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Kakaei N, Amirian R, Azadi M, Mohammadi G, Izadi Z. Perfluorocarbons: A perspective of theranostic applications and challenges. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1115254. [PMID: 37600314 PMCID: PMC10436007 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1115254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon (PFC) are biocompatible compounds, chemically and biologically inert, and lacks toxicity as oxygen carriers. PFCs nanoemulsions and nanoparticles (NPs) are highly used in diagnostic imaging and enable novel imaging technology in clinical imaging modalities to notice and image pathological and physiological alterations. Therapeutics with PFCs such as the innovative approach to preventing thrombus formation, PFC nanodroplets utilized in ultrasonic medication delivery in arthritis, or PFC-based NPs such as Perfluortributylamine (PFTBA), Pentafluorophenyl (PFP), Perfluorohexan (PFH), Perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB), and others, recently become renowned for oxygenating tumors and enhancing the effects of anticancer treatments as oxygen carriers for tumor hypoxia. In this review, we will discuss the recent advancements that have been made in PFC's applications in theranostic (therapeutics and diagnostics) as well as assess the benefits and drawbacks of these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Kakaei
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roshanak Amirian
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ghobad Mohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zhila Izadi
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Ahrens ET, Helfer BM, O'Hanlon CF, Lister DR, Bykowski JL, Messer K, Leach BI, Chen J, Xu H, Daniels GA, Cohen EEW. Method for estimation of apoptotic cell fraction of cytotherapy using in vivo fluorine-19 magnetic resonance: pilot study in a patient with head and neck carcinoma receiving tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes labeled with perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007015. [PMID: 37339797 PMCID: PMC10314637 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive transfer of T cells is a burgeoning cancer therapeutic approach. However, the fate of the cells, once transferred, is most often unknown. We describe the first clinical experience with a non-invasive biomarker to assay the apoptotic cell fraction (ACF) after cell therapy infusion, tested in the setting of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A patient with HNSCC received autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) labeled with a perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsion cell tracer. Nanoemulsion, released from apoptotic cells, clears through the reticuloendothelial system, particularly the Kupffer cells of the liver, and fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the liver was used to non-invasively infer the ACF. METHODS Autologous TILs were isolated from a patient in their late 50s with relapsed, refractory human papillomavirus-mediated squamous cell carcinoma of the right tonsil, metastatic to the lung. A lung metastasis was resected for T cell harvest and expansion using a rapid expansion protocol. The expanded TILs were intracellularly labeled with PFC nanoemulsion tracer by coincubation in the final 24 hours of culture, followed by a wash step. At 22 days after intravenous infusion of TILs, quantitative single-voxel liver 19F MRS was performed in vivo using a 3T MRI system. From these data, we model the apparent ACF of the initial cell inoculant. RESULTS We show that it is feasible to PFC-label ~70×1010 TILs (F-TILs) in a single batch in a clinical cell processing facility, while maintaining >90% cell viability and standard flow cytometry-based release criteria for phenotype and function. Based on quantitative in vivo 19F MRS measurements in the liver, we estimate that ~30% cell equivalents of adoptively transferred F-TILs have become apoptotic by 22 days post-transfer. CONCLUSIONS Survival of the primary cell therapy product is likely to vary per patient. A non-invasive assay of ACF over time could potentially provide insight into the mechanisms of response and non-response, informing future clinical studies. This information may be useful to developers of cytotherapies and clinicians as it opens an avenue to quantify cellular product survival and engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | - Deanne R Lister
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Julie L Bykowski
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Karen Messer
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Benjamin I Leach
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gregory A Daniels
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ezra E W Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Cheng HLM. A primer on in vivo cell tracking using MRI. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1193459. [PMID: 37324153 PMCID: PMC10264782 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1193459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell tracking by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers a collection of multiple advantages over other imaging modalities, including high spatial resolution, unlimited depth penetration, 3D visualization, lack of ionizing radiation, and the potential for long-term cell monitoring. Three decades of innovation in both contrast agent chemistry and imaging physics have built an expansive array of probes and methods to track cells non-invasively across a diverse range of applications. In this review, we describe both established and emerging MRI cell tracking approaches and the variety of mechanisms available for contrast generation. Emphasis is given to the advantages, practical limitations, and persistent challenges of each approach, incorporating quantitative comparisons where possible. Toward the end of this review, we take a deeper dive into three key application areas - tracking cancer metastasis, immunotherapy for cancer, and stem cell regeneration - and discuss the cell tracking techniques most suitable to each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ling Margaret Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Lister D, Blizard G, Hosseini M, Messer K, Wellen J, Sirlin CB, Ahrens ET. Imaging Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Model Using H-1 and F-19 MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 25:443-449. [PMID: 36575339 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We explore the use of intravenously delivered perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsion and 19F MRI for detecting inflammation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Correlative studies of 1H-based liver proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and T1 measurements and histology are also evaluated. PROCEDURES C57BL/6 mice were fed standard or high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induce NAFLD. 1H MRI measurements of PDFF and T1 relaxation time were performed at baseline to assess NAFLD onset prior to administration of a PFC nanoemulsion to enable 19F MRI of liver PFC uptake. 1H and 19F MRI biomarkers were acquired at 2, 21, and 42 days post-PFC to assess changes. Histopathology of liver tissue was performed at experimental endpoint. RESULTS Significant increases in liver volume, PDFF, and total PFC uptake were noted in HFD mice compared to Std diet mice. Liver fluorine density and T1 relaxation time were significantly reduced in HFD mice. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated longitudinal quantification of multiple MRI biomarkers of disease in NAFLD mice. The changes in liver PFC uptake in HFD mice were compared with healthy mice that suggests that 19F MRI may be a viable biomarker of liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanne Lister
- Department of Radiology, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0695, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0695, USA
| | - Gabrielle Blizard
- Department of Biology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- Department of Pathology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karen Messer
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Claude B Sirlin
- Department of Radiology, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0695, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0695, USA
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0695, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0695, USA.
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19F-MRT basierte Visualisierung von entzündlichen Prozessen im Gefäßsystem. GEFÄSSCHIRURGIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00772-022-00947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cell sorting microbeads as novel contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17640. [PMID: 36271098 PMCID: PMC9586996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21762-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of several cell-based therapies and prevalent use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the clinic has fueled the development of contrast agents for specific cell tracking applications. Safe and efficient labeling of non-phagocytic cell types such as T cells nonetheless remains challenging. We developed a one-stop shop approach where the T cell sorting agent also labels the cells which can subsequently be depicted using non-invasive MRI. We compared the MR signal effects of magnetic-assisted cell sorting microbeads (CD25) to the current preclinical gold standard, ferumoxytol. We investigated in vitro labeling efficiency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) with MRI and histopathologic confirmation. Thereafter, Tregs and T cells were labeled with CD25 microbeads in vitro and delivered via intravenous injection. Liver MRIs pre- and 24 h post-injection were performed to determine in vivo tracking feasibility. We show that CD25 microbeads exhibit T2 signal decay properties similar to other iron oxide contrast agents. CD25 microbeads are readily internalized by Tregs and can be detected by non-invasive MRI with dose dependent T2 signal suppression. Systemically injected labeled Tregs can be detected in the liver 24 h post-injection, contrary to T cell control. Our CD25 microbead-based labeling method is an effective tool for Treg tagging, yielding detectable MR signal change in cell phantoms and in vivo. This novel cellular tracking method will be key in tracking the fate of Tregs in inflammatory pathologies and solid organ transplantation.
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Non-invasive fluorescence imaging for tracking immune cells in preclinical models of immunotherapy. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 167:163-170. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Olomukoro AA, Emmons RV, Godage NH, Cudjoe E, Gionfriddo E. Ion exchange solid phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography/laminar flow tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of perfluoroalkyl substances in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462335. [PMID: 34174636 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are toxic and bioaccumulative compounds that are persistent in the environment due to their water and heat resistant properties. These compounds have been demonstrated to be ubiquitous in the environment, being found in water, soil, air and various biological matrices. The determination of PFAS at ultra-trace levels is thus critical to assess the extent of contamination in a particular matrix. In this work, solid phase microextraction (SPME) was evaluated as a pre-concentration technique to aid the quantitation of this class of pollutants below the EPA established advisory limits in drinking water at parts-per-trillion levels. Four model PFAS with varying physicochemical properties, namely hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX), perfluoro-1- butanesulfonate (PFBS), perfluoro-n-octanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluoro-1-octanesulfonate (PFOS) were studied as a proof of concept. Analysis was performed with the use of ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-laminar flow tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). This study proposes the use of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance-weak anion-exchange/polyacrylonitrile (HLB-WAX/PAN) as a SPME coating, ideal for all model analytes. A sample volume of 1.5 mL was used for analysis, the optimized protocol including 20 min extraction, 20 min desorption and 6 min LC/MS analysis. This method achieved LOQs of 2.5 ng L- 1 (PFOS) and 1 ng L - 1 (GenX, PFBS and PFOA) with satisfactory precision and accuracy values evaluated over a period of 5 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghogho A Olomukoro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 436062, United States; Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratories for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
| | - Ronald V Emmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 436062, United States; Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratories for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
| | - Nipunika H Godage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 436062, United States; Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratories for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
| | | | - Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 436062, United States; Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratories for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States; School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606.
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Rho J, Stares E, Adams SR, Lister D, Leach B, Ahrens ET. Paramagnetic Fluorinated Nanoemulsions for in vivo F-19 MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:665-674. [PMID: 31482414 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aim to develop perfluorocarbon-based nanoemulsions with improved sensitivity for detection of inflammatory macrophages in situ using F-19 MRI. Towards this goal, we evaluate the feasibility of nanoemulsion formulation incorporating a metal chelate in the fluorous phase which shortens the F-19 longitudinal relaxation rate and image acquisition time. PROCEDURES Perfluorinated linear polymers were conjugated to metal-binding tris-diketonate, blended with unconjugated polymers, and emulsified in water. Phospholipid-based surfactant was used to stabilize nanoemulsion and provide biocompatibility. Nanoemulsions were metalated with the addition of ferric salt to the buffer. Physical stability of surfactant and nanoemulsion was evaluated by mass spectrometry and dynamic light scattering measurements. Nanoemulsions were injected intravenously into a murine granuloma inflammation model, and in vivo19F/1H MRI at 11.7 T was performed. RESULTS We demonstrated stability and biocompatibility of lipid-based paramagnetic nanoemulsions. We investigated potential oxidation of lipid in the presence of metal chelate. As a proof of concept, we performed non-invasive monitoring of macrophage burden in a murine inflammation model following intravenous injection of nanoemulsion using in vivo F-19 MRI. CONCLUSION Lipid-based nanoemulsion probes of perfluorocarbon synthesized with iron-binding fluorinated β-diketones can be formulated for intravenous delivery and inflammation detection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsung Rho
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0695, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, USA
| | - Emma Stares
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0695, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, USA
| | - Stephen R Adams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Deanne Lister
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0695, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, USA
| | - Benjamin Leach
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0695, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, USA
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0695, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, USA.
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Imaging of Inflammation in Spinal Cord Injury: Novel Insights on the Usage of PFC-Based Contrast Agents. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040379. [PMID: 33916774 PMCID: PMC8065995 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Labeling of macrophages with perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based compounds allows the visualization of inflammatory processes by 19F-magnetic resonance imaging (19F-MRI), due to the absence of endogenous background. Even if PFC-labeling of monocytes/macrophages has been largely investigated and used, information is lacking about the impact of these agents over the polarization towards one of their cell subsets and on the best way to image them. In the present work, a PFC-based nanoemulsion was developed to monitor the course of inflammation in a model of spinal cord injury (SCI), a pathology in which the understanding of immunological events is of utmost importance to select the optimal therapeutic strategies. The effects of PFC over macrophage polarization were studied in vitro, on cultured macrophages, and in vivo, in a mouse SCI model, by testing and comparing various cell tracking protocols, including single and multiple administrations, the use of MRI or Point Resolved Spectroscopy (PRESS), and application of pre-saturation of Kupffer cells. The blood half-life of nanoemulsion was also investigated by 19F Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). In vitro and in vivo results indicate the occurrence of a switch towards the M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype, suggesting a possible theranostic function of these nanoparticles. The comparative work presented here allows the reader to select the most appropriate protocol according to the research objectives (quantitative data acquisition, visual monitoring of macrophage recruitment, theranostic purpose, rapid MRI acquisition, etc.). Finally, the method developed here to determine the blood half-life of the PFC nanoemulsion can be extended to other fluorinated compounds.
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Modo M. 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy in Neuroscience. Neuroscience 2021; 474:37-50. [PMID: 33766776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1H magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has established itself as a key diagnostic technique, affording the visualization of brain anatomy, blood flow, activity and connectivity. The detection of other atoms (e.g. 19F, 23Na, 31P), so called hetero-nuclear MRI and spectroscopy (MRS), provides investigative avenues that complement and extend the richness of information that can be gained from 1H MRI. Especially 19F MRI is increasingly emerging as a multi-nuclear (1H/19F) technique that can be exploited to visualize cell migration and trafficking. The lack of a 19F background signal in the brain affords an unequivocal detection suitable for quantification. Fluorine-based contrast material can be engineered as nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, or nanoparticles to label cells in vitro or in vivo. Fluorinated blood substitutes, typically nanoemulsions, can also carry oxygen and serve as a theranostic in poorly perfused brain regions. Brain tissue concentrations of fluorinated pharmaceuticals, including inhalation anesthetics (e.g. isoflurane) and anti-depressants (e.g. fluoxetine), can also be measured using MRS. However, the low signal from these compounds provides a challenge for imaging. Further methodological advances that accelerate signal acquisition (e.g. compressed sensing, cryogenic coils) are required to expand the applications of 19F MR imaging to, for instance, determine the regional pharmacokinetics of novel fluorine-based drugs. Improvements in 19F signal detection and localization, combined with the development of novel sensitive probes, will increase the utility of these multi-nuclear studies. These advances will provide new insights into cellular and molecular processes involved in neurodegenerative disease, as well as the mode of action of pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Modo
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Helfer BM, Bulte JW. Cell Surveillance Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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MRI-based molecular imaging of epicardium-derived stromal cells (EpiSC) by peptide-mediated active targeting. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21669. [PMID: 33303866 PMCID: PMC7728754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After myocardial infarction (MI), epicardial cells reactivate their embryonic program, proliferate and migrate into the damaged tissue to differentiate into fibroblasts, endothelial cells and, if adequately stimulated, to cardiomyocytes. Targeting epicardium-derived stromal cells (EpiSC) by specific ligands might enable the direct imaging of EpiSCs after MI to better understand their biology, but also may permit the cell-specific delivery of small molecules to improve the post-MI healing process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify specific peptides by phage display screening to enable EpiSC specific cargo delivery by active targeting. To this end, we utilized a sequential panning of a phage library on cultured rat EpiSCs and then subtracted phage that nonspecifically bound blood immune cells. EpiSC specific phage were analyzed by deep sequencing and bioinformatics analysis to identify a total of 78 300 ± 31 900 different, EpiSC-specific, peptide insertion sequences. Flow cytometry of the five most highly abundant peptides (EP1, -2, -3, -7 or EP9) showed strong binding to EpiSCs but not to blood immune cells. The best binding properties were found for EP9 which was further studied by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). SPR revealed rapid and stable association of EpiSCs with EP9. As a negative control, THP-1 monocytes did not associate with EP9. Coupling of EP9 to perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions (PFCs) resulted in the efficient delivery of 19F cargo to EpiSCs and enabled their visualization by 19F MRI. Moreover, active targeting of EpiSCs by EP9-labelled PFCs was able to outcompete the strong phagocytic uptake of PFCs by circulating monocytes. In summary, we have identified a 7-mer peptide, (EP9) that binds to EpiSCs with high affinity and specificity. This peptide can be used to deliver small molecule cargos such as contrast agents to permit future in vivo tracking of EpiSCs by molecular imaging and to transfer small pharmaceutical molecules to modulate the biological activity of EpiSCs.
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Wang C, Leach BI, Lister D, Adams SR, Xu H, Hoh C, McConville P, Zhang J, Messer K, Ahrens ET. Metallofluorocarbon Nanoemulsion for Inflammatory Macrophage Detection via PET and MRI. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:1146-1153. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.255273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Wu L, Liu F, Liu S, Xu X, Liu Z, Sun X. Perfluorocarbons-Based 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Biomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7377-7395. [PMID: 33061385 PMCID: PMC7537992 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s255084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance (MR) molecular imaging is a promising noninvasive and quantitative molecular imaging approach with intensive research due to the high sensitivity and low endogenous background signal of the 19F atom in vivo. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been used as blood substitutes since 1970s. More recently, a variety of PFC nanoparticles have been designed for the detection and imaging of physiological and pathological changes. These molecular imaging probes have been developed to label cells, target specific epitopes in tumors, monitor the prognosis and therapy efficacy and quantitate characterization of tumors and changes in tumor microenvironment noninvasively, therefore, significantly improving the prognosis and therapy efficacy. Herein, we discuss the recent development and applications of 19F MR techniques with PFC nanoparticles in biomedicine, with particular emphasis on ligand-targeted and quantitative 19F MR imaging approaches for tumor detection, oxygenation measurement, smart stimulus response and therapy efficacy monitoring, et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuan Xu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxi Liu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilin Sun
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
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Kolouchova K, Jirak D, Groborz O, Sedlacek O, Ziolkowska N, Vit M, Sticova E, Galisova A, Svec P, Trousil J, Hajek M, Hruby M. Implant-forming polymeric 19F MRI-tracer with tunable dissolution. J Control Release 2020; 327:50-60. [PMID: 32730953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using 19F-based tracers has emerged as a promising multi-purpose noninvasive diagnostic tool and its application requires the use of various 19F-based tracers for the intended diagnostic purpose. In this study, we report a series of double-stimuli-responsive polymers for use as injectable implants, which were designed to form implants under physiological conditions, and to subsequently dissolve with different dissolution rates (t1/2 ranges from 30 to more than 250 days). Our polymers contain a high concentration of fluorine atoms, providing remarkable signal detectability, and both a hydrophilic monomer and a pH-responsive monomer that alter the biodistribution properties of the implant. The implant location and dissolution were observed using 19F MRI, which allows the anatomic extent of the implant to be monitored. The dissolution kinetics and biocompatibility of these materials were thoroughly analyzed. No sign of toxicity in vitro or in vivo or pathology in vivo was observed, even in chronic administration. The clinical applicability of our polymers was further confirmed via imaging of a rat model by employing an instrument currently used in human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Kolouchova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovsky Square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jirak
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, 140 21 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Department of Science and Research, Faculty of Health Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Groborz
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovsky Square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University, Faculty of Science, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Salmovská 1, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo square 542/2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Sedlacek
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalia Ziolkowska
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, 140 21 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Salmovská 1, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vit
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, 140 21 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Technical University of Liberec, Faculty of Mechatronics Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Sticova
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, 140 21 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Galisova
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, 140 21 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Svec
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovsky Square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Trousil
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovsky Square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Hajek
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, 140 21 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hruby
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovsky Square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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17
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Darçot E, Colotti R, Pellegrin M, Wilson A, Siegert S, Bouzourene K, Yerly J, Mazzolai L, Stuber M, van Heeswijk RB. Towards Quantification of Inflammation in Atherosclerotic Plaque in the Clinic - Characterization and Optimization of Fluorine-19 MRI in Mice at 3 T. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17488. [PMID: 31767900 PMCID: PMC6877590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of injected perfluorocarbons (PFCs) can be used for the quantification and monitoring of inflammation in diseases such as atherosclerosis. To advance the translation of this technique to the clinical setting, we aimed to 1) demonstrate the feasibility of quantitative 19F MRI in small inflammation foci on a clinical scanner, and 2) to characterize the PFC-incorporating leukocyte populations and plaques. To this end, thirteen atherosclerotic apolipoprotein-E-knockout mice received 2 × 200 µL PFC, and were scanned on a 3 T clinical MR system. 19F MR signal was detected in the aortic arch and its branches in all mice, with a signal-to-noise ratio of 11.1 (interquartile range IQR = 9.5–13.1) and a PFC concentration of 1.15 mM (IQR = 0.79–1.28). Imaging flow cytometry was used on another ten animals and indicated that PFC-labeled leukocytes in the aortic arch and it branches were mainly dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils (ratio 9:1:1). Finally, immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the presence of those cells in the plaques. We thus successfully used 19F MRI for the noninvasive quantification of PFC in atherosclerotic plaque in mice on a clinical scanner, demonstrating the feasibility of detecting very small inflammation foci at 3 T, and advancing the translation of 19F MRI to the human setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Darçot
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Colotti
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Pellegrin
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Wilson
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Formation and Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Siegert
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Formation and Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Karima Bouzourene
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Yerly
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mazzolai
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Stuber
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ruud B van Heeswijk
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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18
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Hingorani DV, Chapelin F, Stares E, Adams SR, Okada H, Ahrens ET. Cell penetrating peptide functionalized perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions for targeted cell labeling and enhanced fluorine-19 MRI detection. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:974-987. [PMID: 31631402 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A bottleneck in developing cell therapies for cancer is assaying cell biodistribution, persistence, and survival in vivo. Ex vivo cell labeling using perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsions, paired with 19 F MRI detection, is a non-invasive approach for cell product detection in vivo. Lymphocytes are small and weakly phagocytic limiting PFC labeling levels and MRI sensitivity. To boost labeling, we designed PFC nanoemulsion imaging probes displaying a cell-penetrating peptide, namely the transactivating transcription sequence (TAT) of the human immunodeficiency virus. We report optimized synthesis schemes for preparing TAT co-surfactant to complement the common surfactants used in PFC nanoemulsion preparations. METHODS We performed ex vivo labeling of primary human chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells with nanoemulsion. Intracellular labeling was validated using electron microscopy and confocal imaging. To detect signal enhancement in vivo, labeled CAR T cells were intra-tumorally injected into mice bearing flank glioma tumors. RESULTS By incorporating TAT into the nanoemulsion, a labeling efficiency of ~1012 fluorine atoms per CAR T cell was achieved that is a >8-fold increase compared to nanoemulsion without TAT while retaining high cell viability (~84%). Flow cytometry phenotypic assays show that CAR T cells are unaltered after labeling with TAT nanoemulsion, and in vitro tumor cell killing assays display intact cytotoxic function. The 19 F MRI signal detected from TAT-labeled CAR T cells was 8 times higher than cells labeled with PFC without TAT. CONCLUSION The peptide-PFC nanoemulsion synthesis scheme presented can significantly enhance cell labeling and imaging sensitivity and is generalizable for other targeted imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina V Hingorani
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, California
| | - Fanny Chapelin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, California
| | - Emma Stares
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, California
| | - Stephen R Adams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, California
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, California
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, California
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19
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Imaging Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice Using Combined Near Infrared and 19F Magnetic Resonance Modalities. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14314. [PMID: 31586092 PMCID: PMC6778085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes pain and tissue destruction in people worldwide. An accurate diagnosis is paramount in order to develop an effective treatment plan. This study demonstrates that combining near infrared (NIR) imaging and 19F MRI with the injection of labelled nanoparticles provides high diagnostic specificity for RA. The nanoparticles were made from poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (NP) or PLGA-PEG-Folate (Folate-NP), loaded with perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB) and indocyanine green (ICG) and evaluated in vitro and in a collagen-induced arthritic (CIA) mouse model. The different particles had a similar size and a spherical shape according to dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Based on flow cytometry and 19F MRI analysis, Folate-NP yielded a higher uptake than NP in activated macrophages in vitro. The potential RA-targeting ability of the particles was studied in CIA mice using NIR and 19F MRI analysis. Both NP and Folate-NP accumulated in the RA tissues, where they were visible in NIR and 19F MRI for up to 24 hours. The presence of folate as a targeting ligand significantly improved the NIR signal from inflamed tissue at the early time point (2 hours), but not at later time points. Overall, these results suggest that our nanoparticles can be applied for combined NIR and 19F MRI imaging for improved RA diagnosis.
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20
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Ghuman H, Hitchens TK, Modo M. A systematic optimization of 19F MR image acquisition to detect macrophage invasion into an ECM hydrogel implanted in the stroke-damaged brain. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116090. [PMID: 31408717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
19F-MR imaging of perfluorocarbon (PFC)-labeled macrophages can provide a unique insight into their participation and spatio-temporal dynamics of inflammatory events, such as the biodegradation of an extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel implanted into a stroke cavity. To determine the most efficient acquisition strategy for 19F-MR imaging, five commonly used sequences were optimized using a design of experiment (DoE) approach and compared based on their signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The fast imaging with steady-state precession (FISP) sequence produced the most efficient detection of a 19F signal followed by the rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) sequence. The multi-slice multi-echo (MSME), fast low angle shot (FLASH), and zero echo time (ZTE) sequences were significantly less efficient. Imaging parameters (matrix/voxel size; slice thickness, number of averages) determined the accuracy (i.e. trueness and precision) of object identification by reducing partial volume effects, as determined by analysis of the point spread function (PSF). A 96 × 96 matrix size (0.35 mm3) produced the lowest limit of detection (LOD) for RARE (2.85 mM PFPE; 119 mM 19F) and FISP (0.43 mM PFPE; 18.1 mM 19F), with an SNR of 2 as the detection threshold. Imaging of a brain phantom with PFC-labeled macrophages invading an ECM hydrogel further illustrated the impact of these parameter changes. The systematic optimization of sequence and imaging parameters provides the framework for an accurate visualization of 19F-labeled macrophage distribution and density in the brain. This will enhance our understanding of the contribution of periphery-derived macrophages in bioscaffold degradation and its role in brain tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanvir Ghuman
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michel Modo
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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21
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Patil PS, Fathollahipour S, Inmann A, Pant A, Amini R, Shriver LP, Leipzig ND. Fluorinated Methacrylamide Chitosan Hydrogel Dressings Improve Regenerated Wound Tissue Quality in Diabetic Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2019; 8:374-385. [PMID: 31346492 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2018.0887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Oxygen therapy has shown promising results for treating diabetic wounds. However, clinically used oxygen therapies are cumbersome and expensive. Thus, there is a need to develop a localized oxygenating treatment that is easy to use and inexpensive. Approach: In this study, we tested a previously developed hydrogel sheet wound dressing based on fluorinated methacrylamide chitosan (MACF) for enhanced oxygenation and compared it with a commercial sheet hydrogel dressing, AquaDerm™, and no treatment controls in a splinted transgenic diabetic mouse wound model. Results: AquaDerm exhibited poor wound closure response compared with the MACF oxygenating hydrogel sheet dressing (MACF+O2) and no treatment. Histological analysis revealed enhanced collagen synthesis and neovascularization upon MACF+O2 treatment as indicated by higher collagen content and number of blood vessels/capillaries compared with AquaDerm and no treatment. MACF+O2 also improved wound collagen fiber alignment, thus demonstrating improved skin tissue maturation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based biodistribution analysis revealed that the degradation products of the MACF-based dressing did not accumulate in lung, liver, and kidney tissues of the treated animals after 14 days of treatment. Innovation: This study presents the first application of a unique oxygenating biomaterial (MACF) made into a moist hydrogel wound dressing for treating diabetic wounds. Conclusion: The results of this study confirm the benefits of this novel biomaterial approach for improving regenerated tissue structure in diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam S. Patil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
| | | | | | - Anup Pant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
| | - Rouzbeh Amini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
| | | | - Nic D. Leipzig
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
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22
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Waiczies S, Rosenberg JT, Kuehne A, Starke L, Delgado PR, Millward JM, Prinz C, Dos Santos Periquito J, Pohlmann A, Waiczies H, Niendorf T. Fluorine-19 MRI at 21.1 T: enhanced spin-lattice relaxation of perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether and sensitivity as demonstrated in ex vivo murine neuroinflammation. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 32:37-49. [PMID: 30421250 PMCID: PMC6514110 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-018-0710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fluorine MR would benefit greatly from enhancements in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This study examines the sensitivity gain of 19F MR that can be practically achieved when moving from 9.4 to 21.1 T. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether (PFCE) at both field strengths (B0), as a pure compound, in the form of nanoparticles (NP) as employed to study inflammation in vivo, as well as in inflamed tissue. Brains, lymph nodes (LNs) and spleens were obtained from mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) that had been administered PFCE NPs. All samples were measured at both B0 with 2D-RARE and 2D-FLASH using 19F volume radiofrequency resonators together. T1 and T2 of PFCE were measured at both B0 strengths. RESULTS Compared to 9.4 T, an SNR gain of > 3 was observed for pure PFCE and > 2 for PFCE NPs at 21.1 T using 2D-FLASH. A dependency of 19F T1 and T2 relaxation on B0 was demonstrated. High spatially resolved 19F MRI of EAE brains and LNs at 21.1 T revealed signals not seen at 9.4 T. DISCUSSION Enhanced SNR and T1 shortening indicate the potential benefit of in vivo 19F MR at higher B0 to study inflammatory processes with greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Waiczies
- Experimental Ultrahigh Field MRI, Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jens T Rosenberg
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Ludger Starke
- Experimental Ultrahigh Field MRI, Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula Ramos Delgado
- Experimental Ultrahigh Field MRI, Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason M Millward
- Experimental Ultrahigh Field MRI, Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Prinz
- Experimental Ultrahigh Field MRI, Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joao Dos Santos Periquito
- Experimental Ultrahigh Field MRI, Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Pohlmann
- Experimental Ultrahigh Field MRI, Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Experimental Ultrahigh Field MRI, Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- MRI TOOLS GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation Between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Jirak D, Galisova A, Kolouchova K, Babuka D, Hruby M. Fluorine polymer probes for magnetic resonance imaging: quo vadis? MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 32:173-185. [PMID: 30498886 PMCID: PMC6514090 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-018-0724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the development and relevance of 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for use in clinical practice has emerged. MRI using fluorinated probes enables the achievement of a specific signal with high contrast in MRI images. However, to ensure sufficient sensitivity of 19F MRI, fluorine probes with a high content of chemically equivalent fluorine atoms are required. The majority of 19F MRI agents are perfluorocarbon emulsions, which have a broad range of applications in molecular imaging, although the content of fluorine atoms in these molecules is limited. In this review, we focus mainly on polymer probes that allow higher fluorine content and represent versatile platforms with properties tailorable to a plethora of biomedical in vivo applications. We discuss the chemical development, up to the first imaging applications, of these promising fluorine probes, including injectable polymers that form depots that are intended for possible use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jirak
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 9, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, 1st Medicine Faculty, Charles University, Salmovská 1, 120 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Health Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrea Galisova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 9, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Kolouchova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského sq. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - David Babuka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského sq. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hruby
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského sq. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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24
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Rothe M, Jahn A, Weiss K, Hwang JH, Szendroedi J, Kelm M, Schrader J, Roden M, Flögel U, Bönner F. In vivo 19F MR inflammation imaging after myocardial infarction in a large animal model at 3 T. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 32:5-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-018-0714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Preclinical 19F MRI cell tracking at 3 Tesla. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 32:123-132. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-018-0715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Chapelin F, Capitini CM, Ahrens ET. Fluorine-19 MRI for detection and quantification of immune cell therapy for cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:105. [PMID: 30305175 PMCID: PMC6180584 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, immune cell therapy has emerged as a potent treatment for multiple cancers, first through groundbreaking leukemia therapy, and more recently, by tackling solid tumors. Developing successful therapeutic strategies using live cells could benefit from the ability to rapidly determine their in vivo biodistribution and persistence. Assaying cell biodistribution is unconventional compared to traditional small molecule drug pharmacokinetic readouts used in the pharmaceutical pipeline, yet this information is critical towards understanding putative therapeutic outcomes and modes of action. Towards this goal, efforts are underway to visualize and quantify immune cell therapy in vivo using advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Cell labeling probes based on perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions, paired with fluorine-19 MRI detection, enables background-free quantification of cell localization and survival. Here, we highlight recent preclinical and clinical uses of perfluorocarbon probes and 19F MRI for adoptive cell transfer (ACT) studies employing experimental T lymphocytes, NK, PBMC, and dendritic cell therapies. We assess the forward looking potential of this emerging imaging technology to aid discovery and preclinical phases, as well as clinical trials. The limitations and barriers towards widespread adoption of this technology, as well as alternative imaging strategies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chapelin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christian M Capitini
- Department of Pediatrics and Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California of San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0695, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, USA.
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27
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Shin SH, Park SH, Kim SW, Kim M, Kim D. Fluorine MR Imaging Monitoring of Tumor Inflammation after High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation. Radiology 2018; 287:476-484. [PMID: 29369752 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017171603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)-induced macrophage infiltration could be longitudinally monitored with fluorine 19 (19F) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in a quantitative manner. Materials and Methods BALB/c mice were subcutaneously inoculated with 4T1 cells and were separated into three groups: untreated mice (control, n = 9), HIFU-treated mice (HIFU, n = 9), and HIFU- and clodronate-treated mice (HIFU+Clod, n = 9). Immediately after HIFU treatment, all mice were intravenously given perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion. MR imaging examinations were performed 2, 4, 7, 10, and 14 days after HIFU treatment. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the changes in 19F signal over time and differences between groups. Histologic examinations were performed to confirm in vivo data. Results Fluorine 19 signals were detected at the rims of tumors and the peripheries of ablated lesions. Mean 19F signal in tumors was significantly higher in HIFU-treated mice than in control mice up to day 4 (0.82 ± 0.26 vs 0.42 ± 0.17, P < .001). Fluorine 19 signals were higher in the HIFU+Clod group than in the control group from day 4 (0.82 ± 0.23, P < .001) to day 14 (0.55 ± 0.16 vs 0.28 ± 0.06, P < .05). Histologic examination revealed macrophage infiltration around ablated lesions. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed PFC labeling of macrophages. Conclusion Fluorine 19 MR imaging can longitudinally capture and quantify HIFU-induced macrophage infiltration in preclinical tumor models. © RSNA, 2018 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Shin
- From the Molecular Imaging Branch, Division of Convergence Technology, National Cancer Center, Research Building, Ilsanro-323, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Park
- From the Molecular Imaging Branch, Division of Convergence Technology, National Cancer Center, Research Building, Ilsanro-323, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Seung Won Kim
- From the Molecular Imaging Branch, Division of Convergence Technology, National Cancer Center, Research Building, Ilsanro-323, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Minsun Kim
- From the Molecular Imaging Branch, Division of Convergence Technology, National Cancer Center, Research Building, Ilsanro-323, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Daehong Kim
- From the Molecular Imaging Branch, Division of Convergence Technology, National Cancer Center, Research Building, Ilsanro-323, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10408, Korea
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Makela AV, Foster PJ. Imaging macrophage distribution and density in mammary tumors and lung metastases using fluorine-19 MRI cell tracking. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:1138-1147. [PMID: 29327789 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V Makela
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,The Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,The Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Chapelin F, Gao S, Okada H, Weber TG, Messer K, Ahrens ET. Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance of chimeric antigen receptor T cell biodistribution in murine cancer model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17748. [PMID: 29255242 PMCID: PMC5735180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17669-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovery of effective cell therapies against cancer can be accelerated by the adaptation of tools to rapidly quantitate cell biodistribution and survival after delivery. Here, we describe the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ‘cytometry’ to quantify the biodistribution of immunotherapeutic T cells in intact tissue samples. In this study, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells expressing EGFRvIII targeting transgene were labeled with a perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion ex vivo and infused into immunocompromised mice bearing subcutaneous human U87 glioblastomas expressing EGFRvIII and luciferase. Intact organs were harvested at day 2, 7 and 14 for whole-sample fluorine-19 (19F) NMR to quantitatively measure the presence of PFC-labeled CAR T cells, followed by histological validation. NMR measurements showed greater CAR T cell homing and persistence in the tumors and spleen compared to untransduced T cells. Tumor growth was monitored with bioluminescence imaging, showing that CAR T cell treatment resulted in significant tumor regression compared to untransduced T cells. Overall, 19F NMR cytometry is a rapid and quantitative method to evaluate cell biodistribution, tumor homing, and fate in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chapelin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shang Gao
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Weber
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karen Messer
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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30
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Differential of live and dead cells by magnetic resonance imaging. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1899-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Waiczies S, Millward JM, Starke L, Delgado PR, Huelnhagen T, Prinz C, Marek D, Wecker D, Wissmann R, Koch SP, Boehm-Sturm P, Waiczies H, Niendorf T, Pohlmann A. Enhanced Fluorine-19 MRI Sensitivity using a Cryogenic Radiofrequency Probe: Technical Developments and Ex Vivo Demonstration in a Mouse Model of Neuroinflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9808. [PMID: 28851959 PMCID: PMC5575026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation can be monitored using fluorine-19 (19F)-containing nanoparticles and 19F MRI. Previously we studied neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) using room temperature (RT) 19F radiofrequency (RF) coils and low spatial resolution 19F MRI to overcome constraints in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This yielded an approximate localization of inflammatory lesions. Here we used a new 19F transceive cryogenic quadrature RF probe ( 19 F-CRP) that provides the SNR necessary to acquire superior spatially-resolved 19F MRI. First we characterized the signal-transmission profile of the 19 F-CRP. The 19 F-CRP was then benchmarked against a RT 19F/1H RF coil. For SNR comparison we used reference compounds including 19F-nanoparticles and ex vivo brains from EAE mice administered with 19F-nanoparticles. The transmit/receive profile of the 19 F-CRP diminished with increasing distance from the surface. This was counterbalanced by a substantial SNR gain compared to the RT coil. Intraparenchymal inflammation in the ex vivo EAE brains was more sharply defined when using 150 μm isotropic resolution with the 19 F-CRP, and reflected the known distribution of EAE histopathology. At this spatial resolution, most 19F signals were undetectable using the RT coil. The 19 F-CRP is a valuable tool that will allow us to study neuroinflammation with greater detail in future in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Waiczies
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jason M Millward
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludger Starke
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula Ramos Delgado
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Huelnhagen
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Prinz
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Stefan P Koch
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, and NeuroCure, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Boehm-Sturm
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, and NeuroCure, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- MRI TOOLS GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Pohlmann
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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32
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Khurana A, Chapelin F, Xu H, Acevedo JR, Molinolo A, Nguyen Q, Ahrens ET. Visualization of macrophage recruitment in head and neck carcinoma model using fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 2017; 79:1972-1980. [PMID: 28748562 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the role of infiltrating macrophages in murine models of single and double mutation head and neck tumors using a novel fluorine-19 (19 F) MRI technology. METHODS Tumor cell lines single-hit/SCC4 or double-hit/Cal27, with mutations of TP53 and TP53 & FHIT, respectively, were injected bilaterally into the flanks of (n = 10) female mice. With tumors established, perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion was injected intravenously, which labels in situ predominantly monocytes and macrophages. Longitudinal spin density-weighted 19 F MRI data enabled quantification of the macrophage burden in tumor and surrounding tissue. RESULTS The average number of 19 F atoms within the tumors was twice as high in the Cal27 group compared with SCC4 (3.9 × 1019 and 2.0 × 101919 F/tumor, respectively; P = 0.0034) two days after contrast injection, signifying increased tumor-associated macrophages in double-hit tumors. The difference was still significant 10 days after injection. Histology stains correlated with in vivo results, exhibiting numerous perfluorocarbon-labeled macrophages in double-hit tumors and to a lesser extent in single-hit tumors. CONCLUSIONS This study helps to establish 19 F MRI as a method for quantifying immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, allowing distinction between double and single-hit head and neck tumors. This technique would be extremely valuable in the clinic for pretreatment planning, prognostics, and post-treatment surveillance. Magn Reson Med 79:1972-1980, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Khurana
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fanny Chapelin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph R Acevedo
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alfred Molinolo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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33
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Quantifying tumor associated macrophages in breast cancer: a comparison of iron and fluorine-based MRI cell tracking. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42109. [PMID: 28176853 PMCID: PMC5296729 DOI: 10.1038/srep42109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are associated with tumor growth and metastasis. MRI can detect TAMs labeled with iron oxide (USPIO) or perfluorocarbon (PFC) agents. This study compared these two cell tracking approaches for imaging TAMs in vivo. 4T1 tumors were imaged with MRI at 4 days or 3 weeks post cell implantation after intravenous (i.v.) administration of either USPIO or PFC. Signal loss was detected within tumors at both time points post USPIO. Images acquired at 4 days demonstrated signal loss encompassing the entire tumor and around the periphery at 3 weeks. Number of black voxels suggested higher numbers of TAMs in the tumor at the later time point. After PFC administration, Fluorine-19 (19F) signal was detected in a similar spatial distribution as signal loss post USPIO. 19F signal quantification revealed that the number of 19F spins was not significantly different at the two time points, suggesting a similar number of TAMs were present in tumors but accumulated in different regions. 19F signal was higher centrally in tumors at 4 days and heterogenous around the periphery at 3 weeks. This study revealed that 19F-based cell tracking methods better represent TAM density and provides additional information not achievable with iron-based methods.
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34
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Shin SH, Park EJ, Min C, Choi SI, Jeon S, Kim YH, Kim D. Tracking Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsion Delivery by 19F MRI for Precise High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Tumor Ablation. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:562-572. [PMID: 28255351 PMCID: PMC5327634 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions (PFCNEs) have recently been undergoing rigorous study to investigate their ability to improve the therapeutic efficacy of tumor ablation by high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). For precise control of PFCNE delivery and thermal ablation, their accumulation and distribution in a tumor should be quantitatively analyzed. Here, we used fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantitatively track PFCNE accumulation in a tumor, and analyzed how intra-tumoral PFCNE quantities affect the therapeutic efficacy of HIFU treatment. Ablation outcomes were assessed by intra-voxel incoherent motion analysis and bioluminescent imaging up to 14 days after the procedure. Assessment of PFCNE delivery and treatment outcomes showed that 2-3 mg/mL of PFCNE in a tumor produces the largest ablation volume under the same HIFU insonation conditions. Histology showed varying degrees of necrosis depending on the amount of PFCNE delivered. 19F MRI promises to be a valuable platform for precisely guiding PFCNE-enhanced HIFU ablation of tumors.
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35
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Marbourg JM, Bratasz A, Mo X, Popovich PG. Spinal Cord Injury Suppresses Cutaneous Inflammation: Implications for Peripheral Wound Healing. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:1149-1155. [PMID: 27650169 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
People who suffer a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) are at increased risk for developing dermatological complications. These conditions increase cost of care, incidence of rehospitalization, and the risk for developing other infections. The consequences of dermatological complications after SCI are likely exacerbated further by post-injury deficits in neural-immune signaling. Indeed, a functional immune system is essential for optimal host defense and tissue repair. Here, we tested the hypothesis that SCI at high spinal levels, which causes systemic immune suppression, would suppress cutaneous inflammation below the level of injury. C57BL/6 mice received an SCI (T3 spinal level) or sham injury; then one day later complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was injected subcutaneously below the injury level. Inflammation was quantified by injecting mice with V-Sense, a perfluorocarbon (PFC) tracer that selectively labels macrophages, followed by in vivo imaging. The total radiant efficiency, which is proportional to the number of macrophages, was measured over a 4-day period at the site of CFA injection. Fluorescent in vivo imaging revealed that throughout the analysis period, the macrophage reaction in SCI mice was reduced ∼50% compared with sham-injured mice. Radiant efficiency data were confirmed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and together the data indicate that SCI significantly impairs subcutaneous inflammation. Future studies should determine whether enhancing local inflammation or boosting systemic immune function can improve the rate or efficiency of cutaneous wound healing in individuals with SCI. Doing so also could limit wound infections or secondary complications of impaired healing after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Marbourg
- 1 Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,4 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anna Bratasz
- 2 Small Animal Imaging Shared Resources, DHLRI, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- 3 Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- 1 Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,4 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,5 Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
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36
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Makela AV, Murrell DH, Parkins KM, Kara J, Gaudet JM, Foster PJ. Cellular Imaging With MRI. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 25:177-186. [PMID: 27748707 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an evolving field of imaging with strong translational and research potential. The ability to detect, track, and quantify cells in vivo and over time allows for studying cellular events related to disease processes and may be used as a biomarker for decisions about treatments and for monitoring responses to treatments. In this review, we discuss methods for labeling cells, various applications for cellular MRI, the existing limitations, strategies to address these shortcomings, and clinical cellular MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V Makela
- *Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute †Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Gaudet JM, Hamilton AM, Chen Y, Fox MS, Foster PJ. Application of dual19F and iron cellular MRI agents to track the infiltration of immune cells to the site of a rejected stem cell transplant. Magn Reson Med 2016; 78:713-720. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Gaudet
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Amanda M. Hamilton
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute; London Ontario Canada
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute; London Ontario Canada
| | - Matthew S. Fox
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Paula J. Foster
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
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38
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Shin SH, Kadayakkara DK, Bulte JWM. In Vivo 19F MR Imaging Cell Tracking of Inflammatory Macrophages and Site-specific Development of Colitis-associated Dysplasia. Radiology 2016; 282:194-201. [PMID: 27440581 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016152387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether the magnitude of in vivo fluorine 19 (19F) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging signal is associated with subsequent development of colitis-associated dysplasia after in situ fluorination of inflammatory macrophages in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Materials and Methods Experiments were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee. Mice in the experimental group (n = 10) were administered azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium to induce colitis-associated dysplasia. Five mice were in the noninduced control group. Animals were injected with a commercially available perfluorocarbon and were examined in vivo with an 11.7-T MR imager for up to 110 days. Colons were then harvested followed by high-spatial-resolution ex vivo MR imaging. Multiple colon segments with or without 19F signal were histologically graded and were correlated with 19F signal intensity by using a Spearman correlation test. The signal intensity in mice with colitis-associated dysplasia was compared with that in control mice with a two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. Results Patchy distributions of 19F signal intensity in the colon wall were seen on in vivo and ex vivo images, representing chronic inflammation as shown by immunohistochemistry. Histologic scores of inflammation and site-specific development of colitis-associated dysplasia in the descending colon showed good correlation with normalized 19F signal intensity (r = 0.88, P = .033 for the ascending colon; r = 0.82, P = .006 for the descending colon). A significantly (P = .002) higher normalized 19F signal-to-noise ratio was found at sites that developed dysplasia (mean, 0.58 ± 0.09 [standard deviation]) as compared with sites that did not (mean, 0.17 ± 0.22). Conclusion 19F MR imaging cell tracking of macrophages can be used to assess local inflammation in a mouse model of IBD. The resulting local 19F signal intensity, representing the magnitude of inflammation, has a positive correlation with the development of colitis-associated dysplasia. © RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Shin
- From the Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering (S.H.S., D.K.K., J.W.M.B.), Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research (S.H.S., D.K.K., J.W.M.B.), Department of Oncology (D.K.K., J.W.M.B.), Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.H.S., J.W.M.B.), and Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (J.W.M.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 217 Traylor Bldg, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Deepak K Kadayakkara
- From the Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering (S.H.S., D.K.K., J.W.M.B.), Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research (S.H.S., D.K.K., J.W.M.B.), Department of Oncology (D.K.K., J.W.M.B.), Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.H.S., J.W.M.B.), and Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (J.W.M.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 217 Traylor Bldg, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- From the Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering (S.H.S., D.K.K., J.W.M.B.), Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research (S.H.S., D.K.K., J.W.M.B.), Department of Oncology (D.K.K., J.W.M.B.), Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.H.S., J.W.M.B.), and Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (J.W.M.B.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 217 Traylor Bldg, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205
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39
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Colotti R, Bastiaansen JAM, Wilson A, Flögel U, Gonzales C, Schwitter J, Stuber M, van Heeswijk RB. Characterization of perfluorocarbon relaxation times and their influence on the optimization of fluorine-19 MRI at 3 tesla. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:2263-2271. [PMID: 27385530 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize and optimize 19 F MRI for different perfluorocarbons (PFCs) at 3T and quantify the loss of acquisition efficiency as a function of different temperature and cellular conditions. METHODS The T1 and T2 relaxation times of the commonly used PFCs perfluoropolyether (PFPE), perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether (PFCE), and perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB) were measured in phantoms and in several different conditions (cell types, presence of fixation agent, and temperatures). These relaxation times were used to optimize pulse sequences through numerical simulations. The acquisition efficiency in each cellular condition was then determined as the ratio of the signal after optimization with the reference relaxation times and after optimization with its proper relaxation times. Finally, PFC detection limits were determined. RESULTS The loss of acquisition efficiency due to parameter settings optimized for the wrong temperature and cellular condition was limited to 13%. The detection limits of all PFCs were lower at 24 °C than at 37 °C and varied from 11.8 ± 3.0 mM for PFCE at 24 °C to 379.9 ± 51.8 mM for PFOB at 37 °C. CONCLUSION Optimizing 19 F pulse sequences with a known phantom only leads to moderate loss in acquisition efficiency in cellular conditions that might be encountered in in vivo and in vitro experiments. Magn Reson Med 77:2263-2271, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Colotti
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jessica A M Bastiaansen
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Wilson
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Flögel
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christine Gonzales
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiac MR Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juerg Schwitter
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiac MR Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Stuber
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ruud B van Heeswijk
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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40
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Fox MS, Gaudet JM, Foster PJ. Fluorine-19 MRI Contrast Agents for Cell Tracking and Lung Imaging. MAGNETIC RESONANCE INSIGHTS 2016; 8:53-67. [PMID: 27042089 PMCID: PMC4807887 DOI: 10.4137/mri.s23559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-19 (19F)-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging stand to revolutionize imaging-based research and clinical trials in several fields of medical intervention. First, their use in characterizing in vivo cell behavior may help bring cellular therapy closer to clinical acceptance. Second, their use in lung imaging provides novel noninvasive interrogation of the ventilated airspaces without the need for complicated, hard-to-distribute hardware. This article reviews the current state of 19F-based cell tracking and lung imaging using magnetic resonance imaging and describes the link between the methods across these fields and how they may mutually benefit from solutions to mutual problems encountered when imaging 19F-containing compounds, as well as hardware and software advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Fox
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.; Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Gaudet
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.; Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.; Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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41
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Zhong J, Narsinh K, Morel PA, Xu H, Ahrens ET. In Vivo Quantification of Inflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Rats Using Fluorine-19 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Immune Cell Recruitment outside the Nervous System. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140238. [PMID: 26485716 PMCID: PMC4618345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in identifying new therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) can be accelerated by using imaging biomarkers of disease progression or abatement in model systems. In this study, we evaluate the ability to noninvasively image and quantitate disease pathology using emerging “hot-spot” 19F MRI methods in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat, a model of MS. Rats with clinical symptoms of EAE were compared to control rats without EAE, as well as to EAE rats that received daily prophylactic treatments with cyclophosphamide. Perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsion was injected intravenously, which labels predominately monocytes and macrophages in situ. Analysis of the spin-density weighted 19F MRI data enabled quantification of the apparent macrophage burden in the central nervous system and other tissues. The in vivo MRI results were confirmed by extremely high-resolution 19F/1H magnetic resonance microscopy in excised tissue samples and histopathologic analyses. Additionally, 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of intact tissue samples was used to assay the PFC biodistribution in EAE and control rats. In vivo hot-spot 19F signals were detected predominantly in the EAE spinal cord, consistent with the presence of inflammatory infiltrates. Surprising, prominent 19F hot-spots were observed in bone-marrow cavities adjacent to spinal cord lesions; these were not observed in control animals. Quantitative evaluation of cohorts receiving cyclophosphamide treatment displayed significant reduction in 19F signal within the spinal cord and bone marrow of EAE rats. Overall, 19F MRI can be used to quantitatively monitored EAE disease burden, discover unexpected sites of inflammatory activity, and may serve as a sensitive biomarker for the discovery and preclinical assessment of novel MS therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhong
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kazim Narsinh
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Penelope A. Morel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Cell tracking using 19F magnetic resonance imaging: Technical aspects and challenges towards clinical applications. Eur Radiol 2014; 25:726-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Balducci A, Wen Y, Zhang Y, Helfer BM, Hitchens TK, Meng WS, Wesa AK, Janjic JM. A novel probe for the non-invasive detection of tumor-associated inflammation. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23034. [PMID: 23526711 PMCID: PMC3601170 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel dual-mode contrast agent was formulated through the addition of an optical near infrared (NIR) probe to a perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent, which labels inflammatory cells in situ. A single PFC-NIR imaging agent enables both a qualitative, rapid optical monitoring of an inflammatory state and a quantitative, detailed and tissue-depth independent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The feasibility of in vivo optical imaging of the inflammatory response was demonstrated in a subcutaneous murine breast carcinoma model. Ex vivo optical imaging was used to quantify the PFC-NIR signal in the tumor and organs, and results correlated well with quantitative 19F NMR analyses of intact tissues. 19F MRI was employed to construct a three-dimensional image of the cellular microenvironment at the tumor site. Flow cytometry of isolated tumor cells was used to identify the cellular localization of the PFC-NIR probe within the tumor microenvironment. Contrast is achieved through the labeling of host cells involved in the immune response, but not tumor cells. The major cellular reservoir of the imaging agent were tumor-infiltrating CD11b+ F4/80low Gr-1low cells, a cell subset sharing immunophenotypic features with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These cells are recruited to sites of inflammation and are implicated in immune evasion and tumor progression. This PFC-NIR contrast agent coupled to non-invasive, quantitative imaging techniques could serve as a valuable tool for evaluating novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Balducci
- Department of Research and Development; Celsense, Inc.; Pittsburgh, PA USA
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44
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Modo M, Kolosnjaj-Tabi J, Nicholls F, Ling W, Wilhelm C, Debarge O, Gazeau F, Clement O. Considerations for the clinical use of contrast agents for cellular MRI in regenerative medicine. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 8:439-55. [PMID: 24375900 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Advances in regenerative medicine are rapidly transforming healthcare. A cornerstone of regenerative medicine is the introduction of cells that were grown or manipulated in vitro. Key questions that arise after these cells are re-introduced are: whether these cells are localized in the appropriate site; whether cells survive; and whether these cells migrate. These questions predominantly relate to the safety of the therapeutic approach (i.e. tumorigenesis), but certain aspects can also influence the efficacy of the therapeutic approach (e.g. site of injection). The European Medicines Agency has indicated that suitable methods for stem cell tracking should be applied where these methods are available. We here discuss the European regulatory framework, as well as the scientific evidence, that should be considered to facilitate the potential clinical implementation of magnetic resonance imaging contrast media to track implanted/injected cells in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Modo
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
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45
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Vasudeva K, Andersen K, Zeyzus-Johns B, Hitchens TK, Patel SK, Balducci A, Janjic JM, Pollock JA. Imaging neuroinflammation in vivo in a neuropathic pain rat model with near-infrared fluorescence and ¹⁹F magnetic resonance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90589. [PMID: 24587398 PMCID: PMC3938771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain following surgery represents a serious worldwide health problem leading to life-long treatment and the possibility of significant disability. In this study, neuropathic pain was modeled using the chronic constriction injury (CCI). The CCI rats exhibit mechanical hypersensitivity (typical neuropathic pain symptom) to mechanical stimulation of the affected paw 11 days post surgery, at a time when sham surgery animals do not exhibit hypersensitivity. Following a similar time course, TRPV1 gene expression appears to rise with the hypersensitivity to mechanical stimulation. Recent studies have shown that immune cells play a role in the development of neuropathic pain. To further explore the relationship between neuropathic pain and immune cells, we hypothesize that the infiltration of immune cells into the affected sciatic nerve can be monitored in vivo by molecular imaging. To test this hypothesis, an intravenous injection of a novel perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsion, which is phagocytosed by inflammatory cells (e.g. monocytes and macrophages), was used in a rat CCI model. The nanoemulsion carries two distinct imaging agents, a near-infrared (NIR) lipophilic fluorescence reporter (DiR) and a ¹⁹F MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) tracer, PFC. We demonstrate that in live rats, NIR fluorescence is concentrated in the area of the affected sciatic nerve. Furthermore, the ¹⁹FF MRI signal was observed on the sciatic nerve. Histological examination of the CCI sciatic nerve reveals significant infiltration of CD68 positive macrophages. These results demonstrate that the infiltration of immune cells into the sciatic nerve can be visualized in live animals using these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Vasudeva
- Biological Sciences, Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, and Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Karl Andersen
- Biological Sciences, Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, and Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bree Zeyzus-Johns
- Biological Sciences, Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, and Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - T. Kevin Hitchens
- NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sravan Kumar Patel
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, and Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony Balducci
- Department of Research and Development, Celsense, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Unite States of America
| | - Jelena M. Janjic
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, and Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John A. Pollock
- Biological Sciences, Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, and Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Chen J, Pan H, Lanza GM, Wickline SA. Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for physiological and molecular imaging and therapy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2013; 20:466-78. [PMID: 24206599 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we review the use of non-nephrotoxic perfluorocarbon nanoparticles (PFC NPs) for noninvasive detection and therapy of kidney diseases, and we provide a synopsis of other related literature pertinent to their anticipated clinical application. Recent reports indicate that PFC NPs allow for quantitative mapping of kidney perfusion and oxygenation after ischemia-reperfusion injury with the use of a novel multinuclear (1)H/(19)F magnetic resonance imaging approach. Furthermore, when conjugated with targeting ligands, the functionalized PFC NPs offer unique and quantitative capabilities for imaging inflammation in the kidney of atherosclerotic ApoE-null mice. In addition, PFC NPs can facilitate drug delivery for treatment of inflammation, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in selected conditions that are comorbidities for kidney failure. The excellent safety profile of PFC NPs with respect to kidney injury positions these nanomedicine approaches as promising diagnostic and therapeutic candidates for treating and following acute and chronic kidney diseases.
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Abstract
The increasing complexity of in vivo imaging technologies, coupled with the development of cell therapies, has fuelled a revolution in immune cell tracking in vivo. Powerful magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods are now being developed that use iron oxide- and ¹⁹F-based probes. These MRI technologies can be used for image-guided immune cell delivery and for the visualization of immune cell homing and engraftment, inflammation, cell physiology and gene expression. MRI-based cell tracking is now also being applied to evaluate therapeutics that modulate endogenous immune cell recruitment and to monitor emerging cellular immunotherapies. These recent uses show that MRI has the potential to be developed in many applications to follow the fate of immune cells in vivo.
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48
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Ahrens ET, Zhong J. In vivo MRI cell tracking using perfluorocarbon probes and fluorine-19 detection. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:860-71. [PMID: 23606473 PMCID: PMC3893103 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a brief review of preclinical in vivo cell-tracking methods and applications using perfluorocarbon (PFC) probes and fluorine-19 ((19) F) MRI detection. Detection of the (19) F signal offers high cell specificity and quantification ability in spin density-weighted MR images. We discuss the compositions of matter, methods and applications of PFC-based cell tracking using ex vivo and in situ PFC labeling in preclinical studies of inflammation and cellular therapeutics. We also address the potential applicability of (19) F cell tracking to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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49
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Blomster LV, Cowin GJ, Kurniawan ND, Ruitenberg MJ. Detection of endogenous iron deposits in the injured mouse spinal cord through high-resolution ex vivo and in vivo MRI. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:141-150. [PMID: 22730180 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to employ high-resolution MRI to investigate the spatiotemporal development of pathological features associated with contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. Experimental mice were subjected to either sham surgery or moderate contusive SCI. A 16.4-T small-animal MR system was employed for nondestructive imaging of post-mortem, fixed spinal cord specimens at the subacute (7 days) and more chronic (28-35 days) stages post-injury. Routine histological techniques were used for subsequent investigation of the observed neuropathology at the microscopic level. The central core of the lesion appeared as a dark hypo-intense area on MR images at all time points investigated. Small focal hypo-intense spots were also observed spreading through the dorsal funiculi proximal and distal to the site of impact, an area that is known to undergo gliosis and Wallerian degeneration in response to injury. Histological examination revealed these hypo-intense spots to be high in iron content as determined by Prussian blue staining. Quantitative image analysis confirmed the increased presence of iron deposits at all post-injury time points investigated (p<0.05). Distant iron deposits were also detectable through live imaging without the use of contrast-enhancing agents, enabling the longitudinal investigation of this pathology in individual animals. Further immunohistochemical evaluation showed that intracellular iron deposits localised to macrophages/microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the subacute phase of SCI, but predominantly to glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive, CC-1-positive astrocytes at later stages of recovery. Progressive, widespread intracellular iron accumulation is thus a normal feature of SCI in mice, and high-resolution MRI can be effectively used to detect and monitor these neuropathological changes with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda V Blomster
- University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
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50
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Balducci A, Wen Y, Zhang Y, Helfer BM, Hitchens TK, Meng WS, Wesa AK, Janjic JM. A novel probe for the non-invasive detection of tumor-associated inflammation. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e23034. [PMID: 23526711 DOI: 10.4161/onci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel dual-mode contrast agent was formulated through the addition of an optical near infrared (NIR) probe to a perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent, which labels inflammatory cells in situ. A single PFC-NIR imaging agent enables both a qualitative, rapid optical monitoring of an inflammatory state and a quantitative, detailed and tissue-depth independent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The feasibility of in vivo optical imaging of the inflammatory response was demonstrated in a subcutaneous murine breast carcinoma model. Ex vivo optical imaging was used to quantify the PFC-NIR signal in the tumor and organs, and results correlated well with quantitative 19F NMR analyses of intact tissues. 19F MRI was employed to construct a three-dimensional image of the cellular microenvironment at the tumor site. Flow cytometry of isolated tumor cells was used to identify the cellular localization of the PFC-NIR probe within the tumor microenvironment. Contrast is achieved through the labeling of host cells involved in the immune response, but not tumor cells. The major cellular reservoir of the imaging agent were tumor-infiltrating CD11b+ F4/80low Gr-1low cells, a cell subset sharing immunophenotypic features with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These cells are recruited to sites of inflammation and are implicated in immune evasion and tumor progression. This PFC-NIR contrast agent coupled to non-invasive, quantitative imaging techniques could serve as a valuable tool for evaluating novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Balducci
- Department of Research and Development; Celsense, Inc.; Pittsburgh, PA USA
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