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Lau WLS, Teng ST, Lim HC, Hii KS, Leong SCY, Leaw CP, Lim PT. Molecular Detection of the Harmful Raphidophyte Chattonella subsalsa Biecheler by Whole-Cell Fluorescence in-situ Hybridisation Assay. Trop Life Sci Res 2023; 34:99-120. [PMID: 37065805 PMCID: PMC10093768 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2023.34.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Chattonella (Raphidophyceae) are a group of marine protists that are commonly found in coastal waters. Some are known as harmful microalgae that form noxious blooms and cause massive fish mortality in finfish aquaculture. In Malaysia, blooms of Chattonella have been recorded since the 1980s in the Johor Strait. In this study, two strains of Chattonella were established from the strait, and morphological examination revealed characteristics resembling Chattonella subsalsa. The molecular characterization further confirmed the species' identity as C. subsalsa. To precisely detect the cells of C. subsalsa in the environment, a whole-cell fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) assay was developed. The species-specific oligonucleotide probes were designed in silico based on the nucleotide sequences of the large subunit (LSU) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The best candidate signature regions in the LSU-rRNA and ITS2-rDNA were selected based on hybridisation efficiency and probe parameters. The probes were synthesised as biotinylated probes and tested by tyramide signal amplification with FISH (FISH-TSA). The results showed the specificity of the probes toward the target cells. FISH-TSA has been proven to be a potential tool in the detection of harmful algae in the environment and could be applied to the harmful algal monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Lik Sing Lau
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sing Tung Teng
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Hong Chang Lim
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Kieng Soon Hii
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sandric Chee Yew Leong
- St. John’s Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119227
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Corresponding author: ,
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Corresponding author: ,
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Maslova A, Krasikova A. FISH Going Meso-Scale: A Microscopic Search for Chromatin Domains. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:753097. [PMID: 34805161 PMCID: PMC8597843 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.753097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intimate relationships between genome structure and function direct efforts toward deciphering three-dimensional chromatin organization within the interphase nuclei at different genomic length scales. For decades, major insights into chromatin structure at the level of large-scale euchromatin and heterochromatin compartments, chromosome territories, and subchromosomal regions resulted from the evolution of light microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Studies of nanoscale nucleosomal chromatin organization benefited from a variety of electron microscopy techniques. Recent breakthroughs in the investigation of mesoscale chromatin structures have emerged from chromatin conformation capture methods (C-methods). Chromatin has been found to form hierarchical domains with high frequency of local interactions from loop domains to topologically associating domains and compartments. During the last decade, advances in super-resolution light microscopy made these levels of chromatin folding amenable for microscopic examination. Here we are reviewing recent developments in FISH-based approaches for detection, quantitative measurements, and validation of contact chromatin domains deduced from C-based data. We specifically focus on the design and application of Oligopaint probes, which marked the latest progress in the imaging of chromatin domains. Vivid examples of chromatin domain FISH-visualization by means of conventional, super-resolution light and electron microscopy in different model organisms are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alla Krasikova
- Laboratory of Nuclear Structure and Dynamics, Cytology and Histology Department, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Kudryavtseva N, Ermolaev A, Karlov G, Kirov I, Shigyo M, Sato S, Khrustaleva L. A Dual-Color Tyr-FISH Method for Visualizing Genes/Markers on Plant Chromosomes to Create Integrated Genetic and Cytogenetic Maps. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5860. [PMID: 34070753 PMCID: PMC8215642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ imaging of molecular markers on a physical chromosome is an indispensable tool for refining genetic maps and validation genome assembly at the chromosomal level. Despite the tremendous progress in genome sequencing, the plant genome assembly at the chromosome level remains a challenge. Recently developed optical and Hi-C mapping are aimed at assistance in genome assembly. For high confidence in the genome assembly at chromosome level, more independent approaches are required. The present study is aimed at refining an ultrasensitive Tyr-FISH technique and developing a reliable and simple method of in situ mapping of a short unique DNA sequences on plant chromosomes. We have carefully analyzed the critical steps of the Tyr-FISH to find out the reasons behind the flaws of this technique. The accurate visualization of markers/genes appeared to be significantly dependent on the means of chromosome slide preparation, probe design and labeling, and high stringency washing. Appropriate adjustment of these steps allowed us to detect a short DNA sequence of 1.6 Kb with a frequency of 51.6%. Based on our results, we developed a more reliable and simple protocol for dual-color Tyr-FISH visualization of unique short DNA sequences on plant chromosomes. This new protocol can allow for more accurate determination of the physical distance between markers and can be applied for faster integration of genetic and cytogenetic maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Kudryavtseva
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering, All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskay 42 Str., 127550 Moscow, Russia;
- Center of Molecular Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Aleksey Ermolaev
- Center of Molecular Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Gennady Karlov
- Laboratory of Applied Genomics and Crop Breeding, All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ilya Kirov
- Laboratory of Marker-Assisted and Genomic Selection of Plants, All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
- Kurchatov Genomics Center of ARRIAB, All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Masayoshi Shigyo
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan;
| | - Shusei Sato
- Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan;
| | - Ludmila Khrustaleva
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering, All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskay 42 Str., 127550 Moscow, Russia;
- Center of Molecular Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Botany, Breeding and Seed Production of Garden Plants, Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskay 49 Str., 127550 Moscow, Russia
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Chen H, Feng X, Jiang M, Xiao B, Zhang J, Zhang W, Hu Y, Sui Z. Estimating the ploidy of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis at both the cellular and genomic level 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:1339-1348. [PMID: 32464702 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The determination of the ploidy level of an organism is a prerequisite for studies of evolution, cellular function, and genomic construction. Identification of the ploidy of the economically important red alga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis has been hindered by its small genome and large number of chromosomes. Therefore, in the current study, PloidyNGS, a tool that calculates the number of reads supporting different alleles at each position along the genome sequence, and fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled with tyramide signal amplification (TSA-FISH) were used to clarify the ploidy of G. lemaneiformis. In addition, flow cytometry (FCM) was used to estimate the ploidy of different somatic cells. The PloidyNGS results showed that most of the alleles in the gametophyte were monomorphic, whereas the TSA-FISH results showed that one hybridization signal was observed in gametophytic nuclei and two in tetrasporophytic nuclei when the nuclei were hybridized by single copy gene probes. These results confirmed that G. lemaneiformis is a haploid in the gametophytic generation and diploid in the sporophytic generation. Moreover, the FCM result suggested that G. lemaneiformis was not an endopolyploid. Based on previous studies, we hypothesize that the nuclear number is important for the cellular differentiation and function of this species. We also suggest that G. lemaneiformis evolved from a paleopolyploid, the genome of which has been diploidized, and that traces of genomic doubling are no longer apparent. Thus, this study provides important evidence for further studies on the evolution and genomes of red algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoqing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Minjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Baoheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yiyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhenghong Sui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
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Jurischka C, Dinter F, Sowa M, Noack J, Schiebel J, Roggenbuck D, Schierack P, Rödiger S. Tyramide signal amplification as universal detection method on protein coated microbeads. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/jcb-189003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Jurischka
- Department of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Germany
| | - F. Dinter
- Department of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Germany
| | - M. Sowa
- Department of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Germany
| | - J. Noack
- Department of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Germany
| | - J. Schiebel
- Department of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Germany
| | - D. Roggenbuck
- Department of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Germany
- GA Generic Assays GmbH, Dahlewitz, Germany
| | - P. Schierack
- Department of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Germany
| | - S. Rödiger
- Department of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Germany
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Vazač J, Füssy Z, Hladová I, Killi S, Oborník M. Ploidy and Number of Chromosomes in the Alveolate Alga Chromera velia. Protist 2017; 169:53-63. [PMID: 29367153 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromera velia is an alveolate alga which represents the closest known phototrophic relative to apicomplexan parasites. Although the nuclear, mitochondrial, and plastid genomes of this alga have been sequenced, the number of chromosomes and ploidy of C. velia are unknown. We explored ploidy in the vegetative cell, the predominant stage in cultures of Chromera, using the tyramide signal amplification-fluorescence in situ hybridization (TSA-FISH) in isolated nuclei of C. velia. Probes were derived from three single copy genes coding for 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol (CDP-ME) kinase, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP) synthase and Topoisomerase II. Our results indicate that the vegetative cell of C. velia is haploid, as each probe produced a single fluorescent signal, although the possibility of diploidy with somatic pairing of homologous chromosomes cannot be completely excluded. Restriction analysis and hybridization with the telomere probe produced eight bands suggesting the presence of four chromosomes in haploid vegetative cells of C. velia. However, when the chromerid-specific telomere probe (TTTAGGG)4 was used for TSA-FISH, we consistently obtained a double signal. This may indicate that the four chromosomes are organized in clusters in interphase nuclei of C. velia, which is a chromosome organization similar to that of their apicomplexan relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vazač
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltán Füssy
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Hladová
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sireesha Killi
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Oborník
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Algatech, Novohradská 237, Opatovický mlýn, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic.
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7
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Abstract
Tyramide signal amplification (TSA) fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been shown as a valuable molecular tool for visualizing specific amplified DNA sequences in chromosome preparations. This chapter describes how to perform TSA-FISH, paying special interest to its two critical steps: probe generation and metaphase plate generation. The potential of physically mapping 12S-globulin sequences by TSA-FISH as a means of identifying homeology among chromosome regions of Avena species was tested and is discussed.
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Bagheri G, Lehner JD, Zhong J. Enhanced detection of Rickettsia species in Ixodes pacificus using highly sensitive fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled with Tyramide Signal Amplification. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:915-921. [PMID: 28882513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ixodes pacificus is a host of many bacteria including Rickettsia species phylotypes G021 and G022. As part of the overall goal of understanding interactions of phylotypes with their tick host, this study focused on molecular detection of rickettsiae in ovarian and midgut tissue of I. pacificus by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), PCR, and ultrastructural analysis. Of three embedding media (Technovit 8100, Unicryl, and paraffin) tested for generating thin sections, tissues embedded in paraffin resulted in the visualization of bacteria with low autofluorescence in FISH. Digoxigenin-labeled probes were used in FISH to intensify bacterial hybridization signals using Tyramide Signal Amplification reaction. Using this technique, rickettsiae were detected in the cytoplasm of oocytes of I. pacificus. The presence of rickettsiae in the ovary and midgut was further confirmed by PCR and transmission electron microscopic analysis. Overall, the methods in this study can be used to identify locations of tick-borne bacteria in tick tissues and understand transmission routes of bacterial species in ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Bagheri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA
| | - Jeremy D Lehner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA
| | - Jianmin Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA.
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Watanabe Y, Yamamoto H, Oikawa R, Toyota M, Yamamoto M, Kokudo N, Tanaka S, Arii S, Yotsuyanagi H, Koike K, Itoh F. DNA methylation at hepatitis B viral integrants is associated with methylation at flanking human genomic sequences. Genome Res 2015; 25:328-37. [PMID: 25653310 PMCID: PMC4352876 DOI: 10.1101/gr.175240.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Integration of DNA viruses into the human genome plays an important role in various types of tumors, including hepatitis B virus (HBV)–related hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the molecular details and clinical impact of HBV integration on either human or HBV epigenomes are unknown. Here, we show that methylation of the integrated HBV DNA is related to the methylation status of the flanking human genome. We developed a next-generation sequencing-based method for structural methylation analysis of integrated viral genomes (denoted G-NaVI). This method is a novel approach that enables enrichment of viral fragments for sequencing using unique baits based on the sequence of the HBV genome. We detected integrated HBV sequences in the genome of the PLC/PRF/5 cell line and found variable levels of methylation within the integrated HBV genomes. Allele-specific methylation analysis revealed that the HBV genome often became significantly methylated when integrated into highly methylated host sites. After integration into unmethylated human genome regions such as promoters, however, the HBV DNA remains unmethylated and may eventually play an important role in tumorigenesis. The observed dynamic changes in DNA methylation of the host and viral genomes may functionally affect the biological behavior of HBV. These findings may impact public health given that millions of people worldwide are carriers of HBV. We also believe our assay will be a powerful tool to increase our understanding of the various types of DNA virus-associated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Watanabe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Rinko General Hospital, Kawasaki 210-0806, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Oikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Minoru Toyota
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kokudo
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Artificial Organ and Transplantation Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
| | - Shigeki Arii
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Fumio Itoh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
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Cortez D, Marin R, Toledo-Flores D, Froidevaux L, Liechti A, Waters PD, Grützner F, Kaessmann H. Origins and functional evolution of Y chromosomes across mammals. Nature 2014; 508:488-93. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kirov I, Van Laere K, De Riek J, De Keyser E, Van Roy N, Khrustaleva L. Anchoring linkage groups of the Rosa genetic map to physical chromosomes with tyramide-FISH and EST-SNP markers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95793. [PMID: 24755945 PMCID: PMC3995938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to anchor Rosa linkage groups to physical chromosomes, a combination of the Tyramide-FISH technology and the modern molecular marker system based on High Resolution Melting (HRM) is an efficient approach. Although, Tyramide-FISH is a very promising technique for the visualization of short DNA probes, it is very challenging for plant species with small chromosomes such as Rosa. In this study, we successfully applied the Tyramide-FISH technique for Rosa and compared different detection systems. An indirect detection system exploiting biotinylated tyramides was shown to be the most suitable technique for reliable signal detection. Three gene fragments with a size of 1100 pb–1700 bp (Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase, Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Synthase and Orcinol O-Methyl Transferase) have been physically mapped on chromosomes 7, 4 and 1, respectively, of Rosa wichurana. The signal frequency was between 25% and 40%. HRM markers of these 3 gene fragments were used to include the gene fragments on the existing genetic linkage map of Rosa wichurana. As a result, three linkage groups could be anchored to their physical chromosomes. The information was used to check for synteny between the Rosa chromosomes and Fragaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Kirov
- Center of Molecular Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Applied Genetics and Breeding, Melle, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Van Laere
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Applied Genetics and Breeding, Melle, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Jan De Riek
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Applied Genetics and Breeding, Melle, Belgium
| | - Ellen De Keyser
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Applied Genetics and Breeding, Melle, Belgium
| | - Nadine Van Roy
- Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ludmila Khrustaleva
- Center of Molecular Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Zubáčová Z, Krylov V, Tachezy J. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping of single copy genes on Trichomonas vaginalis chromosomes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 176:135-7. [PMID: 21195113 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The highly repetitive nature of the Trichomonas vaginalis genome and massive expansion of various gene families has caused difficulties in genome assembly and has hampered genome mapping. Here, we adapted fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for T. vaginalis, which is sensitive enough to detect single copy genes on metaphase chromosomes. Sensitivity of conventional FISH, which did not allow single copy gene detection in T. vaginalis, was increased by means of tyramide signal amplification. Two selected single copy genes, coding for serine palmitoyltransferase and tryptophanase, were mapped to chromosome I and II, respectively, and thus could be used as chromosome markers. This established protocol provides an amenable tool for the physical mapping of the T. vaginalis genome and other essential applications, such as development of genetic markers for T. vaginalis genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Zubáčová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Vinicna 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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15
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FISH glossary: an overview of the fluorescence in situ hybridization technique. Biotechniques 2008; 45:385-6, 388, 390 passim. [PMID: 18855767 DOI: 10.2144/000112811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) marked the beginning of a new era for the study of chromosome structure and function. As a combined molecular and cytological approach, the major advantage of this visually appealing technique resides in its unique ability to provide an intermediate degree of resolution between DNA analysis and chromosomal investigations while retaining information at the single-cell level. Used to support large-scale mapping and sequencing efforts related to the human genome project, FISH accuracy and versatility were subsequently capitalized on in biological and medical research, providing a wealth of diverse applications and FISH-based diagnostic assays. The diversification of the original FISH protocol into the impressive number of procedures available these days has been promoted throughout the years by a number of interconnected factors: the improvement in sensitivity, specificity and resolution, together with the advances in the fields of fluorescence microscopy and digital imaging, and the growing availability of genomic and bioinformatic resources. By assembling in a glossary format many of the "acronymed" FISH applications published so far, this review intends to celebrate the ability of FISH to re-invent itself and thus remain at the forefront of biomedical research.
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16
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Tubbs RR, Das K, Cook JR, Pettay JD, Roche PC, Grogan T. Genotyping of phenotypically defined cells in neoplasia: enhanced immunoFISH via tyramide signal amplification (TSA) segregates immunophenotypically-defined cell populations for gated genotyping. J Mol Histol 2007; 38:129-34. [PMID: 17205377 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-006-9074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Molecular morphologic tools exist for simultaneously visualizing immunophenotype and genotype of tumors, but are frequently hampered by a delicate balance between removing sufficient amount of the protein blocking full access of the probe to hybridize to target nucleic acids while still preserving sufficient target antigen for immunophenotyping. The result is often suboptimal, with either insufficiently visualized gene deletions and amplifications due to masking protein, or overdigestion of the protein target. Our purpose was to design and validate a gated genotyping assay that enables optimal and concomitant detection of both gene and protein. Using the proliferating endothelial cell compartment within gliomas organized in a tissue microarray (TMA), we tested the hypothesis that tyramide signal amplification (TSA) with deposition of a fluorochrome could be used during immunophenotyping, permitting sufficient protein digestion while insuring probe accessibility to nucleic acid target. The method was successfully validated using a TMA containing 38 glioma cases previously genotyped for EGFR amplification. CD31 positive endothelial cells were segregated via TSA-based Alexa-Fluor 647 immunofluorescence for analysis of EGFR amplification of the gliomas organized in the TMA. Enhanced immunoFISH (TSA) successfully segregates immunophenotypically-defined cell populations for gated genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond R Tubbs
- Department of Clinical Pathology - L11, Cleveland Clinic Foundation and the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Mora JR, Knoll JHM, Rogan PK, Getts RC, Wilson GS. Dendrimer FISH detection of single-copy intervals in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Mol Cell Probes 2006; 20:114-20. [PMID: 16460913 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML-M3) is characterized by a translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17 [t(15;17)]. The detection of t(15;17) at the single cell level, is commonly done by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using recombinant locus specific genomic probes greater than 14 kilobases kb in length. To allow a more thorough study of t(15;17), we designed small (0.9-3.6 kb), target-specific, single-copy probes from the human genome sequence. A novel detection approach was evaluated using moieties possessing more fluorophores, DNA dendrimers (up to 375 fluorophores per dendrimer). Two detection approaches were evaluated using the dendrimers: (1) dendrimers modified with anti-biotin antibodies for detection of biotinylated bound probes, and (2) dendrimers modified with 45-base long oligonucleotides designed from the single-copy probes, for direct detection of the target region. The selectivity of the probes was confirmed via indirect labeling with biotin/digoxigenin by nick translation, with detection efficiencies between 50 and 90%. Furthermore, the scFISH probes were successfully detected on metaphase cells with anti-biotin dendrimer conjugates and on interphase cells with 45-base modified dendrimers. Our results bring up the possibility to detect target regions of less than 1 kb, which will be a great contribution to high-resolution analysis of genomic sequences.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- DNA Probes/chemistry
- Dendrimers/chemistry
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Interphase
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Metaphase
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna R Mora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 66045, USA
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Vijayakumar S, Garcia D, Hensel CH, Banerjee M, Bracht T, Xiang R, Kagan J, Naylor SL. The human Y chromosome suppresses the tumorigenicity of PC-3, a human prostate cancer cell line, in athymic nude mice. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 44:365-72. [PMID: 16080199 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of the Y chromosome is a frequent numerical chromosomal abnormality observed in human prostate cancer. In cancer, loss of specific genetic material frequently accompanies simultaneous inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. It is not known whether the Y chromosome harbors such genes. To address the role of genes on the Y chromosome in human prostate cancer, we transferred a tagged Y chromosome into PC-3, a human prostate cancer cell line lacking a Y chromosome. A human Y chromosome was tagged with the hisD gene and transferred to PC-3 by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. Tumorigenicity of these PC-3 hybrids was tested in vivo and in vitro, and the results were compared with those of the polymerase chain reaction analyses conducted on the PC-3 hybrids using Y chromosome-specific markers. Among 60 mice injected with 12 different PC-3 hybrids (five mice per hybrid), tumor growth was apparent in only one mouse, whereas tumors grew in all mice injected with the parental PC-3 cells. An in vitro assay showed that the Y chromosome did not suppress anchorage-independent growth of PC-3 cells. We found that addition of the Y chromosome suppressed tumor formation by PC-3 in athymic nude mice, and that this block of tumorigenesis was independent of the in vitro growth properties of the cells. This observation suggests the presence of a gene important for prostate tumorigenesis on the Y chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Vijayakumar
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Wang Y, Xu Z, Pierce JC, Guo X. Characterization of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization with bacteriophage P1 clones. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2005; 7:207-14. [PMID: 15933900 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-004-0051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome identification is an essential step in genomic research, which so far has not been possible in oysters. We tested bacteriophage P1 clones for chromosomal identification in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). P1 clones were labeled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP using nick translation. Hybridization was detected with fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled anti-digoxigenin antibodies and amplified with 2 layers of antibodies. Nine of the 21 P1 clones tested produced clear and consistent FISH signals when Cot-1 DNA was used as a blocking agent against repetitive sequences. Karyotypic analysis and cohybridization positively assigned the 9 P1 clones to 7 chromosomes. The remaining 3 chromosomes can be separated by size and arm ratio. Five of the 9 P1 clones were sequenced at both ends, providing sequence-tagged sites that can be used to integrate linkage and cytogenetic maps. One sequence is part of the bone morphogenetic protein type 1b receptor, a member of the transforming growth factor superfamily, and mapped to the telomeric region of the long arm of chromosome 2. This study shows that large-insert clones such as P1 are useful as chromosome-specific FISH probes and for gene mapping in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Wang
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, NJ, 08349, USA
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Dorritie K, Montagna C, Difilippantonio MJ, Ried T. Advanced molecular cytogenetics in human and mouse. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2004; 4:663-76. [PMID: 15347260 PMCID: PMC4729310 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.4.5.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization, spectral karyotyping, multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization, and more recently array comparative genomic hybridization, represent advancements in the field of molecular cytogenetics. The application of these techniques for the analysis of specimens from humans, or mouse models of human diseases, enables one to reliably identify and characterize complex chromosomal rearrangements resulting in alterations of the genome. As each of these techniques has advantages and limitations, a comprehensive analysis of cytogenetic aberrations can be accomplished through the utilization of a combination approach. As such, analyses of specific tumor types have proven invaluable in the identification of new tumor-specific chromosomal aberrations and imbalances (aneuploidy), as well as regions containing tumor-specific gene targets. Application of these techniques has already improved the classification of tumors into distinct categories, with the hope that this will lead to more tailored treatment strategies. These techniques, in particular the application of tumor-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization probes to interphase nuclei, are also powerful tools for the early identification of premalignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Montagna
- Genetics Branch, Center for CancerResearch, NCI/NIH, Bldg. 50, Rm. 1408, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892–0913, USA, Tel: +1 301 435 3986, Fax: +1 301 402 1204
| | - Michael J. Difilippantonio
- Genetics Branch, Center for CancerResearch, NCI/NIH, Bldg. 50, Rm. 1408, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892–8010, USA
| | - Thomas Ried
- Author for correspondence, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Bldg. 50, Rm. 1408, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892–8010, USA, Tel.: +1 301 594 3118, Fax: +1 301 435 4428,
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Wang Y, Xu Z, Guo X. Differences in the rDNA-bearing chromosome divide the Asian-Pacific and Atlantic species of Crassostrea (Bivalvia, Mollusca). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2004; 206:46-54. [PMID: 14977729 DOI: 10.2307/1543197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Karyotype and chromosomal location of the major ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were studied using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in five species of CRASSOSTREA: three Asian-Pacific species (C. gigas, C. plicatula, and C. ariakensis) and two Atlantic species (C. virginica and C. rhizophorae). FISH probes were made by PCR amplification of the intergenic transcribed spacer between the 18S and 5.8S rRNA genes, and labeled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP. All five species had a haploid number of 10 chromosomes. The Atlantic species had 1-2 submetacentric chromosomes, while the three Pacific species had none. FISH with metaphase chromosomes detected a single telomeric locus for rDNA in all five species without any variation. In all three Pacific species, rDNA was located on the long arm of Chromosome 10 (10q)--the smallest chromosome. In the two Atlantic species, rDNA was located on the short arm of Chromosome 2 (2p)--the second longest chromosome. A review of other studies reveals the same distribution of NOR sites (putative rDNA loci) in three other species: on 10q in C. sikamea and C. angulata from the Pacific Ocean and on 2p in C. gasar from the western Atlantic. All data support the conclusion that differences in size and shape of the rDNA-bearing chromosome represent a major divide between Asian-Pacific and Atlantic species of CRASSOSTREA: This finding suggests that chromosomal divergence can occur under seemingly conserved karyotypes and may play a role in reproductive isolation and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Wang
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, New Jersey 08349, USA
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23
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Difilippantonio S, Chen Y, Pietas A, Schlüns K, Pacyna-Gengelbach M, Deutschmann N, Padilla-Nash HM, Ried T, Petersen I. Gene expression profiles in human non-small and small-cell lung cancers. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39:1936-47. [PMID: 12932674 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(03)00419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Suppression subtractive hybridisation (SSH) was performed comparing normal bronchial epithelial cells with a lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and a metastatic small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). The sequence analysis of four cDNA libraries revealed 869 individual sequences. Of these, 342 were tested using northern blots of lung cancer cell lines representing the three major subtypes (SCC, adenocarcinoma, SCLC) which confirmed the differential expression of 236 cDNAs. The extended analysis of 31 randomly chosen fragments confirmed the validity of the approach to identify genes associated with lung cancer development. Additionally, five novel full-length cDNA were isolated encoding the microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3, the epithelial V-like antigen 1 (EVA1), the GTP-binding protein SAR1, a new member of the S100-type calcium binding protein family and a new homeobox-containing gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Difilippantonio
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Charité, 10098 Berlin, Germany
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Acar H, Kaynak M, Yakut T, Uçar F, Egeli U. Determination of allelic deletion of multiple endocrine neoplasm type 1 (MEN1) gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by application of FISH-TSA technique. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 2002; 22:369-75. [PMID: 12210500 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have used the single and dual color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique combined with a new detection system, tyramide signal amplification (TSA), by using the multiple endocrine neoplasm type 1 (MEN1) gene and chromosome 11 specific alpha satellite DNA probes for the study of the allelic deletion of the MEN1 gene. The MEN1 gene is a new tumor suppressor gene and has been recently cloned on chromosome 11q13. FISH combined with the TSA detection system was performed on bone marrow interphase nuclei of 22 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The FISH-TSA analysis revealed the mono allelic deletion of the MEN1 gene in 4 out of 22 patients (18.18%), 2 of 9 AML-M2 patients (22.2%), 1 of 6 AML-M4 patients (16.6%), and 1 of 4 AML-M5 patients (25.0%). Our study indicates that allelic deletion of the MEN1 gene is not a major cause or a primary event in tumorigenesis of AML, although the long arm (q13 region) of chromosome 11 involves a chromosomal rearrangement in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Acar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Selçuk University, Medical Faculty, Konya, Turkey.
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Abstract
Human cytogenetics was born in 1956 with the fundamental, but empowering, discovery that normal human cells contain 46 chromosomes. Since then, this field and our understanding of the link between chromosomal defects and disease have grown in spurts that have been fuelled by advances in cytogenetic technology. As a mature enterprise, cytogenetics now informs human genomics, disease and cancer genetics, chromosome evolution and the relationship of nuclear structure to function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Trask
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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Kadandale JS, Wachtel SS, Tunca Y, Martens PR, Wilroy RS, Tharapel AT. Deletion of RBM and DAZ in azoospermia: evaluation by PRINS. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 107:105-8. [PMID: 11807882 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and cytogenetic studies from infertile men have shown that one or more genes controlling spermatogenesis are located in proximal Yq11.2 in interval 6 of the Y chromosome. Microdeletions within the azoospermia factor region (AZF) are often associated with azoospermia and severe oligospermia in men with idiopathic infertility. We evaluated cells from a normal-appearing 27-year-old man with infertility and initial karyotype of 45,der(X)t(X;Y)(p22.3;p11.2)[8]/46,t(X;Y)(p22.3;p11.2)[12]. By fluorescence in situ hybridization with dual-color whole chromosome paint probes for X and Y chromosomes, we confirmed the Xp-Yp interchange. By primed in situ labeling, we identified translocation of the SRY gene from its original location on Yp to the patient's X chromosome at band Xp22. We also obtained evidence that the apparent marker was a der(Y) (possibly a ring) containing X and Y domains, and observed that the patient's genome was deleted for RBM and DAZ, two candidate genes for AZF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayarama S Kadandale
- Clinical and Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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Fuller CE, Perry A. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in diagnostic and investigative neuropathology. Brain Pathol 2002; 12:67-86. [PMID: 11770903 PMCID: PMC8095867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2002.tb00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has emerged as a powerful clinical and research tool for the assessment of target DNA dosages within interphase nuclei. Detectable alterations include aneusomies, deletions, gene amplifications, and translocations, with primary advantages to the pathologist including its basis in morphology, its applicability to archival, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) material, and its similarities to immunohistochemistry. Recent technical advances such as improved hybridization protocols, markedly expanded probe availability resulting from the human genome sequencing initiative, and the advent of high-throughput assays such as gene chip and tissue microarrays have greatly enhanced the applicability of FISH. In our lab, we currently utilize only a limited battery of DNA probes for routine diagnostic purposes, with determination of chromosome 1p and 19q dosage in oligodendroglial neoplasms representing the most common application. However, research applications are numerous and will likely translate into a growing list of clinically useful markers in the near future. In this review, we highlight the advantages and disadvantages of FISH and familiarize the reader with current applications in diagnostic and investigative neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Fuller
- Division of Neuropathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo
| | - Arie Perry
- Division of Neuropathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo
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Courtet M, Flajnik M, Du Pasquier L. Major histocompatibility complex and immunoglobulin loci visualized by in situ hybridization on Xenopus chromosomes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 25:149-157. [PMID: 11113284 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(00)00045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A technique for fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on chromosomes of the amphibian Xenopus laevis is described. Positive results were obtained with cDNA probes of about 1kb when at least three adjacent copies of the gene are present. The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus is in the centre of the long arm of chromosome 1. Previously, family studies showed that bona fide MHC class Ib genes segregated independently. Now we show that MHC class II alpha and beta genes and class Ib genes are on the same acrocentric chromosome, with MHC in the middle of the long arm, the class Ib complex (XNC) at the tip or the same arm. Each locus or complex is found on only one pair of chromosomes confirming the diploidization of these genes in the pseudotetraploid X. laevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Courtet
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Grenzacherstrasse 487, 4005, Basel, Switzerland
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