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Lindström M. Psychosocial stress and social capital pathways and health: Perspectives from Lund University, Malmö. Scand J Public Health 2022; 50:864-872. [PMID: 35120429 DOI: 10.1177/14034948221075015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this Commentary is to outline a few steps of the process by which psychosocial stress and later social capital have been investigated as health determinants at Lund University, Malmö since the 1980s. References to the international literature and literature from Malmö from the mid-1980s and onwards will be used. RESULTS The development of research on psychosocial factors and social capital has followed international progress, with a complementary focus on social capital from the late 1990s onwards. Social participation, entailing a number of social activities, seems to be both the common connection between psychosocial stress theory and social capital and the common denominator between cohesion and structural/network approaches to social capital and health. CONCLUSIONS The impact of this research area has been considerable in Sweden. Both psychosocial factors and social capital have been acknowledged as health determinants in national Swedish health policy, although a setback may be discerned in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lindström
- Social Medicine and Health Policy, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö and Centre for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Sweden
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Shi J, Tarkiainen L, Martikainen P, van Raalte A. The impact of income definitions on mortality inequalities. SSM Popul Health 2021; 15:100915. [PMID: 34527804 PMCID: PMC8433258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Income is a strong predictor of adult mortality. Measuring income is not as simple as it may sound. It can be conceptualized at the individual or the household level, with the former better reflecting an individual's earning ability, and the latter better capturing living standards. Furthermore, respondents are often grouped into income categories based on their positions in the income distribution, and this operationalization can be done on the basis of age-specific or total population income distributions. In this study, we look at how four combinations of different conceptualizations (individual vs. household) and operationalizations (age-specific vs. total population) of income can affect mortality inequality estimates. Using Finnish registry data, we constructed period life tables for ages 25+ from 1996 to 2017 by gender and for four income definitions. The results indicated that the slope index of inequality for life expectancy varied by 1.1-5.7 years between income definitions, with larger differences observed for women than for men. The overall age patterns of relative index of inequality for mortality rates yielded by the four definitions were similar, but the levels differed. The period trends across income definitions were consistent for men, but not for women. We conclude that researchers should pay particular attention to the choice of the income definitions when analyzing the association between income and mortality, and when comparing the magnitude of inequality across studies and over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Shi
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
- Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lasse Tarkiainen
- Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
- Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Freeman A, Tyrovolas S, Koyanagi A, Chatterji S, Leonardi M, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Tobiasz-Adamczyk B, Koskinen S, Rummel-Kluge C, Haro JM. The role of socio-economic status in depression: results from the COURAGE (aging survey in Europe). BMC Public Health 2016; 16:1098. [PMID: 27760538 PMCID: PMC5069819 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low socio-economic status (SES) has been found to be associated with a higher prevalence of depression. However, studies that have investigated this association have been limited in their national scope, have analyzed different components of SES separately, and have not used standardized definitions or measurements across populations. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the association between SES and depression across three European countries that represent different regions across Europe, using standardized procedures and measurements and a composite score for SES. METHOD Nationally-representative data on 10,800 individuals aged ≥18 from the Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe (COURAGE) survey conducted in Finland, Poland and Spain were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. An adapted version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to identify the presence of depression, and SES was computed by using the combined scores of the total number of years educated (0-22) and the quintiles of the country-specific income level of the household (1-5). Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between SES and depression. RESULTS Findings reveal a significant association between depression and SES across all countries (p ≤ 0.001). After adjusting for confounders, the odds of depression were significantly decreased for every unit increase in the SES index for Finland, Poland and Spain. Additionally, higher education significantly decreased the odds for depression in each country, but income did not. CONCLUSION The SES index seems to predict depression symptomatology across European countries. Taking SES into account may be an important factor in the development of depression prevention strategies across Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinne Freeman
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanos Tyrovolas
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu/CIBERSAM, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu/CIBERSAM, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Somnath Chatterji
- Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matilde Leonardi
- Department of Neurology, Public Health and Disability, Italian National Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta" Foundation IRCCS (Istituto di ricovero e curaa carattere scientifico), Milan, Italy
| | - Jose Luis Ayuso-Mateos
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beata Tobiasz-Adamczyk
- Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medical Sociology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christine Rummel-Kluge
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu/CIBERSAM, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830, Barcelona, Spain. .,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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O'Toole BI, Adena MA, Jones MP. Risk factors for mortality in Australian Vietnam-era national servicemen: a case-control study. COMMUNITY HEALTH STUDIES 2010; 12:408-17. [PMID: 3243075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.1988.tb00607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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5
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Abstract
Social epidemiology, a subdiscipline of epidemiology, aims to identify socioenvironmental exposures that may be related to a broad range of health status outcomes. The strong association throughout the developed world between lower levels of individual socioeconomic status and poorer health outcomes from many diseases, including arthritis, is well established. Although not yet well studied in arthritis, recent data suggest that community social determinants, the socioeconomic environment of an individual's neighborhood, may be operant in this regard as well. It is of considerable interest that the association of community social determinants with health outcomes appears to be independent of an individual's socioeconomic status, at least in some clinical situations. Both Healthy People 2010 and the National Arthritis Action Plan place high priority on reducing disparities in health outcomes in the United States. Development of effective prevention strategies will require (1) precise recognition of individual and community variables that are associated with health outcomes and (2) evaluation of the putative mediating mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh F Callahan
- Orthopaedics, Medicine and Social Medicine, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA.
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6
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Callahan LF, Pincus T. Education, self-care, and outcomes of rheumatic diseases: further challenges to the "biomedical model" paradigm. ARTHRITIS CARE AND RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ARTHRITIS HEALTH PROFESSIONS ASSOCIATION 1997; 10:283-8. [PMID: 9362594 DOI: 10.1002/art.1790100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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CIOCCO A, MANCUSO T, THOMPSON DJ. FOUR YEARS MORTALITY EXPERIENCE OF A SEGMENT OF THE UNITED STATES WORKING POPULATION. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1996; 55:587-95. [PMID: 14275479 PMCID: PMC1256257 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.55.4.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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8
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Callahan LF, Cordray DS, Wells G, Pincus T. Formal education and five-year mortality in rheumatoid arthritis: mediation by helplessness scale score. ARTHRITIS CARE AND RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ARTHRITIS HEALTH PROFESSIONS ASSOCIATION 1996; 9:463-72. [PMID: 9136290 DOI: 10.1002/art.1790090608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze scores on a scale designed to measure helplessness, a cognitive variable, as a possible mediator of the association between formal education level and mortality over 5 years in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS A cohort of 1,416 patients with RA from 15 private practices in 6 states and Washington, DC was monitored for over 5 years. Demographic, socioeconomic, therapy, functional status, and psychological variables were analyzed as possible predictors of mortality in invariable and multivariable Cox Proportional Hazards models. RESULTS In a 5-year followup, 1,384 patients were accounted for (97.3%), including 174 who died versus 111 expected (standardized mortality ratio = 1.54). Higher mortality was associated significantly with low formal education, high age, poor scores for activities of daily living (ADL) on a modified health assessment questionnaire (MHAQ), and poor scores on a helplessness scale (all P < 0.01) in univariable analyses. High age, few years of formal education, and poor MHAQ ADL scores were all significant independent predictors of mortality when analyzed simultaneously in a Cox Proportional Hazards model. When helplessness scale scores were included in a model, scores greater than 2.4 (on a scale of 1 to 4), higher age, male gender, and increased MHAQ ADL difficulty scores were all independently significantly predictive of 5-year mortality (P < 0.05), while years of education was no longer a significant predictor. CONCLUSION Scores on a helplessness scale appear to mediate a component of the association between formal education level and 5-year mortality in these patients with RA. Health professionals and policy makers might consider interventions directed at modification of helplessness as adjunctive to standard interventions to improve outcomes in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Callahan
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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Johnson AE, Cavalcanti FS, Gordon C, Nived O, Palmer RG, Sturfelt G, Viner NJ, Bacon PA. Cross-sectional analysis of the differences between patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in England, Brazil and Sweden. Lupus 1994; 3:501-6. [PMID: 7704008 DOI: 10.1177/096120339400300613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study is a cross-sectional analysis of the differences between SLE outpatients seen in Rheumatology departments at University centres in England, Brazil and Sweden, using a standard protocol. The demographic characteristics, extent and activity of disease of 209 patients with SLE were studied; 112 patients were seen in England, 33 in Brazil and 64 in Sweden. The median age of disease onset of Brazilian and English patients was 25 years and of Swedish patients 31.5 years. Disease activity was measured by the BILAG index. In most systems Brazilian patients experienced more activity than English patients and English patients more activity than Swedish patients. Non-Caucasians experienced more active disease than Caucasians. No sex or occupational differences were observed in disease activity. English patients were the most likely to have experienced photosensitivity, oral ulcers and haematological disorders, Brazilian patients renal disorders and Swedish patients discoid rashes. Brazilian patients were the most likely to be prescribed only one drug for treatment of SLE and to be taking steroids and the highest dose of steroids, in contrast to the European patients who were often prescribed steroids and an antimalarial agent or azathioprine. The results of this cross-sectional assessment of disease activity using a standardized instrument indicate that there are real differences in the extent and degree of activity of SLE in different national groups. This reflects a combination of genetic, environmental and social influences on disease expression and has implications for treatment and monitoring of SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Johnson
- Department of Rheumatology, Birmingham University, England, UK
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Callahan LF, Pincus T. Formal education level as a significant marker of clinical status in rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1988; 31:1346-57. [PMID: 3190781 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780311102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Clinical status was assessed in 385 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, according to erythrocyte sedimentation rate, joint count, grip strength, walking time, and other quantitative measures. All measures indicated substantially poorer clinical status in patients who did not complete high school, compared with those who had completed high school. In general, the poorest results were seen in patients with only a grade school education. Progressively better results were seen in patients with some high school education, high school graduates, and patients with some college education. No differences in clinical status were seen among patients who had attended college, graduated from college, or had postgraduate education. Although patients seen at the Veterans Administration Medical Center had lower levels of formal education than those seen at a university clinic and private practices, trends in clinical status according to formal education level were similar in all three clinical settings. Differences in clinical status according to formal education level are not explained by age, sex, duration of disease, clinical setting, or multiple comparisons. Formal education level may identify an important marker of clinical status in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Callahan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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11
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Pearce NE, Davis PB, Smith AH, Foster FH. Social class, ethnic group, and male mortality in New Zealand, 1974-8. J Epidemiol Community Health 1985; 39:9-14. [PMID: 3989443 PMCID: PMC1052393 DOI: 10.1136/jech.39.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Social class mortality differences in New Zealand males aged 15 to 64 were investigated for the period 1974-8 using the Registrar-General's classification. The mortality gradient was similar to that previously found in England and Wales, but the New Zealand pattern was non-linear with particularly high mortality in class V. Smoking patterns accounted for much of the increased risk for classes III and IV but did not appear to explain the high mortality in class V. The patterns for the major disease groupings also paralleled those previously found in England and Wales, coronary heart disease and neoplasms displaying weaker gradients than accidents, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, and infectious diseases. Maori and non-Maori males had comparable social class mortality gradients, but the Maori mortality rates were approximately 50% higher than the non-Maori rates in each class.
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12
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Pincus T, Callahan LF. Formal education as a marker for increased mortality and morbidity in rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1985; 38:973-84. [PMID: 4066893 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(85)90095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased mortality and morbidity was seen in association with lower formal educational levels in 75 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients over 9 years. Nine of the 20 patients with 8 or fewer years of education had died, compared to 10 of 34 with 9-12 years of education, and only one of 21 with more than 12 years of education. Among survivors with functional capacity data available from baseline and 9 year review, declines greater than 20% were seen in 8 of 10, 13 of 21, and 9 of 19 patients in the three education categories. Overall, 79% of grade-school educated, 43% of high-school educated, and 20% of college-educated patients had either died or declined more than 50% in functional capacity. Patients of different formal educational levels were similar at baseline in age, duration of disease, measures of functional capacity, number of involved hand joints, number of severe radiographic changes, use of gold, oral corticosteroids or other therapies, and associations between formal educational level and disease course are not explained by these variables. Formal educational level appears a simple quantitative marker which identifies a surrogate or composite variable associated with increased mortality and morbidity in RA.
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13
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Jensen RE. Correlates of urban mortality: a social area analysis. COMPUTERS, ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN SYSTEMS 1984; 9:277-284. [PMID: 12340934 DOI: 10.1016/0198-9715(84)90028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A method of social area analysis developed by Shevky and Bell is used to analyze mortality among the census tracts of Des Moines, Iowa. "Social rank, urbanization, and segregation indices as well as age-standardized death rates were calculated for each census tract. All variables were treated as continuous, and correlation and regression procedures were used to analyze the data. The findings were consistent with those of previous studies and all relationships were as expected. Regression analysis revealed that segregation contributed little to the explanation of variation in age-standardized death rates, suggesting that segregation is not an important determinant of life styles affecting mortality independent of social rank. The results were interpreted in terms of social class differences in accessibility to medical assistance and assumption of the sick role."
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Langley J, Silva P, Williams S. Socio-economic status and childhood injuries. AUSTRALIAN PAEDIATRIC JOURNAL 1983; 19:237-40. [PMID: 6673723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1983.tb02110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that there was an inverse linear relationship between childhood injuries and socio-economic status was tested. Four measures of socio-economic status were related to childhood injury records covering the first seven years of life. The results failed to show any significant relationship between history of injury and four measures of socio-economic status.
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15
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Frey RS. The socioeconomic distribution of mortality rates in Des Moines, Iowa, 1974. Public Health Rep 1982; 97:545-9. [PMID: 7146304 PMCID: PMC1424385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Abstract
The authors review the evidence that parental death in childhood predisposes to depressive disorders in later life. The findings in general are quite inconsistent; this is due in part to the methodological limitations of most studies, principally that of inadequate control of potentially confounding variables. Where experimental and control samples were most rigorously matched, no association was found between childhood parental bereavement and depression in later life. Parental death in childhood appears to have little effect on adult depressive morbidity.
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Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J, Kesäniemi A, Sarna S. Differences in mortality from ischemic heart disease by marital status and social class. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1980; 33:95-106. [PMID: 7354102 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(80)90033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Koskenvuo M, Sarna S, Kaprio J. Mortality by marital status and social class in Finland during 1969--1971. Mortality from natural and violent causes. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL MEDICINE 1978; 6:137-43. [PMID: 725556 DOI: 10.1177/140349487800600307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper a study of the distribution of mortality rates by social class and marital status for men and women in three age groups (25--44, 45--64 and 65--84) is presented. Natural and violent causes of death are analysed separately. The death certificates of Finnish citizens for the years 1969, 1970 and 1971 (totalling 137780) were analysed and mortality rates standarized using as reference population the data from the 1970 census. It is shown that certain combinations of social class and marital status can be considered as significant risk factors for mortality in the Finnish population.
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Fisher S. Relationship of mortality to socioeconomic status and some other factors in Sydney in 1971. J Epidemiol Community Health 1978; 32:41-6. [PMID: 262588 PMCID: PMC1087309 DOI: 10.1136/jech.32.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In Sydney in 1971 low socioeconomic status was found to be associated with high mortality and this became more marked with increasing age; it was not statistically significant in relation to infant mortality. Mortality was higher among those born in Australia than among immigrants. A more varied pattern in the differences in cause specific death rates was noted in those born in Australia compared with those born overseas. Socioeconomic status was characterised by an area-type index applied to the results of 1971 census and calculated for local government areas in the Sydney Statistical Division.
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Stockwell EG, Wicks JW, Adamchak DJ. Research needed on socioeconomic differentials in U.S. mortality. Public Health Rep 1978; 93:666-72. [PMID: 715163 PMCID: PMC1431951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Nagi MH, Stockwell EG. Socioeconomic differentials in mortality by cause of death. Health Serv Rep 1973; 88:449-56. [PMID: 4707691 PMCID: PMC1616095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Brenner MH. Fetal, infant, and maternal mortality during periods of economic instability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 1973; 3:145-59. [PMID: 4716553 DOI: 10.2190/um5l-tvn7-vdfr-uu0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the most sensitive indicators of the general socioeconomic level of a nation is the infant mortality rate. For industrialized societies, however, the problem of adapting to economic growth concerns less the level of economic growth than whether that growth is relatively smooth or chaotic. Thus, if there is in fact a continuing inverse relationship between economic growth rates and trends in infant mortality, such a relationship should be most accurately observed in comparisons between short and intermediate fluctuations in trends in infant mortality and in the economy. The results of this analysis indicate that significant changes in the trends in perinatal, neonatal, and postneonatal and maternal mortality occur regularly in the United States as a result of environmental change associated with economic fluctuations. The evidence indicates that economic recessions and upswings have played a significant role in fetal, infant, and maternal mortality in the last 45 years. In fact, economic instability has probably been responsible for the apparent lack of continuity in the decline in infant mortality rates since 1950.
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Abstract
SynopsisThe study aims to determine (1) the extent to which parental social class influences the incidence of early parent death; (2) the effect of parental social class on the outcome of early parent death, in terms of vulnerability to adult mental illness; (3) whether early parent death affects the age of terminating full-time education; and (4) whether early bereaved subjects lag behind their non-bereaved contemporaries in social class status. The study shows that parental social class does influence the outcome of early parent death and that early bereaved subjects do lag behind in social class status.
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Kleevens JW. Housing, urbanization and health in developing (tropical) countries. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(71)90082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Keller AZ. Survivorship with mouth and pharynx cancer and their association with cirrhosis of the liver, marital status, and residence. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1969; 59:1139-53. [PMID: 5815753 PMCID: PMC1226586 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.59.7.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Myrianthopoulos NC, French KS. An application of the U.S. Bureau of the Census socioeconomic index to a large, diversified patient population. Soc Sci Med 1968; 2:283-99. [PMID: 5760819 DOI: 10.1016/0037-7856(68)90004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Antonovsky A. Social class and the major cardiovascular diseases. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1968; 21:65-106. [PMID: 5658582 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(68)90098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Roemer MI, Moustafa AT, Hopkins CE. A proposed hospital quality index: hospital death rates adjusted for case severity. Health Serv Res 1968; 3:96-118. [PMID: 5686354 PMCID: PMC1067460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
It is proposed that an appropriate measure of the quality of hospital care might be a measure of its outcome—the death rate, corrected to take into account the fact that certain types of hospitals have a larger proportion of seriously ill patients than others. Various indicators of case severity are assessed, under the constraints of simplicity and practicality of data collection and of calculation; and it is shown that the easily determined factor of length of hospital stay, especially when corrected so as to exclude external factors not related to the patient's condition, offers a valuable approach to such an adjustment of the crude death rate. An equation is proposed by which the crude death rate in general hospitals may be adjusted for case severity by the length of stay, corrected in turn by the occupancy rate, to give a more objective measure of hospital performance than the currently used measures based chiefly on evaluation of the hospital's staffing, equipment, and services.
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Freeman RB. The criterion of relevance. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1967; 57:1522-31. [PMID: 6069065 PMCID: PMC1227684 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.57.9.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Stockwell EG. Use of socioeconomic status as a demographic variable. PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1896) 1966; 81:961-6. [PMID: 4958790 PMCID: PMC1919844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Donabedian A, Rosenfeld LS, Southern EM. Infant mortality and socioeconomic status in a metropolitan community. PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1896) 1965; 80:1083-94. [PMID: 4954380 PMCID: PMC1919724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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