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Chen K, Shui Y, Deng M, Guo Y, Sun B, Liu G, Liu D, Li Y. Effects of different dietary energy levels on growth performance, meat quality and nutritional composition, rumen fermentation parameters, and rumen microbiota of fattening Angus steers. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1378073. [PMID: 38770021 PMCID: PMC11102963 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1378073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of varying energy levels in diets on Black Angus steers, focusing on growth performance, muscle composition, rumen microbial community, and their interrelationships. Twenty-seven Black Angus steers, aged approximately 22 months and weighing 520 ± 40 kilograms, were randomly divided into three groups: low-energy (LE), medium-energy (ME), and high-energy (HE). Each group consisted of nine individuals. The steers were fed diets with energy levels of 6.657 MJ/kg (LE), 7.323 MJ/kg (ME), and 7.990 MJ/kg (HE) following a 14-day pre-feeding period, with a subsequent 90-day main experimental phase. After the 90-day feeding period, both the HE and ME groups exhibited significantly higher average daily weight gain (ADG) compared to the LE group (p < 0.05). The feed-to-weight ratios were lower in the HE and ME groups compared to the LE group (p < 0.05). The HE group showed significantly higher crude fat content in the longissimus dorsi muscle compared to the LE group (p < 0.05), with total fatty acid content in the muscle surpassing that in the ME and LE groups (p < 0.05). As dietary energy levels increased, the diversity of the rumen microbial community decreased (p < 0.05), and significant differences in bacterial community structure were observed between the LE and HE groups (p < 0.05). The results suggest that higher dietary energy levels enhance growth performance and alter muscle composition in Black Angus steers, while also influencing the rumen microbial community. This study contributes to understanding optimal dietary strategies for finishing Angus cattle to improve beef quality, economic returns, and the development of standardized production procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihao Chen
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanghaoer Shui
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Deng
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqing Guo
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoli Sun
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangbin Liu
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewu Liu
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaokun Li
- Herbivore Laboratory, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Yang MH, Chin YW, Chae HS, Yoon KD, Kim J. Anti-adipogenic constituents from Dioscorea opposita in 3T3-L1 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 37:1683-8. [PMID: 25273391 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the lipase inhibitory activity of the n-BuOH fraction of Dioscorea opposita (DOB) and its isolates. This study sought to evaluate their anti-adipogenic activity in terms of their effects on the adipogenic transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) as well as phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1). DOB apparently attenuated 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation (33.6% decrease at 20 µg/mL). In addition, a marked decrease (90.4%) in the expression of PPARγ was observed in the DOB-treated 3T3-L1 cells. Four isolates from DOB: (4E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,6-heptadien-3-one (1), (3R,5R)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,5-heptanediol (2), batatasin I (3), and (1E,4E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one (4), suppressed adipocyte differentiation by inhibiting PPARγ at 20 µM (85.9%, 68.6%, 76.2%, and 90.2% decrease, respectively) and C/EBPα (51.7%, 3.1%, 20.9%, and 59.8% decrease, respectively). Batatasin I was found to increase p-AMPK and CPT-1 at a concentration of 20 µM in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, resulting in inhibiting adipogenesis. Taken together, batatasin I might be responsible for the anti-adipogenic effect of DOB via inhibition of PPARγ and C/EBPα and activation of p-AMPK and CPT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hye Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University
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Understanding the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) in terms of molecular quantum similarity and DFT-based reactivity descriptors. J Mol Model 2015; 21:156. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Smith C, Krygsman A. Hoodia gordonii: to eat, or not to eat. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:987-991. [PMID: 24955559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hoodia gordonii (family Apocynaceae) has become known globally for its claimed effect of appetite suppression. Despite a relatively large body of evidence of the plant׳s chemical make-up, peer-reviewed studies to provide scientific information on physiological effects of Hoodia gordonii are relatively sparse. The role of the pregnane glycoside P57-commonly accepted to be responsible for appetite suppression-has been questioned recently. Furthermore, a variety of physiological side-effects associated with consumption of the plant in extracted form questions its suitability for consumption. Although adverse effects have been described before, the relative abundance of non-peer-reviewed data originating from patent documents and lay publication for advertising, which specifically only focus on beneficial outcomes, skews the view of the risk-benefit-balance. Here we provide a review of peer-reviewed studies on the plant׳s physiological effects. Novel data from an in vivo rodent study further elucidate the benefit-to-risk ratio associated with consumption. CONCLUSIONS we conclude that although Hoodia gordonii seems to have a desired effect on appetite and weight loss, this effect may at least in part be a secondary symptom of the serious adverse effects that are associated with consumption of the high doses required to achieve therapeutic clinical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Smith
- Department Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Annadie Krygsman
- Department Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Sympathomimetic activity of a Hoodia gordonii product: a possible mechanism of cardiovascular side effects. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:171059. [PMID: 24307991 PMCID: PMC3838844 DOI: 10.1155/2013/171059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hoodia gordonii, a popular appetite suppressant, is widely used as an ingredient in many food supplements despite the fact that supporting scientific evidence is scarce. Recently alarming side effects of H. gordonii products (increased blood pressure and elevated pulse rate) have been reported. The aim of our study was to elucidate the underlying mechanism of these symptoms. A H. gordonii-containing product was tested for sympathomimetic activity. Isolated organ experiments on rat uterine rings revealed smooth muscle relaxant effect with a substantial component mediated through β -adrenergic receptors. Chromatographic comparison of the analyzed product and authentic plant material confirmed that the herbal product contained Hoodia spp. extract, and its cardiovascular effects may be linked to the compounds of the plant.
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Högberg T, Frimurer TM, Sasmal PK. Melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) antagonists—Still a viable approach for obesity treatment? Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6039-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ezzat S. A study of the use of drugs in the treatment of obesity among adult females. Int J Health Care Qual Assur 2012; 25:730-41. [DOI: 10.1108/09526861211270668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeObesity is a prevalent health problem among adult females in Egypt. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of drugs in managing of obesity among adult females.Design/methodology/approachA random sample of 764 obese adult females with a BMI >25 were included in the study. Data were collected using a pre‐coded questionnaire on personal characteristics, type of regimen followed, the use of anti‐obesity drugs, sources of information about medicine, compliance pattern and the outcome of using medicine.FindingsThe results show that 19.9 per cent of the females took medicines while dieting and another 11.4 per cent while dieting and exercising. Physicians were the main source of advice about anti‐obesity medicine (33.1 per cent), followed by pharmacists (25.5 per cent), peers (24.2 per cent) and mass media (17.2 per cent). Medicines stimulating the metabolism were most commonly used (42.7 per cent), followed by drugs blocking fat absorption (24.3 per cent), appetite depressants (23.3 per cent) and herbs (18.4 per cent). The most common side effects were diarrhoea (30.1 per cent) followed by headache (20.1 per cent) and depression (17.2 per cent). The data show that 47.7 per cent of the females fully complied while 30.5 per cent did not comply. The intake of medicine while dieting induced weight loss among 48.9 per cent of the subjects, 18.0 per cent did not report weight loss and 33.1 per cent stopped medicine intake. Older females and those with a BMI >35 were more keen to seek advice from a physician, were more likely to comply fully and reported the highest rate of weight loss. The use of anti‐obesity drugs was highest (44 per cent) among university graduates compared to 24.8 per cent among females with limited education.Originality/valueThis study presents the first report of the pattern of using anti‐obesity drugs in Egypt.
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Li J, Li S, Lei B, Liu H, Yao X, Liu M, Gramatica P. A new strategy to improve the predictive ability of the local lazy regression and its application to the QSAR study of melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists. J Comput Chem 2010; 31:973-85. [PMID: 19670228 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study, local lazy regression (LLR) can predict the activity of a query molecule by using the information of its local neighborhood without need to produce QSAR models a priori. When a prediction is required for a query compound, a set of local models including different number of nearest neighbors are identified. The leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO-CV) procedure is usually used to assess the prediction ability of each model, and the model giving the lowest LOO-CV error or highest LOO-CV correlation coefficient is chosen as the best model. However, it has been proved that the good statistical value from LOO cross-validation appears to be the necessary, but not the sufficient condition for the model to have a high predictive power. In this work, a new strategy is proposed to improve the predictive ability of LLR models and to access the accuracy of a query prediction. The bandwidth of k neighbor value for LLR is optimized by considering the predictive ability of local models using an external validation set. This approach was applied to the QSAR study of a series of thienopyrimidinone antagonists of melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1. The obtained results from the new strategy shows evident improvement compared with the commonly used LOO-CV LLR methods and the traditional global linear model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Ferrer-Lorente R, Cabot C, Fernández-López JA, Alemany M. Comparative effects of oleoyl-estrone and a specific beta3-adrenergic agonist (CL316, 243) on the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism of rat white adipose tissue. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:15. [PMID: 20184727 PMCID: PMC2841192 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The combination of oleoyl-estrone (OE) and a selective β3-adrenergic agonist (B3A; CL316,243) treatment in rats results in a profound and rapid wasting of body reserves (lipid). Methods In the present study we investigated the effect of OE (oral gavage) and/or B3A (subcutaneous constant infusion) administration for 10 days to overweight male rats, compared with controls, on three distinct white adipose tissue (WAT) sites: subcutaneous inguinal, retroperitoneal and epididymal. Tissue weight, DNA (and, from these values cellularity), cAMP content and the expression of several key energy handling metabolism and control genes were analyzed and computed in relation to the whole site mass. Results Both OE and B3A significantly decreased WAT mass, with no loss of DNA (cell numbers). OE decreased and B3A increased cAMP. Gene expression patterns were markedly different for OE and B3A. OE tended to decrease expression of most genes studied, with no changes (versus controls) of lipolytic but decrease of lipogenic enzyme genes. The effects of B3A were widely different, with a generalized increase in the expression of most genes, including the adrenergic receptors, and, especially the uncoupling protein UCP1. Discussion OE and B3A, elicit widely different responses in WAT gene expression, end producing similar effects, such as shrinking of WAT, loss of fat, maintenance of cell numbers. OE acted essentially on the balance of lipolysis-lipogenesis and the blocking of the uptake of substrates; its decrease of synthesis favouring lipolysis. B3A induced a shotgun increase in the expression of most regulatory systems in the adipocyte, an effect that in the end favoured again the loss of lipid; this barely selective increase probably produces inefficiency, which coupled with the increase in UCP1 expression may help WAT to waste energy through thermogenesis. Conclusions There were considerable differences in the responses of the three WAT sites. OE in general lowered gene expression and stealthily induced a substrate imbalance. B3A increasing the expression of most genes enhanced energy waste through inefficiency rather than through specific pathway activation. There was not a synergistic effect between OE and B3A in WAT, but their combined action increased WAT energy waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ferrer-Lorente
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, and CIBER Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
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Cheng Y, Meng Q, Wang C, Li H, Huang Z, Chen S, Xiao F, Guo F. Leucine deprivation decreases fat mass by stimulation of lipolysis in white adipose tissue and upregulation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue. Diabetes 2010; 59:17-25. [PMID: 19833890 PMCID: PMC2797918 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) play distinct roles in adaptation to changes in nutrient availability, with WAT serving as an energy store and BAT regulating thermogenesis. We previously showed that mice maintained on a leucine-deficient diet unexpectedly experienced a dramatic reduction in abdominal fat mass. The cellular mechanisms responsible for this loss, however, are unclear. The goal of current study is to investigate possible mechanisms. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either control, leucine-deficient, or pair-fed diets for 7 days. Changes in metabolic parameters and expression of genes and proteins related to lipid metabolism were analyzed in WAT and BAT. RESULTS We found that leucine deprivation for 7 days increases oxygen consumption, suggesting increased energy expenditure. We also observed increases in lipolysis and expression of beta-oxidation genes and decreases in expression of lipogenic genes and activity of fatty acid synthase in WAT, consistent with increased use and decreased synthesis of fatty acids, respectively. Furthermore, we observed that leucine deprivation increases expression of uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 in BAT, suggesting increased thermogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that elimination of dietary leucine produces significant metabolic changes in WAT and BAT. The effect of leucine deprivation on UCP1 expression is a novel and unexpected observation and suggests that the observed increase in energy expenditure may reflect an increase in thermogenesis in BAT. Further investigation will be required to determine the relative contribution of UCP1 upregulation and thermogenesis in BAT to leucine deprivation-stimulated fat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingshu Meng
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Houkai Li
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiying Huang
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanghai Chen
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author: Feifan Guo,
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Amphetamine derivatives and obesity. Appetite 2009; 52:405-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Su J, McKittrick BA, Tang H, Burnett DA, Clader JW, Greenlee WJ, Hawes BE, O'Neill K, Spar B, Weig B, Kowalski T, Sorota S, Li C, Liu T. SAR study of bicyclo[4.1.0]heptanes as melanin-concentrating hormone receptor R1 antagonists: Taming hERG. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5369-85. [PMID: 17572094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To improve the ex vivo potency of MCH inhibitor 1a and to address its hERG liability, a structure-activity study was carried out, focusing on three regions of the lead structure. Introduction of new side chains with basic nitrogen improved in vitro and ex vivo bindings. Many potent compounds with K(i)<10nM were discovered (compounds 6a-j) and several compounds (14-17) had excellent ex vivo binding at 6h and 24h. Attenuating the basicity of nitrogen on the side chain, and in particular, introduction of a polar group such as aminomethyl on the distal phenyl ring significantly lowered the hERG activity. Further replacement of the distal phenyl group with heteroaryl groups in the cyclohexene series provided compounds such as 28l with excellent ex vivo activity with much reduced hERG liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Su
- Department of Chemical Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute K15 2545, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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Riva G, Bacchetta M, Cesa G, Conti S, Castelnuovo G, Mantovani F, Molinari E. Is Severe Obesity a Form of Addiction?: Rationale, Clinical Approach, and Controlled Clinical Trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 9:457-79. [PMID: 16901250 DOI: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
For many, obesity is just a problem of energy input and expenditure: more energy input than expenditure. However, the clinical practice and epidemiological data clearly show that weight control is more complex than expected by this simple equation. This is particularly true in morbid obesity, a form of severe obesity in which a person's Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m(2)) is over 40. If we compare the definitions and diagnostic criteria for "dependence" and "addiction" with the situation of many severe obese subjects, it is apparent that they match very well. Further, different neurological studies confirm this similarity: both addiction and obesity patients have a deficiency of dopamine receptors. Nevertheless, when we compare many of the actual obesity treatments with the ones used in the area of addictions it is possible to find relevant differences: obesity treatments neither consider different levels of type and intensity of care, nor a multidimensional approach. To overcome these limitations, in this paper we propose a bio-psychosocial approach in which the genetic influence (lack of dopamine receptors) is matched by psychosocial issues (pressure for thinness and diet as main body image dissatisfaction treatment). Further, the paper outlines how this approach may influence the treatment options, by focusing both on the lessons coming from actual addiction treatment and the opportunities offered by virtual reality. Finally, the paper presents and discusses the outcome of a controlled trial, based on the proposed approach, including a 6-month follow-up (211 morbid obese females with a BMI of >40 and a documented history of failures.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Psychological
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Analysis of Variance
- Behavior, Addictive/complications
- Behavior, Addictive/diagnosis
- Behavior, Addictive/psychology
- Behavior, Addictive/therapy
- Body Image
- Body Mass Index
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Computer Simulation
- Diet Therapy/methods
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Obesity, Morbid/diagnosis
- Obesity, Morbid/etiology
- Obesity, Morbid/psychology
- Obesity, Morbid/therapy
- Self Efficacy
- Severity of Illness Index
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Therapy, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Treatment Outcome
- User-Computer Interface
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Riva
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab., Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
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Cooper SJ, Al-Naser HA, Clifton PG. The anorectic effect of the selective dopamine D1-receptor agonist A-77636 determined by meal pattern analysis in free-feeding rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 532:253-7. [PMID: 16478622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Free-feeding rats meet much of their daily energy requirements by consuming food in meals during the nocturnal phase of the night/day cycle. Meal pattern analysis methodology has been developed to record the patterns of meal taken over a 24-h period, and to provide detailed information on a number of meal-related parameters. Previous work indicates that selective dopamine D1-receptor agonists reduce food intake in short-term feeding tests under the control of homeostatic or hedonic factors. In the present study, our aim was to investigate the effects of the dopamine D1-receptor agonist, A-77636 (0.1-1.0 mg/kg, s.c.), administered just prior to the start of the night period, on the free-feeding and drinking patterns of rats maintained on a standard ad libitum diet. The results indicate that A-77636 exerted a suppressant effect on food intake, due principally to a reduction in meal size and duration. We conclude that there is a dopamine D1-receptor involvement in the normal controls of meal size, and that selective D1-receptor agonists may act to limit meal size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Cooper
- School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.
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15
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Ulven T, Little PB, Receveur JM, Frimurer TM, Rist O, Nørregaard PK, Högberg T. 6-Acylamino-2-amino-4-methylquinolines as potent melanin-concentrating hormone 1 receptor antagonists: Structure–activity exploration of eastern and western parts. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1070-5. [PMID: 16289819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
SAR explorations of the eastern and western parts of recently disclosed 2-aminoquinoline MCH1R-antagonists are reported. Eastern part investigations confirmed a high degree of structural freedom, and a number of additional single digit nanomolar antagonists were identified. Investigations of the western part also confirmed the initial SAR analysis, requiring a para-substituted phenyl ring spaced from the 6-amide by two connecting atoms. The exploration led to the discovery of a novel sub-series with a 4-biphenylcarboxamide western part, also exhibiting single digit nanomolar affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Ulven
- 7TM Pharma A/S, Fremtidsvej 3, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
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Ferrer-Lorente R, Cabot C, Fernández-López JA, Alemany M. Combined effects of oleoyl-estrone and a beta3-adrenergic agonist (CL316,243) on lipid stores of diet-induced overweight male Wistar rats. Life Sci 2005; 77:2051-8. [PMID: 15935402 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Oleoyl-estrone (OE) decreases appetite, induces adipose tissue wasting and resets the ponderostat setting, sparing glucose and protein. The beta3-adrenergic agonists increase energy expenditure and lipolysis. We studied the combination of both treatments to enhance fat mobilization. Overweight male rats received oral OE for 10 days; they were compared with controls and rats receiving a beta3-adrenergic agonist, CL316,243 (B3A); another group received both OE and B3A. Serum 3-hydroxybutyrate, NEFA, triacylglycerols and glucose showed only slight changes in all groups vs. controls; OE-treated rats showed lower cholesterol. OE decreased food intake and B3A increased energy expenditure. OE rats lost about 15%, B3A 24%, and those receiving both compounds lost 39% of their initial total body energy. In all cases, most of this energy imbalance was accounted for by the loss of body lipid. The combined treatment of OE and B3A reduced food intake, nevertheless maintaining a high energy expenditure. The combination of a beta3-adrenergic agonist with OE may help compensate the short-lived effects of the agonist and enhance the lipid mobilization action of OE. The eventual combination of both compounds should be explored as a way to obtain faster and more effective ways to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ferrer-Lorente
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science; Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Kumar MNVR, Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C, Sashiwa H, Domb AJ. Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives. Chem Rev 2005; 104:6017-84. [PMID: 15584695 DOI: 10.1021/cr030441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1764] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M N V Ravi Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab-160 062, India.
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18
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Moyers SB. Medications as Adjunct Therapy for Weight Loss: Approved and Off-Label Agents in Use. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 105:948-59. [PMID: 15942547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although a nutritionally balanced, energy-controlled diet and regular exercise form the cornerstone of weight management, supporting therapies may include antiobesity medications when a clinician determines that pharmacologic assistance could contribute to treatment success. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved certain medications for helping achieve weight loss in patients with obesity or overweight who have comorbidities. However, some clinicians prescribe medications not approved for weight loss for this purpose. Evidence from clinical trials indicates that weight loss resulting from the use of many of these off-label pharmaceutical agents is modest, but in a range that correlates with favorable modification of cardiovascular risk factors, and significant when compared with placebo plus diet and lifestyle modification. Clinical trials also demonstrate a slight but significant effect in the weight-maintenance phases following weight loss. Pharmacotherapy alone, without behavior modification, is not effective; patients who respond to medication typically regain weight when the drug is discontinued. The fact that many weight-loss medications are sold over the Internet without a prescription suggests that they are being used without medical supervision. The purpose of this review is to present evidence for and against the obesity medications currently used in clinical practice, and the possible role for these agents in a person's overall weight loss plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Moyers
- Pediatric Epidemiology Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA.
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19
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Ferrer-Lorente R, Cabot C, Fernández-López JA, Remesar X, Alemany M. Effects of oleoyl-estrone with dexfenfluramine, sibutramine or phentermine on overweight rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 513:243-8. [PMID: 15862807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the combination of oleoyl-estrone with either dexfenfluramine, sibutramine or phentermine in overweight male rats treated for 10 days in order to determine whether they shared a mechanism of action. Oleoyl-estrone, dexfenfluramine and sibutramine decreased body weight and energy (essentially lipids); losses were higher when combined with oleoyl-estrone. Glycemia was maintained except under phentermine; oleoyl-estrone induced decreases in triacylglycerols, cholesterol, insulin and HOMA (homeostasis model assessment). Combination of oleoyl-estrone and sibutramine resulted in the loss of up to 29% body energy in 10 days. Energy expenditure was maintained. The effects of oleoyl-estrone and dexfenfluramine or sibutramine on appetite were substantially additive. All oleoyl-estrone-treated rats showed increased insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, combined treatment of overweight rats with oleoyl-estrone and sibutramine or dexfenfluramine results in a dramatic loss of weight and fat, whilst maintaining circulating energy homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ferrer-Lorente
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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De Winter H, Breslin H, Miskowski T, Kavash R, Somers M. Inhibitor-based validation of a homology model of the active-site of tripeptidyl peptidase II. J Mol Graph Model 2005; 23:409-18. [PMID: 15781183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A homology model of the active site region of tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPP II) was constructed based on the crystal structures of four subtilisin-like templates. The resulting model was subsequently validated by judging expectations of the model versus observed activities for a broad set of prepared TPP II inhibitors. The structure-activity relationships observed for the prepared TPP II inhibitors correlated nicely with the structural details of the TPP II active site model, supporting the validity of this model and its usefulness for structure-based drug design and pharmacophore searching experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans De Winter
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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21
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Baptista T, Kin NMKNY, Beaulieu S. Treatment of the metabolic disturbances caused by antipsychotic drugs: focus on potential drug interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004; 43:1-15. [PMID: 14715048 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200443010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The risk of excessive bodyweight gain, glucose dysregulation and hyperlipidaemia is differentially increased by conventional and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Switching or combining agents may be sufficient in some cases, but in many instances additional drug treatment will be required. This includes oral antidiabetics, insulin and agents to treat hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and platelet dysfunction, among others. Numerous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions with the antipsychotics are possible, although few have been tested in formal studies. After reviewing the literature, the authors provide preliminary guidelines to assist clinicians in drug selection for this complex and fragile clinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trino Baptista
- Department of Physiology, Los Andes University Medical School, Mérida, Venezuela.
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Abstract
Besides genetic predisposition, obesity is the most important risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus. Weight reduction has been shown to markedly improve blood glucose control and vascular risk factors associated with insulin resistance in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Therapeutic strategies for the obese diabetic patient include: (i) promoting weight loss, through lifestyle modifications (low-calorie diet and exercise) and antiobesity drugs (orlistat, sibutramine, etc.); (ii) improving blood glucose control, through agents decreasing insulin resistance (metformin or thiazolidinediones, e.g. pioglitazone and rosiglitazone) or insulin needs (alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, e.g. acarbose) in preference to agents stimulating defective insulin secretion (sulphonylureas, meglitinide analogues); and (iii) treating common associated risk factors, such as arterial hypertension and dyslipidaemias, to improve cardiovascular prognosis. Whenever insulin is required by the obese diabetic patient after failure to respond to oral drugs, it should be preferably prescribed in combination with an oral agent, more particularly metformin or acarbose, or possibly a thiazolidinedione. When morbid obesity is present, both restoring a good glycaemic control and correcting associated risk factors can only be obtained through a marked and sustained weight loss. This objective justifies more aggressive weight reduction programmes, including very-low-calorie diets and bariatric surgery, but only within a multidisciplinary approach and long-term strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre J Scheen
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium.
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Abstract
Treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has typically been focused on the management of associated conditions such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia. NAFLD associated with obesity may be resolved by weight reduction, although the benefits of weight loss have been inconsistent. Improving insulin sensitivity with lifestyle modifications or medications usually improves glucose and lipid levels in patients with diabetes and hyperlipidaemia. Improving insulin sensitivity is expected to improve the liver disease but in many diabetic/hyperlipidaemic patients with NAFLD, the appropriate control of glucose and lipid levels is not always accompanied by improvement of the liver condition. Results of pilot studies evaluating ursodeoxycholic acid, gemfibrozil, betaine, N-acetylcysteine, alphatocopherol, metformin and thiazolidinedione derivatives suggest that these medications may be of potential benefit. This article reviews the treatment modalities currently available for patients with NAFLD, including emerging data from clinical trials evaluating promising medications as well as possibilities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Angulo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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24
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Chapter 24. Obesity therapeutics: Prospects and perspectives. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(03)38025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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