A review of small molecules and drug delivery applications using gold and iron nanoparticles

Advancements in age-related macular degeneration treatment: From traditional anti-VEGF to emerging therapies in gene, stem cell, and nanotechnology

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of central vision loss in older adults and is projected to affect approximately 400 million individuals worldwide by 2040. Its pathological characteristics include retinal extracellular deposits, such as drusen, which trigger photoreceptor degeneration and damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), resulting in irreversible vision loss. The pathogenesis of AMD involves genetic, environmental, and aging-related factors. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy for wet AMD significantly inhibits choroidal neovascularization and delays visual deterioration. However, its high cost, frequent injections, and poor patient compliance limit application, and there remains no effective intervention for dry AMD. In recent years, emerging strategies, such as gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, offer hope for slowing disease progression by improving targeting, drug stability, and reducing treatment frequency. Nanoparticles, including polymeric and lipid systems, have shown promise for enhancing drug delivery and bioavailability, particularly for dry AMD, where existing therapies are inadequate. These strategies also have the potential to improve patient compliance. This review summarizes AMD epidemiology and examines the limitations of current therapies. It emphasizes the mechanisms and clinical advancements of gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and nanotechnology in AMD treatment. These emerging technologies offer promising opportunities for precision medicine and lay a solid foundation for the future development of multifaceted therapeutic strategies.

Improving the safety of N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) as a potential treatment for preterm birth in a pregnant mouse model using a vaginal nanoformulation

Vaginal administration and the uterine first pass effect allow for preferential delivery of drugs to the reproductive tract. Dimethylacetamide has previously been shown to delay preterm birth in a pregnant mouse model when given intraperitoneally but the effectiveness of a vaginal nanoformulation of dimethylacetamide has yet to be tested. The purpose of this study was to compare the two formulations of dimethylacetamide for efficacy in rescuing pups from preterm birth in an inflammation-induced mouse model, effects on the maternal fetal interface, and pharmacokinetic profiles in maternal plasma. Timed pregnant CD1 mice were given a 1.56 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of lipopolysaccharide followed by 3 doses of either vaginal dimethylacetamide or intraperitoneal dimethylacetamide. Mice were monitored for 48 h and times of deliveries were recorded. Additionally, CD1 mice in late gestation were given a single dose of either vaginal or intraperitoneal dimethylacetamide and blood was drawn at 3 different time points following administration. Vaginal administration of dimethylacetamide had similar efficacy in delaying inflammation induced preterm birth as intraperitoneal administration but resulted in lower concentrations in the systemic circulation and decreased effects on the maternal fetal interface. Vaginal nanoformulations should be explored for their potential therapeutic value for the delay of preterm birth.

Doxorubicin delivery of green-synthesized gold nanoparticles to MDA-MB-231 cells and collagen type II identification from yellow nose skate cartilage

Upcycling and green synthesis strategies have been applied for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using yellow nose skate (Dipturus chilensis) cartilage extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent (skAu). Doxorubin (DOX) was loaded onto the skAu, and the average size of the DOX-loaded AuNPs (c-skAuD) was measured to be 14.6 ± 0.5 nm by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Reaction parameters such as reaction time and DOX concentration were optimized for preparing c-skAuD. DOX was successfully loaded, as confirmed by the FT-IR results. In addition, FT-IR characterization revealed that chondroitin sulfate and collagen in the extract were involved in the synthesis of skAu. Although c-skAuD is cytotoxic to four different types of cancer cells (AGS, HeLa, A549 and MDA-MB-231), their cytotoxic effects were greatest on MDA-MB-231 cells. Analyzing cytotoxicity onto MDA-MB-231 cells revealed that c-skAuD had the greatest cytotoxicity, followed by a positive control (c-citAuD) and DOX. Furthermore, this cytotoxicity was dependent on the incubation time and DOX concentration. Cellular uptake of Au by inductively coupled plasma‒mass spectrometry demonstrated that compared with AGS cells (15.1%), MDA-MB-231 cells showed approximately two-fold greater Au uptake (29.9%) of c-skAuD. However, the Au uptake of the positive control (c-citAuD) did not significantly differ between the MDA-MB-231 and AGS cells. Moreover, collagen type II was identified in the extract by peptide analysis using LC‒ESI‒MS/MS. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report collagen type II in D. chilensis cartilage.

Algal proteins and bioactive peptides: Sustainable nutrition for human health

Animal proteins are the primary global protein source, but their production is environmentally challenging and has low conversion efficiency. This highlights the need to diversify dietary protein sources. Algal proteins provide a sustainable alternative, outperforming traditional plant and animal proteins in protein content, quality, and digestibility. Furthermore, bioactive peptides (BAPs) derived from algal proteins exhibit significant health benefits, including antihypertensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antidiabetic activities. This review comprehensively explores the nutritional benefits of algal proteins and provides an innovative summary of the production techniques for algal bioactive peptides. It also highlights the synergistic application methods of these technologies. By integrating pretreatment methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, pulsed electric field, and high hydrostatic pressure with enzymatic-assisted extraction, these techniques demonstrate a synergistic effect in improving protein hydrolysis efficiency while also increasing the yield of BAPs. Meanwhile, database resources related to algal proteins are integrated and the application of computer technology in the development of algal proteins is analyzed. It aims to provide new insights to optimize the development and utilization of algal proteins to help them become a sustainable source of nutrition to meet the needs of a growing global population.

Targeted Nanoclusters for Intratracheal Delivery in Intraoperative Imaging of Lung Adenocarcinoma

Background

Computed tomography (CT) is widely used all over the world, and the detection rate of early lung adenocarcinoma is increasing. Minimally invasive thoracic surgery (MITS) has emerged as the preferred surgical approach for lung adenocarcinoma, but identifying small lung adenocarcinomas is difficult. Therefore, there is a need for a non-invasive, convenient and efficient way to localize lung adenocarcinomas.

Materials and Methods

A targeted gold nanocluster for intraoperative fluorescence imaging by intratracheal delivery has been designed. Au-GSH-anti Napsin A nanoclusters (NapA-AuNCs) were synthesized, and their physicochemical properties and optical properties were characterized. Target effect, cytotoxicity and fluorescence time curve of NapA-AuNCs, were tested in vivo and in vitro, and intratracheal delivery was also carried.

Results

NapA-AuNCs targeting lung adenocarcinoma with red fluorescence and good mucus penetration were synthesized, which had the targeting property of A549 and lung adenocarcinoma tissue, and also had very low toxicity to normal lung epithelial cells and organs. Intracheal delivery involves faster imaging of lung adenocarcinoma and less accumulation of other organs than intravenous administration.

Conclusion

NapA-AuNCs targeting lung adenocarcinoma were successfully conjugated, and intratracheal delivery is a safe, effective for lung adenocarcinoma intraoperative localization.

Improving the Safety of N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMA) as a Potential Treatment for Preterm Birth in a Pregnant Mouse Model Using a Vaginal Nanoformulation

Vaginal administration and the uterine first pass effect allow for preferential delivery of drugs to the reproductive tract. Dimethylacetamide has previously been shown to delay preterm birth in a pregnant mouse model when given intraperitoneally but the effectiveness of a vaginal nanoformulation of dimethylacetamide has yet to be tested. The purpose of this study was to compare the two formulations of dimethylacetamide for efficacy in rescuing pups from preterm birth in an inflammation-induced mouse model, effects on the maternal fetal interface, and pharmacokinetic profiles in maternal plasma. Timed pregnant CD1 mice were given a 1.56 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of lipopolysaccharide followed by 3 doses of either vaginal dimethylacetamide or intraperitoneal dimethylacetamide. Mice were monitored for 48 hours and times of deliveries were recorded. Additionally, CD1 mice in late gestation were given a single dose of either vaginal or intraperitoneal dimethylacetamide and blood was drawn at 3 different time points following administration. Vaginal administration of dimethylacetamide had similar efficacy in delaying inflammation induced preterm birth as intraperitoneal administration but resulted in lower concentrations in the systemic circulation and decreased effects on the maternal fetal interface. Vaginal nanoformulations should be explored for their potential therapeutic value for the delay of preterm birth.

Gold Nanoparticle Inhibits the Tumor-Associated Macrophage M2 Polarization by Inhibiting m6A Methylation-Dependent ATG5/Autophagy in Prostate Cancer

Background: This study aims to study how gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) function in the recruitment and polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC) and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Methods: Phorbol ester (PMA)-treated THP-1 cells were cocultured with LNCaP or PC3 cells to simulate TAMs. Macrophage M2 polarization levels were detected using flow cytometry and M2 marker determination. ATG5 expression was detected by western blotting. Luciferase reporter assay was used to analyze the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) site activity of ATG5 3' untranslated regions (3'-UTRs). Methylated RNA immune precipitation (MeRIP)-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to determine the m6A levels at ATG5 3'-UTR. Xenograft mouse models were used to determine the function of AuNPs in vivo. Results: Macrophages exhibited reduced M2 polarization in both HSPC and CRPC cells after AuNP treatment which was prevented by induction of autophagy. AuNP treatment decreased the m6A levels in the 3'-UTR of ATG5. Mutational analysis of potential m6A sites within ATG5 3'-UTR revealed that these sites were required for AuNP regulation, indicating that AuNPs inhibited ATG5 levels in an m6A-dependent manner. The mouse model revealed that AuNPs significantly reduced the M2 polarization of TAMs in an autophagy-dependent manner in vivo. This suggests that AuNPs inhibit tumor growth in vivo partially through targeting M2 TAM. Conclusion: The ATG5/autophagy pathway is inhibited by AuNP treatment in an METTL3/m6A-dependent manner. AuNPs inhibit the TAM M2 polarization in HSPC and CRPC by inhibiting ATG5/autophagy.

Biodistribution and Tumor Targeted Accumulation of Anti-CEA-loaded Iron Nanoparticles

INTRODUCTION

Active targeting of tumors by nanomaterials favors early diagnosis and the reduction of harsh side effects of chemotherapeuticals.

METHODS

We synthesized magnetic nanoparticles (64 nm; -40 mV) suspended in a magnetic fluid (MF) and decorated them with anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (MFCEA; 144 nm; -39 mV). MF and MFCEA nanoparticles were successfully radiolabeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) and intravenously injected in CEA-positive 4T1 tumor-bearing mice to perform biodistribution studies. Both 99mTc-MF and 99mTc-MFCEA had marked uptake by the liver and spleen, and the renal uptake of 99mTc-MFCEA was higher than that observed for 99mTc-MF at 20h. At 1 and 5 hours, the urinary excretion was higher for 99mTc-MF than for 99mTc-MFCEA.

RESULTS

These data suggest that anti-CEA decoration might be responsible for a delay in renal clearance. Regarding the tumor, 99mTc-MFCEA showed tumor uptake nearly two times higher than that observed for 99mTc-MFCEA. Similarly, the target-nontarget ratio was higher with 99mTc-MFCEA when compared to the group that received the 99mTc-MF.

CONCLUSION

These data validated the ability of active tumor targeting by the as-developed anti- CEA loaded nanoparticles and are very promising results for the future development of a nanodevice for the management of breast cancer and other types of CEA-positive tumors.

The Role of Nanomaterials in Diagnosis and Targeted Drug Delivery

Nanomaterials have evolved into the most useful resources in all spheres of life. Their small size imparts them with unique properties and they can also be designed and engineered according to the specific need. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) in medicine is particularly quite revolutionary as it has opened new therapeutic avenues to diagnose, treat and manage diseases in an efficient and timely manner. The review article presents the biomedical applications of nanomaterials including bioimaging, magnetic hypothermia and photoablation therapy, with a particular focus on disease diagnosis and targeted drug delivery. Nanobiosensors are highly specific and can be delivered into cells to investigate important biomarkers. They are also used for targeted drug delivery and deliver theranostic agents to specific sites of interest. Other than these factors, the review also explores the role of nano-based drug delivery systems for the management and treatment of nervous system disorders, tuberculosis and orthopaedics. The nano-capsulated drugs can be transported by blood to the targeted site for a sustained release over a prolonged period. Some other applications like their role in invasive surgery, photodynamic therapy and quantum dot imaging have also been explored. Despite that, the safety concerns related to nanomedicine are also pertinent to comprehend as well as the biodistribution of NPs in the body and the mechanistic insight.

Biosynthesis Optimization of Antibacterial-Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles from Bacillus megaterium

The occurrence of antibiotic resistance on common bacterial agents and the need to use new generations of antibiotics have led to the use of various strategies for production. Taking inspiration from nature, using bio-imitation patterns, in addition to the low cost of production, is advantageous and highly accurate. In this research, we were able to control the temperature, shake, and synthesis time of the synthesis conditions of Bacillus megaterium bacteria as a model for the synthesis of magnetic iron nanoparticles and optimize the ratio of reducing salt to bacterial regenerating agents as well as the concentration of salt to create iron oxide nanoparticles with more favorable properties and produced with more antibacterial properties. Bacterial growth was investigated by changing the incubation times of pre-culture and overnight culture in the range of the logarithmic phase. The synthesis time, salt ratio, and concentration were optimized to achieve the size, charge, colloidal stability, and magnetic and antibacterial properties of nanoparticles. The amount of the effective substance produced by the bacteria was selected by measuring the amount of the active substance synthesized using the free radical reduction (DPPH) method. With the help of DPPH, the duration of the synthesis was determined to be one week. Characterizations such as UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, FESEM, X-ray, and scattering optical dynamics were performed and showed that the nanoparticles synthesized with a salt concentration of 80 mM and a bacterial suspension to salt ratio of 2:1 are smaller in size and have a light scattering index, a PDI index close to 0.1, and a greater amount of reducing salt used in the reaction during one week compared to other samples. Moreover, they had more antibacterial properties than the concentration of 100 mM. As a result, better characteristics and more antibacterial properties than common antibiotics were created on E. coli and Bacillus cereus.

Folic Acid-Targeted Mixed Pluronic Micelles for Delivery of Triptolide

The present study aimed to explore an ideal delivery system for triptolide (TPL) by utilizing the thin-film hydration method to prepare drug-loaded, folate-modified mixed pluronic micelles (FA-F-127/F-68-TPL). Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the drug-loaded micelles had a spherical shape with a small particle size, with an average of 30.7 nm. Cell viability experiments showed that FA-F-127/F-68-TPL significantly reduced HepG2 cell viability, exhibiting strong cytotoxicity. Its cytotoxicity was markedly enhanced compared with bare TPL. Nile red (Nr) was used as a model drug to prepare FA-F-127/F-68-Nr to further validate its tumor-targeting and cellular uptake capability. After coincubation with HepG2 cells, a multifunctional microplate reader showed that intracellular fluorescence intensity significantly increased, indicating that FA-F-127/F-68-Nr could more effectively enter the cells. A nude mouse model of subcutaneous hepatocellular carcinoma was constructed. Following tail vein injection of FA-F-127/F-68-Nr, the fluorescence imaging system showed that FA-F127/F-68-Nr could significantly target tumor tissue, and even if entering the small-sized tumor was challenging, it could be excreted through urine. Nude mice with subcutaneous hepatocellular carcinoma were treated with tail vein injections of FA-F-127/F-68-TPL (45 µg/kg) every other day for 21 days. The results showed that the growth of the transplanted tumors was significantly slowed, with no significant difference compared with bare TPL. In summary, the FA-F-127/F-68-TPL exhibits the advantages of low cost, excellent biological properties, active/passive targeting capabilities, notable cytotoxicity against liver cancer cells, and significant inhibition of transplanted hepatocellular carcinoma growth. Significantly, the FA-F-127/F-68-TPL, despite challenges in targeting tumors with an insignificant EPR effect, can be efficiently excreted via the kidneys, thereby preventing the release of the drug during prolonged circulation and potential damage to normal tissues. Therefore, FA-F-127/F-68-TPL represents a promising antitumor drug delivery system.

WS6 and 5-iodotubercidin small molecules and growth factors; TGF, HGF, and EGF synergistically enhance proliferation of β-like human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

Objectives

It has been shown that growth factors and small molecules play an essential role in the proliferation of β cells and insulin production. In this study, we investigated the effects of small molecules (WS6 and 5-iodotubercidin) and growth factors (TGFβ, HGF, and EGF) on the proliferation of β-like human ipSCs.

Methods

iPSCs derived β cells were treated with small molecules and growth factors. Cytotoxic activity of small molecules and growth factors was determined using MTT assay. Insulin gene expression and secretion were measured by qPCR and ELISA, respectively. The protein expression of insulin was evaluated by western blot as well.

Results

Simltananeous addition of WS6 and Harmine into the culture media increased insulin gene expression compared to treatment by each molecule alone (p < 0.05). It was found that the simultaneous recruitment of EGH, HGF, and TGF-β increased insulin expression compared to treatment by each molecule alone (p < 0.05). Results showed that EGF, HGF, TGF-β growth factors increased insulin gene expression, eventually leading to insulin secretion from β cells (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Growth factors and small molecules synergistically enhanced the proliferation of β cells and insulin production.

Lipid-Based Nanoformulations for Drug Delivery: An Ongoing Perspective

Oils and lipids help make water-insoluble drugs soluble by dispersing them in an aqueous medium with the help of a surfactant and enabling their absorption across the gut barrier. The emergence of microemulsions (thermodynamically stable), nanoemulsions (kinetically stable), and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems added unique characteristics that make them suitable for prolonged storage and controlled release. In the 1990s, solid-phase lipids were introduced to reduce drug leakage from nanoparticles and prolong drug release. Manipulating the structure of emulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles has enabled multifunctional nanoparticles and the loading of therapeutic macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acid, vaccines, etc. Phospholipids and surfactants with a well-defined polar head and carbon chain have been used to prepare bilayer vesicles known as liposomes and niosomes, respectively. The increasing knowledge of targeting ligands and external factors to gain control over pharmacokinetics and the ever-increasing number of synthetic lipids are expected to make lipid nanoparticles and vesicular systems a preferred choice for the encapsulation and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. This review discusses different lipids and oil-based nanoparticulate systems for the delivery of water-insoluble drugs. The salient features of each system are highlighted, and special emphasis is given to studies that compare them.

Unlocking Industrial Potential: Phase-Transition Coimmobilization of Multienzyme Systems for High-Efficiency Uridine Diphosphate Galactose Production

Transitioning from batch to continuous industrial production often improves the economic returns and production efficiency. Immobilization is a critical strategy that can facilitate this shift. This study refined the previously established method for synthesizing uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-Gal) by employing thermophilic enzymes. Three thermophilic enzymes (galactokinase, uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase, and inorganic pyrophosphatase) were coimmobilized on the pH-responsive carrier Eudragit S-100, promoting enzyme recovery and reuse while their industrial potential was assessed. The coimmobilization system efficiently catalyzed UDP-Gal production, yielding 13.69 mM in 1.5 h, attaining a UTP conversion rate of 91.2% and a space-time yield (STY) of 5.16 g/L/h. Moreover, the system exhibited exceptional reproducibility, retaining 58.9% of its initial activity after five cycles. This research highlighted promising prospects for coimmobilization in industrial synthesis and proposed a novel methodology for enhancing UDP-Gal production in the industry. In addition, the phase-transition property of Eudragit S-100 paves the way for further exploration with the one-pot synthesis of poorly soluble galactosides.

Treatment avenues for age-related macular degeneration: Breakthroughs and bottlenecks

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a significant factor contributing to serious vision loss in adults above 50. The presence of posterior segment barriers serves as chief roadblocks in the delivery of drugs to treat AMD. The conventional treatment strategies use is limited due to its off-targeted distribution in the eye, shorter drug residence, poor penetration and bioavailability, fatal side effects, etc. The above-mentioned downside necessitates drug delivery using some cutting-edge technology including diverse nanoparticulate systems and microneedles (MNs) which provide the best therapeutic delivery alternative to treat AMD efficiently. Furthermore, cutting-edge treatment modalities including gene therapy and stem cell therapy can control AMD effectively by reducing the boundaries of conventional therapies with a single dose. This review discusses AMD overview, conventional therapies for AMD and their restrictions, repurposed therapeutics and their anti-AMD activity through different mechanisms, and diverse barriers in drug delivery for AMD. Various nanoparticulate-based approaches including polymeric NPs, lipidic NPs, exosomes, active targeted NPs, stimuli-sensitive NPs, cell membrane-coated NPs, inorganic NPs, and MNs are explained. Gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and therapies in clinical trials to treat AMD are also discussed. Further, bottlenecks of cutting-edge (nanoparticulate) technology-based drug delivery are briefed. In a nutshell, cutting-edge technology-based therapies can be an effective way to treat AMD.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: a versatile carrier platform in lung cancer management

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) are inorganic nanoparticles that have been comprehensively investigated and are intended to deliver therapeutic agents. MSNPs have revolutionized the therapy for various conditions, especially cancer and infectious diseases. In this article, the viability of MSNPs' administration for lung cancer therapy has been reviewed. However, certain challenges lay ahead in the successful translation such as toxicology, immunology, large-scale production, and regulatory matters have made it extremely difficult to translate such discoveries from the bench to the bedside. This review highlights recent developments, characteristics, mechanism of action and customization for targeted delivery. This review also covers the most recent data that sheds light on MSNPs' extraordinary therapeutic potential in fighting lung cancer as well as future hurdles.

Advances in nanotechnology for improving the targeted delivery and activity of amphotericin B (2011-2023): a systematic review

Amphotericin B (AmB) is a broad-spectrum therapeutic and effective drug, but it has serious side effects of toxicity and solubility. Therefore, reducing its toxicity should be considered in therapeutic applications. Nanotechnology has paved the way to improve drug delivery systems and reduce toxicity. The present study, for the first time, comprehensively reviews the studies from 2011 to 2023 on reducing the in vitro toxicity of AmB. The findings showed that loading AmB with micellar structures, nanostructured lipid carriers, liposomes, emulsions, poly lactide-co-glycolide acid, chitosan, dendrimers, and other polymeric nanoparticles increases the biocompatibility and efficacy of the drug and significantly reduces toxicity. In addition, modified carbon nanoparticles (including graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon dots) with positively charged amine groups, PEI, and other components showed favorable drug delivery properties. Uncoated and coated magnetic nanoparticles and silver NPs-AmB composites had less cytotoxicity and more antifungal activity than free AmB. Citrate-reduced GNPs and lipoic acid-functionalized GNPs were also effective nanocarriers to reduce AmB cytotoxicity and improve anti-leishmania efficacy. In addition, zinc oxide-NPs and PEGylated zinc oxide-NPs showed favorable antifungal activity and negligible toxicity. According to a review study, carbon-based nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, and especially polymer nanoparticles caused some reduction in the toxicity and improved solubility of AmB in water. Overall, considering the discussed nanocarriers, further research on the application of nanotechnology as a cost-effective candidate to improve the efficiency and reduce the cytotoxicity of AmB is recommended.

Ultrasound-Sensitive Intelligent Nanosystems: A Promising Strategy for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases

Neurological diseases are a major global health challenge, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Ultrasound therapy plays an irreplaceable role in the treatment of neurological diseases due to its noninvasive, highly focused, and strong tissue penetration capabilities. However, the complexity of brain and nervous system and the safety risks associated with prolonged exposure to ultrasound therapy severely limit the applicability of ultrasound therapy. Ultrasound-sensitive intelligent nanosystems (USINs) are a novel therapeutic strategy for neurological diseases that bring greater spatiotemporal controllability and improve safety to overcome these challenges. This review provides a detailed overview of therapeutic strategies and clinical advances of ultrasound in neurological diseases, focusing on the potential of USINs-based ultrasound in the treatment of neurological diseases. Based on the physical and chemical effects induced by ultrasound, rational design of USINs is a prerequisite for improving the efficacy of ultrasound therapy. Recent developments of ultrasound-sensitive nanocarriers and nanoagents are systemically reviewed. Finally, the challenges and developing prospects of USINs are discussed in depth, with a view to providing useful insights and guidance for efficient ultrasound treatment of neurological diseases.

Design of nanoparticle-based systems for the systemic delivery of chemotherapeutics: Alternative potential routes via sublingual and buccal administration for systemic drug delivery

Conventional therapeutic approaches for cancer generally involve chemo- and radiation therapies that often exhibit low efficacy and induce toxic side effects. Recent years have seen significant advancements in the use of protein biologics as a promising alternative treatment option. Nanotechnology-based systems have shown great potential in providing more specific and targeted cancer treatments, thus improving upon many of the limitations associated with current treatments. The unique properties of biomaterial carriers at the nanoscale have been proven to enhance both the performance of the incorporated therapeutic agent and tumor targeting; however, many of these systems are delivered intravenously, which can cause hazardous side effects. Buccal and sublingual delivery systems offer an alternative route for more efficient delivery of nanotechnologies and drug absorption into systemic circulation. This review concentrates on emerging buccal and sublingual nanoparticle delivery systems for chemo- and protein therapeutics, their development, efficacy, and potential areas of improvement in the field. Several factors contribute to the development of effective buccal or sublingual nanoparticle delivery systems, including targeting efficiency of the nanoparticulate carriers, drug release, and carrier biocompatibility. Furthermore, the potential utilization of buccal and sublingual multilayer films combined with nanoparticle chemotherapeutic systems is outlined as a future avenue for in vitro and in vivo research.

Engineered bacterial outer membrane vesicles: a versatile bacteria-based weapon against gastrointestinal tumors

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer structures released by gram-negative bacteria. They share membrane composition and properties with their originating cells, making them adept at traversing cellular barriers. These OMVs have demonstrated exceptional membrane stability, immunogenicity, safety, penetration, and tumor-targeting properties, which have been leveraged in developing vaccines and drug delivery systems. Recent research efforts have focused on engineering OMVs to increase production yield, reduce cytotoxicity, and improve the safety and efficacy of treatment. Notably, gastrointestinal (GI) tumors have proven resistant to several traditional oncological treatment strategies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in some patients, their usage as monotherapy remains limited by tumor heterogeneity and individual variability. The immunogenic and modifiable nature of OMVs makes them an ideal design platform for the individualized treatment of GI tumors. OMV-based therapy enables combination therapy and optimization of anti-tumor effects. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in OMV engineering for GI tumor therapy and discusses the challenges in the clinical translation of emerging OMV-based anti-tumor therapies.

Bioactive materials for in vivo sweat gland regeneration

Loss of sweat glands (SwGs) commonly associated with extensive skin defects is a leading cause of hyperthermia and heat stroke. In vivo tissue engineering possesses the potential to take use of the body natural ability to regenerate SwGs, making it more conducive to clinical translation. Despite recent advances in regenerative medicine, reconstructing SwG tissue with the same structure and function as native tissue remains challenging. Elucidating the SwG generation mechanism and developing biomaterials for in vivo tissue engineering is essential for understanding and developing in vivo SwG regenerative strategies. Here, we outline the cell biology associated with functional wound healing and the characteristics of bioactive materials. We critically summarize the recent progress in bioactive material-based cell modulation approaches for in vivo SwG regeneration, including the recruitment of endogenous cells to the skin lesion for SwG regeneration and in vivo cellular reprogramming for SwG regeneration. We discussed the re-establishment of microenvironment via bioactive material-mediated regulators. Besides, we offer promising perspectives for directing in situ SwG regeneration via bioactive material-based cell-free strategy, which is a simple and effective approach to regenerate SwG tissue with both fidelity of structure and function. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of in vivo SwG regeneration in detail. The molecular mechanisms and cell fate modulation of in vivo SwG regeneration will provide further insights into the regeneration of patient-specific SwGs and the development of potential intervention strategies for gland-derived diseases.

Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Quince Seed Water Extract and Investigation of Their Anticancer Effect Against Cancer Cell Lines

In this study, gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) were synthesized using HAuCl4 and quince seed mucilage (QSM) extract, which was characterized by conventional methods including Fourier transforms electron microscopy (FTIR), UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Dynamic light spectroscopy (DLS), and Zeta-potential. The QSM acted as reductant and stabilizing agents simultaneously. The NP's anticancer activity was also investigated against osteosarcoma cell lines (MG-63), which showed an IC50 of [Formula: see text]/mL.

Nanomaterials for Ultrasound Imaging- Guided Sonodynamic Therapy

Ultrasound examination is becoming the most popular medical imaging modality because of its low cost and high safety profile. Ultrasound contrast agents enhance the scattering of sound waves, which can improve the clarity and resolution of images. Nanoparticle Ultrasound contrast agents have the characteristics of a large specific surface area and a modifiable surface, which can increase drug loading capacity, prolong circulation time, and enable drug enrichment in specific organs or tissues. This leads to improved therapeutic effects and reducing toxic and side effects. Compared with traditional ultrasound contrast agents, Nano-ultrasound contrast agents overcome the limitation of imaging solely within blood vessels and facilitate imaging within tumor tissues, thereby extending the duration of enhanced imaging. Sonodynamic therapy is an emerging treatment method that has been developed rapidly in recent years, which has the advantages of noninvasive, high spatial and temporal resolution, and low toxicity and side effects. Sonodynamic therapy utilizes a sonosensitizer that, when excited by ultrasound at the tumor site, produces toxic reactive oxygen species, inducing apoptosis or necrosis in tumor cells. Ultrasound-guided sonodynamic therapy allows for real-time observation of lesions, is convenient and flexible, and is free of radiation exposure. With the use of nanomaterials as carriers, ultrasound-guided sonodynamic therapy has made significant strides. This study categorizes and summarizes the current research on acoustic sensitizer carrier materials, including carbon-based, silicon-based, peptide-based, iron-based, metal-organic frameworks, polymers, and liposomes. It concludes by highlighting the current challenges in the integration of ultrasound imaging with sonodynamic therapy and suggests future directions for clinical application development.

Molecular Marvels: Small Molecules Paving the Way for Enhanced Gene Therapy

In the rapidly evolving landscape of genetic engineering, the advent of CRISPR-Cas technologies has catalyzed a paradigm shift, empowering scientists to manipulate the genetic code with unprecedented accuracy and efficiency. Despite the remarkable capabilities inherent to CRISPR-Cas systems, recent advancements have witnessed the integration of small molecules to augment their functionality, introducing new dimensions to the precision and versatility of gene editing applications. This review delves into the synergy between CRISPR-Cas technologies based specifically on Cas9 and small-molecule drugs, elucidating the pivotal role of chemicals in optimizing target specificity and editing efficiency. By examining a diverse array of applications, ranging from therapeutic interventions to agricultural advancements, we explore how the judicious use of chemicals enhances the precision of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genetic modifications. In this review, we emphasize the significance of small-molecule drugs in fine-tuning the CRISPR-Cas9 machinery, which allows researchers to exert meticulous control over the editing process. We delve into the mechanisms through which these chemicals bolster target specificity, mitigate off-target effects, and contribute to the overall refinement of gene editing outcomes. Additionally, we discuss the potential of chemical integration in expanding the scope of CRISPR-Cas9 technologies, enabling tailored solutions for diverse genetic manipulation challenges. As CRISPR-Cas9 technologies continue to evolve, the integration of small-molecule drugs emerges as a crucial avenue for advancing the precision and applicability of gene editing techniques. This review not only synthesizes current knowledge but also highlights future prospects, paving the way for a deeper understanding of the synergistic interplay between CRISPR-Cas9 systems and chemical modulators in the pursuit of more controlled and efficient genetic modifications.

Investigating the Cell Entry Mechanism, Disassembly, and Toxicity of the Nanocage PCC-1: Insights into Its Potential as a Drug Delivery Vehicle

The porous coordination cage PCC-1 represents a new platform potentially useful for the cellular delivery of drugs with poor cell permeability and solubility. PCC-1 is a metal-organic polyhedron constructed from zinc metal ions and organic ligands through coordination bonds. PCC-1 possesses an internal cavity that is suitable for drug encapsulation. To better understand the biocompatibility of PCC-1 with human cells, the cell entry mechanism, disassembly, and toxicity of the nanocage were investigated. PCC-1 localizes in the nuclei and cytoplasm within minutes upon incubation with cells, independent of endocytosis and cargo, suggesting direct plasma membrane translocation of the nanocage carrying its guest in its internal cavity. Furthermore, the rates of cell entry correlate to extracellular concentrations, indicating that PCC-1 is likely diffusing passively through the membrane despite its relatively large size. Once inside cells, PCC-1 disintegrates into zinc metal ions and ligands over a period of several hours, each component being cleared from cells within 1 day. PCC-1 is relatively safe for cells at low micromolar concentrations but becomes inhibitory to cell proliferation and toxic above a concentration or incubation time threshold. However, cells surviving these conditions can return to homeostasis 3-5 days after exposure. Overall, these findings demonstrate that PCC-1 enters live cells by crossing biological membranes spontaneously. This should prove useful to deliver drugs that lack this capacity on their own, provided that the dosage and exposure time are controlled to avoid toxicity.

Green synthesis of cobalt ferrite and Mn doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: Anticancer, antidiabetic and antibacterial studies

BACKGROUND

CoFe2O4 are important magnetic NPs with high coercivity and moderate magnetization. These properties of CoFe2O4 NPs show variation when doped with various metals. Recent studies explained that Cobalt ferrites doped with metal ion like Mn+2, have attracted increasing attention in many applications, particularly in biomedical applications. A relatively simple way is employing plants and their extracts as precursors instead of toxic chemicals to produce NPs with desirable characteristic. In current study we report green synthesis and characterization of magnetic (CoFe2O4, MnCoFe2O4, CoFe2O4@S.C, MnCoFe2O4@S.C) nanoparticles using ethanolic extract of Swertia Chirata. To enhance application as biocompatible magnetic nano drug delivery vector and cell targeting efficacy of drugs, Glimepiride (GLM), Dexamethasone (DXM), Fexofenadine (FEX) and Levofloxacin (LVX) 1were loaded on synthesized NPs. Synthesized CFNPs has been broadly characterized and applied for in vitro anticancer, antidiabetic and antibacterial potential.

METHODS

For synthesis of CoFe2O4 (CF), CoMnFe2O4 (CFM), CoFe2O4@S.C (SCF) & CoMnFe2O4 @S.C (SCFM), stochiometric amounts 5 mmol of CoCl2·6 H2O (0.284 g) and 10 mmol FeCl3·6 H2O (0.378 g) were dissolved in 13 mL of deionized water. To this sodium acetate (3.05 g) and urea (0.6 g) were added until complete dissolution. Afterward n-heptane was added, and contents were then transferred to Teflon lining autoclave at 180 °C for 4 h. Black powder CoFe2O4 NPs after washing, were dried and calcined at 450 oC for 2 h.

RESULTS

XRD diffractogram of CF have proved the single-phase cubic spinel structure formation for all samples. Swertia Chirata formulations were shown to have effective in vitro antidiabetic activity. CF, CFM & SCFM showed good inhibition of α-glucosidase with very low concentration 6 µg/mL, 5 µg/mL and 4 µg/mL as compare to 12.41 µg/mL of acarbose. SCF showed that the value slightly higher than 16 µg/mL compared to standard. Drug loaded CFNPs (L-CFNPs, F-CFNPs, D-CFNPs & G-CFNPs) also effectively inhibited α-glucosidase. IC50 value for CFNPs inhibition of α-glucosidase was 12.4 µg/mL. All synthesized CF NPs showed cytotoxic potential against breast cancer cells MCF-7. About 50-60% cell viability and cytotoxicity 40% were observed for bare CFNPs as compare to Doxorubicin with related toxicity 80% and 20% cell viability. Among synthesized samples almost all samples without conjugation of any drug showed activities against at least one bacterial strain. CFM, SCF, SCFM were active against S. aureus at concentration 100 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL, and 50 µg/mL respectively.

CONCLUSION

The synthesized CF NPs showed significant cytotoxic potential against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Further, drug loaded samples displayed lesser cell viability and slightly increased cytotoxicity in range of 40-50% in comparison with bare CFNPs. However, higher toxicity was observed for CFMGS towards MCF-7 cells with results nearly equal to Doxorubicin with significant decrease in viability. CF, CFM & SCFM showed good inhibition of α-glucosidase with very low concentration 6 µg/mL, 5 µg/mL and 4 µg/mL as compare to 12.41 µg/mL of acarbose. Among synthesized samples almost all samples without conjugation of any drug showed activities against at least one bacterial strain.

Cobalt Iron Oxide (CoFe2O4) Nanoparticles Induced Toxicity in Rabbits

The market for nanoparticles has grown significantly over the past few decades due to a number of unique qualities, including antibacterial capabilities. It is still unclear how nanoparticle toxicity works. In order to ascertain the toxicity of synthetic cobalt iron oxide (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (CIONPs) in rabbits, this study was carried out. Sixteen rabbits in total were purchased from the neighborhood market and divided into two groups (A and B), each of which contained eight rabbits. The CIONPs were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. Crystallinity and phase identification were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The average size of the nanoparticles (13.2 nm) was calculated by Scherrer formula (Dhkl = 0.9 λ/β cos θ) and confirmed by TEM images. The saturation magnetization, 50.1 emug-1, was measured by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). CIONPs were investigated as contrast agents (CA) for magnetic resonance images (MRI). The relaxivity (r = 1/T) of the MRI was also investigated at a field strength of 0.35 T (Tesla), and the ratio r2/r1 for the CIONPs contrast agent was 6.63. The CIONPs were administrated intravenously into the rabbits through the ear vein. Blood was collected at days 5 and 10 post-exposure for hematological and serum biochemistry analyses. The intensities of the signal experienced by CA with CIONPs were 1427 for the liver and 1702 for the spleen. The treated group showed significantly lower hematological parameters, but significantly higher total white blood cell counts and neutrophils. The results of the serum biochemistry analyses showed significantly higher and lower quantities of different serum biochemical parameters in the treated rabbits at day 10 of the trial. At the microscopic level, different histological ailments were observed in the visceral organs of treated rabbits, including the liver, kidneys, spleen, heart, and brain. In conclusion, the results revealed that cobalt iron oxide (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles induced toxicity via alterations in multiple tissues of rabbits.

The Emerging Role of Raman Spectroscopy as an Omics Approach for Metabolic Profiling and Biomarker Detection toward Precision Medicine

Omics technologies have rapidly evolved with the unprecedented potential to shape precision medicine. Novel omics approaches are imperative toallow rapid and accurate data collection and integration with clinical information and enable a new era of healthcare. In this comprehensive review, we highlight the utility of Raman spectroscopy (RS) as an emerging omics technology for clinically relevant applications using clinically significant samples and models. We discuss the use of RS both as a label-free approach for probing the intrinsic metabolites of biological materials, and as a labeled approach where signal from Raman reporters conjugated to nanoparticles (NPs) serve as an indirect measure for tracking protein biomarkers in vivo and for high throughout proteomics. We summarize the use of machine learning algorithms for processing RS data to allow accurate detection and evaluation of treatment response specifically focusing on cancer, cardiac, gastrointestinal, and neurodegenerative diseases. We also highlight the integration of RS with established omics approaches for holistic diagnostic information. Further, we elaborate on metal-free NPs that leverage the biological Raman-silent region overcoming the challenges of traditional metal NPs. We conclude the review with an outlook on future directions that will ultimately allow the adaptation of RS as a clinical approach and revolutionize precision medicine.

How Magnetic Composites are Effective Anticancer Therapeutics? A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Chemotherapy is the most prominent route in cancer therapy for prolonging the lifespan of cancer patients. However, its non-target specificity and the resulting off-target cytotoxicities have been reported. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies using magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) for magnetothermal chemotherapy may potentially improve the therapeutic outcome by increasing the target selectivity. In this review, magnetic hyperthermia therapy and magnetic targeting using drug-loaded MNCs are revisited, focusing on magnetism, the fabrication and structures of magnetic nanoparticles, surface modifications, biocompatible coating, shape, size, and other important physicochemical properties of MNCs, along with the parameters of the hyperthermia therapy and external magnetic field. Due to the limited drug-loading capacity and low biocompatibility, the use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as drug delivery system has lost traction. In contrast, MNCs show higher biocompatibility, multifunctional physicochemical properties, high drug encapsulation, and multi-stages of controlled release for localized synergistic chemo-thermotherapy. Further, combining various forms of magnetic cores and pH-sensitive coating agents can generate a more robust pH, magneto, and thermo-responsive drug delivery system. Thus, MNCs are ideal candidate as smart and remotely guided drug delivery system due to a) their magneto effects and guide-ability by the external magnetic fields, b) on-demand drug release performance, and c) thermo-chemosensitization under an applied alternating magnetic field where the tumor is selectively incinerated without harming surrounding non-tumor tissues. Given the important effects of synthesis methods, surface modifications, and coating of MNCs on their anticancer properties, we reviewed the most recent studies on magnetic hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery systems in cancer therapy, and magnetothermal chemotherapy to provide insights on the current development of MNC-based anticancer nanocarrier.

Advanced nanoscale drug delivery systems for bone cancer therapy

Bone tumors are relatively rare, which are complex cancers and mostly involve the long bones and pelvis. Bone cancer is mainly categorized into osteosarcoma (OS), chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma. Of these, OS is the most intimidating cancer of the bone tissue, which is mostly found in the log bones in young children and older adults. Conspicuously, the current chemotherapy modalities used for the treatment of OS often fail mainly due to (i) the non-specific detrimental effects on normal healthy cells/tissues, (ii) the possible emergence of drug resistance mechanisms by cancer cells, and (iii) difficulty in the efficient delivery of anticancer drugs to the target cells. To impose the maximal therapeutic impacts on cancerous cells, it is of paramount necessity to specifically deliver chemotherapeutic agents to the tumor site and target the diseased cells using advanced nanoscale multifunctional drug delivery systems (DDSs) developed using organic and inorganic nanosystems. In this review, we provide deep insights into the development of various DDSs applied in targeting and eradicating OS. We elaborate on different DDSs developed using biomaterials, including chitosan, collagen, poly(lactic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polycaprolactone, poly(ethylene glycol), polyvinyl alcohol, polyethyleneimine, quantum dots, polypeptide, lipid NPs, and exosomes. We also discuss DDSs established using inorganic nanoscale materials such as magnetic NPs, gold, zinc, titanium NPs, ceramic materials, silica, silver NPs, and platinum NPs. We further highlight anticancer drugs' role in bone cancer therapy and the biocompatibility of nanocarriers for OS treatment.

Smart Nanomaterials in Cancer Theranostics: Challenges and Opportunities

Cancer is ranked as the second leading cause of death globally. Traditional cancer therapies including chemotherapy are flawed, with off-target and on-target toxicities on the normal cells, requiring newer strategies to improve cell selective targeting. The application of nanomaterial has been extensively studied and explored as chemical biology tools in cancer theranostics. It shows greater applications toward stability, biocompatibility, and increased cell permeability, resulting in precise targeting, and mitigating the shortcomings of traditional cancer therapies. The nanoplatform offers an exciting opportunity to gain targeting strategies and multifunctionality. The advent of nanotechnology, in particular the development of smart nanomaterials, has transformed cancer diagnosis and treatment. The large surface area of nanoparticles is enough to encapsulate many molecules and the ability to functionalize with various biosubstrates such as DNA, RNA, aptamers, and antibodies, which helps in theranostic action. Comparatively, biologically derived nanomaterials perceive advantages over the nanomaterials produced by conventional methods in terms of economy, ease of production, and reduced toxicity. The present review summarizes various techniques in cancer theranostics and emphasizes the applications of smart nanomaterials (such as organic nanoparticles (NPs), inorganic NPs, and carbon-based NPs). We also critically discussed the advantages and challenges impeding their translation in cancer treatment and diagnostic applications. This review concludes that the use of smart nanomaterials could significantly improve cancer theranostics and will facilitate new dimensions for tumor detection and therapy.

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a Potential Nanoplatform: Therapeutic Applications and Considerations

With advances in nanotechnology, nanoparticles have come to be regarded as carriers of therapeutic agents and have been widely studied to overcome various diseases in the biomedical field. Among these particles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been investigated as potential nanocarriers to deliver drug molecules to various target sites in the body. This review introduces the physicochemical properties of MSNs and synthesis procedures of MSN-based nanoplatforms. Moreover, we focus on updating biomedical applications of MSNs as a carrier of therapeutic or diagnostic cargo and review clinical trials using silica-nanoparticle-based systems. Herein, on the one hand, we pay attention to the pharmaceutical advantages of MSNs, including nanometer particle size, high surface area, and porous structures, thus enabling efficient delivery of high drug-loading content. On the other hand, we look through biosafety and toxicity issues associated with MSN-based platforms. Based on many reports so far, MSNs have been widely applied to construct tissue engineering platforms as well as treat various diseases, including cancer, by surface functionalization or incorporation of stimuli-responsive components. However, even with the advantageous aspects that MSNs possess, there are still considerations, such as optimizing physicochemical properties or dosage regimens, regarding use of MSNs in clinics. Progress in synthesis procedures and scale-up production as well as a thorough investigation into the biosafety of MSNs would enable design of innovative and safe MSN-based platforms in biomedical fields.

Iron-silicate-coated porous silicon nanoparticles for in situ ROS self-generation

Porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) have gained attention from drug delivery systems (DDS) due to their biocompatibility, high drug-loading efficiency, and facile surface modification. To date, many surface chemistries of pSiNPs have been developed to maximize the merits and overcome the drawbacks of pSiNPs. In this work, we newly disclosed a formulation, iron-silicate-coated pSiNPs (Fe-pSiNPs-NCS), using the surface modification method with iron-silicate and 3-isothiocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (TEPITC). Fe-pSiNPs-NCS demonstrated effective reactive-oxygen species (ROS) self-generation ability via a Fenton-like reaction of iron-silicate and in situ hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) generation of TEPITC on the surface of pSiNPs, resulting in excellent anticancer effect in U87MG cancer cells. Moreover, we confirmed that Fe-pSiNPs-NCS could be used as a drug delivery carrier as it was proven that anticancer drugs (doxorubicin, SN-38) were loaded into Fe-pSiNPs-NCS with high-loading efficiency. These findings could offer efficient strategies for developing nanotherapeutics in biomedical fields.

Application of aptamer-drug delivery system in the therapy of breast cancer

Despite significant treatment advances, breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in women. From the current treatment situation, in addition to developing chemoresistant tumours, distant organ metastasis, and recurrences, patients with breast cancer often have a poor prognosis. Aptamers as "chemical antibodies" may be a way to resolve this dilemma. Aptamers are single-stranded, non-coding oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA), resulting their many advantages, including stability for long-term storage, simplicity of synthesis and function, and low immunogenicity, a high degree of specificity and antidote. Aptamers have gained popularity as a method for diagnosing and treating specific tumors in recent years. This article introduces the application of ten different aptamer delivery systems in the treatment and diagnosis of breast cancer, and systematically reviews their latest research progress in breast cancer treatment and diagnosis. It provides a new direction for the clinical treatment of breast cancer.

Targeted delivery of paclitaxel drug using polymer-coated magnetic nanoparticles for fibrosarcoma therapy: in vitro and in vivo studies

Fibrosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that affects cells known as fibroblasts that are malignant, locally recurring, and spreading tumor in fibrous tissue. In this work, an iron plate immersed in an aqueous solution of double added deionized water, supplemented with potassium permanganate solution (KMnO₄) was carried out by the pulsed laser ablation in liquid method (PLAIL). Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were synthesized using different laser wavelengths (1064, 532, and 266 nm) at a fluence of 28 J/cm² with 100 shots of the iron plate to control the concentration, shape and size of the prepared high-stability SPIONs. The drug nanocarrier was synthesized by coating SPION with paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded chitosan (Cs) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). This nanosystem was functionalized by receptors that target folate (FA). The physiochemical characteristics of SPION@Cs-PTX-PEG-FA nanoparticles were evaluated and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods. Cell internalization, cytotoxicity assay (MTT), apoptosis induction, and gene expression of SPION@Cs-PTX-PEG-FA were estimated in fibrosarcoma cell lines, respectively. In vivo studies used BALB/c tumor-bearing mice. The results showed that SPION@Cs-PTX-PEG-FA exhibited suitable physical stability, spherical shape, desirable size, and charge. SPION@Cs-PTX-PEG-FA inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of cancer cells (P < 0.01). The results of the in vivo study showed that SPION@Cs-PTX-PEG-FA significantly decreased tumor size compared to free PTX and control samples (P < 0.05), leading to longer survival, significantly increased splenocyte proliferation and IFN-γ level, and significantly decreased the level of IL-4. All of these findings indicated the potential of SPION@Cs-PTX-PEG-FA as an antitumor therapeutic agent.

Advancements and Utilizations of Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery

The drug development process requires a thorough understanding of the scaffold and its three-dimensional structure. Scaffolding is a technique for tissue engineering and the formation of contemporary functioning tissues. Tissue engineering is sometimes referred to as regenerative medicine. They also ensure that drugs are delivered with precision. Information regarding scaffolding techniques, scaffolding kinds, and other relevant facts, such as 3D nanostructuring, are discussed in depth in this literature. They are specific and demonstrate localized action for a specific reason. Scaffold's acquisition nature and flexibility make it a new drug delivery technology with good availability and structural parameter management.

HCDT: an integrated highly confident drug-target resource

Drug-target association plays an important role in drug discovery, drug repositioning, drug synergy prediction, etc. Currently, a lot of drug-related databases, such as DrugBank and BindingDB, have emerged. However, these databases are separate, incomplete and non-uniform with different criteria. Here, we integrated eight drug-related databases; collected, filtered and supplemented drugs, target genes and experimentally validated (highly confident) associations and built a highly confident drug-target (HCDT: http://hainmu-biobigdata.com/hcdt) database. HCDT database includes 500 681 HCDT associations between 299 458 drugs and 5618 target genes. Compared to individual databases, HCDT database contains 1.1 to 254.2 times drugs, 1.8-5.5 times target genes and 1.4-27.7 times drug-target associations. It is normative, publicly available and easy for searching, browsing and downloading. Together with multi-omics data, it will be a good resource in analyzing the drug functional mechanism, mining drug-related biological pathways, predicting drug synergy, etc. Database URL: http://hainmu-biobigdata.com/hcdt.

Biomimetic nanoparticles for tumor immunotherapy

Currently, tumor treatment research still focuses on the cancer cells themselves, but the fact that the immune system plays an important role in inhibiting tumor development cannot be ignored. The activation of the immune system depends on the difference between self and non-self. Unfortunately, cancer is characterized by genetic changes in the host cells that lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and evade immune surveillance. Cancer immunotherapy aims to coordinate a patient's immune system to target, fight, and destroy cancer cells without destroying the normal cells. Nevertheless, antitumor immunity driven by the autoimmune system alone may be inadequate for treatment. The development of drug delivery systems (DDS) based on nanoparticles can not only promote immunotherapy but also improve the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM), which provides promising strategies for cancer treatment. However, conventional nano drug delivery systems (NDDS) are subject to several limitations in clinical transformation, such as immunogenicity and the potential toxicity risks of the carrier materials, premature drug leakage at off-target sites during circulation and drug load content. In order to address these limitations, this paper reviews the trends and progress of biomimetic NDDS and discusses the applications of each biomimetic system in tumor immunotherapy. Furthermore, we review the various combination immunotherapies based on biomimetic NDDS and key considerations for clinical transformation.

Optimization of Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Conjugated with Lepechinia meyenii (Salvia) Using Plackett-Burman Design and Response Surface Methodology—Preliminary Antibacterial Activity

In the present investigation, an ethanolic fraction (EF) of Lepechinia meyenii (salvia) was prepared and fractionated by gradient column chromatography, and the main secondary metabolites present in the EF were identified by HPLC-MS. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized and conjugated with the EF of Lepechinia meyenii (salvia). The AgNPs synthesis was optimized using Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology (RSM), considering the following independent variables: stirring speed, synthesis pH, synthesis time, synthesis temperature and EF volume. The AgNPs synthesized under the optimized conditions were characterized by UV visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM). The antibacterial activity of the AgNPs against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC® 25923) was evaluated. The following flavonoids were identified: rosmarinic acid, diosmin and hesperetin-7-O-rutinoside. The optimized conditions for the synthesis of nanoparticles were pH 9.45, temperature 49.8 °C, volume of ethanolic fraction 152.6 µL and a reaction time of 213.2 min. The obtained AgNPs exhibited an average size of 43.71 nm and a resonance plasmon of 410–420 nm. Using FT-IR spectroscopy, the disappearance of the peaks between 626.50 and 1379.54 cm−1 was evident with the AgNPs, which would indicate the participation of these functional groups in the synthesis and protection of the nanoparticles. A hydrodynamic size of 47.6 nm was obtained by DLS, while a size of 40–60 nm was determined by STEM. The synthesized AgNPs conjugated with the EF showed a higher antibacterial activity than the EF alone. These results demonstrate that the AgNPs synthesized under optimized conditions conjugated with the EF of the Lepechinia meyenii (salvia) presented an increased antibacterial activity.

Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Co-Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy

Cancer therapies have advanced tremendously throughout the last decade, yet multiple factors still hinder the success of the different cancer therapeutics. The traditional therapeutic approach has been proven insufficient and lacking in the suppression of tumor growth. The simultaneous delivery of multiple small-molecule chemotherapeutic drugs and genes improves the effectiveness of each treatment, thus optimizing efficacy and improving synergistic effects. Nanomedicines integrating inorganic, lipid, and polymeric-based nanoparticles have been designed to regulate the spatiotemporal release of the encapsulated drugs. Multidrug-loaded nanocarriers are a potential strategy to fight cancer and the incorporation of co-delivery systems as a feasible treatment method has projected synergistic benefits and limited undesirable effects. Moreover, the development of co-delivery systems for maximum therapeutic impact necessitates better knowledge of the appropriate therapeutic agent ratio as well as the inherent heterogeneity of the cancer cells. Co-delivery systems can simplify clinical processes and increase patient quality of life, even though such systems are more difficult to prepare than single drug delivery systems. This review highlights the progress attained in the development and design of nano carrier-based co-delivery systems and discusses the limitations, challenges, and future perspectives in the design and fabrication of co-delivery systems.

The Finite Element Analysis Research on Microneedle Design Strategy and Transdermal Drug Delivery System

Microneedles (MNs) as a novel transdermal drug delivery system have shown great potential for therapeutic and disease diagnosis applications by continually providing minimally invasive, portable, cost-effective, high bioavailability, and easy-to-use tools compared to traditional parenteral administrations. However, microneedle transdermal drug delivery is still in its infancy. Many research studies need further in-depth exploration, such as safety, structural characteristics, and drug loading performance evaluation. Finite element analysis (FEA) uses mathematical approximations to simulate real physical systems (geometry and load conditions). It can simplify complex engineering problems to guide the precise preparation and potential industrialization of microneedles, which has attracted extensive attention. This article introduces FEA research for microneedle transdermal drug delivery systems, focusing on microneedle design strategy, skin mechanics models, skin permeability, and the FEA research on drug delivery by MNs.

Regulatory safety evaluation of nanomedical products: key issues to refine

Nanotechnologies enable great opportunities for the development and use of innovative (nano)medicines. As is common for scientific and technical developments, recognized safety evaluation methods for regulatory purposes are lagging behind. The specific properties responsible for the desired functioning also hamper the safety evaluation of such products. Pharmacokinetics determination of the active pharmaceutical ingredient as well as the nanomaterial component is crucial. Due to their particulate nature, nanomedicines, similar to all nanomaterials, are primarily removed from the circulation by phagocytizing cells that are part of the immune system. Therefore, the immune system can be potentially a specific target for adverse effects of nanomedicines, and thus needs special attention during the safety evaluation. This DDTR special issue on the results of the REFINE project on a regulatory science framework for nanomedical products presents a highly valuable body of knowledge needed to address regulatory challenges and gaps in currently available testing methods for the safety evaluation of nanomedicines.

Nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular aging and related diseases

Aging-induced alternations of vasculature structures, phenotypes, and functions are key in the occurrence and development of vascular aging-related diseases. Multiple molecular and cellular events, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, cellular senescence, and epigenetic alterations are highly associated with vascular aging physiopathology. Advances in nanoparticles and nanotechnology, which can realize sensitive diagnostic modalities, efficient medical treatment, and better prognosis as well as less adverse effects on non-target tissues, provide an amazing window in the field of vascular aging and related diseases. Throughout this review, we presented current knowledge on classification of nanoparticles and the relationship between vascular aging and related diseases. Importantly, we comprehensively summarized the potential of nanoparticles-based diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in vascular aging and related diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, as well as chronic kidney diseases, and discussed the advantages and limitations of their clinical applications.

Systematic Identification of Genomic Markers for Guiding Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Cervical Cancer Based on Translational Bioinformatics

Purpose

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (MNP) drug delivery system is a novel promising therapeutic option for cancer treatment. Material issues such as fabrication and functionalized modification have been investigated; however, pharmacologic mechanisms of bare MNPs inside cancer cells remain obscure. This study aimed to explore a systems pharmacology approach to understand the reaction of the whole cell to MNPs and suggest drug selection in MNP delivery systems to exert synergetic or additive anti-cancer effects.

Methods

HeLa and SiHa cell lines were used to estimate the properties of bare MNPs in cervical cancer through 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and enzyme activity assays and cellular fluorescence imaging. A systems pharmacology approach was utilized by combining bioinformatics data mining with clinical data analysis and without a predefined hypothesis. Key genes of the MNP onco-pharmacologic mechanism in cervical cancer were identified and further validated through transcriptome analysis with quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR).

Results

Low cytotoxic activity and cell internalization of MNP in HeLa and SiHa cells were observed. Lysosomal function was found to be impaired after MNP treatment. Protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta (PTK2B), liprin-alpha-4 (PPFIA4), mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 (SMAD7), and interleukin (IL) 1B were identified as key genes relevant for MNP pharmacology, clinical features, somatic mutation, and immune infiltration. The four key genes also exhibited significant correlations with the lysosome gene set. The qRT-PCR results showed significant alterations in the expression of the four key genes after MNP treatment in HeLa and SiHa cells.

Conclusion

Our research suggests that treatment of bare MNPs in HeLa and SiHa cells induced significant expression changes in PTK2B, PPFIA4, SMAD7, and IL1B, which play crucial roles in cervical cancer development and progression. Interactions of the key genes with specific anti-cancer drugs must be considered in the rational design of MNP drug delivery systems.

Green Synthesis of a Novel Silver Nanoparticle Conjugated with Thelypteris glandulosolanosa (Raqui-Raqui): Preliminary Characterization and Anticancer Activity

In the last decade, the green synthesis of nanoparticles has had a prominent role in scientific research for industrial and biomedical applications. In this current study, silver nitrate (AgNO3) was reduced and stabilized with an aqueous extract of Thelypteris glandulosolanosa (Raqui-raqui), forming silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-RR). UV-vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) were utilized to analyze the structures of AgNPs-RR. The results from this analysis showed a characteristic peak at 420 nm and a mean hydrodynamic size equal to 39.16 nm, while the STEM revealed a size distribution of 6.64–51.00 nm with an average diameter of 31.45 nm. Cellular cytotoxicity assays using MCF-7 (ATCC® HTB-22™, mammary gland breast), A549 (ATCC® CCL-185, lung epithelial carcinoma), and L929 (ATCC® CCL-1, subcutaneous connective tissue of Mus musculus) demonstrated over 42.70% of MCF-7, 59.24% of A549, and 8.80% of L929 cells had cell death after 48 h showing that this nanoparticle is more selective to disrupt neoplastic than non-cancerous cells and may be further developed into an effective strategy for breast and lung cancer treatment. These results demonstrate that the nanoparticle surfaces developed are complex, have lower contact angles, and have excellent scratch and wear resistance.

US/MR Bimodal Imaging-Guided Bio-Targeting Synergistic Agent for Tumor Therapy

Purpose

Breast cancer is detrimental to the health of women due to the difficulty of early diagnosis and unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy of available breast cancer therapies. High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation is a new method for the treatment of breast tumors, but there is a problem of low ablation efficiency. Therefore, the improvement of HIFU efficiency to combat breast cancer is immediately needed. This study aimed to describe a novel anaerobic bacteria-mediated nanoplatform, comprising synergistic HIFU therapy for breast cancer under guidance of ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance (MR) bimodal imaging.

Methods

The PFH@CL/Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) (Perfluorohexane (PFH) and superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIO, Fe₃O₄) with cationic lipid (CL) NPs) were synthesized using the thin membrane hydration method. The novel nanoplatform Bifidobacterium bifidum-mediated PFH@CL/Fe₃O₄ NPs were constructed by electrostatic adsorption. Thereafter, US and MR bimodal imaging ability of B. bifidum-mediated PFH@CL/Fe₃O₄ NPs was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Finally, the efficacy of HIFU ablation based on B. bifidum-PFH@CL/Fe₃O₄ NPs was studied.

Results

B. bifidum combined with PFH@CL/Fe₃O₄ NPs by electrostatic adsorption and enhanced the tumor targeting ability of PFH@CL/Fe₃O₄ NPs. US and MR bimodal imaging clearly displayed the distribution of the bio-targeting nanoplatform in vivo. It was conducive for accurate and effective guidance of HIFU synergistic treatment of tumors. Furthermore, PFH@CL/Fe₃O₄ NPs could form microbubbles by acoustic droplet evaporation and promote efficiency of HIFU ablation under guidance of bimodal imaging.

Conclusion

A bio-targeting nanoplatform with high stability and good physicochemical properties was constructed. The HIFU synergistic agent achieved early precision imaging of tumors and promoted therapeutic effect, monitored by US and MR bimodal imaging during the treatment process.

Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Gold Nanoparticles and a Weak Base Drug

Hybrid lipid nanoparticles containing gold nanoparticles (LNP-GNPs) and drugs have potential for imaging applications as well as triggered release of LNP contents in response to pulsed laser or X-ray radiation mediated by the GNPs. However, methods to synthesize LNP-GNP systems that efficiently entrap GNPs (the potential triggered release and imaging agent) and then load and retain the drug cargo in a manner that may have clinical applications have proven elusive. Here, we develop a straightforward "bottom-up" approach to manufacture drug-loaded LNP-GNP systems. We show that negatively charged GNPs of 5 nm diameter can be stably loaded into LNPs containing 10 mol % ionizable cationic lipid using an ethanol dilution, rapid mixing approach and that these systems also exhibit aqueous compartments. Further, we show that such systems can also entrap ammonium sulfate, enabling pH-dependent loading of the weak base anti-cancer drug doxorubicin into the aqueous compartments. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) imaging clearly demonstrates the presence of GNPs in the interior of the resulting hybrid nanostructures as well as the formation of electron-dense drug precipitates in the aqueous core of the LNP-GNPs. The approach described here is a robust and straightforward method to generate hybrid LNP-GNP-drug and other LNP-metal nanoparticle-drug systems with potential applications for a variety of triggered release protocols.

Pharmacokinetics of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for medical applications

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) have been under intense investigation for at least the last five decades as they show enormous potential for many biomedical applications, such as biomolecule separation, MRI imaging and hyperthermia. Moreover, a large area of research on these nanostructures is concerned with their use as carriers of drugs, nucleic acids, peptides and other biologically active compounds, often leading to the development of targeted therapies. The uniqueness of MNPs is due to their nanometric size and unique magnetic properties. In addition, iron ions, which, along with oxygen, are a part of the MNPs, belong to the trace elements in the body. Therefore, after digesting MNPs in lysosomes, iron ions are incorporated into the natural circulation of this element in the body, which reduces the risk of excessive storage of nanoparticles. Still, one of the key issues for the therapeutic applications of magnetic nanoparticles is their pharmacokinetics which is reflected in the circulation time of MNPs in the bloodstream. These characteristics depend on many factors, such as the size and charge of MNPs, the nature of the polymers and any molecules attached to their surface, and other. Since the pharmacokinetics depends on the resultant of the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, research should be carried out individually for all the nanostructures designed. Almost every year there are new reports on the results of studies on the pharmacokinetics of specific magnetic nanoparticles, thus it is very important to follow the achievements on this matter. This paper reviews the latest findings in this field. The mechanism of action of the mononuclear phagocytic system and the half-lives of a wide range of nanostructures are presented. Moreover, factors affecting clearance such as hydrodynamic and core size, core morphology and coatings molecules, surface charge and technical aspects have been described.