología Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Enrique Valencia
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación Departamento de Biología y Geología Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Miguel Berdugo
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación Departamento de Biología y Geología Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Cristina Escolar
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación Departamento de Biología y Geología Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Miguel García-Gómez
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación Departamento de Biología y Geología Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Morfología del Terreno, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Profesor Aranguren S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Escudero
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación Departamento de Biología y Geología Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Aníbal Prina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Casilla de Correo 300, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Graciela Alfonso
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Casilla de Correo 300, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Tulio Arredondo
- Division de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (IPICYT)
| | - Donaldo Bran
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental San Carlos de Bariloche, Casilla de Correo 277 (8400), Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Omar Cabrera
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Marcelino Champagnat, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Alex Cea
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Casilla 599
| | - Mohamed Chaieb
- UR Plant Biodiversity and Ecosystems in Arid Environments, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax. Route de Sokra, km 3.5, Boîte Postale 802, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jorge Contreras
- Departamento de Suelos; Universidad Centroccidental Lizandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, estado Lara, Venezuela
| | - Mchich Derak
- Direction Régionale des Eaux et Forêts et de la Lutte Contre la Désertification du Rif, Avenue Mohamed 5, Boîte Postale 722, 93000 Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Carlos I. Espinosa
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Marcelino Champagnat, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Adriana Florentino
- Instituto de Edafología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Campus UCV-Maracay, ZP 2101, estado Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Juan Gaitán
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental San Carlos de Bariloche, Casilla de Correo 277 (8400), Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Victoria García Muro
- IANIGLA, CCT Mendoza, CONICET A. Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque General San Martín, Mendoza, Argentina. CP.: M5502IRA
| | - Wahida Ghiloufi
- UR Plant Biodiversity and Ecosystems in Arid Environments, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax. Route de Sokra, km 3.5, Boîte Postale 802, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Susana Gómez-González
- Instituto de Edafología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Campus UCV-Maracay, ZP 2101, estado Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Julio R. Gutiérrez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental San Carlos de Bariloche, Casilla de Correo 277 (8400), Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Rosa M. Hernández
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Biogeoquímica, Centro de Agroecología Tropical, Universidad Experimental Simón Rodríguez, Apdo 47925, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald
- Division de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (IPICYT)
| | - Mohammad Jankju
- Department of Range and Watershed Management, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rebecca L. Mau
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Frederic Mendes Hughes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brasil
| | - Maria Miriti
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, 318 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jorge Monerris
- Université du Québec à Montréal Pavillon des sciences biologiques Département des sciences biologiques 141 Président-Kennedy Montréal, Québec H2X 3Y5, Canada
| | - Muchai Muchane
- Zoology Department of the National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kamal Naseri
- Department of Range and Watershed Management, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Eduardo Pucheta
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, J5402DCS Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina
| | - David A. Ramírez-Collantes
- Production Systems and the Environment Sub-Program, International Potato Center. Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Eran Raveh
- Department of Natural Resources and Agronomy, Agriculture Research Organization, Ministry of Agriculture, Gilat Research Center, Mobile Post Negev 85280, Israel
| | - Roberto L. Romão
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Avenida Transnordestina Sin Número, Bairro Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Brasil
| | - Cristian Torres-Díaz
- Instituto de Edafología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Campus UCV-Maracay, ZP 2101, estado Aragua, Venezuela
| | - James Val
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - José Pablo Veiga
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de CCNN (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Deli Wang
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Xia Yuan
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Eli Zaady
- Department of Natural Resources and Agronomy, Agriculture Research Organization, Ministry of Agriculture, Gilat Research Center, Mobile Post Negev 85280, Israel
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Isbell F, Tilman D, Polasky S, Loreau M. The biodiversity-dependent ecosystem service debt. Ecol Lett 2014; 18:119-34. [PMID: 25430966 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Habitat destruction is driving biodiversity loss in remaining ecosystems, and ecosystem functioning and services often directly depend on biodiversity. Thus, biodiversity loss is likely creating an ecosystem service debt: a gradual loss of biodiversity-dependent benefits that people obtain from remaining fragments of natural ecosystems. Here, we develop an approach for quantifying ecosystem service debts, and illustrate its use to estimate how one anthropogenic driver, habitat destruction, could indirectly diminish one ecosystem service, carbon storage, by creating an extinction debt. We estimate that c. 2-21 Pg C could be gradually emitted globally in remaining ecosystem fragments because of plant species loss caused by nearby habitat destruction. The wide range for this estimate reflects substantial uncertainties in how many plant species will be lost, how much species loss will impact ecosystem functioning and whether plant species loss will decrease soil carbon. Our exploratory analysis suggests that biodiversity-dependent ecosystem service debts can be globally substantial, even when locally small, if they occur diffusely across vast areas of remaining ecosystems. There is substantial value in conserving not only the quantity (area), but also the quality (biodiversity) of natural ecosystems for the sustainable provision of ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forest Isbell
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA; Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Tilman D, Isbell F, Cowles JM. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 937] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Tilman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108; , ,
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108; , ,
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Jane M. Cowles
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108; , ,
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Mensens C, De Laender F, Janssen CR, Sabbe K, De Troch M. Stressor-induced biodiversity gradients: revisiting biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Mensens
- Biology Dept, Marine Biology; Ghent Univ.; Krijgslaan 281 - S8 BE-9000 Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent Univ.; Plateaustraat 22 BE-9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Frederik De Laender
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Biology Dept; Univ. de Namur; Rue de Bruxelles 61 BE-5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Colin R. Janssen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent Univ.; Plateaustraat 22 BE-9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Koen Sabbe
- Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Biology Dept; Ghent Univ., Campus Sterre; Krijgslaan 281 - S8 BE-9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Marleen De Troch
- Biology Dept, Marine Biology; Ghent Univ.; Krijgslaan 281 - S8 BE-9000 Ghent Belgium
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38
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Ecologies of Scale: Multifunctionality Connects Conservation and Agriculture across Fields, Farms, and Landscapes. LAND 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/land3030739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Schuster MJ, Dukes JS. Non-additive effects of invasive tree litter shift seasonal N release: a potential invasion feedback. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Schuster
- Dept of Forestry and Natural Resources; Purdue Univ.; 715 West State Street West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Dukes
- Dept of Forestry and Natural Resources; Purdue Univ.; 715 West State Street West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Purdue Univ.; 15 West State Street West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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40
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Jain M, Flynn DFB, Prager CM, Hart GM, DeVan CM, Ahrestani FS, Palmer MI, Bunker DE, Knops JMH, Jouseau CF, Naeem S. The importance of rare species: a trait-based assessment of rare species contributions to functional diversity and possible ecosystem function in tall-grass prairies. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:104-12. [PMID: 24455165 PMCID: PMC3894892 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of species in ecosystems are rare, but the ecosystem consequences of losing rare species are poorly known. To understand how rare species may influence ecosystem functioning, this study quantifies the contribution of species based on their relative level of rarity to community functional diversity using a trait-based approach. Given that rarity can be defined in several different ways, we use four different definitions of rarity: abundance (mean and maximum), geographic range, and habitat specificity. We find that rarer species contribute to functional diversity when rarity is defined by maximum abundance, geographic range, and habitat specificity. However, rarer species are functionally redundant when rarity is defined by mean abundance. Furthermore, when using abundance-weighted analyses, we find that rare species typically contribute significantly less to functional diversity than common species due to their low abundances. These results suggest that rare species have the potential to play an important role in ecosystem functioning, either by offering novel contributions to functional diversity or via functional redundancy depending on how rare species are defined. Yet, these contributions are likely to be greatest if the abundance of rare species increases due to environmental change. We argue that given the paucity of data on rare species, understanding the contribution of rare species to community functional diversity is an important first step to understanding the potential role of rare species in ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meha Jain
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia UniversityNew York, New York, 10027
| | - Dan FB Flynn
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia UniversityNew York, New York, 10027
- Northwest Institute for Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesXining, 810008, China
| | - Case M Prager
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia UniversityNew York, New York, 10027
| | - Georgia M Hart
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia UniversityNew York, New York, 10027
- Department of Botany, University of HawaiiHonolulu, Hawaii, 96822
| | - Caroline M DeVan
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewark, New Jersey, 07102
| | - Farshid S Ahrestani
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, Pennsylvania, 16802
| | - Matthew I Palmer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia UniversityNew York, New York, 10027
| | - Daniel E Bunker
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewark, New Jersey, 07102
| | - Johannes MH Knops
- School of Biological Sciences, University of NebraskaLincoln, Nebraska, 68588
| | - Claire F Jouseau
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia UniversityNew York, New York, 10027
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Ecologie et Gestion de la BiodiversitéParis, 75231,, France
| | - Shahid Naeem
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia UniversityNew York, New York, 10027
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41
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Effects of species evenness and dominant species identity on multiple ecosystem functions in model grassland communities. Oecologia 2013; 174:979-92. [PMID: 24213721 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystems provide multiple services upon which humans depend. Understanding the drivers of the ecosystem functions that support these services is therefore important. Much research has investigated how species richness influences functioning, but we lack knowledge of how other community attributes affect ecosystem functioning. Species evenness, species spatial arrangement, and the identity of dominant species are three attributes that could affect ecosystem functioning, by altering the relative abundance of functional traits and the probability of synergistic species interactions such as facilitation and complementary resource use. We tested the effect of these three community attributes and their interactions on ecosystem functions over a growing season, using model grassland communities consisting of three plant species from three functional groups: a grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), a forb (Plantago lanceolata), and a N-fixing forb (Lotus corniculatus). We measured multiple ecosystem functions that support ecosystem services, including ecosystem gas exchange, water retention, C and N loss in leachates, and plant biomass production. Species evenness and dominant species identity strongly influenced the ecosystem functions measured, but spatial arrangement had few effects. By the end of the growing season, evenness consistently enhanced ecosystem functioning and this effect occurred regardless of dominant species identity. The identity of the dominant species under which the highest level of functioning was attained varied across the growing season. Spatial arrangement had the weakest effect on functioning, but interacted with dominant species identity to affect some functions. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the role of multiple community attributes in driving ecosystem functioning.
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42
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Cardinale BJ, Gross K, Fritschie K, Flombaum P, Fox JW, Rixen C, van Ruijven J, Reich PB, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Wilsey BJ. Biodiversity simultaneously enhances the production and stability of community biomass, but the effects are independent. Ecology 2013; 94:1697-707. [PMID: 24015514 DOI: 10.1890/12-1334.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To predict the ecological consequences of biodiversity loss, researchers have spent much time and effort quantifying how biological variation affects the magnitude and stability of ecological processes that underlie the functioning of ecosystems. Here we add to this work by looking at how biodiversity jointly impacts two aspects of ecosystem functioning at once: (1) the production of biomass at any single point in time (biomass/area or biomass/ volume), and (2) the stability of biomass production through time (the CV of changes in total community biomass through time). While it is often assumed that biodiversity simultaneously enhances both of these aspects of ecosystem functioning, the joint distribution of data describing how species richness regulates productivity and stability has yet to be quantified. Furthermore, analyses have yet to examine how diversity effects on production covary with diversity effects on stability. To overcome these two gaps, we reanalyzed the data from 34 experiments that have manipulated the richness of terrestrial plants or aquatic algae and measured how this aspect of biodiversity affects community biomass at multiple time points. Our reanalysis confirms that biodiversity does indeed simultaneously enhance both the production and stability of biomass in experimental systems, and this is broadly true for terrestrial and aquatic primary producers. However, the strength of diversity effects on biomass production is independent of diversity effects on temporal stability. The independence of effect sizes leads to two important conclusions. First, while it may be generally true that biodiversity enhances both productivity and stability, it is also true that the highest levels of productivity in a diverse community are not associated with the highest levels of stability. Thus, on average, diversity does not maximize the various aspects of ecosystem functioning we might wish to achieve in conservation and management. Second, knowing how biodiversity affects productivity gives no information about how diversity affects stability (or vice versa). Therefore, to predict the ecological changes that occur in ecosystems after extinction, we will need to develop separate mechanistic models for each independent aspect of ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Cardinale
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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43
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Csergő AM, Demeter L, Turkington R. Declining diversity in abandoned grasslands of the carpathian mountains: do dominant species matter? PLoS One 2013; 8:e73533. [PMID: 24014148 PMCID: PMC3754964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional haymaking has created exceptionally high levels of plant species diversity in semi-natural grasslands of the Carpathian Mountains (Romania), the maintenance of which is jeopardized by recent abandonment and subsequent vegetation succession. We tested the hypothesis that the different life history strategies of dominant grasses cause different patterns of diversity loss after abandonment of traditional haymaking in two types of meadow. Although diversity loss rate was not significantly different, the mechanism of loss depended on the life history of dominant species. In meadows co-dominated by competitive stress-tolerant ruderals, diversity loss occurred following the suppression of dominant grasses by tall forbs, whereas in meadows dominated by a stress-tolerant competitor, diversity loss resulted from increased abundance and biomass of the dominant grass. We conclude that management for species conservation in abandoned grasslands should manipulate the functional turnover in communities where the dominant species is a weaker competitor, and abundance and biomass of dominant species in communities where the dominant species is the stronger competitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mária Csergő
- Department of Horticulture, Sapientia University, Târgu-Mureş, Romania
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - László Demeter
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sapientia University, Miercurea-Ciuc, Romania
| | - Roy Turkington
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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44
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Polley HW, Isbell FI, Wilsey BJ. Plant functional traits improve diversity-based predictions of temporal stability of grassland productivity. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Breza LC, Souza L, Sanders NJ, Classen AT. Within and between population variation in plant traits predicts ecosystem functions associated with a dominant plant species. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1151-61. [PMID: 22833791 PMCID: PMC3402191 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Linking intraspecific variation in plant traits to ecosystem carbon uptake may allow us to better predict how shift in populations shape ecosystem function. We investigated whether plant populations of a dominant old-field plant species (Solidago altissima) differed in carbon dynamics and if variation in plant traits among genotypes and between populations predicted carbon dynamics. We established a common garden experiment with 35 genotypes from three populations of S. altissima from either Tennessee (southern populations) or Connecticut (northern populations) to ask whether: (1) southern and northern Solidago populations will differ in aboveground productivity, leaf area, flowering time and duration, and whole ecosystem carbon uptake, (2) intraspecific trait variation (growth and reproduction) will be related to intraspecific variation in gross ecosystem CO(2) exchange (GEE) and net ecosystem CO(2) exchange (NEE) within and between northern and southern populations. GEE and NEE were 4.8× and 2× greater in southern relative to northern populations. Moreover, southern populations produced 13× more aboveground biomass and 1.4× more inflorescence mass than did northern populations. Flowering dynamics (first- and last-day flowering and flowering duration) varied significantly among genotypes in both the southern and northern populations, but plant performance and ecosystem function did not. Both productivity and inflorescence mass predicted NEE and GEE between S. altissima southern and northern populations. Taken together, our data demonstrate that variation between S. altissima populations in performance and flowering traits are strong predictors of ecosystem function in a dominant old-field species and suggest that populations of the same species might differ substantially in their response to environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Breza
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee 569 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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46
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Doherty JM, Callaway JC, Zedler JB. Diversity-function relationships changed in a long-term restoration experiment. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 21:2143-2155. [PMID: 21939050 DOI: 10.1890/10-1534.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The central tenet of biodiversity-ecosystem function (BEF) theory, that species richness increases function, could motivate restoration practitioners to incorporate a greater number of species into their projects. But it is not yet clear how well BEF theory predicts outcomes of restoration, because it has been developed through tests involving short-run and tightly controlled (e.g., weeded) experiments. Thus, we resampled our 1997 BEF experiment in a restored salt marsh to test for long-term effects of species richness (plantings with 1, 3, and 6 species per 2 x 2 m plot), with multiple ecosystem functions as response variables. Over 11 years, 1- and 6-species assemblages converged on intermediate richness (mean = 3.9 species/ 0.25-m2 plot), and composition changed nonrandomly throughout the site. While three species became rare, the two most productive species became co-dominant. The two dominants controlled and increased shoot biomass, which appeared to decrease species richness. Diversity-function relationships became less positive over 11 years and differed significantly with (a) the species-richness metric (planted vs. measured), and (b) the indicator of function (shoot biomass, height, and canopy layering). The loss of positive relationships between species richness and function in our restored site began soon after we stopped weeding and continued with increasing dominance by productive species. Where species-rich plantings are unlikely to ensure long-term restoration of functions, as in our salt marsh, we recommend dual efforts to establish (1) dominant species that provide high levels of target functions, and (2) subordinate species, which might provide additional functions under current or future conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Doherty
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Dr., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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47
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Larpkern P, Totland Ø, Moe SR. Do disturbance and productivity influence evenness of seedling, sapling and adult tree species across a semi-deciduous tropical forest landscape? OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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48
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Li W, Stevens MHH. How enrichment, ecosystem size, and their effects on species richness co-determine the stability of microcosm communities. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Wilsey BJ, Teaschner TB, Daneshgar PP, Isbell FI, Polley HW. Biodiversity maintenance mechanisms differ between native and novel exotic-dominated communities. Ecol Lett 2009; 12:432-42. [PMID: 19379137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In many systems, native communities are being replaced by novel exotic-dominated ones. We experimentally compared species diversity decline between nine-species grassland communities under field conditions to test whether diversity maintenance mechanisms differed between communities containing all exotic or all native species using a pool of 40 species. Aboveground biomass was greater in exotic than native plots, and this difference was larger in mixtures than in monocultures. Species diversity declined more in exotic than native communities and declines were explained by different mechanisms. In exotic communities, overyielding species had high biomass in monoculture and diversity declined linearly as this selection effect increased. In native communities, however, overyielding species had low biomass in monoculture and there was no relationship between the selection effect and diversity decline. This suggests that, for this system, yielding behaviour is fundamentally different between presumably co-evolved natives and coevolutionarily naive exotic species, and that native-exotic status is important to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Wilsey
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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50
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Isbell FI, Polley HW, Wilsey BJ. Biodiversity, productivity and the temporal stability of productivity: patterns and processes. Ecol Lett 2009; 12:443-51. [PMID: 19379138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts that the temporal stability of productivity, measured as the ratio of the mean to the standard deviation of community biomass, increases with species richness and evenness. We used experimental species mixtures of grassland plants to test this hypothesis and identified the mechanisms involved. Additionally, we tested whether biodiversity, productivity and temporal stability were similarly influenced by particular types of species interactions. We found that productivity was less variable among years in plots planted with more species. Temporal stability did not depend on whether the species were planted equally abundant (high evenness) or not (realistically low evenness). Greater richness increased temporal stability by increasing overyielding, asynchrony of species fluctuations and statistical averaging. Species interactions that favoured unproductive species increased both biodiversity and temporal stability. Species interactions that resulted in niche partitioning or facilitation increased both productivity and temporal stability. Thus, species interactions can promote biodiversity and ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forest I Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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