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Delaney T, Jackson J, Lecathelinais C, Clinton-McHarg T, Lamont H, Yoong SL, Wolfenden L, Sutherland R, Wyse R. Long-Term Effectiveness of a Multi-Strategy Choice Architecture Intervention in Increasing Healthy Food Choices of High-School Students From Online Canteens (Click & Crunch High Schools): Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e51108. [PMID: 38502177 PMCID: PMC10988364 DOI: 10.2196/51108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND School canteens are a recommended setting to influence adolescent nutrition due to their scope to improve student food choices. Online lunch ordering systems ("online canteens") are increasingly used and represent attractive infrastructure to implement choice architecture interventions that nudge users toward healthier food choices. A recent cluster randomized controlled trial demonstrated the short-term effectiveness (2-month follow-up) of a choice architecture intervention to increase the healthiness of foods purchased by high school students from online canteens. However, there is little evidence regarding the long-term effectiveness of choice architecture interventions targeting adolescent food purchases, particularly those delivered online. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the long-term effectiveness of a multi-strategy choice architecture intervention embedded within online canteen infrastructure in high schools at a 15-month follow-up. METHODS A cluster randomized controlled trial was undertaken with 1331 students (from 9 high schools) in New South Wales, Australia. Schools were randomized to receive the automated choice architecture intervention (including menu labeling, positioning, feedback, and prompting strategies) or the control (standard online ordering). The foods purchased were classified according to the New South Wales Healthy Canteen strategy as either "everyday," "occasional," or "should not be sold." Primary outcomes were the average proportion of "everyday," "occasional," and "should not be sold" items purchased per student. Secondary outcomes were the mean energy, saturated fat, sugar, and sodium content of purchases. Outcomes were assessed using routine data collected by the online canteen. RESULTS From baseline to 15-month follow-up, on average, students in the intervention group ordered significantly more "everyday" items (+11.5%, 95% CI 7.3% to 15.6%; P<.001), and significantly fewer "occasional" (-5.4%, 95% CI -9.4% to -1.5%; P=.007) and "should not be sold" items (-6%, 95% CI -9.1% to -2.9%; P<.001), relative to controls. There were no between-group differences over time in the mean energy, saturated fat, sugar, or sodium content of lunch orders. CONCLUSIONS Given their longer-term effectiveness, choice architecture interventions delivered via online canteens may represent a promising option for policy makers to support healthy eating among high school students. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian Clinical Trials ACTRN12620001338954, https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=380546 ; Open Science Framework osf.io/h8zfr, https://osf.io/h8zfr/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Delaney
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Jacklyn Jackson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Christophe Lecathelinais
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Tara Clinton-McHarg
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hannah Lamont
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Sze Lin Yoong
- Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luke Wolfenden
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Rachel Sutherland
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Rebecca Wyse
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
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Randby JS, Ogden T, Lien N. Implementation and effectiveness of a school-based intervention to increase adherence to national school meal guidelines: a non-randomised controlled trial. Public Health Nutr 2024; 27:e25. [PMID: 38164650 PMCID: PMC10830359 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023002938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Implementation of school meal guidelines is often inadequate, and evidence for effective implementation strategies for school-based nutrition interventions is limited. The aim of the present study was to examine the implementation and effectiveness of a multi-strategy implementation intervention to increase adherence to the Norwegian national school meal guideline. DESIGN The study was a school-based hybrid implementation effectiveness trial with a pre-post non-equivalent control group design, testing three implementation strategies: internal facilitation, training and an educational meeting. SETTING Primary schools and after-school services in two counties in south-east Norway. PARTICIPANTS School principals, after-school leaders and class teachers from thirty-three schools in the intervention county and principals and after-school leaders from thirty-four schools in a comparison county. RESULTS There was a significant difference of 4 percentage points in change scores between the intervention and the comparison groups at follow-up, after adjusting for baseline adherence (B = 0·04, seB = 0·01, t = 3·10, P = 0·003). The intervention effect was not associated with the school's socio-economic profile. School-level fidelity was the implementation dimension that was most strongly correlated (r s = 0·48) with the change scores in the intervention group, indicating that principals' support is important for gaining the largest intervention effects. CONCLUSIONS A school-based intervention with low intensity, based on trained teachers as internal facilitators, can increase adherence to the national school meal guideline among Norwegian primary schools, irrespective of local socio-economic conditions. Implementation fidelity, at an organisational level, may be a useful predictor for intervention outcomes in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorunn Sofie Randby
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Pb. 1046 Blindern, 0317Oslo, Norway
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Norwegian Directorate of Health, Pb. 220 Skøyen, 0213Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje Ogden
- Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development, P.b. 7053 Majorstuen, 0306Oslo, Norway
| | - Nanna Lien
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Pb. 1046 Blindern, 0317Oslo, Norway
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Lavelle MA, Knopp M, Gunther CW, Hopkins LC. Youth and Peer Mentor Led Interventions to Improve Biometric-, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Psychosocial-Related Outcomes in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:2658. [PMID: 37375562 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of youth (older) and peer (same age) mentor-led interventions to improve nutrition and physical activity has been an emerging trend in recent years. This systematic review is intended to synthesize the effectiveness of these intervention programs on participants and mentors based on biometric, nutrition, physical activity, and psychosocial outcomes of youth and peer mentor-led interventions among children and adolescents. Online databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost and Google Scholar, were searched, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. A three-step screening process was used to meet the proposed eligibility criteria, and the risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) was used to assess bias for the included studies. Nineteen unique intervention programs and twenty-five total studies were deemed eligible when considering the criteria required for review. Multiple studies demonstrated positive evidence of the biometric and physical activity outcomes that were considered significant. The findings regarding the nutritional outcomes across the included studies were mixed, as some studies reported significant changes in eating habits while others did not find a significant change. Overall, the utilization of youth and peer mentor-led models in nutrition- and physical-activity-related interventions may be successful in overweight and obesity prevention efforts for those children and adolescents receiving the intervention and the youths and peers leading the interventions. More research is needed to explore the impact on the youths and peers leading the interventions and disseminating more detailed implementation strategies, e.g., training mentors would allow for advancements in the field and the replicability of approaches. Terminology: In the current youth- and peer-led nutrition and physical activity intervention literature, a varying age differential exists between the targeted sample and the peers, and varying terminology with regards to how to name or refer to the youth. In some instances, the youth mentors were individuals of the same grade as the target sample who either volunteered to serve in the peer role or were selected by their fellow students or school staff. In other cases, the youth mentors were slightly older individuals, either in high school or college, who were selected based upon their experience, leadership skills, passion for the project, or demonstration of healthy lifestyle behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Lavelle
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Education and Health Sciences, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, OH 44017, USA
| | - Miriam Knopp
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Carolyn W Gunther
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Laura C Hopkins
- Department of Public Health and Prevention Science, College of Education and Health Sciences, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, OH 44017, USA
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Wolfenden L, McCrabb S, Barnes C, O'Brien KM, Ng KW, Nathan NK, Sutherland R, Hodder RK, Tzelepis F, Nolan E, Williams CM, Yoong SL. Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school-based policies or practices targeting diet, physical activity, obesity, tobacco or alcohol use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 8:CD011677. [PMID: 36036664 PMCID: PMC9422950 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011677.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several school-based interventions are effective in improving child diet and physical activity, and preventing excessive weight gain, and tobacco or harmful alcohol use. However, schools are frequently unsuccessful in implementing such evidence-based interventions. OBJECTIVES 1. To evaluate the benefits and harms of strategies aiming to improve school implementation of interventions to address student diet, physical activity, tobacco or alcohol use, and obesity. 2. To evaluate the benefits and harms of strategies to improve intervention implementation on measures of student diet, physical activity, obesity, tobacco use or alcohol use; describe their cost or cost-effectiveness; and any harms of strategies on schools, school staff or students. SEARCH METHODS We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search was between 1 September 2016 and 30 April 2021 to identify any relevant trials published since the last published review. SELECTION CRITERIA We defined 'Implementation' as the use of strategies to adopt and integrate evidence-based health interventions and to change practice patterns within specific settings. We included any trial (randomised controlled trial (RCT) or non-randomised controlled trial (non-RCT)) conducted at any scale, with a parallel control group that compared a strategy to implement policies or practices to address diet, physical activity, overweight or obesity, tobacco or alcohol use by students to 'no intervention', 'usual' practice or a different implementation strategy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methods. Given the large number of outcomes reported, we selected and included the effects of a single outcome measure for each trial for the primary (implementation) and secondary (student health behaviour and obesity) outcomes using a decision hierarchy. Where possible, we calculated standardised mean differences (SMDs) to account for variable outcome measures with 95% confidence intervals (CI). For RCTs, we conducted meta-analyses of primary and secondary outcomes using a random-effects model, or in instances where there were between two and five studies, a fixed-effect model. The synthesis of the effects for non-randomised studies followed the 'Synthesis without meta-analysis' (SWiM) guidelines. MAIN RESULTS We included an additional 11 trials in this update bringing the total number of included studies in the review to 38. Of these, 22 were conducted in the USA. Twenty-six studies used RCT designs. Seventeen trials tested strategies to implement healthy eating, 12 physical activity and six a combination of risk factors. Just one trial sought to increase the implementation of interventions to delay initiation or reduce the consumption of alcohol. All trials used multiple implementation strategies, the most common being educational materials, educational outreach and educational meetings. The overall certainty of evidence was low and ranged from very low to moderate for secondary review outcomes. Pooled analyses of RCTs found, relative to a control, the use of implementation strategies may result in a large increase in the implementation of interventions in schools (SMD 1.04, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.34; 22 RCTs, 1917 participants; low-certainty evidence). For secondary outcomes we found, relative to control, the use of implementation strategies to support intervention implementation may result in a slight improvement on measures of student diet (SMD 0.08, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.15; 11 RCTs, 16,649 participants; low-certainty evidence) and physical activity (SMD 0.09, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.19; 9 RCTs, 16,389 participants; low-certainty evidence). The effects on obesity probably suggest little to no difference (SMD -0.02, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.02; 8 RCTs, 18,618 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). The effects on tobacco use are very uncertain (SMD -0.03, 95% CIs -0.23 to 0.18; 3 RCTs, 3635 participants; very low-certainty evidence). One RCT assessed measures of student alcohol use and found strategies to support implementation may result in a slight increase in use (odds ratio 1.10, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.56; P = 0.60; 2105 participants). Few trials reported the economic evaluations of implementation strategies, the methods of which were heterogeneous and evidence graded as very uncertain. A lack of consistent terminology describing implementation strategies was an important limitation of the review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The use of implementation strategies may result in large increases in implementation of interventions, and slight improvements in measures of student diet, and physical activity. Further research is required to assess the impact of implementation strategies on such behavioural- and obesity-related outcomes, including on measures of alcohol use, where the findings of one trial suggest it may slightly increase student risk. Given the low certainty of the available evidence for most measures further research is required to guide efforts to facilitate the translation of evidence into practice in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Wolfenden
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
| | - Sam McCrabb
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Courtney Barnes
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate M O'Brien
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Kwok W Ng
- Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensu, Finland
| | - Nicole K Nathan
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Sutherland
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca K Hodder
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
| | - Flora Tzelepis
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Erin Nolan
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher M Williams
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
- Musculoskeletal Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sze Lin Yoong
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
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5
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Steeves EA, Trude ACB, Ruggiero CF, Ruiz MJM, Jones-Smith JC, Porter KP, Cheskin L, Hurley K, Hopkins L, Gittelsohn J. Perceptions and Impact of a Youth-led Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention among Youth-leaders. JOURNAL OF HUNGER & ENVIRONMENTAL NUTRITION 2021; 16:213-234. [PMID: 34539947 DOI: 10.1080/19320248.2019.1649777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the impact of a youth-led nutrition intervention on youth-leaders themselves. Design Mixed methods, including: in-depth interviews and a quasi-experimental quantitative study comparing youth-leaders and nonparticipant comparison youth. Analysis Qualitative analysis using direct content analysis. Difference-in-differences analyses assessing quantitative program impact. Results Youth-leaders perceived that the intervention impacted themselves, the youth-participants, and their respective social networks. Youth-leaders experienced greater increases in intentions to eat healthfully (p=0.04), and greater decreases in support for healthy eating from their friends (p=0.01), than the comparison group. Conclusions/Implications Youth-leaders reported multiple levels of intervention impact, and increased intentions for healthy eating; however, additional research is needed to enhance impact on behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Cristina Bizzotto Trude
- Center for Human Nutrition and the Global Obesity Prevention Center at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | | | | | | | - Keshia Pollack Porter
- Department of Health Policy and Management and the Global Obesity Prevention Center at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Lawrence Cheskin
- Department of Health Behavior and Society and the Global Obesity Prevention Center at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Kristen Hurley
- Center for Human Nutrition and the Global Obesity Prevention Center at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | | | - Joel Gittelsohn
- Center for Human Nutrition and the Global Obesity Prevention Center at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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Barnes C, McCrabb S, Stacey F, Nathan N, Yoong SL, Grady A, Sutherland R, Hodder R, Innes-Hughes C, Davies M, Wolfenden L. Improving implementation of school-based healthy eating and physical activity policies, practices, and programs: a systematic review. Transl Behav Med 2021; 11:1365-1410. [PMID: 34080618 PMCID: PMC8320878 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although best practice recommendations exist regarding school-based healthy eating and physical activity policies, practices, and programs, research indicates that implementation is poor. As the field of implementation science is rapidly evolving, an update of the recent review of strategies to improve the implementation of healthy eating and physical activity interventions in schools published in the Cochrane Library in 2017 was required. The primary aim of this review was to examine the effectiveness of strategies that aim to improve the implementation of school-based policies, practices, or programs to address child diet, physical activity, or obesity. A systematic review of articles published between August 31, 2016 and April 10, 2019 utilizing Cochrane methodology was conducted. In addition to the 22 studies included in the original review, eight further studies were identified as eligible. The 30 studies sought to improve the implementation of healthy eating (n = 16), physical activity (n = 11), or both healthy eating and physical activity (n = 3). The narrative synthesis indicated that effect sizes of strategies to improve implementation were highly variable across studies. For example, among 10 studies reporting the proportion of schools implementing a targeted policy, practice, or program versus a minimal or usual practice control, the median unadjusted effect size was 16.2%, ranging from -0.2% to 66.6%. Findings provide some evidence to support the effectiveness of strategies in enhancing the nutritional quality of foods served at schools, the implementation of canteen policies, and the time scheduled for physical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Barnes
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sam McCrabb
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona Stacey
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Nathan
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sze Lin Yoong
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Nursing and Allied Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice Grady
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachel Sutherland
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Hodder
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Marc Davies
- New South Wales Office of Preventive Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luke Wolfenden
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
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Mohammadi S, Su TT, Papadaki A, Jalaludin MY, Dahlui M, Mohamed MNA, Jago R, Toumpakari Z, Johnson L, Majid HA. Perceptions of eating practices and physical activity among Malaysian adolescents in secondary schools: a qualitative study with multi-stakeholders. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:2273-2285. [PMID: 32744217 PMCID: PMC10195509 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020002293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct formative research using qualitative methods among stakeholders of secondary schools to explore their perceptions, barriers and facilitators related to healthy eating and physical activity (PA) among Malaysian adolescents. DESIGN A qualitative study involving eight focus groups and twelve in-depth interviews. Focus groups and interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. An inductive thematic analysis approach was used to analyse the data. SETTING Four secondary schools in Perak and Selangor states (two urban and two rural schools) in Malaysia. PARTICIPANTS Focus groups were conducted with seventy-six adolescents aged 13-14 years, and in-depth interviews were conducted with four headmasters, four PA education teachers and four food canteen operators. RESULTS Stakeholders thought that adolescents' misperceptions, limited availability of healthy options, unhealthy food preferences and affordability were important challenges preventing healthy eating at school. Low-quality physical education (PE) classes, limited adolescent participation and teachers' commitment during lessons were perceived as barriers to adolescents being active at school. Affordability was the main challenge for adolescents from rural schools. Stakeholders perceived that a future school-based intervention should improve the availability and subsidies for healthy foods, provide health education/training for both adolescents and PE teachers, enhance active adolescent participation in PE and develop social support mechanisms to facilitate engagement with PA. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide important insights into developing school-based lifestyle interventions to improve healthy eating and strengthening PA of Malaysian adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shooka Mohammadi
- Centre for Population Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur50603, Malaysia
| | - Tin Tin Su
- Centre for Population Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur50603, Malaysia
- South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway47500, Malaysia
| | - Angeliki Papadaki
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1TZ, UK
| | - Muhammad Yazid Jalaludin
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur50603, Malaysia
| | - Maznah Dahlui
- Centre for Population Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nahar Azmi Mohamed
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur50603, Malaysia
| | - Russell Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1TZ, UK
| | - Zoi Toumpakari
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1TZ, UK
| | - Laura Johnson
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1TZ, UK
| | - Hazreen Abdul Majid
- Centre for Population Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur50603, Malaysia
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Jawa Timur60115, Indonesia
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Alattar MA, Morse JL. Poised for Change: University Students Are Positively Disposed toward Food Waste Diversion and Decrease Individual Food Waste after Programming. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030510. [PMID: 33804323 PMCID: PMC7998915 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Eaters (consumers of food) are responsible for 60% of waste along the food cycle in developed countries. Programs that target individual and household food waste behavior change are essential to addressing such waste. School cafeterias worldwide offer an opportune microcosm in which to educate on food and nutrition skills and change related behavior. No Scrap Left Behind, a cafeteria food waste diversion program, was developed, piloted, and assessed based on measures of both direct and indirect food waste behavior, and attitudes, knowledge, and emotions related to food waste. Participants had positive attitudes towards food waste reduction, engaged in food waste diversion actions, had some knowledge of the impacts of wasted food, and considered their actions important to waste reduction generally. Food waste per student was decreased by 28% over the course of the first year of programming (p = 0.000967), and by 26% in the following year when measured a week before and a week after programming occurred (p = 0.0218). Results indicate that students were poised for food behavior change and that related programming did impact behavior in the short term. Programming may, therefore, help improve student attitudes and skills to develop long-term change as well, although future research should explore this specifically. In comparison with other research on cafeteria programming, results suggest that food waste diversion programming can positively impact students’ dispositions and behaviors, and may be more effective when tailored to the specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar A. Alattar
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA;
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Portland, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Department of Biology Portland, Portland Community College, 12000 SW 49th Ave., Portland, OR 97219, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Jennifer L. Morse
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA;
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Finster MP, Feldman J. Cost-Effectiveness of 2 Support Models for a Healthy School Initiative. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2020; 90:724-730. [PMID: 32696472 PMCID: PMC7496764 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In school year (SY) 2014-2015, 128 schools in 24 districts and 14 states were randomly assigned to receive either onsite or online support to implement a school-based wellness program. The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness (CE) of the 2 models of implementation support: onsite and online. METHODS We adapted the "ingredients method" for the CE analysis. Using expenditure data, we tabulated the costs of relevant expense categories and allocated the appropriate proportion to determine the total costs of providing each type of support for 4 years (SY 2014-2015 through SY 2017-2018). We divided the average cost per school by the average change in school wellness policies and practices, using assessment data provided by the program provider, to calculate a CE ratio for schools in each group. RESULTS Findings indicate that when the program is implemented as intended, online support is, on average, approximately 1.3 times more cost-effective than onsite support at the end of 4 years. CONCLUSIONS By demonstrating the relative CE of 2 approaches to supporting the implementation of a school health program, this study provides further insight on more efficient interventions for improving overall school wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Finster
- Senior Study Director, , Westat, Inc., 1600 Research Blvd., Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Jill Feldman
- Senior Study Director, , Westat, Inc.,1600 Research Blvd., Rockville, MD 20850
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ALjaraedah TY, Takruri HR, Tayyem RF. Dietary practices and nutrient intake among adolescents: A general review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2019.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Hollands GJ, Carter P, Anwer S, King SE, Jebb SA, Ogilvie D, Shemilt I, Higgins JPT, Marteau TM. Altering the availability or proximity of food, alcohol, and tobacco products to change their selection and consumption. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 9:CD012573. [PMID: 31482606 PMCID: PMC6953356 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012573.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overconsumption of food, alcohol, and tobacco products increases the risk of non-communicable diseases. Interventions to change characteristics of physical micro-environments where people may select or consume these products - including shops, restaurants, workplaces, and schools - are of considerable public health policy and research interest. This review addresses two types of intervention within such environments: altering the availability (the range and/or amount of options) of these products, or their proximity (the distance at which they are positioned) to potential consumers. OBJECTIVES 1. To assess the impact on selection and consumption of altering the availability or proximity of (a) food (including non-alcoholic beverages), (b) alcohol, and (c) tobacco products.2. To assess the extent to which the impact of these interventions is modified by characteristics of: i. studies, ii. interventions, and iii. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and seven other published or grey literature databases, as well as trial registries and key websites, up to 23 July 2018, followed by citation searches. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials with between-participants (parallel group) or within-participants (cross-over) designs. Eligible studies compared effects of exposure to at least two different levels of availability of a product or its proximity, and included a measure of selection or consumption of the manipulated product. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used a novel semi-automated screening workflow and applied standard Cochrane methods to select eligible studies, collect data, and assess risk of bias. In separate analyses for availability interventions and proximity interventions, we combined results using random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression models to estimate summary effect sizes (as standardised mean differences (SMDs)) and to investigate associations between summary effect sizes and selected study, intervention, or participant characteristics. We rated the certainty of evidence for each outcome using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS We included 24 studies, with the majority (20/24) giving concerns about risk of bias. All of the included studies investigated food products; none investigated alcohol or tobacco. The majority were conducted in laboratory settings (14/24), with adult participants (17/24), and used between-participants designs (19/24). All studies were conducted in high-income countries, predominantly in the USA (14/24).Six studies investigated availability interventions, of which two changed the absolute number of different options available, and four altered the relative proportion of less-healthy (to healthier) options. Most studies (4/6) manipulated snack foods or drinks. For selection outcomes, meta-analysis of three comparisons from three studies (n = 154) found that exposure to fewer options resulted in a large reduction in selection of the targeted food(s): SMD -1.13 (95% confidence interval (CI) -1.90 to -0.37) (low certainty evidence). For consumption outcomes, meta-analysis of three comparisons from two studies (n = 150) found that exposure to fewer options resulted in a moderate reduction in consumption of those foods, but with considerable uncertainty: SMD -0.55 (95% CI -1.27 to 0.18) (low certainty evidence).Eighteen studies investigated proximity interventions. Most (14/18) changed the distance at which a snack food or drink was placed from the participants, whilst four studies changed the order of meal components encountered along a line. For selection outcomes, only one study with one comparison (n = 41) was identified, which found that food placed farther away resulted in a moderate reduction in its selection: SMD -0.65 (95% CI -1.29 to -0.01) (very low certainty evidence). For consumption outcomes, meta-analysis of 15 comparisons from 12 studies (n = 1098) found that exposure to food placed farther away resulted in a moderate reduction in its consumption: SMD -0.60 (95% CI -0.84 to -0.36) (low certainty evidence). Meta-regression analyses indicated that this effect was greater: the farther away the product was placed; when only the targeted product(s) was available; when participants were of low deprivation status; and when the study was at high risk of bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The current evidence suggests that changing the number of available food options or altering the positioning of foods could contribute to meaningful changes in behaviour, justifying policy actions to promote such changes within food environments. However, the certainty of this evidence as assessed by GRADE is low or very low. To enable more certain and generalisable conclusions about these potentially important effects, further research is warranted in real-world settings, intervening across a wider range of foods - as well as alcohol and tobacco products - and over sustained time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Hollands
- University of CambridgeBehaviour and Health Research UnitForvie SiteRobinson WayCambridgeUKCB2 0SR
| | - Patrice Carter
- University College LondonCentre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness1‐19 Torrington PlaceLondonUKWC1E 7HB
| | - Sumayya Anwer
- University of BristolPopulation Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolCanynge Hall, 39 Whatley RoadBristolUKBS8 2PS
| | - Sarah E King
- University of CambridgeBehaviour and Health Research UnitForvie SiteRobinson WayCambridgeUKCB2 0SR
| | - Susan A Jebb
- University of OxfordNuffield Department of Primary Care Health SciencesRadcliffe Observatory QuarterWoodstock RoadOxfordOxfordshireUKOX2 6GG
| | - David Ogilvie
- University of CambridgeMRC Epidemiology UnitBox 285Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUKCB2 0QQ
| | - Ian Shemilt
- University College LondonEPPI‐Centre10 Woburn SquareLondonUKWC1H 0NR
| | - Julian P T Higgins
- University of BristolPopulation Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolCanynge Hall, 39 Whatley RoadBristolUKBS8 2PS
| | - Theresa M Marteau
- University of CambridgeBehaviour and Health Research UnitForvie SiteRobinson WayCambridgeUKCB2 0SR
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12
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Hollands GJ, Carter P, Anwer S, King SE, Jebb SA, Ogilvie D, Shemilt I, Higgins JPT, Marteau TM. Altering the availability or proximity of food, alcohol, and tobacco products to change their selection and consumption. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 8:CD012573. [PMID: 31452193 PMCID: PMC6710643 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012573.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overconsumption of food, alcohol, and tobacco products increases the risk of non-communicable diseases. Interventions to change characteristics of physical micro-environments where people may select or consume these products - including shops, restaurants, workplaces, and schools - are of considerable public health policy and research interest. This review addresses two types of intervention within such environments: altering the availability (the range and/or amount of options) of these products, or their proximity (the distance at which they are positioned) to potential consumers. OBJECTIVES 1. To assess the impact on selection and consumption of altering the availability or proximity of (a) food (including non-alcoholic beverages), (b) alcohol, and (c) tobacco products.2. To assess the extent to which the impact of these interventions is modified by characteristics of: i. studies, ii. interventions, and iii. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and seven other published or grey literature databases, as well as trial registries and key websites, up to 23 July 2018, followed by citation searches. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials with between-participants (parallel group) or within-participants (cross-over) designs. Eligible studies compared effects of exposure to at least two different levels of availability of a product or its proximity, and included a measure of selection or consumption of the manipulated product. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used a novel semi-automated screening workflow and applied standard Cochrane methods to select eligible studies, collect data, and assess risk of bias. In separate analyses for availability interventions and proximity interventions, we combined results using random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression models to estimate summary effect sizes (as standardised mean differences (SMDs)) and to investigate associations between summary effect sizes and selected study, intervention, or participant characteristics. We rated the certainty of evidence for each outcome using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS We included 24 studies, with the majority (20/24) giving concerns about risk of bias. All of the included studies investigated food products; none investigated alcohol or tobacco. The majority were conducted in laboratory settings (14/24), with adult participants (17/24), and used between-participants designs (19/24). All studies were conducted in high-income countries, predominantly in the USA (14/24).Six studies investigated availability interventions, of which two changed the absolute number of different options available, and four altered the relative proportion of less-healthy (to healthier) options. Most studies (4/6) manipulated snack foods or drinks. For selection outcomes, meta-analysis of three comparisons from three studies (n = 154) found that exposure to fewer options resulted in a large reduction in selection of the targeted food(s): SMD -1.13 (95% confidence interval (CI) -1.90 to -0.37) (low certainty evidence). For consumption outcomes, meta-analysis of three comparisons from two studies (n = 150) found that exposure to fewer options resulted in a moderate reduction in consumption of those foods, but with considerable uncertainty: SMD -0.55 (95% CI -1.27 to 0.18) (low certainty evidence).Eighteen studies investigated proximity interventions. Most (14/18) changed the distance at which a snack food or drink was placed from the participants, whilst four studies changed the order of meal components encountered along a line. For selection outcomes, only one study with one comparison (n = 41) was identified, which found that food placed farther away resulted in a moderate reduction in its selection: SMD -0.65 (95% CI -1.29 to -0.01) (very low certainty evidence). For consumption outcomes, meta-analysis of 15 comparisons from 12 studies (n = 1098) found that exposure to food placed farther away resulted in a moderate reduction in its consumption: SMD -0.60 (95% CI -0.84 to -0.36) (low certainty evidence). Meta-regression analyses indicated that this effect was greater: the farther away the product was placed; when only the targeted product(s) was available; when participants were of low deprivation status; and when the study was at high risk of bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The current evidence suggests that changing the number of available food options or altering the positioning of foods could contribute to meaningful changes in behaviour, justifying policy actions to promote such changes within food environments. However, the certainty of this evidence as assessed by GRADE is low or very low. To enable more certain and generalisable conclusions about these potentially important effects, further research is warranted in real-world settings, intervening across a wider range of foods - as well as alcohol and tobacco products - and over sustained time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Hollands
- University of CambridgeBehaviour and Health Research UnitForvie SiteRobinson WayCambridgeUKCB2 0SR
| | - Patrice Carter
- University College LondonCentre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness1‐19 Torrington PlaceLondonUKWC1E 7HB
| | - Sumayya Anwer
- University of BristolPopulation Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolCanynge Hall, 39 Whatley RoadBristolUKBS8 2PS
| | - Sarah E King
- University of CambridgeBehaviour and Health Research UnitForvie SiteRobinson WayCambridgeUKCB2 0SR
| | - Susan A Jebb
- University of OxfordNuffield Department of Primary Care Health SciencesRadcliffe Observatory QuarterWoodstock RoadOxfordUKOX2 6GG
| | - David Ogilvie
- University of CambridgeMRC Epidemiology UnitBox 285Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUKCB2 0QQ
| | - Ian Shemilt
- University College LondonEPPI‐Centre10 Woburn SquareLondonUKWC1H 0NR
| | - Julian P T Higgins
- University of BristolPopulation Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolCanynge Hall, 39 Whatley RoadBristolUKBS8 2PS
| | - Theresa M Marteau
- University of CambridgeBehaviour and Health Research UnitForvie SiteRobinson WayCambridgeUKCB2 0SR
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Comprehensive Approaches to Improving Nutrition: Future Prospects. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081760. [PMID: 31370182 PMCID: PMC6723295 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When it comes to nutrition, nearly everyone has an opinion. In the past, nutrition was considered to be an individual's responsibility, however, more recently governments have been expected (by some) to share that responsibility by helping to ensure that marketing is responsible, and that food chains offer healthy meal choices in addition to their standard fare, for example. In some countries, governments have gone as far as to remove tax from unprocessed foods or to introduce taxes, such as that imposed on sugary soft drinks in the UK, Mexico, France and Norway. Following on from the sugar tax, chocolate might be next! Is this the answer to our burgeoning calorie intake and increasing poor nutritional status, or is there another approach? In this narrative we will focus on some of the approaches taken by communities and governments to address excess calorie intake and improve nutritional status, as well as some of the conflicts of interest and challenges faced with implementation. It is clear that in order to achieve meaningful change in the quality of nutritional intake and to reduce the long-term prevalence of obesity, a comprehensive approach is required wherein governments and communities work in genuine partnership. To take no or little action will doom much of today's youth to a poor quality of life in later years, and a shorter life expectancy than their grandparents.
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The perception of school food-service professionals on the implementation of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010: a mixed-methods study. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22:1960-1970. [PMID: 31010453 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019001174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To: (i) understand the nutrition attitudes, self-efficacy, knowledge and practices of school food-service personnel (SFP) in Nebraska and (ii) identify potential barriers that schools face in offering healthy school meals that meet the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) nutrition standards. DESIGN Convergent parallel mixed-methods study. SETTING Kindergarten-12th grade schools in Nebraska, USA.ParticipantsSFP (260 survey participants; fifteen focus group participants) working at schools that participate in the USDA National School Lunch Program. RESULTS Mixed-methods themes identified include: (i) 'Mixed attitudes towards healthy meals', which captured a variety of conflicting positive and negative attitudes depending on the situation; (ii) 'Positive practices to promote healthy meals', which captured offering, serving and promotion practices; (iii) 'Mixed nutrition-related knowledge', which captured the variations in knowledge depending on the nutrition concept; and (iv) 'Complex barriers', which captured challenges with time, support and communication. CONCLUSIONS The study produced relevant findings to address the barriers identified by SFP. Implementing multicomponent interventions and providing training to SFP may help reduce some of the identified barriers of SFP.
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Hopkins LC, Webster A, Kennel JA, Purtell KM, Gunther C. Youth Mentor Dietary Outcomes and Waist Circumference Improvement: Camp NERF Study Findings. Health Promot Pract 2019; 21:962-971. [PMID: 30819010 DOI: 10.1177/1524839919833989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. The health impact of youth mentors serving in the delivery of child nutrition and physical activity (PA) interventions on youth mentors themselves has been understudied. Objective. The primary objective of the current study was to examine the impact of engaging youth mentors in the delivery of a summertime childhood obesity prevention intervention on youth mentors' behavioral health. Method. Data were collected at baseline and postintervention. A survey of validated nutrition, mental health, PA, and psychosocial questionnaires was administered. Diet was assessed via 24-hour recall. Height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) were measured. In-depth interviews were conducted with youth mentors. Results. Eleven youth mentors enrolled: 60% were female, mean age was 16.1 ± 0.38 years, and 100% were Black. Mean kilocalories (p = .05), sugar-sweetened beverage intake (p = .08), and waist circumference (p = .04) decreased. In-depth interviews were conducted with 11 youth mentors, and three themes emerged: perceived improvement in nutrition, PA, and mental health-related behaviors; formation of a positive role modeling relationship with the child campers; and strengthening of higher education goals and future career aspirations. Conclusions. Youth mentor staffing may be an important intervention strategy for changing health behaviors among youth mentors. Results from this study can be used to inform utilization of youth mentors in the delivery of this and similar health behavior interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison Webster
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Chortatos A, Terragni L, Henjum S, Gjertsen M, Torheim LE, Gebremariam MK. Consumption habits of school canteen and non-canteen users among Norwegian young adolescents: a mixed method analysis. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:328. [PMID: 30326859 PMCID: PMC6192152 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food/drinks available to adolescents in schools can influence their dietary behaviours, which once established in adolescence, tend to remain over time. Food outlets' influence near schools, known to provide access to unhealthy food/drinks, may also have lasting effects on consumption behaviours. This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the consumption habits of adolescents in the school arena by comparing different personal characteristics and purchasing behaviours of infrequent and regular school canteen users to those never or seldom using the canteen. METHODS A convergent mixed methods design collected qualitative and quantitative data in parallel. A cross-sectional quantitative study including 742 adolescents was conducted, with data collected at schools via an online questionnaire. Focus group interviews with students and interviews with school administrators formed the qualitative data content. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression; thematic content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. RESULTS Sixty-seven percent of adolescents reported never/rarely using the school canteen (NEV), whereas 13% used it ≥2 times per week (OFT). When the two groups were compared, we found a significantly higher proportion of the NEV group were female, having parents with a high education, and with a high self-efficacy, whilst a significantly higher proportion of the OFT group consumed salty snacks, baked sweets, and soft-drinks ≥3 times per week, and breakfast at home < 5 days in the school week. The OFT group had significantly higher odds of purchasing food/drink from shops near school during school breaks and before/after school compared to the NEV group (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.80, 95% CI 1.07-3.01, and aOR = 3.61, 95% CI 2.17-6.01, respectively). The interviews revealed most students ate a home packed lunch, with the remainder purchasing either at the school canteen or at local shops. CONCLUSIONS Students using the canteen often are frequently purchasing snacks and sugar-soft drinks from shops near school, most likely owing to availability of pocket money and an emerging independence. School authorities must focus upon satisfying canteen users by providing desirable, healthy, and affordable items in order to compete with the appeal of local shops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Chortatos
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4, St Olavs plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Laura Terragni
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4, St Olavs plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4, St Olavs plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Gjertsen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4, St Olavs plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway
| | - Liv Elin Torheim
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4, St Olavs plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mekdes K Gebremariam
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046 Blindern, N-0317, Oslo, Norway
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Yoshida Y, Simoes EJ. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: Policies, Taxation, and Programs. Curr Diab Rep 2018; 18:31. [PMID: 29671076 PMCID: PMC6025796 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-1004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity has grown at an alarming rate in children and adolescents. Concurrently, consumption on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) also rose significantly. This review provides an overview of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) related to SSBs and current policies restricting SSBs in schools, school-based interventions, and taxation on reducing SSB intake and obesity. We also discuss challenges of and future steps for these initiatives. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical and epidemiological studies suggest a strong association between SSB intake and obesity and T2DM. School food policies have been initiated at federal, state, and local levels. School-based interventions have shown positive effects on SSB intake and obesity reduction. Taxation on SSBs is promising in combating obesity and in generating revenue. Challenges towards compliance and implementation of the policies and programs exist. The relationship between SSB and obesity and T2DM is a complex problem which requires comprehensive solutions. Continued efforts in restricting SSBs in schools are needed. Intervention programs should be tailored to age, gender, language, and culture and involve participation from families and local communities. Taxation can reduce SSB consumption by direct economic incentive, earmarking revenues to support healthy foods, and sending negative message. However, a higher tax rate may be necessary to have a measurable effect on weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Yoshida
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, CE707 CS&E Bldg., One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Missouri Cancer Registry and Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Eduardo J. Simoes
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, CE707 CS&E Bldg., One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Micha R, Karageorgou D, Bakogianni I, Trichia E, Whitsel LP, Story M, Peñalvo JL, Mozaffarian D. Effectiveness of school food environment policies on children's dietary behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194555. [PMID: 29596440 PMCID: PMC5875768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background School food environment policies may be a critical tool to promote healthy diets in children, yet their effectiveness remains unclear. Objective To systematically review and quantify the impact of school food environment policies on dietary habits, adiposity, and metabolic risk in children. Methods We systematically searched online databases for randomized or quasi-experimental interventions assessing effects of school food environment policies on children’s dietary habits, adiposity, or metabolic risk factors. Data were extracted independently and in duplicate, and pooled using inverse-variance random-effects meta-analysis. Habitual (within+outside school) dietary intakes were the primary outcome. Heterogeneity was explored using meta-regression and subgroup analysis. Funnel plots, Begg’s and Egger’s test evaluated potential publication bias. Results From 6,636 abstracts, 91 interventions (55 in US/Canada, 36 in Europe/New Zealand) were included, on direct provision of healthful foods/beverages (N = 39 studies), competitive food/beverage standards (N = 29), and school meal standards (N = 39) (some interventions assessed multiple policies). Direct provision policies, which largely targeted fruits and vegetables, increased consumption of fruits by 0.27 servings/d (n = 15 estimates (95%CI: 0.17, 0.36)) and combined fruits and vegetables by 0.28 servings/d (n = 16 (0.17, 0.40)); with a slight impact on vegetables (n = 11; 0.04 (0.01, 0.08)), and no effects on total calories (n = 6; -56 kcal/d (-174, 62)). In interventions targeting water, habitual intake was unchanged (n = 3; 0.33 glasses/d (-0.27, 0.93)). Competitive food/beverage standards reduced sugar-sweetened beverage intake by 0.18 servings/d (n = 3 (-0.31, -0.05)); and unhealthy snacks by 0.17 servings/d (n = 2 (-0.22, -0.13)), without effects on total calories (n = 5; -79 kcal/d (-179, 21)). School meal standards (mainly lunch) increased fruit intake (n = 2; 0.76 servings/d (0.37, 1.16)) and reduced total fat (-1.49%energy; n = 6 (-2.42, -0.57)), saturated fat (n = 4; -0.93%energy (-1.15, -0.70)) and sodium (n = 4; -170 mg/d (-242, -98)); but not total calories (n = 8; -38 kcal/d (-137, 62)). In 17 studies evaluating adiposity, significant decreases were generally not identified; few studies assessed metabolic factors (blood lipids/glucose/pressure), with mixed findings. Significant sources of heterogeneity or publication bias were not identified. Conclusions Specific school food environment policies can improve targeted dietary behaviors; effects on adiposity and metabolic risk require further investigation. These findings inform ongoing policy discussions and debates on best practices to improve childhood dietary habits and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Micha
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dimitra Karageorgou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Bakogianni
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Trichia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Laurie P. Whitsel
- Policy Research, American Heart Association, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Mary Story
- Global Health Institute and Community and Family Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Jose L. Peñalvo
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Oostindjer M, Aschemann-Witzel J, Wang Q, Skuland SE, Egelandsdal B, Amdam GV, Schjøll A, Pachucki MC, Rozin P, Stein J, Lengard Almli V, Van Kleef E. Are school meals a viable and sustainable tool to improve the healthiness and sustainability of children´s diet and food consumption? A cross-national comparative perspective. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3942-3958. [PMID: 27712088 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1197180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is little agreement among governments, institutions, scientists and food activists as to how to best tackle the challenging issues of health and sustainability in the food sector. This essay discusses the potential of school meals as a platform to promote healthy and sustainable food behavior. School meal programs are of particular interest for improving public diet because they reach children at a population scale across socio-economic classes and for over a decade of their lives, and because food habits of children are more malleable than those of adults. Current research on the history and health implications of school meal programs is reviewed in a cross-national comparative framework, and arguments explored that speak for the need of a new developmental phase of school meals as an integrative learning platform for healthy and sustainable food behavior. Nutritional, social, practical, educational, economical, political, and cultural perspectives and challenges linked to the implementation of healthy and sustainable school meals are discussed. Finally, the need for long-term interventions and evaluations is highlighted and new research directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Oostindjer
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås , Norway
| | - Jessica Aschemann-Witzel
- b MAPP Centre - Research on Value Creation in the Food Sector , Aarhus University , Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Qing Wang
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås , Norway
| | - Silje Elisabeth Skuland
- c Consumption Research Norway , Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Bjørg Egelandsdal
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås , Norway
| | - Gro V Amdam
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås , Norway.,d School of Life Science , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona , USA
| | - Alexander Schjøll
- c Consumption Research Norway , Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Mark C Pachucki
- e Department of Sociology, Computational Social Science Institute , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Paul Rozin
- f Department of Psychology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Jarrett Stein
- g Netter Center for Community Partnerships , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | | | - Ellen Van Kleef
- i Marketing and Consumer Behavior Group , Wageningen University , Hollandseweg , The Netherlands
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Raine KD, Atkey K, Olstad DL, Ferdinands AR, Beaulieu D, Buhler S, Campbell N, Cook B, L'Abbé M, Lederer A, Mowat D, Maharaj J, Nykiforuk C, Shelley J, Street J. Healthy food procurement and nutrition standards in public facilities: evidence synthesis and consensus policy recommendations. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2018; 38:6-17. [PMID: 29323862 PMCID: PMC5809107 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.38.1.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Unhealthy foods are widely available in public settings across Canada, contributing to diet-related chronic diseases, such as obesity. This is a concern given that public facilities often provide a significant amount of food for consumption by vulnerable groups, including children and seniors. Healthy food procurement policies, which support procuring, distributing, selling, and/or serving healthier foods, have recently emerged as a promising strategy to counter this public health issue by increasing access to healthier foods. Although numerous Canadian health and scientific organizations have recommended such policies, they have not yet been broadly implemented in Canada. METHODS To inform further policy action on healthy food procurement in a Canadian context, we: (1) conducted an evidence synthesis to assess the impact of healthy food procurement policies on health outcomes and sales, intake, and availability of healthier food, and (2) hosted a consensus conference in September 2014. The consensus conference invited experts with public health/nutrition policy research expertise, as well as health services and food services practitioner experience, to review evidence, share experiences, and develop a consensus statement/recommendations on healthy food procurement in Canada. RESULTS Findings from the evidence synthesis and consensus recommendations for healthy food procurement in Canada are described. Specifically, we outline recommendations for governments, publicly funded institutions, decision-makers and professionals, citizens, and researchers. CONCLUSION Implementation of healthy food procurement policies can increase Canadians' access to healthier foods as part of a broader vision for food policy in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim D Raine
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kayla Atkey
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dana Lee Olstad
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Alexa R Ferdinands
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dominique Beaulieu
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), Lévis, Quebec, Canada
| | - Susan Buhler
- Nutrition Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Norm Campbell
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Community Health Sciences, and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brian Cook
- Toronto Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary L'Abbé
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley Lederer
- Thoughtful Food Nutrition (formerly NYC Health Department), New York, New York, United States
| | - David Mowat
- Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Candace Nykiforuk
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jacob Shelley
- Faculty of Law & School of Health Studies, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Street
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Pitt Barnes S, Skelton-Wilson S, Cooper A, Merlo C, Lee S. Early Outcomes of State Public Health Actions' School Nutrition Strategies. Prev Chronic Dis 2017; 14:E128. [PMID: 29215977 PMCID: PMC5725147 DOI: 10.5888/pcd14.170106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since 2013, the State Public Health Actions to Prevent and Control Diabetes, Heart Disease, Obesity and Associated Risk Factors and Promote School Health (State Public Health Actions) program has been implemented to support and reinforce healthy choices and healthy behaviors among the US population. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Division of Population Health's School Health Branch has been a critical component, ensuring that state health departments support schools in adopting nutrition standards and creating a supportive nutrition environment. The objective of this article was to describe early outcomes of the school nutrition strategies of State Public Health Actions. METHODS We examined the extent of progress for short-term performance measures and for school nutrition evaluation questions, using data secured from 51 grantees through the performance measures database and state evaluation reports. RESULTS During the first 4 years of the cooperative agreement, grantees demonstrated significant progress compared with year 2 for school nutrition performance measures. Collectively, grantees provided professional development and technical assistance to staff in 7,672 local education agencies and reached more than 29 million students. Success was also noted for several nutrition practices in schools. CONCLUSION These early outcomes suggest that State Public Health Actions has had a positive impact on the nutrition environment of US schools. Systematically addressing areas for improvement could further expand the reach of these efforts during the remainder of the cooperative agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraphine Pitt Barnes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F-78, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717.
| | | | - Adina Cooper
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Caitlin Merlo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sarah Lee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Wolfenden L, Nathan NK, Sutherland R, Yoong SL, Hodder RK, Wyse RJ, Delaney T, Grady A, Fielding A, Tzelepis F, Clinton‐McHarg T, Parmenter B, Butler P, Wiggers J, Bauman A, Milat A, Booth D, Williams CM. Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school-based policies or practices targeting risk factors for chronic disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 11:CD011677. [PMID: 29185627 PMCID: PMC6486103 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011677.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of school-based policies or practices have been found to be effective in improving child diet and physical activity, and preventing excessive weight gain, tobacco or harmful alcohol use. Schools, however, frequently fail to implement such evidence-based interventions. OBJECTIVES The primary aims of the review are to examine the effectiveness of strategies aiming to improve the implementation of school-based policies, programs or practices to address child diet, physical activity, obesity, tobacco or alcohol use.Secondary objectives of the review are to: Examine the effectiveness of implementation strategies on health behaviour (e.g. fruit and vegetable consumption) and anthropometric outcomes (e.g. BMI, weight); describe the impact of such strategies on the knowledge, skills or attitudes of school staff involved in implementing health-promoting policies, programs or practices; describe the cost or cost-effectiveness of such strategies; and describe any unintended adverse effects of strategies on schools, school staff or children. SEARCH METHODS All electronic databases were searched on 16 July 2017 for studies published up to 31 August 2016. We searched the following electronic databases: Cochrane Library including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE; MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations; Embase Classic and Embase; PsycINFO; Education Resource Information Center (ERIC); Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL); Dissertations and Theses; and SCOPUS. We screened reference lists of all included trials for citations of other potentially relevant trials. We handsearched all publications between 2011 and 2016 in two specialty journals (Implementation Science and Journal of Translational Behavioral Medicine) and conducted searches of the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/) as well as the US National Institutes of Health registry (https://clinicaltrials.gov). We consulted with experts in the field to identify other relevant research. SELECTION CRITERIA 'Implementation' was defined as the use of strategies to adopt and integrate evidence-based health interventions and to change practice patterns within specific settings. We included any trial (randomised or non-randomised) conducted at any scale, with a parallel control group that compared a strategy to implement policies or practices to address diet, physical activity, overweight or obesity, tobacco or alcohol use by school staff to 'no intervention', 'usual' practice or a different implementation strategy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Citation screening, data extraction and assessment of risk of bias was performed by review authors in pairs. Disagreements between review authors were resolved via consensus, or if required, by a third author. Considerable trial heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. We narratively synthesised trial findings by describing the effect size of the primary outcome measure for policy or practice implementation (or the median of such measures where a single primary outcome was not stated). MAIN RESULTS We included 27 trials, 18 of which were conducted in the USA. Nineteen studies employed randomised controlled trial (RCT) designs. Fifteen trials tested strategies to implement healthy eating policies, practice or programs; six trials tested strategies targeting physical activity policies or practices; and three trials targeted tobacco policies or practices. Three trials targeted a combination of risk factors. None of the included trials sought to increase the implementation of interventions to delay initiation or reduce the consumption of alcohol. All trials examined multi-strategic implementation strategies and no two trials examined the same combinations of implementation strategies. The most common implementation strategies included educational materials, educational outreach and educational meetings. For all outcomes, the overall quality of evidence was very low and the risk of bias was high for the majority of trials for detection and performance bias.Among 13 trials reporting dichotomous implementation outcomes-the proportion of schools or school staff (e.g. classes) implementing a targeted policy or practice-the median unadjusted (improvement) effect sizes ranged from 8.5% to 66.6%. Of seven trials reporting the percentage of a practice, program or policy that had been implemented, the median unadjusted effect (improvement), relative to the control ranged from -8% to 43%. The effect, relative to control, reported in two trials assessing the impact of implementation strategies on the time per week teachers spent delivering targeted policies or practices ranged from 26.6 to 54.9 minutes per week. Among trials reporting other continuous implementation outcomes, findings were mixed. Four trials were conducted of strategies that sought to achieve implementation 'at scale', that is, across samples of at least 50 schools, of which improvements in implementation were reported in three trials.The impact of interventions on student health behaviour or weight status were mixed. Three of the eight trials with physical activity outcomes reported no significant improvements. Two trials reported reductions in tobacco use among intervention relative to control. Seven of nine trials reported no between-group differences on student overweight, obesity or adiposity. Positive improvements in child dietary intake were generally reported among trials reporting these outcomes. Three trials assessed the impact of implementation strategies on the attitudes of school staff and found mixed effects. Two trials specified in the study methods an assessment of potential unintended adverse effects, of which, they reported none. One trial reported implementation support did not significantly increase school revenue or expenses and another, conducted a formal economic evaluation, reporting the intervention to be cost-effective. Trial heterogeneity, and the lack of consistent terminology describing implementation strategies, were important limitations of the review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Given the very low quality of the available evidence, it is uncertain whether the strategies tested improve implementation of the targeted school-based policies or practices, student health behaviours, or the knowledge or attitudes of school staff. It is also uncertain if strategies to improve implementation are cost-effective or if they result in unintended adverse consequences. Further research is required to guide efforts to facilitate the translation of evidence into practice in this setting.
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Gittelsohn J, Trude ACB, Kim H. Pricing Strategies to Encourage Availability, Purchase, and Consumption of Healthy Foods and Beverages: A Systematic Review. Prev Chronic Dis 2017; 14:E107. [PMID: 29101767 PMCID: PMC5672888 DOI: 10.5888/pcd14.170213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Food pricing policies to promote healthy diets, such as taxes, price manipulations, and food subsidies, have been tested in different settings. However, little consensus exists about the effect of these policies on the availability of healthy and unhealthy foods, on what foods consumers buy, or on the impact of food purchases on consumer health outcomes. We conducted a systematic review of studies of the effect of food-pricing interventions on retail sales and on consumer purchasing and consumption of healthy foods and beverages. Methods We used MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Cochrane Library to conduct a systematic search for peer-reviewed articles related to studies of food pricing policies. We selected articles that were published in English from January 2000 through December 2016 on the following types of studies: 1) real-world experimental studies (randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, and natural experiments); 2) population studies of people or retail stores in middle-income and high-income countries; 3) pricing interventions alone or in combination with other strategies (price promotions, coupons, taxes, or cash-back rebates), excluding studies of vending-machine or online sales; and 4) outcomes studies at the retail (stocking, sales) and consumer (purchasing, consumption) levels. We selected 65 articles representing 30 studies for review. Results Sixteen pricing intervention studies that sought to improve access to healthy food and beverage options reported increased stocking and sales of promoted food items. Most studies (n = 23) reported improvement in the purchasing and consumption of healthy foods or beverages or decreased purchasing and consumption of unhealthy foods or beverages. Most studies assessed promotions of fresh fruits and vegetables (n = 20); however, these foods may be hard to source, have high perishability, and raise concerns about safety and handling. Few of the pricing studies we reviewed discouraged purchasing and consumption of unhealthy foods (n = 6). Many studies we reviewed had limitations, including lack of formative research, process evaluation, or psychosocial and health assessments of the intervention’s impact; short intervention duration; or no assessment of food substitutions or the effects of pricing interventions on food purchasing and diets. Conclusion Pricing interventions generally increased stocking, sales, purchasing, and consumption of promoted foods and beverages. Additional studies are needed to differentiate the potential impact of selected pricing strategies and policies over others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Gittelsohn
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Global Obesity Prevention Center and Center for Human Nutrition, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205.
| | - Angela Cristina Bizzotto Trude
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Global Obesity Prevention Center and Center for Human Nutrition, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hyunju Kim
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Global Obesity Prevention Center and Center for Human Nutrition, Baltimore, Maryland
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Rathi N, Riddell L, Worsley A. Food environment and policies in private schools in Kolkata, India. Health Promot Int 2017; 32:340-350. [PMID: 27402790 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daw053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
School food policies and services have the potential to influence the food practices and eating behaviours of adolescents which in turn may affect their lifestyles and health in adulthood. The aim of this qualitative investigation was to describe the opinions of adolescents, their parents, nutrition educators and school principals about the prevailing food environment and canteen policies in Indian schools. Fifteen adolescents aged 14-15 years, 15 parents, 12 teachers and 10 principals from 10 private schools in Kolkata, India participated in semi-structured interviews. The interview questions were primarily based on the existing literature related to school food environments and policies. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and assessed thematically. Throughout the 52 interviews, a number of inadequacies of the school food environment and policies were revealed. These included the absence of written food policies, the widespread supply of unhealthy foods, inadequate provision of healthy foods, misleading messages about food communicated by school authorities, lack of cleanliness in the school canteen and the high cost of canteen food. Current school food environments do not appear to promote healthy eating among adolescents. Therefore, it is important to upgrade the quality of food services in Indian schools through adoption of healthy eating policies.
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Park S, Kwon KI, Kweon SJ, Wang Y, Gittelsohn J. Creating a school nutrition environment index and pilot testing it in elementary and middle schools in urban South Korea. Nutr Res Pract 2017; 11:402-411. [PMID: 28989577 PMCID: PMC5621363 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2017.11.5.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The role of a school's nutrition environment in explaining students' eating behaviors and weight status has not been examined in an Asian setting. The purpose of this study was to create a school nutrition environment index and to pilot test the index in elementary and middle schools in urban South Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS This study used a mixed-methods approach. Environment assessment tools were developed based on formative research, which comprised literature reviews, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. Key elements from the formative research were included in the assessment tool, which consisted of a structured survey questionnaire for school dietitians. Fifteen school dietitians from 7 elementary and 8 middle schools in Seoul completed the questionnaire. RESULTS The formative research revealed four main sections that guided a summary index to assess a school's nutrition environment: resource availability, education and programs, dietitians' perceptions and characteristics, and school lunch menu. Based on the literature reviews and interviews, an index scoring system was developed. The total possible score from the combined four index sections was 40 points. From the 15 schools participating in the pilot survey, the mean school nutrition-environment index was 22.5 (standard deviation ± 3.2; range 17-28). The majority of the schools did not offer classroom-based nutrition education or nutrition counseling for students and parents. The popular modes of nutrition education were school websites, posters, and newsletters. CONCLUSIONS This paper illustrates the process used to develop an instrument to assess a school's nutrition environment. Moreover, it presents the steps used to develop a scoring system for creation of a school nutrition environment index. As pilot testing indicated the total index score has some variation across schools, we suggest applying this instrument in future studies involving a larger number of schools. Future studies with larger samples will allow investigation of the validity and reliability of this newly developed tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Life Science Building Room 8519, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24251, Korea.,Center for Human Nutrition, Global Center on Childhood Obesity, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kwang-Il Kwon
- Dietary and Nutritional Safety Policy Division, Food and Consumer Safety Bureau, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungbuk 28159, Korea
| | - Soon Ju Kweon
- Physical Education and Health Division, Lifelong and Vocational Education Bureau, Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education, Seoul 03178, Korea
| | - Youfa Wang
- Global Health Institute, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.,Center for Human Nutrition, Global Center on Childhood Obesity, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joel Gittelsohn
- Center for Human Nutrition, Global Center on Childhood Obesity, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Singh A, Bassi S, Nazar GP, Saluja K, Park M, Kinra S, Arora M. Impact of school policies on non-communicable disease risk factors - a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:292. [PMID: 28376833 PMCID: PMC5379668 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are identified as one of the leading causes of mortality. NCDs have several modifiable risk factors including unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use and alcohol abuse. Schools provide ideal settings for health promotion, but the effectiveness of school policies in the reduction of risk factors for NCD is not clear. This study reviewed the literature on the impact of school policies on major NCD risk factors. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to identify, collate and synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of school policies on reduction of NCD risk factors. A search strategy was developed to identify the relevant studies on effectiveness of NCD policies in schools for children between the age of 6 to 18 years in Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Data extraction was conducted using pre-piloted forms. Studies included in the review were assessed for methodological quality using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) quality assessment tool. A narrative synthesis according to the types of outcomes was conducted to present the evidence on the effectiveness of school policies. RESULTS Overall, 27 out of 2633 identified studies were included in the review. School policies were comparatively more effective in reducing unhealthy diet, tobacco use, physical inactivity and inflammatory biomarkers as opposed to anthropometric measures, overweight/obesity, and alcohol use. In total, for 103 outcomes independently evaluated within these studies, 48 outcomes (46%) had significant desirable changes when exposed to the school policies. Based on the quality assessment, 18 studies were categorized as weak, six as moderate and three as having strong methodological quality. CONCLUSION Mixed findings were observed concerning effectiveness of school policies in reducing NCD risk factors. The findings demonstrate that schools can be a good setting for initiating positive changes in reducing NCD risk factors, but more research is required with long-term follow up to study the sustainability of such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Singh
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health (ARCPOH), Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shalini Bassi
- Health Promotion Division, Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), Plot No. 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, Haryana 122002 India
| | - Gaurang P. Nazar
- Health Promotion Division, Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), Plot No. 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, Haryana 122002 India
| | - Kiran Saluja
- Health Promotion Division, Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), Plot No. 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, Haryana 122002 India
| | - MinHae Park
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sanjay Kinra
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Monika Arora
- Health Promotion Division, Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), Plot No. 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, Haryana 122002 India
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Laroche HH, Hradek C, Hansen K, Hanks AS, Just DR, Wansink B. Healthy Concessions: High School Students' Responses to Healthy Concession Stand Changes. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2017; 87:98-105. [PMID: 28076924 PMCID: PMC5228366 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous sales data analysis demonstrated success in selling healthier items at a concession stand. Questions remained regarding student satisfaction and whether the intervention reached non-health-conscious students. METHODS Cross-sectional anonymous samples of students at a large midwestern high school were surveyed before and after an intervention improved the number of healthier items available at the concession stand. RESULTS The survey was completed by 301 students preintervention and 314 students postintervention. Satisfaction remained good (3.7 preintervention and 3.6 postintervention). Satisfaction with the variety and taste of foods increased. We compared students who felt having healthy items were important at the concessions to those who did not. Overall satisfaction with concessions did not differ between groups. The latter group (healthy items not important) reported improved satisfaction with food variety (2.8 to 3.1, p = .02) and the former reported improved satisfaction with healthy foods (2.5 to 2.9, p = .03) and overall taste (3.2 to 3.4, p = .02). Of the healthy items not important students 76% reported purchasing at least 1 new healthier food. CONCLUSIONS Adding healthier foods to school concession stands has positive effects on student satisfaction, sales, and reaches all students whether or not they care about having healthy items available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena H. Laroche
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, Phone: 319-356-8555
| | - Christine Hradek
- Human Sciences Extension and Outreach, Iowa State University, 104 MacKay Hall, Ames, IA 50011-1122,
| | - Kate Hansen
- Muskie Boosters Past President, 806 Robin Rd, Muscatine, IA 52761,
| | - Andrew S. Hanks
- Consumer Analytics and Behavior, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1295,
| | - David R. Just
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics & Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853,
| | - Brian Wansink
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics & Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853,
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Frerichs L, Ataga O, Corbie-Smith G, Tessler Lindau S. Child and youth participatory interventions for addressing lifestyle-related childhood obesity: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2016; 17:1276-1286. [PMID: 27749992 PMCID: PMC5555640 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of childhood obesity interventions involve children and youth in participatory roles, but these types of interventions have not been systematically reviewed. We aimed to identify child and youth participatory interventions in the peer-reviewed literature in order to characterize the approaches and examine their impact on obesity and obesity-related lifestyle behaviours. We searched PubMed/Medline, psychINFO and ERIC for quasi-experimental and randomized trials conducted from date of database initiation through May 2015 that engaged children or youth in implementing healthy eating, physical activity or weight management strategies. Eighteen studies met our eligibility criteria. Most (n = 14) trained youth to implement pre-defined strategies targeting their peers. A few (n = 4) assisted youth to plan and implement interventions that addressed environmental changes. Thirteen studies reported at least one statistically significant weight, physical activity or dietary change outcome. Participatory approaches have potential, but variation in strategies and outcomes leave questions unanswered about the mechanisms through which child and youth engagement impact childhood obesity. Future research should compare child-delivered or youth-delivered to adult-delivered health promotion interventions and more rigorously evaluate natural experiments that engage youth to implement environmental changes. With careful attention to theoretical frameworks, process and outcome measures, these studies could strengthen the effectiveness of child and youth participatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Frerichs
- Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - O Ataga
- Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - G Corbie-Smith
- Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.,Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - S Tessler Lindau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Medicine-Geriatrics, The Maclean Center on Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.,The University of Chicago Medicine Urban Health Initiative, Chicago, USA
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Scott SA, Proescholdbell S. Informing Best Practice With Community Practice: The Community Change Chronicle Method for Program Documentation and Evaluation. Health Promot Pract 2016; 10:102-10. [DOI: 10.1177/1524839907307677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Health promotion professionals are increasingly encouraged to implement evidence-based programs in health departments, communities, and schools. Yet translating evidence-based research into practice is challenging, especially for complex initiatives that emphasize environmental strategies to create community change. The purpose of this article is to provide health promotion practitioners with a method to evaluate the community change process and document successful applications of environmental strategies. The community change chronicle method uses a five-step process: first, develop a logic model; second, select outcomes of interest; third, review programmatic data for these outcomes; fourth, collect and analyze relevant materials; and, fifth, disseminate stories. From 2001 to 2003, the authors validated the use of a youth empowerment model and developed eight community change chronicles that documented the creation of tobacco-free schools policies (n = 2), voluntary policies to reduce secondhand smoke in youth hangouts (n = 3), and policy and program changes in diverse communities (n = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Proescholdbell
- North Carolina Division of Public Health, Chronic Disease
and Injury Section, Raleigh, North Carolina
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How do we actually put smarter snacks in schools? NOURISH (Nutrition Opportunities to Understand Reforms Involving Student Health) conversations with food-service directors. Public Health Nutr 2016; 20:556-564. [PMID: 27573806 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980016002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In autumn 2012, Massachusetts schools implemented comprehensive competitive food and beverage standards similar to the US Department of Agriculture's Smart Snacks in School standards. We explored major themes raised by food-service directors (FSD) regarding their school-district-wide implementation of the standards. DESIGN For this qualitative study, part of a larger mixed-methods study, compliance was measured via direct observation of foods and beverages during school site visits in spring 2013 and 2014, calculated to ascertain the percentage of compliant products available to students. Semi-structured interviews with school FSD conducted in each year were analysed for major implementation themes; those raised by more than two-thirds of participating school districts were explored in relationship to compliance. SETTING Massachusetts school districts (2013: n 26; 2014: n 21). SUBJECTS Data collected from FSD. RESULTS Seven major themes were raised by more than two-thirds of participating school districts (range 69-100 %): taking measures for successful transition; communicating with vendors/manufacturers; using tools to identify compliant foods and beverages; receiving support from leadership; grappling with issues not covered by the law; anticipating changes in sales of competitive foods and beverages; and anticipating changes in sales of school meals. Each theme was mentioned by the majority of more-compliant school districts (65-81 %), with themes being raised more frequently after the second year of implementation (range increase 4-14 %). CONCLUSIONS FSD in more-compliant districts were more likely to talk about themes than those in less-compliant districts. Identified themes suggest best-practice recommendations likely useful for school districts implementing the final Smart Snacks in School standards, effective July 2016.
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Kelishadi R, Lajevardi B, Bahreynian M, Omid-Ghaemi V, Movahedian M. Acceptance and satisfaction of parents and students about a school-based dietary intervention in Isfahan, 2012-2013. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2016; 5:16. [PMID: 27500169 PMCID: PMC4960765 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9531.184556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Snacks play an important role in child health and nutritional status. Schools are considered as the preferred place to encourage healthy eating among children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of buffet school-based intervention on acceptance and satisfaction of parents and students in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary school students (n = 1120, 68.83% girls) from first to third grade, with one of their parents, participated in this prospective field trial study conducted in Isfahan, Iran. The study was consisted of three phases; schools selection, kitchen selection, implementation including two different parts, getting order and distribution. We provided hot snacks as traditional and healthy fast food according to taste and food preferences of children. Acceptance and satisfaction of parents and students were evaluated via a researcher made questionnaire before and after the intervention in one-third of participants as a representative sample of students who ordered the snacks. RESULTS Most of the students usually ate snack in the break-time at school, the eagerness of provided snacks was 98.8% and 63.6% in girls and boys, respectively. The most interesting tastes were Ashe Reshteh and Tahchin, (45.1% girls vs. 36.8% boys), while bean (among girls) and Ashe Jo (among boys) were ranked as the lowest. More than half of parents (66.7%) evaluated the price of snacks as "acceptable," showing their satisfaction. CONCLUSION Results of this study indicate that school-based interventions accompanied with parental and principals' support is considered as a practical approach to promote healthful eating at an early age. Developing effective interventions for youth might, therefore, help to prevent unhealthy dietary choices becoming habitual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahareh Lajevardi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Bahreynian
- Department of Nutrition, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vahid Omid-Ghaemi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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CVD Prevention Through Policy: a Review of Mass Media, Food/Menu Labeling, Taxation/Subsidies, Built Environment, School Procurement, Worksite Wellness, and Marketing Standards to Improve Diet. Curr Cardiol Rep 2016; 17:98. [PMID: 26370554 PMCID: PMC4569662 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-015-0658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Poor diet is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease in the USA and globally. Evidence-based policies are crucial to improve diet and population health. We reviewed the effectiveness for a range of policy levers to alter diet and diet-related risk factors. We identified evidence to support benefits of focused mass media campaigns (especially for fruits, vegetables, salt), food pricing strategies (both subsidies and taxation, with stronger effects at lower income levels), school procurement policies (for increasing healthful or reducing unhealthful choices), and worksite wellness programs (especially when comprehensive and multicomponent). Evidence was inconclusive for food and menu labeling (for consumer or industry behavior) and changes in local built environment (e.g., availability or accessibility of supermarkets, fast food outlets). We found little empiric evidence evaluating marketing restrictions, although broad principles and large resources spent on marketing suggest utility. Widespread implementation and evaluation of evidence-based policy strategies, with further research on other strategies with mixed/limited evidence, are essential “population medicine” to reduce health and economic burdens and inequities of diet-related illness worldwide.
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Racey M, O'Brien C, Douglas S, Marquez O, Hendrie G, Newton G. Systematic Review of School-Based Interventions to Modify Dietary Behavior: Does Intervention Intensity Impact Effectiveness? THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2016; 86:452-63. [PMID: 27122145 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to the associations between diet and health, it is important that effective health promotion strategies establish healthful eating behaviors from an early age. We reviewed the intensity of school-based interventions aimed to modify dietary behavior in preadolescent and adolescents and related intervention characteristics to effectiveness. METHODS Our systematic literature search of 8 databases sought to identify interventions measuring dietary intake in school settings to students aged 9 to 18. We evaluated these studies for effectiveness, intensity, intervention category, and follow-up measures. RESULTS Of the 105 interventions 81 were found to be effective immediately postintervention, irrespective of intensity. Studies that were 6 weeks to 5 months in duration, targeted students' environment or group (alone or in combination), and reached students only in schools were more effective. Only one-fifth of interventions conducted a follow-up measure, and a majority showed a loss of effectiveness from postintervention to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS We identified characteristics of effective interventions. These findings may inform the development of future interventions targeting dietary behavior in preadolescents and adolescents in the school-based setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Racey
- University of Guelph, Department of Human Health & Nutritional Science, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Charlene O'Brien
- University of Guelph, Department of Human Health & Nutritional Science, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Sabrina Douglas
- University of Guelph, Department of Human Health & Nutritional Science, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Olivia Marquez
- University of Guelph, Department of Human Health & Nutritional Science, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Gilly Hendrie
- CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, PO BOX 10041, Adelaide 5000, South Australia.
| | - Genevieve Newton
- University of Guelph, Department of Human Health & Nutritional Science, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Wiles N, Green J, Veldman F. The variety, popularity and nutritional quality of tuck shop items available for sale to primary school learners in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2011.11734364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gorski MT, Cohen JFW, Hoffman JA, Rosenfeld L, Chaffee R, Smith L, Rimm EB. Impact of Nutrition Standards on Competitive Food Quality in Massachusetts Middle and High Schools. Am J Public Health 2016; 106:1101-8. [PMID: 27077344 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine changes in competitive foods (items sold in à la carte lines, vending machines, and school stores that "compete" with school meals) in Massachusetts middle and high schools before and after implementation of a statewide nutrition law in 2012. METHODS We photographed n = 10 782 competitive foods and beverages in 36 Massachusetts school districts and 7 control state districts to determine availability and compliance with the law at baseline (2012), 1 year (2013), and 2 years (2014) after the policy (overall enrollment: 71 202 students). We examined availability and compliance trends over time. RESULTS By 2014, 60% of competitive foods and 79% of competitive beverages were compliant. Multilevel models showed an absolute 46.2% increase for foods (95% confidence interval = 36.2, 56.3) and 46.8% increase for beverages (95% confidence interval = 39.2, 54.4) in schools' alignment with updated standards from 2012 to 2014. CONCLUSIONS The law's implementation resulted in major improvements in the availability and nutritional quality of competitive foods and beverages, but schools did not reach 100% compliance. This law closely mirrors US Department of Agriculture Smart Snacks in School standards, suggesting that complying with strict nutrition standards is feasible, and schools may experience challenges and improvements over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Gorski
- Mary T. Gorski is with the Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Juliana F. W. Cohen is with the Department of Health Sciences, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA. Jessica A. Hoffman and Ruth Chaffee are with the Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston. Lindsay Rosenfeld is with the Institute for Child, Youth, and Family Policy, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. At the time of the study Lauren Smith was with the Department of Public Health, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston. Eric B. Rimm is with the departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston
| | - Juliana F W Cohen
- Mary T. Gorski is with the Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Juliana F. W. Cohen is with the Department of Health Sciences, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA. Jessica A. Hoffman and Ruth Chaffee are with the Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston. Lindsay Rosenfeld is with the Institute for Child, Youth, and Family Policy, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. At the time of the study Lauren Smith was with the Department of Public Health, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston. Eric B. Rimm is with the departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston
| | - Jessica A Hoffman
- Mary T. Gorski is with the Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Juliana F. W. Cohen is with the Department of Health Sciences, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA. Jessica A. Hoffman and Ruth Chaffee are with the Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston. Lindsay Rosenfeld is with the Institute for Child, Youth, and Family Policy, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. At the time of the study Lauren Smith was with the Department of Public Health, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston. Eric B. Rimm is with the departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston
| | - Lindsay Rosenfeld
- Mary T. Gorski is with the Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Juliana F. W. Cohen is with the Department of Health Sciences, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA. Jessica A. Hoffman and Ruth Chaffee are with the Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston. Lindsay Rosenfeld is with the Institute for Child, Youth, and Family Policy, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. At the time of the study Lauren Smith was with the Department of Public Health, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston. Eric B. Rimm is with the departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston
| | - Ruth Chaffee
- Mary T. Gorski is with the Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Juliana F. W. Cohen is with the Department of Health Sciences, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA. Jessica A. Hoffman and Ruth Chaffee are with the Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston. Lindsay Rosenfeld is with the Institute for Child, Youth, and Family Policy, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. At the time of the study Lauren Smith was with the Department of Public Health, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston. Eric B. Rimm is with the departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston
| | - Lauren Smith
- Mary T. Gorski is with the Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Juliana F. W. Cohen is with the Department of Health Sciences, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA. Jessica A. Hoffman and Ruth Chaffee are with the Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston. Lindsay Rosenfeld is with the Institute for Child, Youth, and Family Policy, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. At the time of the study Lauren Smith was with the Department of Public Health, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston. Eric B. Rimm is with the departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Mary T. Gorski is with the Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Juliana F. W. Cohen is with the Department of Health Sciences, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA. Jessica A. Hoffman and Ruth Chaffee are with the Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston. Lindsay Rosenfeld is with the Institute for Child, Youth, and Family Policy, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. At the time of the study Lauren Smith was with the Department of Public Health, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston. Eric B. Rimm is with the departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston
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Abstract
The National School Lunch Program in the United States provides an important opportunity to improve nutrition for the 30 million children who participate every school day. The purpose of this narrative review is to present and evaluate simple, evidence-based strategies to improve healthy eating behaviors at school. Healthy eating behaviors are defined as increased selection/consumption of fruits and/or vegetables, increased selection of nutrient-dense foods, or decreased selection of low-nutrient, energy-dense foods. Data were collected from sales records, 24-hour food recalls, direct observation, and estimation of plate waste. The review is limited to simple, discrete interventions that are easy to implement. Sixteen original, peer-reviewed articles are included. Interventions are divided into 5 categories: modification of choice, behavior modification, marketing strategies, time-efficiency strategies, and fruit slicing. All interventions resulted in improved eating behaviors, but not all interventions are applicable or feasible in all settings. Because these studies were performed prior to the implementation of the new federally mandated school meal standards, it is unknown if these interventions would yield similar results if repeated now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly S Kessler
- H.S. Kessler is with the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
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Yip C, Gates M, Gates A, Hanning RM. Peer-led nutrition education programs for school-aged youth: a systematic review of the literature. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2016; 31:82-97. [PMID: 26661724 PMCID: PMC4883032 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyv063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To date, the impacts of school-based, peer-led nutrition education initiatives have not been summarized or assessed collectively. This review presents the current evidence, identifies knowledge gaps, and provides recommendations for future research. PubMed, Scopus, ERIC and Google Scholar were searched for refereed Canadian and American primary studies published between January 2000 and November 2013, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Seventeen articles (11 programs) from Canada (24%) and the United States (76%) were identified. The results were summarized in terms of the study population, program design and main outcomes. Common outcome measures included healthy eating knowledge (n = 5), self-efficacy or attitudes towards healthy eating (n = 13), dietary measures (n = 9) and body mass index (n = 4), all of which tended to improve as a result of the programs. More research is needed to ascertain the effect of improvements in knowledge, self-efficacy and attitudes towards healthy eating on food behaviors. When evaluated, programs were generally well received, while the long-term maintenance of positive impacts was a challenge. Studies of sustainability and feasibility to promote long-term impact are a logical next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Yip
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3K1, Canada and
| | - Michelle Gates
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Allison Gates
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Rhona M Hanning
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Fuchs T, Steinhilber A, Dohnke B. Apple or Chocolate – Intentional and Social-Reactive Processes in Eating Behavior Among Adolescents. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. Two studies examined the main assumption of the Prototype/Willingness Model for eating behavior. Accordingly, health-behavior in adolescents results from intentional and social-reactive processes, namely behavioral intentions and behavioral willingness. The hypothesis was that willingness explains eating behavior over and above intentions with respect to eating behavior in general and in the peer context. This was tested in a cross-sectional (N = 286) and a longitudinal (N = 335) study. Intentions and willingness were assessed for healthy and unhealthy eating, eating behavior using an eating pattern index, and observed food consumption in the peer context. Willingness explained variance in eating behavior over and above intentions. Intentional as well as social-reactive processes contribute to adolescents’ eating behavior. Implications for practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Fuchs
- University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | | | - Birte Dohnke
- University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
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Gorski MT, Roberto CA. Public health policies to encourage healthy eating habits: recent perspectives. J Healthc Leadersh 2015; 7:81-90. [PMID: 29355201 PMCID: PMC5740998 DOI: 10.2147/jhl.s69188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to address unhealthy dietary patterns at the population level. Poor diet and physical inactivity are key drivers of the obesity pandemic, and they are among the leading causes of preventable death and disability in nearly every country in the world. As countries grapple with the growing obesity prevalence, many innovative policy options to reduce overeating and improve diet quality remain largely unexplored. We describe recent trends in eating habits and consequences for public health, vulnerabilities to unhealthy eating, and the role for public health policies. We reviewed recent public health policies to promote healthier diet patterns, including mandates, restrictions, economic incentives, marketing limits, information provision, and environmental defaults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Gorski
- Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard University, Cambridge
| | - Christina A Roberto
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Tabak RG, Moreland-Russell S. Food Service Perspectives on National School Lunch Program Implementation. HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND POLICY REVIEW 2015; 2:362-371. [PMID: 26417607 PMCID: PMC4583127 DOI: 10.14485/hbpr.2.5.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Explore barriers and facilitators to implementation of the new National School Lunch Program (NSLP) policy guidelines. METHODS Interviews with eight food service directors using an interview guide informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. RESULTS Food service personnel; parents, teachers, school staff; and students were important stakeholders. Characteristics of the new NSLP policy guidelines were reported to create increased demands; resources alleviated some barriers. Directors reported increased food and labor costs, food sourcing challenges, decreased student participation, and organizational constraints as barriers to implementation. Creativity in menu planning facilitated success. CONCLUSIONS Factors within the food service department, characteristics of implementing individuals and the new NSLP policy guidelines, and stakeholder involvement in the implementation process relate to successful implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel G Tabak
- Prevention Research Center in St. Louis, Washington University in St. Louis
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Lillehoj CJ, Nothwehr F, Shipley K, Voss C. Vending Assessment and Program Implementation in Four Iowa Worksites. Health Promot Pract 2015. [PMID: 26220278 DOI: 10.1177/1524839915596346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The worksite food environment, including vending options, has been explored as an important contributor to dietary decisions made every day. The current study describes the vending environment, and efforts to change it, in four Iowa worksites using a series of case studies. Data were gathered by local coordinators as part of the Iowa Community Transformation Grant project. Data were collected from three sources. First, the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey-Vending was used to assess healthy vending options in worksite machines before and after the intervention. Second, employee vending behavior was evaluated with a pre-, post-intervention survey. Items assessed attitudes and behaviors regarding vending, plus awareness and reaction to intervention activities. Third, program coordinators documented vending machine intervention strategies used, such as social marketing materials and product labels. The Nutrition Environment Measures Survey-Vending documented that the majority of vending options did not meet criteria for healthfulness. The vending survey found that employees were generally satisfied with the healthier items offered. Some differences were noted over time at the four worksites related to employee behavior and attitudes concerning healthy options. There were also differences in intervention implementation and the extent of changes made by vending companies. Overall, findings demonstrate that a large percentage of employees are constrained in their ability to access healthy foods due to limited worksite vending options. There also remain challenges to making changes in this environment. Findings have implications for public health practitioners to consider when designing healthy vending interventions in worksites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kala Shipley
- Iowa Department of Public Health, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Carol Voss
- Iowa Department of Public Health, Des Moines, IA, USA
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Kohlstadt IC, Steeves ETA, Rice K, Gittelsohn J, Summerfield LM, Gadhoke P. Youth peers put the "invent" into NutriBee's online intervention. Nutr J 2015; 14:60. [PMID: 26077664 PMCID: PMC4470038 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-015-0031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early adolescents perceive peers as credible and relatable. Peers therefore have a unique conduit to engage early adolescents in positive health behaviors through nutrition learning such as that recommended by the U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM). PURPOSE We developed an online, peer leader component to an existing in-person preventive nutrition intervention called NutriBee. We reasoned that youth ages 13-18 could create intervention materials that could remain engaging, credible and relatable to younger peers ages 10-12 online. Peer leaders could potentially derive health benefits from their service-learning experience. METHODS From 2013-2014 youth could apply online to relate a personal interest to nutrition, an opportunity promoted at NutriBee pilot sites and through social media. The peer leaders with diverse backgrounds honed original ideas into tangible projects with the support of adult subject-matter experts chosen by the youth. Nutrition expertise was provided by NutriBee staff who then also converted the youth-invented projects from various media into an online curriculum. RESULTS 19 of 27 (70%) of selected youth from 12 states and diverse backgrounds, created an online curriculum comprising 10% of NutriBee's 20-hour intervention. All 19 online projects modeled 1 or more of NutriBee's 10 positive health behaviors; 8 evoked the chemosenses; 6 conveyed food texture; and 13 provided social context. Peer leaders perceived career advancement and service learning benefits. The dose, pedagogic approach, and project content align with the IOM recommendation. CONCLUSIONS Youth created intervention materials which communicate positive health behaviors online in ways peers can adopt. In a customarily sight-sound digital platform, youth leveraged the senses of smell, taste and touch and social context important for food selection. Peer leaders derived health benefit, as indirectly assessed by IOM criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid C Kohlstadt
- Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 198 Prince George St., Annapolis, Baltimore, 21401, MD, USA.
| | - Elizabeth T Anderson Steeves
- Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 198 Prince George St., Annapolis, Baltimore, 21401, MD, USA.
- University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Kerry Rice
- Boise State University, Department of Educational Technology, Boise, ID, USA.
| | - Joel Gittelsohn
- Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 198 Prince George St., Annapolis, Baltimore, 21401, MD, USA.
| | | | - Preety Gadhoke
- St. John's University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, New York, USA.
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DiClemente CC, Delahanty JC, Havas SW, Van Orden OR. Understanding self-reported staging of dietary behavior in low-income women. J Health Psychol 2015; 20:741-53. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105315580213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined self-reported staging for the goal of eating a low-fat diet and several specific dietary consumption behaviors to understand better readiness for dieting. Self-assessed motivation, food frequency measures, and psychosocial variables were obtained from 2057 low-income women enrolled in the Maryland Food for Life Program. Results indicated that staging of specific dietary consumption behaviors was significantly related to staging for the global goal of eating a low-fat diet. Women evaluate their motivation about eating low-fat diets based on perceived efforts and specific activities related to dietary consumption with important implications for dietary behavior change measurement and interventions.
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Frerichs L, Brittin J, Sorensen D, Trowbridge MJ, Yaroch AL, Siahpush M, Tibbits M, Huang TTK. Influence of school architecture and design on healthy eating: a review of the evidence. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:e46-57. [PMID: 25713964 PMCID: PMC4358206 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We examined evidence regarding the influence of school physical environment on healthy-eating outcomes. We applied a systems perspective to examine multiple disciplines' theoretical frameworks and used a mixed-methods systematic narrative review method, considering both qualitative and quantitative sources (published through March 2014) for inclusion. We developed a causal loop diagram from 102 sources identified. We found evidence of the influence of many aspects of a school's physical environment on healthy-eating outcomes. The causal loop diagram highlights multilevel and interrelated factors and elucidates the specific roles of design and architecture in encouraging healthy eating within schools. Our review highlighted the gaps in current evidence and identified areas of research needed to refine and expand school architecture and design strategies for addressing healthy eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Frerichs
- At the time of the study, Leah Frerichs, Jeri Brittin, Amy L. Yaroch, Mohammad Siahpush, Melissa Tibbits, and Terry T.-K. Huang were with the College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. Dina Sorensen is with VMDO Architects, Charlottesville, VA. Matthew J. Trowbridge is with the School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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Alaimo K, Oleksyk S, Golzynski D, Drzal N, Lucarelli J, Reznar M, Wen Y, Krabill Yoder K. The Michigan Healthy School Action Tools process generates improvements in school nutrition policies and practices, and student dietary intake. Health Promot Pract 2015; 16:401-10. [PMID: 25733730 DOI: 10.1177/1524839915573923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Michigan Healthy School Action Tools (HSAT) is an online self-assessment and action planning process for schools seeking to improve their health policies and practices. The School Nutrition Advances Kids study, a 2-year quasi-experimental intervention with low-income middle schools, evaluated whether completing the HSAT with a facilitator assistance and small grant funding resulted in (1) improvements in school nutrition practices and policies and (2) improvements in student dietary intake. A total of 65 low-income Michigan middle schools participated in the study. The Block Youth Food Frequency Questionnaire was completed by 1,176 seventh-grade students at baseline and in eighth grade (during intervention). Schools reported nutrition-related policies and practices/education using the School Environment and Policy Survey. Schools completing the HSAT were compared to schools that did not complete the HSAT with regard to number of policy and practice changes and student dietary intake. Schools that completed the HSAT made significantly more nutrition practice/education changes than schools that did not complete the HSAT, and students in those schools made dietary improvements in fruit, fiber, and cholesterol intake. The Michigan HSAT process is an effective strategy to initiate improvements in nutrition policies and practices within schools, and to improve student dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nick Drzal
- Michigan Department of Education, Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Yalu Wen
- University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ
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Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo holistically evaluate the extent of implementation of dietary guidelines in schools and present various monitoring systems.DesignThe study comprises three methods: (i) a cross-sectional survey (process evaluation); (ii) an indicator-based evaluation (menu quality); and (iii) a 5 d weighed food record of school lunches (output evaluation).SettingSlovenian primary schools.SubjectsA total 234 food-service managers from 488 schools completed a self-administrated questionnaire for process evaluation; 177 out of 194 randomly selected schools provided menus for menu quality evaluation; and 120 school lunches from twenty-four schools were measured and nutritionally analysed for output evaluation.ResultsThe survey among food-service managers revealed high levels of implementation at almost all process evaluation areas of the guidelines. An even more successful implementation of these guidelines was found in relation to organization cultural issues as compared with technical issues. Differences found in some process evaluation areas were related to location, size and socio-economic characteristics of schools. Evaluation of school menu quality demonstrated that score values followed a normal distribution. Higher (better) nutrition scores were found in larger-sized schools and corresponding municipalities with higher socio-economic status. School lunches did not meet minimum recommendations for energy, carbohydrates or dietary fibre intake, nor for six vitamins and three (macro, micro and trace) elements.ConclusionsThe implementation of the guidelines was achieved differently at distinct levels. The presented multilevel evaluation suggests that different success in implementation might be attributed to different characteristics of individual schools. System changes might also be needed to support and improve implementation of the guidelines.
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Gosliner W. School-level factors associated with increased fruit and vegetable consumption among students in California middle and high schools. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2014; 84:559-568. [PMID: 25117889 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed associations between selective school-level factors and students' consumption of fruits and vegetables at school. Better understanding of school factors associated with increased produce consumption is especially important, as students are served more produce items at school. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 5439 seventh- and ninth-grade students from 31 schools in California in 2010. Multilevel regression models estimated whether the odds of consuming fruits or vegetables at school among students eating the school lunch were associated with the length of the lunch period, quality/variety of produce options, or other factors. RESULTS A longer lunch period was associated with increased odds of a student eating fruits (odds ratio [OR] = 1.40) and vegetables (OR = 1.54) at school. Better fruit quality increased the odds of a student consuming fruit (OR = 1.44). Including a salad bar and involving students in food service decisions increased a student's odds of consuming vegetables (OR = 1.48 and OR = 1.34, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that institutional factors in schools are positively associated with middle and high school students' consumption of produce items at school. Additional efforts to structure school meal environments to enhance students' consumption of produce items can benefit students' nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Gosliner
- Center for Weight and Health, University of California, Berkeley, 2180 Dwight Way, Suite C, Berkeley, CA, 94704.
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Bogart LM, Cowgill BO, Elliott MN, Klein DJ, Hawes-Dawson J, Uyeda K, Elijah J, Binkle DG, Schuster MA. A randomized controlled trial of students for nutrition and eXercise: a community-based participatory research study. J Adolesc Health 2014; 55:415-22. [PMID: 24784545 PMCID: PMC4143532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a randomized controlled trial of Students for Nutrition and eXercise, a 5-week middle school-based obesity-prevention intervention combining school-wide environmental changes, multimedia, encouragement to eat healthy school cafeteria foods, and peer-led education. METHODS We randomly selected schools (five intervention, five waitlist control) from the Los Angeles Unified School District. School records were obtained for number of fruits and vegetables served, students served lunch, and snacks sold per attending student, representing an average of 1,515 students (SD = 323) per intervention school and 1,524 students (SD = 266) per control school. A total of 2,997 seventh-graders (75% of seventh-graders across schools) completed pre- and postintervention surveys assessing psychosocial variables. Consistent with community-based participatory research principles, the school district was an equal partner, and a community advisory board provided critical input. RESULTS Relative to control schools, intervention schools showed significant increases in the proportion of students served fruit and lunch and a significant decrease in the proportion of students buying snacks at school. Specifically, the intervention was associated with relative increases of 15.3% more fruits served (p = .006), 10.4% more lunches served (p < .001), and 11.9% fewer snacks sold (p < .001) than would have been expected in its absence. Pre-to-post intervention, intervention school students reported more positive attitudes about cafeteria food (p = .02) and tap water (p = .03), greater obesity-prevention knowledge (p = .006), increased intentions to drink water from the tap (p = .04) or a refillable bottle (p = .02), and greater tap water consumption (p = .04) compared with control school students. CONCLUSIONS Multilevel school-based interventions may promote healthy adolescent dietary behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Bogart
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
| | - Burton O. Cowgill
- UCLA/RAND Prevention Research Center, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health
| | | | - David J. Klein
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital
| | | | - Kimberly Uyeda
- Student Medical Services, Los Angeles Unified School District
| | - Jacinta Elijah
- UCLA/RAND Prevention Research Center, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health
| | | | - Mark A. Schuster
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
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Struben J, Chan D, Dubé L. Policy insights from the nutritional food market transformation model: the case of obesity prevention. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1331:57-75. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Struben
- Desautels Faculty of Management; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Derek Chan
- Desautels Faculty of Management; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Laurette Dubé
- Desautels Faculty of Management; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
- McGill Centre for the Convergence of Health and Economics (MMCHE); McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
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Niebylski ML, Lu T, Campbell NRC, Arcand J, Schermel A, Hua D, Yeates KE, Tobe SW, Twohig PA, L'Abbé MR, Liu PP. Healthy food procurement policies and their impact. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:2608-27. [PMID: 24595213 PMCID: PMC3986994 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110302608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Unhealthy eating is the leading risk for death and disability globally. As a result, the World Health Organization (WHO) has called for population health interventions. One of the proposed interventions is to ensure healthy foods are available by implementing healthy food procurement policies. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence base assessing the impact of such policies. A comprehensive review was conducted by searching PubMed and Medline for policies that had been implemented and evaluated the impact of food purchases, food consumption, and behaviors towards healthy foods. Thirty-four studies were identified and found to be effective at increasing the availability and purchases of healthy food and decreasing purchases of unhealthy food. Most policies also had other components such as education, price reductions, and health interventions. The multiple gaps in research identified by this review suggest that additional research and ongoing evaluation of food procurement programs is required. Implementation of healthy food procurement policies in schools, worksites, hospitals, care homes, correctional facilities, government institutions, and remote communities increase markers of healthy eating. Prior or simultaneous implementation of ancillary education about healthy eating, and rationale for the policy may be critical success factors and additional research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Niebylski
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Tammy Lu
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Norm R C Campbell
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Joanne Arcand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Toronto, ON M5S3E2, Canada.
| | - Alyssa Schermel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Toronto, ON M5S3E2, Canada.
| | - Diane Hua
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Bayview Ave. E239, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | - Karen E Yeates
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, 2059 Etherington Hall, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Sheldon W Tobe
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Bayview Ave. E239, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | - Patrick A Twohig
- Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St., Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Mary R L'Abbé
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Toronto, ON M5S3E2, Canada.
| | - Peter P Liu
- Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St., Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
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