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Balamurugan V, Ojha R, Kumar KV, Asha A, Ashraf S, Dsouza AH, Pal A, Bokade PP, Harshitha SK, Deshpande R, Swathi M, Suresh KP, Govindaraj G, Hasnadka SP, ChandraSekar S, Hemadri D, Guha A, Felix N, Parida S, Gulati BR. Post-Vaccination Sero-Monitoring of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Sheep and Goats in Karnataka: Progress towards PPR Eradication in India. Viruses 2024; 16:333. [PMID: 38543699 PMCID: PMC10974862 DOI: 10.3390/v16030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) presents economic challenges in enzootic countries impacting small ruminant productivity. The state of Karnataka, India, implemented a mass vaccination campaign in alignment with the PPR-Global Eradication Programme (GEP) and the National Strategic Plan for PPR eradication. This study was conducted from January to March 2023 to assess seroconversion in post-vaccinated goats and sheep at the epidemiological unit (epi-unit) level, aligning with the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines in the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy (GCES). Before vaccination, 3466 random serum samples were collected from small ruminants of three age groups (6-12 months, 1-2 years, and >2 years) across 116 epi-units, spanning 82 taluks in 28 districts. Post-vaccination sero-monitoring included 1102 serum samples collected from small ruminants of the 6-12-month age group only, across 111 epi-units covering 64 taluks in 23 districts. The PPRV antibody status was determined using an indigenous hemagglutinin (H) protein monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA kit. Pre-vaccination, the PPR seropositivity rates were 55%, 62%, and 66% in the age groups of 6-12 months, 1-2 years, and >2 years, respectively, with a 61% PPRV antibody prevalence across all the age groups. Notably, 41% of the epi-units exhibited antibody prevalence rates of ≥70%, indicating a substantial population immunity, possibly attributed to the previous vaccination program in the state since 2011. In contrast, only 17% of the epi-units had below 30% seroprevalence rates, emphasizing the need for intensified vaccination. Statistical analysis of the data revealed significant correlations (p < 0.05) between the presence of PPRV antibodies and host factors such as species, breed, and sex. Post-vaccination seroprevalence in the 6-12 months age group was found to be 73.4%, indicating the use of an efficacious vaccine. On the evaluation of vaccination immunity in the 6-12 months age group, it was revealed that over 69% of the epi-units achieved a response surpassing ≥70%, indicating a significant improvement from 42% of the epi-units in pre-vaccination. For active PPR eradication, a mass vaccination campaign (>95% coverage) targeting small ruminant populations aged >4 months is advocated, aiming to achieve the desired herd immunity of >80%. This study offers crucial insights into PPR baseline seroprevalence/immunity status and vaccine efficacy, guiding national strategies towards a PPR-free India and further supporting the global eradication initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India; (R.O.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.H.D.); (A.P.); (P.P.B.); (S.K.H.); (R.D.); (M.S.); (K.P.S.); (G.G.); (D.H.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Rakshit Ojha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India; (R.O.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.H.D.); (A.P.); (P.P.B.); (S.K.H.); (R.D.); (M.S.); (K.P.S.); (G.G.); (D.H.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India; (R.O.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.H.D.); (A.P.); (P.P.B.); (S.K.H.); (R.D.); (M.S.); (K.P.S.); (G.G.); (D.H.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Anand Asha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India; (R.O.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.H.D.); (A.P.); (P.P.B.); (S.K.H.); (R.D.); (M.S.); (K.P.S.); (G.G.); (D.H.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Suhail Ashraf
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India; (R.O.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.H.D.); (A.P.); (P.P.B.); (S.K.H.); (R.D.); (M.S.); (K.P.S.); (G.G.); (D.H.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Annett Helcita Dsouza
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India; (R.O.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.H.D.); (A.P.); (P.P.B.); (S.K.H.); (R.D.); (M.S.); (K.P.S.); (G.G.); (D.H.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Archana Pal
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India; (R.O.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.H.D.); (A.P.); (P.P.B.); (S.K.H.); (R.D.); (M.S.); (K.P.S.); (G.G.); (D.H.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Prajakta Prashant Bokade
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India; (R.O.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.H.D.); (A.P.); (P.P.B.); (S.K.H.); (R.D.); (M.S.); (K.P.S.); (G.G.); (D.H.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Shakuntala Krishnaiah Harshitha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India; (R.O.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.H.D.); (A.P.); (P.P.B.); (S.K.H.); (R.D.); (M.S.); (K.P.S.); (G.G.); (D.H.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Ramchandra Deshpande
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India; (R.O.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.H.D.); (A.P.); (P.P.B.); (S.K.H.); (R.D.); (M.S.); (K.P.S.); (G.G.); (D.H.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Mahadevappa Swathi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India; (R.O.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.H.D.); (A.P.); (P.P.B.); (S.K.H.); (R.D.); (M.S.); (K.P.S.); (G.G.); (D.H.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India; (R.O.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.H.D.); (A.P.); (P.P.B.); (S.K.H.); (R.D.); (M.S.); (K.P.S.); (G.G.); (D.H.); (B.R.G.)
| | - GurrappaNaidu Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India; (R.O.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.H.D.); (A.P.); (P.P.B.); (S.K.H.); (R.D.); (M.S.); (K.P.S.); (G.G.); (D.H.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Subramanya Prasad Hasnadka
- Commissionerate of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Pashupalana Bhavana, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India;
| | - Shanmugam ChandraSekar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, India;
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India; (R.O.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.H.D.); (A.P.); (P.P.B.); (S.K.H.); (R.D.); (M.S.); (K.P.S.); (G.G.); (D.H.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Anirban Guha
- Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi 110001, India;
| | - Njeumi Felix
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy; (N.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Satya Parida
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy; (N.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Baldev Raj Gulati
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India; (R.O.); (K.V.K.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (A.H.D.); (A.P.); (P.P.B.); (S.K.H.); (R.D.); (M.S.); (K.P.S.); (G.G.); (D.H.); (B.R.G.)
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Dubie T, Dagnew B, Gelo E, Negash W, Hussein F, Woldehana M. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of peste des petits ruminants among ovine and caprine in selected districts of Afar region, Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:429. [PMID: 36494681 PMCID: PMC9733059 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Peste des petits ruminant is an acute, highly contagious and economically important transboundary viral disease of small ruminants. Despite the fact that food and agriculture organization and world organization for animal health plan to eradicate the disease by 2030, some studies indicated an increasing seropositivity of PPR infection in sheep and goats in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was employed to estimate the seroprevalence of PPR and to assess risk factors during the study period, February to April, 2020. Following purposive selection of the study districts, simple random sampling technique was employed to select individual animal during sample collection. A total of 384 serum samples were collected from apparently healthy sheep and goats. Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay was used to detect the presence of antibodies against PPR at national veterinary institute. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square (X2) and logistic regression analysis were used is this study. RESULTS The overall animal level seroprevalence of PPR virus was found to be 60.15% (n = 231/384) and species level prevalence rate was found to be 38.18% (n = 42) in sheep and 68.98% (n = 189) in goats in the study areas. Among the associated risk factors considered; species, sex, age and herd sizes were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the disease occurrence. Among the associated risk factors considered in this study, species, sex, age and herd size were found to be statistically associated with the seropositivity of PPR infection. CONCLUSION The present study finding revealed that a higher seroprevalence of PPR virus infection and this confirms peste des petits ruminant virus is circulating in Afar region. Further studies should be carried out on the entire region to determine PPR seroprevalence and to develop appropriate control and eradication strategies of PPR disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshager Dubie
- grid.459905.40000 0004 4684 7098College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, P.O. Box 132, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Betelhem Dagnew
- grid.459905.40000 0004 4684 7098College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, P.O. Box 132, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Esrael Gelo
- grid.459905.40000 0004 4684 7098College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, P.O. Box 132, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Wossene Negash
- grid.459905.40000 0004 4684 7098College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, P.O. Box 132, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Fentaw Hussein
- grid.459905.40000 0004 4684 7098College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, P.O. Box 132, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Mulatu Woldehana
- grid.459905.40000 0004 4684 7098College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, P.O. Box 132, Samara, Ethiopia
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Balamurugan V, Varghese B, SowjanyaKumari S, Kumar KV, Muthuchelvan D, Govindaraj G, Suresh KP, Hemadri D, Roy P, Shome BR. Assessment of post-vaccination immune response to peste des petits ruminants virus in small ruminants in the central and western regions of India. Virusdisease 2022; 33:413-421. [PMID: 36447813 PMCID: PMC9701301 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-sectional serosurvey for post-vaccination assessment of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus (PPRV) antibodies in sheep and goats was carried out in different states in the central and western regions of India after the implementation of vaccination under the PPR control programme. The serum samples (n = 4687) were collected from sheep (n = 1539) and goats (n = 3148) from August 2017 to March 2018 at various epidemiological units (n = 301) of the studied regions using a stratified random sampling method and PPR competitive ELISA kit was employed to detect PPRV antibodies. The results revealed 34, 21, 52, 74, 68, and 65% of prevalence of PPRV antibodies in small ruminants in Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Rajasthan states, respectively, with a difference in seropositivity in sheep and goats across the states in sheep (p < 0.01) and goats (p < 0.01). Further, this serosurvey revealed that 60% of the epi-units (n = 185) had > 50% prevalence of post vaccination PPRV antibodies across states due to variations in vaccination rates and patterns. The vaccination coverage and the reported outbreaks varied between the states in the studied regions. Due to continuous vaccination under the control program, the reported PPR outbreaks have progressively declined in most of the studied states, and the PPR risk areas are confined to a few districts and sporadically, outbreaks are reported indicating the effectiveness of vaccination. These findings provide valuable information on potential PPRV episystems, and will assist with activities regarding intensive surveillance, vaccination, biosecurity, and modification of policy decisions towards designing and implementing control and eradication measures. Further, the present situation necessitates continuous mass vaccination and active surveillance programs to make these regions free from PPR in consonance with the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy under the PPR Global Eradication Program. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-022-00796-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - B. Varghese
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - S. SowjanyaKumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - K. Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - D. Muthuchelvan
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Campus Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand India
| | - G. Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - K. P. Suresh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - D. Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - P. Roy
- Centre for Animal Health Studies, TANUVAS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - B. R. Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
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Campbell Z, Coleman P, Guest A, Kushwaha P, Ramuthivheli T, Osebe T, Perry B, Salt J. Prioritizing smallholder animal health needs in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia using three approaches: Literature review, expert workshops, and practitioner surveys. Prev Vet Med 2021; 189:105279. [PMID: 33581421 PMCID: PMC8024747 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Managing the health needs of livestock contributes to reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of smallholder and pastoralist livestock keepers globally. Animal health practitioners, producers, policymakers, and researchers all must prioritize how to mobilize limited resources. This study employed three approaches to prioritize animal health needs in East and West Africa and South Asia to identify diseases and syndromes that impact livestock keepers. The approaches were a) systematic literature review, b) a series of expert workshops, and c) a practitioner survey of veterinarians and para-veterinary professionals. The top constraints that emerged from all three approaches include endo/ ectoparasites, foot and mouth disease, brucellosis, peste des petits ruminants, Newcastle disease, and avian influenza. Expert workshops additionally identified contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, mastitis, and reproductive disorders as constraints not emphasized in the literature review. Practitioner survey results additionally identified nutrition as a constraint for smallholder dairy and pastoralist small ruminant production. Experts attending the workshops agreed most constraints can be managed using existing veterinary technologies and best husbandry practices, which supports a shift away from focusing on individual diseases and new technologies towards addressing systemic challenges that limit access to veterinary services and inputs. Few research studies focused on incidence/ prevalence of disease and impact, suggesting better incorporation of socio-economic impact measures in future research would better represent the interests of livestock keepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Campbell
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Paul Coleman
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Guest
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Peetambar Kushwaha
- GALVmed Asia Office, Unit 118 & 120 B, Splendor Forum, Plot No 3, Jasola District Centre, Jasola, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Thembinkosi Ramuthivheli
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tom Osebe
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian Perry
- Nuffield College of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Arthurstone House, Meigle, Blairgowrie, PH12 8QW, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Salt
- GALVmed UK Office, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Balamurugan V, Vinod Kumar K, Dheeraj R, Kurli R, Suresh KP, Govindaraj G, Shome BR, Roy P. Temporal and Spatial Epidemiological Analysis of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Outbreaks from the Past 25 Years in Sheep and Goats and Its Control in India. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030480. [PMID: 33804146 PMCID: PMC8001942 DOI: 10.3390/v13030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to understand the temporal and spatial epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in India using national surveillance data available in the National Animal Diseases Referral Expert System (NADRES) along with its control plan undertaken. On analysis of the outbreaks/cases reports in sheep and goats in NADRES database from 1995 to 2019, it was observed that PPR features among the top ten diseases and stands first among viral diseases, and among reported deaths, PPR accounts for 36% of mortality in sheep and goats. PPR outbreaks occur round the year in all the seasons but are encountered most frequently during the lean period especially, in the winter season (January to February) in different regions/zones. The reported outbreaks have been progressively declined in most of the states in India due to the implementation of a mass vaccination strategic program since 2011. On state-wise analysis, the PPR risk-areas showed wide variations with different levels of endemicity. Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Karnataka were the top three outbreaks reported states during 1995-2010, whereas Jharkhand and West Bengal states reported more outbreaks during 2011-2015 and 2016-2019 periods. The temporal and spatial distribution of PPR in India provides valuable information on the hotspot areas/zones to take appropriate policy decisions towards its prevention and control in different regions/zones of India. The study also identifies when and where intensive surveillance and vaccination along with biosecurity measures need to be implemented for the control and eradication of the disease from India in consonance with the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy.
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Balamurugan V, Varghese B, Muthuchelvan D, SowjanyaKumari S, Kumar KV, Dheeraj R, Govindaraj G, Suresh KP, Hemadri D, Roy P. Towards eradication of peste des petits ruminants: post-vaccination evaluation in sheep and goats in Southern Peninsular India. Virusdisease 2020; 31:539-548. [PMID: 33381627 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-sectional seroprevalence study of the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats was carried out in the Southern Peninsular region of India to ascertain the prevalence of PPR virus (PPRV) antibodies at the epidemiological units (epi-units) level in the small ruminant population. The serum samples were collected from various epi-units (villages) in the different states and union territory (UT) in Southern Peninsular region using a stratified random sampling methodology from August 2017 to March 2018. A total of 6643 serum samples [sheep (n = 2785) and goats (n = 3858)] were collected from 360 epi-units and were screened by PPR competitive ELISA kit for the detection of PPRV antibodies. The results revealed that the seroprevalence of PPR in small ruminants in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala states, and Puducherry UT was 87.0%, 66.4%, 64.3%, 47.8%, 11.4%, and 50.4%, respectively in the studied region. Further, the results of the chi-squared test revealed that the PPRV antibodies across different states and UT in the region were associated (sheep-χ2 = 218.8, p < 0.01; goats-χ2 = 827.1, p < 0.01), as all the states and UT adopted the PPR vaccination programme. The study also implies that the small ruminants in some of the epi-units (n = 102) had < 30% seroprevalence, which necessitates comprehensive intensive vaccination and active surveillance programmes to make this region as PPR free zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - B Varghese
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - D Muthuchelvan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Campus Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand India
| | - S SowjanyaKumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - R Dheeraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - G Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - K P Suresh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - D Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - P Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
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Balamurugan V, Varghese B, Kumar KV, Muthuchelvan D, Dheeraj R, Govindaraj G, Suresh KP, Hemadri D, Roy P. Seroprevalence study of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in the northern region of India. Vet World 2020; 13:1573-1580. [PMID: 33061229 PMCID: PMC7522954 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1573-1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious, World Organization for Animal Health notifiable, economically important, transboundary morbilliviral disease of sheep and goats. Studying seroprevalence of PPR from different geographical areas under varying agro-climatic conditions may help in formulating effective and appropriate disease control strategies under the ongoing national PPR control program. The present cross-sectional study describes the prevalence of PPR virus antibodies in sheep and goats in the various epidemiological units in different states (Haryana, Himachal Pradesh [HP], Jammu and Kashmir [J&K], Punjab, Uttarakhand [UK], and Uttar Pradesh [UP]) of the northern region of India. Materials and Methods: A total of 5843 serum samples (sheep [n=2463] and goats [n=3380]) were collected by stratified random sampling method from 322 epidemiological units in the studied region during 2017-2018 and tested for PPR virus (PPRV) antibodies by competitive ELISA. Results: The results revealed that an overall seroprevalence of 44.05% (2574/5843) with 57.32%, 55.22%, 65.69%, 37.09%, 32.73%, and 29.35% prevalence of PPRV antibodies in small ruminants in Haryana, Punjab, UP, HP, J&K, and UK states, respectively. Further, Chi-squared test revealed an association of PPRV antibodies in goats (χ2=252.28, p<0.01) and sheep (χ2=192.12, p<0.01) across different states in the region. Conclusion: The seroprevalence in majority of the epidemiological units (n=130) in sheep and goats in the studied region had <30%. This necessitates comprehensive, rigorous, continuous vaccination and active surveillance programs for few more years to achieve the desired 70% seroprevalence level of PPRV antibodies in population and to make the northern region of India, as PPR free zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bibitha Varghese
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhanavelu Muthuchelvan
- Division of Virology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - R Dheeraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gurrappanaidu Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Divakar Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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8
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Ahaduzzaman M. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Africa and Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence in sheep and goats between 1969 and 2018. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:813-833. [PMID: 32529792 PMCID: PMC7738735 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a prevalent viral disease of sheep and goats that impacts productivity and international animal trade. Despite the substantial economic consequences related to PPR, little is known about the prevalence of this disease at the broad geographical levels. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to use a systematic approach to assess the regional prevalence of PPR in sheep and goats, and the associated factors that contribute to prevalence estimates. METHODS Published articles on PPR in sheep and goats were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and the reference lists of articles reporting the prevalence from 1 January 1969 to 31 December 2018. Articles were selected using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Since the heterogeneity among the studies was significant, pooled prevalences were estimated by a random effect meta-analysis model. RESULTS Data on the prevalence of PPR were obtained from Africa and Asia, where the pooled prevalence estimates were 40.99% (95% CI: 37.20%-44.79%) and 38.43% (95% CI: 35.64%-41.22%) respectively. Overall, the estimated pooled prevalence at Africa-Asia level in sheep was 39.31% (95% CI: 35.75%-42.88%) and in goats was 39.57% (95% CI: 36.66%-42.48%). Significant heterogeneity (I2 > 80%) was noted in most pooled estimates. CONCLUSION The results on the regional prevalence estimates of PPR presented here will be useful in raising awareness and advocating for Governments to engage in initiatives to eradicate PPR and prevent it from spreading to other continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahaduzzaman
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chattogram, Bangladesh
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9
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Balamurugan V, Varghese B, Muthuchelvan D, SowjanyaKumari S, Kumar KV, Suresh KP, Govindaraj G, Sunder J, Hemadri D, Roy P. Cross-sectional seroprevalence study of peste des petits ruminants in goats in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Altan E, Parida S, Mahapatra M, Turan N, Yilmaz H. Molecular characterization of Peste des petits ruminants viruses in the Marmara Region of Turkey. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:865-872. [PMID: 30525310 PMCID: PMC7814889 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in the Marmara region of Turkey including the European part of Thrace is important due to its proximity to Europe (Greece and Bulgaria) and the potential threat of spread of PPR into mainland Europe. In order to investigate the circulation of PPRV in the region suspect clinical and necropsy samples were collected from domestic sheep (n = 211) in the Marmara region of Turkey between 2011 and 2012. PPR virus (PPRV) genome was detected in 10.4% (22 out of 211) of sheep samples by real-time RT-PCR, and PPR virus was isolated from lungs of two sheep that died from infection. Of the 22 positive samples nine were used for partial N-gene amplification and sequencing. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that the virus belongs to lineage IV, the same lineage that is circulating in eastern and central part of Turkey since its first official report in 1999. In addition, samples from 100 cattle were collected to investigate potential subclinical circulation of PPRV. However all were found to be negative by real-time RT-PCR, and also in serological tests indicating the large ruminants were likely not exposed or infected with the virus. The impact of these findings on the potential threat of spread of PPR to Europe including the first PPR outbreak in Europe in Bulgaria on 23rd June 2018 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Altan
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey.,Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Nuri Turan
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Yilmaz
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Hekal SHA, Al-Gaabary MH, El-Sayed MM, Sobhy HM, Fayed AAA. Seroprevalence of some Infectious transboundry diseases in cattle imported from Sudan to Egypt. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:92-99. [PMID: 31453177 PMCID: PMC6702927 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Animal trade has an important role in the economy but in contrast, it causes the spread of infectious diseases overall the world, in particular, the trans-boundary animal diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study is to report the prevalence rate of some transboundary infectious diseases to assess the effectiveness of quarantine measure in the detection of exotic disease and clarify the role of live animal trade in infectious transboundary diseases spread. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was done on 176 serum samples obtained from cattle imported from Sudan in order to determine the prevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD), Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR), and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR). Three serological tests were used; Serum neutralization test for FMD, Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) for PPR, and Competitive ELISA for IBR. RESULTS The seroprevalence of FMD in tested sera was; 77.27% in the serotype A (A-Iran), 68.18% in the serotype A (A-Africa), 93.82% in the serotype O (O-Pan Asia), and 35.227% in the serotype South African Territories-2 (SAT-2) SAT-2. While the overall seroprevalence of PPR was 49.431% and the IBR was 93.75%. CONCLUSION The result indicates the serious role of live animal trade as "hubs" for infectious diseases spread. Subsequently, the common control measures must be taken to avoid the spread of the diseases through the animal trade; which include screening, surveillance, precautions at borders, and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Magdy Mahmoud El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt and Middle East for Veterinary Vaccines, Second Industrial Area, El-Salhya El-Gedida, El-Sharqia, Egypt
| | - Hassan Mohamed Sobhy
- Natural Resources Department, Institute of African Research and Studies, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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12
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KUMAR PANKAJ, SINHA BIDYASHANKAR, ROY RAMAKRISHNA, KUMARI RASHMIREKHA, KUMAR ABHAY. Peste-des-petits-ruminants in goats: Sero-epidemiological study in middle Indo-Gangetic plains. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i4.69492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Bihar state is situated in the middle of Indo-Gangetic plains of India and located between 24°-27° N latitude and 82°-88° E longitude with a total geographical area of 94.2 thousand sq. km. It possesses 7.63% of India's total goat population which is the fifth largest among states of India. PPR has become endemic and reported from most states of India by various researchers. A systematic three years study on sero-epidemiology of PPR in goats was carried out in nine districts covering all the four agro-climatic zones of Bihar. Random samples (769) were collected from unvaccinated goats of all gender, breeds with more than 3 months of age. Samples were tested using Mab c-ELISA following standard protocol provided. The overall circulating PPR virus (PPRV) antibody was 34.50% (apparent prevalence) and 39.04% (corrected prevalence). The PPRV antibody in goats of Zone 2 was significantly higher compared to Zone 1. Amongst different breeds, the circulating PPRV antibody was significantly higher in Sirohi breed compared to Black Bengal and nonsignificantly higher to other breeds of the goat. Binary logistic regression of PPR with gender indicated a significantly higher probability of PPRV antibody in female goats compared to male goats. The odds ratio was high with respect to the occurrence of PPR and physiological state (age) and the difference was significantly higher in adult goats compared to kids. The present finding is helpful in planning effective disease management program for PPR in Indo-Gangetic plains.
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Kumar N, Barua S, Riyesh T, Chaubey KK, Rawat KD, Khandelwal N, Mishra AK, Sharma N, Chandel SS, Sharma S, Singh MK, Sharma DK, Singh SV, Tripathi BN. Complexities in Isolation and Purification of Multiple Viruses from Mixed Viral Infections: Viral Interference, Persistence and Exclusion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156110. [PMID: 27227480 PMCID: PMC4881941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful purification of multiple viruses from mixed infections remains a challenge. In this study, we investigated peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) mixed infection in goats. Rather than in a single cell type, cytopathic effect (CPE) of the virus was observed in cocultured Vero/BHK-21 cells at 6th blind passage (BP). PPRV, but not FMDV could be purified from the virus mixture by plaque assay. Viral RNA (mixture) transfection in BHK-21 cells produced FMDV but not PPRV virions, a strategy which we have successfully employed for the first time to eliminate the negative-stranded RNA virus from the virus mixture. FMDV phenotypes, such as replication competent but noncytolytic, cytolytic but defective in plaque formation and, cytolytic but defective in both plaque formation and standard FMDV genome were observed respectively, at passage level BP8, BP15 and BP19 and hence complicated virus isolation in the cell culture system. Mixed infection was not found to induce any significant antigenic and genetic diversity in both PPRV and FMDV. Further, we for the first time demonstrated the viral interference between PPRV and FMDV. Prior transfection of PPRV RNA, but not Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and rotavirus RNA resulted in reduced FMDV replication in BHK-21 cells suggesting that the PPRV RNA-induced interference was specifically directed against FMDV. On long-term coinfection of some acute pathogenic viruses (all possible combinations of PPRV, FMDV, NDV and buffalopox virus) in Vero cells, in most cases, one of the coinfecting viruses was excluded at passage level 5 suggesting that the long-term coinfection may modify viral persistence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented evidence describing a natural mixed infection of FMDV and PPRV. The study not only provides simple and reliable methodologies for isolation and purification of two epidemiologically and economically important groups of viruses, but could also help in establishing better guidelines for trading animals that could transmit further infections and epidemics in disease free nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Kundan K. Chaubey
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Krishan Dutt Rawat
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Anil K. Mishra
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Nitika Sharma
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Surender S. Chandel
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Manoj K. Singh
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Dinesh K. Sharma
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Shoor V. Singh
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Bhupendra N. Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Wang J, Wang M, Wang S, Liu Z, Shen N, Si W, Sun G, Drewe JA, Cai X. Peste des petits ruminants virus in Heilongjiang province, China, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:677-80. [PMID: 25811935 PMCID: PMC4378501 DOI: 10.3201/eid2104.141627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During March 25–May 5, 2014, we investigated 11 outbreaks of peste des petits ruminants in Heilongjiang Province, China. We found that the most likely source of the outbreaks was animals from livestock markets in Shandong. Peste des petits ruminants viruses belonging to lineages II and IV were detected in sick animals.
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15
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Singh RP, Bandyopadhyay SK. Peste des petits ruminants vaccine and vaccination in India: sharing experience with disease endemic countries. Virusdisease 2015; 26:215-24. [PMID: 26645031 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants, a viral disease of small ruminants, the control of which is important for poverty alleviation and to ensure livelihood security in Asia, Middle East and Africa. In recognition of these issues, we developed and applied vaccine and diagnostics to demonstrate effective control of PPR during preceding 6 years in a sub-population of small ruminants in India. Two south Indian states, namely Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, strongly indicated possibility of PPR control with more than 90 % reduction in number of reported outbreaks of PPR, mostly through mass vaccination. Similarly, the situation at the national level also demonstrated a decline of more than 75 % in the number of reported outbreaks. Sharing these experiences may motivate other countries for similar initiatives leading to progressive control of PPR, which is in line with the initiatives of the organizations like FAO/OIE and the recent platforms on global PPR research alliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Singh
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
| | - S K Bandyopadhyay
- Agricultural Scientist Recruitment Board, KAB-1, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012 India
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16
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Balamurugan V, Hemadri D, Gajendragad MR, Singh RK, Rahman H. Diagnosis and control of peste des petits ruminants: a comprehensive review. Virusdisease 2014; 25:39-56. [PMID: 24426309 PMCID: PMC3889233 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, highly contagious, world organization for animal health (OIE) notifiable and economically important transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats associated with high morbidity and mortality and caused by PPR virus. PPR is considered as one of the main constraints in augmenting the productivity of small ruminants in developing countries and particularly severely affects poor farmer's economy. The disease is clinically manifested by pyrexia, oculo-nasal discharges, necrotizing and erosive stomatitis, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea and bronchopneumonia. The disease can be diagnosed from its clinical signs, pathological lesions, and specific detection of virus antigen/antibodies/genome in the clinical samples by various serological tests and molecular assays. PPR is the one of the priority animal diseases whose control is considered important for poverty alleviation in enzootic countries. Availability of effective and safe live attenuated cell culture PPR vaccines and diagnostics have boosted the recently launched centrally sponsored control programme in India and also in other countries. This review article primarily focus on the current scenario of PPR diagnosis and its control programme with advancement of research areas that have taken place in the recent years with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Balamurugan
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
| | - D. Hemadri
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
| | - M. R. Gajendragad
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
| | - R. K. Singh
- />National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - H. Rahman
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
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Balamurugan V, Krishnamoorthy P, Raju DSN, Rajak KK, Bhanuprakash V, Pandey AB, Gajendragad MR, Prabhudas K, Rahman H. Prevalence of Peste-des-petits-ruminant virus antibodies in cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats in India. Virusdisease 2013; 25:85-90. [PMID: 24426314 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the prevalence of Peste-des-petits-ruminant virus (PPRV) antibodies in cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats carried out during the period 2011 using the serum samples randomly collected from different villages of five states of India. A total of 1,498 serum samples [n = 605 (cattle); n = 432 (buffaloes); n = 173 (sheep); n = 288 (goats)] were collected from 52 districts in five states (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra and Rajasthan) of India and were screened for PPRV-specific antibodies by using PPR monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA kit. Analysis of 1,498 samples indicates that an overall seroprevalence of 21.83 % with 11.07 % in cattle, 16.20 % in buffaloes, 45.66 % in sheep and 38.54 % in goats. This report presents the results of PPRV-specific antibodies in situations where the subclinical, inapparent or nonlethal or recovery of infection was suspected in cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats. The presence of PPRV antibodies demonstrate that bovines are exposed to PPRV infection and it implies the importance of cattle and buffaloes as subclinical hosts for the virus besides widespread presence of the disease in sheep and goats. Further, the study showed that the prevalence of PPRV antibodies in apparently healthy livestock under natural situation, 21.83 % of the animals were protected from PPRV re-infection. This inturn help in the implementation of disease control strategies such as vaccination in that particular geographical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balamurugan
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024 Karnataka India
| | - P Krishnamoorthy
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024 Karnataka India
| | - D S N Raju
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024 Karnataka India
| | - K K Rajak
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Nainital District, Mukteswar, 263 138 Uttarakhand India
| | - V Bhanuprakash
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru Campus, Bengaluru, 560 024 Karnataka India
| | - A B Pandey
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Nainital District, Mukteswar, 263 138 Uttarakhand India
| | - M R Gajendragad
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024 Karnataka India
| | - K Prabhudas
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024 Karnataka India
| | - H Rahman
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024 Karnataka India
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Santhosh AK, Gomes AR, Hegde R, Rathnamma D, Veeregowda BM, Byregowda SM, Renukaprasad C, Bhanuprakash V, Prabhudas K, Hegde NR, Isloor S. Comparative immunogenicity of two peste des petitis ruminants (PPR) vaccines in South Indian sheep and goats under field conditions. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013; 24:373-9. [PMID: 24426300 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petitis ruminants (PPR) is an economically important endemic viral disease of sheep and goats in India, where several different homologous PPR vaccine candidates have been developed. We evaluated the serological response to two vaccine strains, Arasur/87 and Sungri/96, in South Indian cross-bred and native sheep and goats reared under organized and unorganized settings. Animals seronegative (percent inhibition or PI <40) by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) were immunized with either of the vaccine strains or placebo. Sera collected on 21, 60 and 90 days post-vaccination were subjected to c-ELISA and serum neutralization test (SNT). Seropositivity (PI >40), seroconversion (fourfold increase in SNT titres) and seroprotection (SNT titre of ≥8 deemed to be protective) ranged from 66.7 to 84.0 %, 56.0 to 69.2 %, and 60.0 to 76.0 %, respectively. However, no significant difference was observed between responses to the two vaccine strains. These results support the premise that the two vaccine strains are equally efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Santhosh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Amitha R Gomes
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Raveendra Hegde
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - D Rathnamma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - B M Veeregowda
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - S M Byregowda
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - C Renukaprasad
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India ; Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 585401 India
| | - V Bhanuprakash
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - K Prabhudas
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Nagendra R Hegde
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, 500078 India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
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Kumar N, Chaubey KK, Chaudhary K, Singh SV, Sharma DK, Gupta VK, Mishra AK, Sharma S. Isolation, identification and characterization of a Peste des Petits Ruminants virus from an outbreak in Nanakpur, India. J Virol Methods 2013; 189:388-92. [PMID: 23500799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV) was isolated from an outbreak that occurred in sheep and goats in Nanakpur village of Mathura District in Uttar Pradesh (India). Based on hemagglutination of chicken red blood cells (rbcs), cytopathic effect similar to that caused by the Morbilliviruses in Vero cells, and amplification and sequence analysis of the viral nucleoprotein (N) gene, the identity of the virus was confirmed as PPRV and named PPRV/C. hircus-tc/India/2012/Nanakpur1 (in short PPRV/Nkp1/2012). However, based on its poor neutralization with monoclonal antibodies, escape detection by commercial ELISA, and unsuccessful amplification of the hemagglutinin (H) and the fusion (F) genes by several pairs of published PCR primers it was concluded that the PPRV/Nkp1/2012 may not be closely related to lineage type IV PPR viruses believed to be present in the Indian subcontinent. A plaque assay for titration of the PPRV was developed for the first time. The virus was plaque purified and its growth characteristics were studied in the African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells and baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. In a one-step growth curve analysis it was concluded that the duration of the PPRV life cycle is 6-8h, an uncharacterized part of PPRV replication. These findings provide information for devising control strategies against PPR in India by choosing a homologous candidate vaccine prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Makhdoom, P.O.-Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
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