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Köbel M, Príncipe A, Soares C, Pinho P, Nunes A, Branquinho C. More than trees: Stand management can be used to improve ecosystem diversity, structure and functioning 20 years after forest restoration in drylands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166107. [PMID: 37562636 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
In Mediterranean drylands, extensive areas have been restored by reforestation over the past decades to improve diversity, soil fertility, and tree natural regeneration, contributing to halting desertification and land degradation. However, evaluating reforestation success usually relies on tree survival, while holistic and long-term evaluations of reforestation success based on ecosystem diversity, structure and functioning are scarce. In this work, we provide the first assessment that combines the evaluation of planted trees and indicators of ecosystem diversity, structure, and functioning in established reforestations with three native Mediterranean species along a climatic gradient. We sampled 43 20-year-old stands with umbrella pine, holm oak and cork oak in Portugal, and tested the effects of tree species composition, stand management (i.e., differences in tree density and shrub cover), and edaphoclimatic conditions, on the size of planted trees, species diversity, structural complexity and indicators of ecosystem functioning related to productivity, soil nutrients and tree natural regeneration. Our results show that, after 20 years of reforestation, stand management was an essential driver of plant diversity and ecosystem functioning. Higher tree density, particularly of oaks, and higher shrub cover improved plant diversity, ecosystem productivity, and oak regeneration. The latter was also improved by structural complexity. Tree composition effects highlighted the importance of pine management to avoid competition. Since we evaluated these reforestations along a climatic gradient, we also conclude that climate influenced pine and holm oak size, ecosystem productivity, and soil C/N. Our research, by being based on assessing the long-term reforestation success in a more holistic way, highlighted the importance of stand management for improving ecosystem diversity and functioning in these restored systems. Practices such as increasing tree density up to ~800 trees/ha and allowing a shrub cover of ca. 30 %, may improve the ecological condition of future and currently reforested areas across the Mediterranean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Köbel
- cE3c - Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Adriana Príncipe
- cE3c - Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Soares
- cE3c - Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Pinho
- cE3c - Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Alice Nunes
- cE3c - Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- cE3c - Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Quantifying Co-Benefits and Trade-Offs between Forest Ecosystem Services in the Gan River Basin of South China. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forest ecosystem services are intrinsically linked. We design a spatially explicit approach to quantify and analyze the co-benefits and trade-offs between the main forest ecosystem services. Our goal is to develop criteria for forest management that include ecosystem service interactions. Chinese fir and pine plantations provide the largest portion of the overall ecosystem services currently provided. They are volume stock and water yield service hotspots, but these have negative effects on soil retention and carbon storage, causing environmental problems. The natural forests (broad-leaf and bamboo forests) are carbon storage and volume stock hotspots and show the lowest erosion modulus. Thus, their protection, combined with expanding the plantation area under forest management should be considered in order to increase ecosystem service synergies. In contrast, an increased area of broad-leaf plantations reduces water yield service due to their lower water production capacity, in comparison with plantations of fast-growing species. Our study shows that the inclusion of ecosystem services as part of forest management could provide opportunities for optimal allocation of forest resources and sustainable utilization. Management based only on economically beneficial ecosystem services can be detrimental to the forest ecosystem and can cause environmental problems.
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Moghli A, Santana VM, Soliveres S, Baeza MJ. Thinning and plantation of resprouting species redirect overstocked pine stands towards more functional communities in the Mediterranean basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150715. [PMID: 34610406 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Post-fire regeneration in Pinus halepensis' forests, one of the most abundant vegetation types in the Mediterranean basin, often generates overstocked and vulnerable stands. They accumulate a high fuel load, increasing the risk of further fires, and present high levels of vulnerability due to their reduced seed production. In addition, these dense stands substantially reduce the availability of light and nutrients, which may hinder the recruitment of other species, often generating mono-specific and homogeneous stands, which potentially supply fewer ecosystem services than mixed forests with more heterogeneous structures. In these dense pine stands, management is of high priority to reduce fire hazards and promote their functionality. In overstocked pine stands (>75,000 trees·ha-1), we assessed the long-term effects (10 years) of two thinning levels (600 and 1200 trees·ha-1), in combination with the plantation of Quercus faginea (a resprouter species typical of advanced successional stages in our study area) on 28 above and belowground ecosystem attributes, including fire hazard. After ten years, thinning and plantation interacted to enhance ecosystem attributes associated with disturbance regulation and biodiversity conservation (up to 200%) and food production (up to 90%), while no effects were observed on those attributes related to carbon sequestration and supporting services. These effects were mainly driven by aboveground attributes, as they responded more strongly to our treatments than those belowground. Our results are relevant for the restoration of Mediterranean degraded ecosystems, and show that tree thinning in overstocked pine stands, combined with the plantation of resprouter species, may not only reduce fire risks and accelerate post-fire succession but also enhance the supply of multiple ecosystem services in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Moghli
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Victor M Santana
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; CEAM, Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo, 46.980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Soliveres
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; Instituto Multidisciplinar de Estudios del Medio "Ramón Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - M Jaime Baeza
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; Instituto Multidisciplinar de Estudios del Medio "Ramón Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
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Shrub Diversity and Niche Characteristics in the Initial Stage of Reconstruction of Low-Efficiency Cupressus funebris Stands. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12111492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The upper reaches of the Yangtze River are a very important ecological barrier in China, but the ecological benefits of large-scale Cupressus funebris Endl.plantations are low. This study investigated 12 plantations of different compositions and densities, including two densities of Cinnamomum septentrionale Hand.-Mazz. (Cs), Alnus cremastogyne Burk. (Ac), and Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem. (Ts), and mixed plantations of Cs + Ac (CA), Ts + Cs (TC), Ts + Ac (TA), and Ac + Ts + Cs (ATC) and the cutting-blank (CB), and, at the same time, the unreconstructed pure C. funebris (Cf) forest was set as the control. We aimed to explore the influence mechanism of upper tree composition and density on shrub diversity, as well as the relationship between shrub diversity and niche. Our research results are as follows: (1) Among all the patterns, the TA, CA, and TC patterns are the most conducive to improving the diversity of shrubs. The composition and density of different trees have a great influence on the diversity of shrubs. (2) Niche is closely related to the diversity of shrubs. In the patterns of low niche overlap between dominant shrubs, the diversity of shrubs is greater. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between the diversity of overstory and shrubs, and reveals the relationship between niche and diversity.
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Suárez-Muñoz M, Mina M, Salazar PC, Navarro-Cerrillo RM, Quero JL, Bonet-García FJ. A Step-by-Step Guide to Initialize and Calibrate Landscape Models: A Case Study in the Mediterranean Mountains. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.653393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of spatially interactive forest landscape models has increased in recent years. These models are valuable tools to assess our knowledge about the functioning and provisioning of ecosystems as well as essential allies when predicting future changes. However, developing the necessary inputs and preparing them for research studies require substantial initial investments in terms of time. Although model initialization and calibration often take the largest amount of modelers’ efforts, such processes are rarely reported thoroughly in application studies. Our study documents the process of calibrating and setting up an ecophysiologically based forest landscape model (LANDIS-II with PnET-Succession) in a biogeographical region where such a model has never been applied to date (southwestern Mediterranean mountains in Europe). We describe the methodological process necessary to produce the required spatial inputs expressing initial vegetation and site conditions. We test model behaviour on single-cell simulations and calibrate species parameters using local biomass estimations and literature information. Finally, we test how different initialization data—with and without shrub communities—influence the simulation of forest dynamics by applying the calibrated model at landscape level. Combination of plot-level data with vegetation maps allowed us to generate a detailed map of initial tree and shrub communities. Single-cell simulations revealed that the model was able to reproduce realistic biomass estimates and competitive effects for different forest types included in the landscape, as well as plausible monthly growth patterns of species growing in Mediterranean mountains. Our results highlight the importance of considering shrub communities in forest landscape models, as they influence the temporal dynamics of tree species. Besides, our results show that, in the absence of natural disturbances, harvesting or climate change, landscape-level simulations projected a general increase of biomass of several species over the next decades but with distinct spatio-temporal patterns due to competitive effects and landscape heterogeneity. Providing a step-by-step workflow to initialize and calibrate a forest landscape model, our study encourages new users to use such tools in forestry and climate change applications. Thus, we advocate for documenting initialization processes in a transparent and reproducible manner in forest landscape modelling.
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Thyroff EC, Burney OT, Mickelbart MV, Jacobs DF. Unraveling Shade Tolerance and Plasticity of Semi-Evergreen Oaks: Insights From Maritime Forest Live Oak Restoration. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1526. [PMID: 31824542 PMCID: PMC6879670 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quercus spp. (oaks) are generally intermediate in shade tolerance, yet there is large variation within the genus in shade tolerance and plasticity in response to varying resource availability. Ecophysiological knowledge specific to semi-evergreen Quercus spp. from subtropical maritime forests is lacking relative to temperate deciduous oaks. We studied the influence of light availability and plant competition on leaf physiology and performance of semi-evergreen Quercus virginiana on a barrier island along the US southern Atlantic coast. Seedlings were underplanted in pine (Pinus taeda) plantation stands with varying overstory density (clear-cut, heavy thin, light thin, and non-thinned; creating a gradient of understory light availability) and vegetation (no competition removal or herbaceous competition removal) treatments. After 2 years, seedling survival was higher with increasing light availability (clear-cut = heavy thin > light thin > non-thinned). Seedling growth (i.e., diameter, height, and crown width) increased similarly with increasing thinning intensity, while vegetation control was mainly beneficial to seedling growth in clear-cuts. These responses were partially explained by foliar nitrogen and leaf trait measurements, which followed the same pattern. Q. virginiana seedlings demonstrated high plasticity in their ability to acclimate to varying resource availability, as indicated by light response curves, specific leaf area, stomatal density, stomatal pore index, and maximum theoretical stomatal conductance. Light compensation and saturation points illustrated seedling capacity to increase net CO2 assimilation with increased light availability. Leaves on trees in the high light environment had the highest net CO2 assimilation, stomatal density, stomatal pore index, maximum theoretical stomatal conductance, and lowest specific leaf area. Although we demonstrated the relative shade tolerance of Q. virginiana in lower light environments (i.e., heavy and light thin plots), this semi-evergreen species shows high plasticity in capacity to respond to varying resource availability, similar to other Quercus spp. from mesic and Mediterranean environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Thyroff
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Owen T. Burney
- John T. Harrington Forestry Research Center, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Michael V. Mickelbart
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Douglass F. Jacobs
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Sustainability Assessment of Alternative Strip Clear Cutting Operations for Wood Chip Production in Renaturalization Management of Pine Stands. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12173306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Mediterranean regions, afforested areas were planted to ensure the permanence of land cover, and to protect against erosion and to initiate the vegetation processes. For those purposes, pine species were mainly used; however, many of these stands, without silvicultural treatments for over fifty-sixty years, were in a poor state from physical and biological perspective, and therefore, clear-cutting on strips was conducted as silvicultural operation with the aim to eliminate 50% of the pine trees and to favor the affirmation of indigenous broadleaves seedlings. At the same time, the high and increasing demand of the forest based sector for wood biomass related to energy production, needs to be supplied. In a modern and multifunctional forestry, in which society is asking for sustainable forestry and naturalistic forest management, forestry operations should ideally be carried out in a sustainable manner, thus support the concept of sustainable forest management. All these aspects are also related to the innovation in forestry sector for an effective energetic sustainability. Three different forest wood chains were applied in pine plantations, all differing in the extraction system (animal, forestry-fitted farm tractor with winch, and double drum cable yarder). The method of the sustainability impact assessment was used in order to assess potential impacts of these alternative management options, and a set of 12 indicators covering economic, environmental, and social dimensions was analyzed. Further, to support decision makers in taking informed decisions, multi-criteria decision analysis was conducted. Decision makers gave weight towards the indicators natural tree regeneration and soil biological quality to support the achievement of the forest management goal. Results showed that first ranked alternative was case 2, in which extraction was conducted by a tractor with a winch. The main reason for that lies in the fact that this alternative had best performance for 80% of the analyzed criteria.
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Cruz‐Alonso V, Ruiz‐Benito P, Villar‐Salvador P, Rey‐Benayas JM. Long‐term recovery of multifunctionality in Mediterranean forests depends on restoration strategy and forest type. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Cruz‐Alonso
- Forest Ecology and Restoration GroupDepartamento de Ciencias de la VidaUniversidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Paloma Ruiz‐Benito
- Forest Ecology and Restoration GroupDepartamento de Ciencias de la VidaUniversidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Biología y GeologíaFísica y Química InorgánicaEscuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y TecnologíaUniversidad Rey Juan Carlos. Móstoles Madrid Spain
| | - Pedro Villar‐Salvador
- Forest Ecology and Restoration GroupDepartamento de Ciencias de la VidaUniversidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - José María Rey‐Benayas
- Forest Ecology and Restoration GroupDepartamento de Ciencias de la VidaUniversidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
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10
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Regeneration of Native Forest Species in Mainland Portugal: Identifying Main Drivers. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9110694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Persistence of native forests is a global concern. We aimed at unveiling the main factors affecting tree recruitment in Portuguese native forests, modelling sapling data collected during the 5th Portuguese Forest Inventory, for five main Quercus taxa. Zero-inflated count data models allowed us to examine simultaneously (i) the absence of tree recruitment and (ii) the density of tree recruitment. Using Akaike weights, we obtained importance values for 15 relevant explanatory variables. Results showed that seed availability and climatic variables were determinant to understand regional absence of regeneration for all taxa. Seed availability was also an important driver of sapling density, except for Quercus suber. Other variables impacted on regeneration density: grazing hindered Q. suber regeneration; regeneration of Q. rotundifolia and Q. suber was lower in flat areas; recurrent fire hampered the regeneration of Q. robur and Q. pyrenaica; Q. broteroi and Q. pyrenaica showed depressed regeneration in regions where forest plantations abound, while Q. robur and Q. suber seemed selectively protected. We conclude that caution is warranted when analysing pooled data for Quercus spp. regeneration, as different variables affected Quercus taxa differently. Finally, we suggest dedicated management actions to enhance the establishment of new native forests.
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11
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Payment for Targeted Grazing: Integrating Local Shepherds into Wildfire Prevention. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9080464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wildfires are one of the most prominent risks for Mediterranean forests, reducing the flow of ecosystem services and representing a hazard for infrastructure and human lives. Several wildfire prevention programs in southern Europe are currently incorporating extensive livestock grazers in fire prevention activities to reduce the high costs of mechanical clearance. Among these the Andalusian network of grazed fuel breaks, the so-called RAPCA program, stands out for its dimension and stability over time. RAPCA currently works with 220 local shepherds who, with their guided flocks maintain low biomass levels in almost 6000 ha of fuel breaks in public forests to meet fire prevention standards. This work analyses the institutional design and performance of the RAPCA payment scheme under a payment for environmental services (PES) framework. Results show effectiveness of the payment scheme while efficiency is achieved through savings relative to the mainstream mechanized biomass removal, as well as through reduced information asymmetry. High-level and stable political commitment has been crucial for the emergence and consolidation of RAPCA. Moreover, key intermediaries and sound monitoring practices increased levels of trust amongst involved actors. Beneficial side-effects include social recognition of shepherds’ activities and reduction of their friction with forest managers.
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Leverkus AB, Rey Benayas JM, Castro J. Shifting demographic conflicts across recruitment cohorts in a dynamic post-disturbance landscape. Ecology 2018; 97:2628-2639. [PMID: 27859134 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Seed dispersal effectiveness, which measures the number of adult plant individuals produced by seed dispersal, is the product of the number of seeds dispersed and the probability a seed produces an adult. Directed dispersal to certain habitat types may enhance some stages of recruitment but disfavor others, generating demographic conflicts in plant ontogeny. We asked whether temporal changes in habitat features may affect the distribution of seedlings recruited from dispersed acorns, and whether this could induce shifts in the life-stage conflicts experienced by successive cohorts of naturally recruited plants. As early successional habitats are characterized by rapid change, we used a burnt pine stand in southern Spain to monitor the recruitment and performance of a major tree species (Quercus ilex) across 7 yr in four types of post-fire habitats. These differed in structure and included patches of unburnt forest and three management alternatives of burnt trees: logging, partial cutting, and nonintervention. Young oaks that resprouted after the fire were mainly located near acorn sources, while new seedlings initially emerged mostly in habitats with standing snags due to habitat selection by European jays, Garrulus glandarius, for dispersal. The dead pines gradually collapsed and attracted less dispersal, so subsequent seedling cohorts mainly recruited within patches of unburnt pines. These live pines enhanced the survival of the oaks located beneath their canopy but greatly reduced their growth as compared to the other post-fire habitats, thus representing a demographic conflict that was absent elsewhere. As a consequence of the directional shift in the habitat where seedlings recruited, successive seedling cohorts experienced a gradual improvement in their likelihood of survival but a reduction in growth. The progressive intensification of this life-stage conflict hinged on the reduction of vertical structures in the habitat with standing burnt pines. Recruitment success thus involved temporal variation in the habitat where recruitment occurred, likely resulting from changes in the direction of seed dispersal, and spatial variation in habitat suitability for seedling establishment and growth. Temporal changes in habitat structure can indirectly change the environment in which recruitment occurs, and consequently seed dispersal effectiveness, by shifting the direction of seed dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro B Leverkus
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - José María Rey Benayas
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, UD Ecología, Universidad de Alcalá, Edificio de Ciencias, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jorge Castro
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
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Pine Stand Density Influences the Regeneration of Acacia saligna Labill. H.L.Wendl. and Native Woody Species in a Mediterranean Coastal Pine Plantation. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Andivia E, Madrigal-González J, Villar-Salvador P, Zavala MA. Do adult trees increase conspecific juvenile resilience to recurrent droughts? Implications for forest regeneration. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Andivia
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida; Universidad de Alcalá; Campus Universitario; Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.6 Alcalá de Henares 28805 Madrid Spain
| | - Jaime Madrigal-González
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida; Universidad de Alcalá; Campus Universitario; Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.6 Alcalá de Henares 28805 Madrid Spain
- Climate Change impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA); Institute for Environmental Sciences (ISE); University of Geneva; 66 Boulevard Carl Vogt 1205 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Pedro Villar-Salvador
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida; Universidad de Alcalá; Campus Universitario; Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.6 Alcalá de Henares 28805 Madrid Spain
| | - Miguel A. Zavala
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida; Universidad de Alcalá; Campus Universitario; Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.6 Alcalá de Henares 28805 Madrid Spain
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15
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Managing the Early Warning Systems of Invasive Species of Plants, Birds, and Mammals in Natural and Planted Pine Forests. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Martínez-Jauregui M, Soliño M, Díaz M. Geographical variation in the contribution of planted and natural pine forests to the conservation of bird diversity. DIVERS DISTRIB 2016; 22:1255-1265. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- María Martínez-Jauregui
- National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA); Forest Research Centre (CIFOR); 28040 Madrid Spain
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute; University of Valladolid & INIA; 34004 Palencia Spain
| | - Mario Soliño
- National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA); Forest Research Centre (CIFOR); 28040 Madrid Spain
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute; University of Valladolid & INIA; 34004 Palencia Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (BGC-MNCN-CSIC); E-28006 Madrid Spain
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17
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Martínez-Jauregui M, Díaz M, Sánchez de Ron D, Soliño M. Plantation or natural recovery? Relative contribution of planted and natural pine forests to the maintenance of regional bird diversity along ecological gradients in Southern Europe. FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 2016; 376:183-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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18
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Gavinet J, Prévosto B, Fernandez C. Introducing resprouters to enhance Mediterranean forest resilience: importance of functional traits to select species according to a gradient of pine density. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordane Gavinet
- Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (Irstea); UR RECOVER; 3275 route de Cézanne 13100 Aix-en-Provence France
- Aix Marseille Univ; Avignon Univ; CNRS; IRD; IMBE (Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Écologie marine et continentale); 3 place Victor-Hugo 13003 Marseille France
| | - Bernard Prévosto
- Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (Irstea); UR RECOVER; 3275 route de Cézanne 13100 Aix-en-Provence France
| | - Catherine Fernandez
- Aix Marseille Univ; Avignon Univ; CNRS; IRD; IMBE (Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Écologie marine et continentale); 3 place Victor-Hugo 13003 Marseille France
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19
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Villar-Salvador P. Restoration of Spanish pine plantations: A main challenge for the 21st century. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.21750/refor.1.04.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nassl M, Löffler J. Ecosystem services in coupled social-ecological systems: Closing the cycle of service provision and societal feedback. AMBIO 2015; 44:737-49. [PMID: 25964160 PMCID: PMC4646852 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Both the 'cascade model' of ecosystem service provision and the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework individually contribute to the understanding of human-nature interactions in social-ecological systems (SES). Yet, as several points of criticism show, they are limited analytical tools when it comes to reproducing complex cause-effect relationships in such systems. However, in this paper, we point out that by merging the two models, they can mutually enhance their comprehensiveness and overcome their individual conceptual deficits. Therefore we closed a cycle of ecosystem service provision and societal feedback by rethinking and reassembling the core elements of both models. That way, we established a causal sequence apt to describe the causes of change to SES, their effects and their consequences. Finally, to illustrate its functioning we exemplified and discussed our approach based on a case study conducted in the Alpujarra de la Sierra in southern Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nassl
- Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jörg Löffler
- Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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21
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Can Pinus plantations facilitate reintroduction of endangered cloud forest species? LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-015-0277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Leverkus AB, Lorite J, Navarro FB, Sánchez-Cañete EP, Castro J. Post-fire salvage logging alters species composition and reduces cover, richness, and diversity in Mediterranean plant communities. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 133:323-331. [PMID: 24412981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An intense debate exists on the effects of post-fire salvage logging on plant community regeneration, but scant data are available derived from experimental studies. We analyzed the effects of salvage logging on plant community regeneration in terms of species richness, diversity, cover, and composition by experimentally managing a burnt forest on a Mediterranean mountain (Sierra Nevada, S Spain). In each of three plots located at different elevations, three replicates of three treatments were implemented seven months after the fire, differing in the degree of intervention: "Non-Intervention" (all trees left standing), "Partial Cut plus Lopping" (felling 90% of the trees, cutting the main branches, and leaving all the biomass in situ), and "Salvage Logging" (felling and piling the logs, and masticating the woody debris). Plant composition in each treatment was monitored two years after the fire in linear point transects. Post-fire salvage logging was associated with reduced species richness, Shannon diversity, and total plant cover. Moreover, salvaged sites hosted different species assemblages and 25% lower cover of seeder species (but equal cover of resprouters) compared to the other treatments. Cover of trees and shrubs was also lowest in Salvage Logging, which could suggest a potential slow-down of forest regeneration. Most of these results were consistent among the three plots despite plots hosting different plant communities. Concluding, our study suggests that salvage logging may reduce species richness and diversity, as well as the recruitment of woody species, which could delay the natural regeneration of the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro B Leverkus
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan Lorite
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B Navarro
- Grupo de Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, Área de Producción Ecológica y Recursos Naturales, IFAPA Centro Camino de Purchil, Camino de Purchil s/n, E-18004 Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique P Sánchez-Cañete
- Departamento de Desertificación y Geo-ecología, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas-CSIC, E-04120 Almería, Spain; Centro Andaluz de Medio Ambiente (CEAMA), E-18006 Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Castro
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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23
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Caldeira MC, Ibáñez I, Nogueira C, Bugalho MN, Lecomte X, Moreira A, Pereira JS. Direct and indirect effects of tree canopy facilitation in the recruitment of Mediterranean oaks. J Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Caldeira
- CEF; ISA; University of Lisbon; Tapada da Ajuda 1349-017 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Inés Ibáñez
- School of Natural Resources and Environment; University of Michigan; 440 Church St. Ann Arbor MI 48109-1041 USA
| | - Carla Nogueira
- CEF; ISA; University of Lisbon; Tapada da Ajuda 1349-017 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Miguel N. Bugalho
- CEABN; ISA; University of Lisbon; Tapada da Ajuda 1349-017 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Xavier Lecomte
- CEF; ISA; University of Lisbon; Tapada da Ajuda 1349-017 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Andreia Moreira
- CEF; ISA; University of Lisbon; Tapada da Ajuda 1349-017 Lisbon Portugal
| | - João S. Pereira
- CEF; ISA; University of Lisbon; Tapada da Ajuda 1349-017 Lisbon Portugal
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24
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Large-Scale Regeneration Patterns of Pinus nigra Subsp. salzmannii: Poor Evidence of Increasing Facilitation Across a Drought Gradient. FORESTS 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/f5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Paulson Priebe ME, Müller JG. Extant forest plantations as a potential bridge between social needs and ecological management: a comparative case study analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 129:608-14. [PMID: 24036094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the face of global deforestation, there is a challenge to balance the management of areas of high conservation concern and social interests. As a response to the growing human-environment interface and the use of forests for subsistence, plantations became a management tool to provide for wood harvesting during the 1970s. Some plantations were subsequently protected from harvest as conservation of all forests increased. Plantations that are now illegal to harvest can cause local animosities toward forest protection to increase and may also result in concentrated harvesting impacts on surrounding natural forests. In this article, we analyzed case studies of plantations from El Salvador and Niger. By utilizing distinctly disparate case studies, commonalities between the two can illuminate possible management lessons. In the comparison of El Salvador and Niger forest plantations we found the following commonalities: utilizing plantations for sustainable harvest has the to potential to reduce animosity between managers and stakeholders; plantations can serve as a risk-averse testing ground for novel managerial practices; and the sustainable harvest of plantations can reduce deforestation and impacts on biodiversity in natural remnant forests. We argue that extant plantations currently under illegal harvesting legislation could become the epicenters of social and ecological conservation through a management shift to sustainable harvesting. By focusing on these relics, managers could work with stakeholders to change unduly burdening restrictions and promote cooperation between conservationists and local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Paulson Priebe
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA; Center for the Study of Institutions, Populations and Environmental Change, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 97207, USA.
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26
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Navarro-González I, Pérez-Luque AJ, Bonet FJ, Zamora R. The weight of the past: land-use legacies and recolonization of pine plantations by oak trees. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 23:1267-1276. [PMID: 24147400 DOI: 10.1890/12-0459.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Most of the world's plantations were established on previously disturbed sites with an intensive land-use history. Our general hypothesis was that native forest regeneration within forest plantations depends largely on in situ biological legacies as a source of propagules. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed native oak regeneration in 168 pine plantation plots in southern Spain in relation to land use in 1956, oak patch proximity, and pine tree density. Historical land-use patterns were determined from aerial photography from 1956, and these were compared with inventory data from 2004-2005 and additional orthophoto images. Our results indicate that oak forest regeneration in pine plantations depends largely on land-use legacies, although nearby, well-conserved areas can provide propagules for colonization from outside the plantation, and pine tree density also affected oak recruit density. More intense land uses in the past meant fewer biological legacies and, therefore, lower likelihood of regenerating native forest. That is, oak recruit density was lower when land use in 1956 was croplands (0.004 +/- 0.002 recruits/m2 [mean +/- SE]) or pasture (0.081 +/- 0.054 recruits/m2) instead of shrubland (0.098 +/- 0.031 recruits/m2) or oak formations (0.314 +/- 0.080 recruits/m2). Our study shows that land use in the past was more important than propagule source distance or pine tree density in explaining levels of native forest regeneration in plantations. Thus, strategies for restoring native oak forests in pine plantations may benefit from considering land-use legacies as well as distance to propagule sources and pine density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Navarro-González
- Laboratorio de Ecología (iEcolab), Centro Andaluz de Medio Ambiente (CEAMA), Universidad de Granada, Avenida del Mediterráneo s/n, Granada 18006, Spain.
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27
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Sánchez-Oliver JS, Rey Benayas JM, Carrascal LM. Differential effects of local habitat and landscape characteristics on bird communities in Mediterranean afforestations motivated by the EU Common Agrarian Policy. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-013-0759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Sheffer E, Canham CD, Kigel J, Perevolotsky A. Landscape-scale density-dependent recruitment of oaks in planted forests: More is not always better. Ecology 2013; 94:1718-28. [PMID: 24015516 DOI: 10.1890/12-2121.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Sheffer
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot Campus, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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29
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Martín-Queller E, Diez JM, Ibáñez I, Saura S. Effects of silviculture on native tree species richness: interactions between management, landscape context and regional climate. J Appl Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey M. Diez
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zürich; 16 Universitätstrasse; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Inés Ibáñez
- School of Natural Resources and Environment; University of Michigan; 440 Church St; Ann Arbor; MI; 48109-1041; USA
| | - Santiago Saura
- Departamento de Economía y Gestión Forestal; ETSI Montes; Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria s/n; Madrid; 28040; Spain
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30
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Ruiz-Benito P, Lines ER, Gómez-Aparicio L, Zavala MA, Coomes DA. Patterns and drivers of tree mortality in iberian forests: climatic effects are modified by competition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56843. [PMID: 23451096 PMCID: PMC3581527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree mortality is a key process underlying forest dynamics and community assembly. Understanding how tree mortality is driven by simultaneous drivers is needed to evaluate potential effects of climate change on forest composition. Using repeat-measure information from c. 400,000 trees from the Spanish Forest Inventory, we quantified the relative importance of tree size, competition, climate and edaphic conditions on tree mortality of 11 species, and explored the combined effect of climate and competition. Tree mortality was affected by all of these multiple drivers, especially tree size and asymmetric competition, and strong interactions between climate and competition were found. All species showed L-shaped mortality patterns (i.e. showed decreasing mortality with tree size), but pines were more sensitive to asymmetric competition than broadleaved species. Among climatic variables, the negative effect of temperature on tree mortality was much larger than the effect of precipitation. Moreover, the effect of climate (mean annual temperature and annual precipitation) on tree mortality was aggravated at high competition levels for all species, but especially for broadleaved species. The significant interaction between climate and competition on tree mortality indicated that global change in Mediterranean regions, causing hotter and drier conditions and denser stands, could lead to profound effects on forest structure and composition. Therefore, to evaluate the potential effects of climatic change on tree mortality, forest structure must be considered, since two systems of similar composition but different structure could radically differ in their response to climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Center - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Ruiz-Benito P, Gómez-Aparicio L, Zavala MA. Large-scale assessment of regeneration and diversity in Mediterranean planted pine forests along ecological gradients. DIVERS DISTRIB 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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32
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Structure and Regeneration Patterns of Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii Natural Forests: A Basic Knowledge for Adaptive Management in a Changing Climate. FORESTS 2011. [DOI: 10.3390/f2041013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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González-Moreno P, Quero J, Poorter L, Bonet F, Zamora R. Is spatial structure the key to promote plant diversity in Mediterranean forest plantations? Basic Appl Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Zamora R, Hódar JA, Matías L, Mendoza I. Positive adjacency effects mediated by seed disperser birds in pine plantations. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2010; 20:1053-60. [PMID: 20597289 DOI: 10.1890/09-0055.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the consequences of adjacent elements for a given patch, through their effects on zoochorous dispersion by frugivorous birds. The case study consists of pine plantations (the focal patch) adjacent to other patches of native vegetation (mixed patches of native forest and shrublands), and/or pine plantations. Our hypothesis is that input of native woody species propagules generated by frugivorous birds within plantations strongly depends on the nature of the surrounding vegetation. To test this hypothesis, we studied frugivorous-bird abundance, seed dispersion, and seedling establishment in nine pine plantation plots in contact with patches of native vegetation. To quantify adjacency arrangement effects, we used the percentage of common border between a patch and each of its adjacent elements. Frugivorous bird occurrence in pine plantations is influenced by the adjacent vegetation: the greater the contact with native vegetation patches, the more abundant were the frugivorous birds within pine plantations. Furthermore, frugivorous birds introduce into plantations the seeds of a large sample of native fleshy-fruited species. The results confirm the hypothesis that zoochorous seed rain is strongly determined by the kind of vegetation surrounding a given plantation. This finding underlines the importance of the composition of the mosaic surrounding plantations and the availability of mobile link species as key landscape features conditioning passive restoration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regino Zamora
- Grupo de Ecología Terrestre, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain.
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