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Tan Q, Zhu J, Ju Y, Chi X, Cao T, Zheng L, Chen Q. Antiviral Activity of Ailanthone from Ailanthus altissima on the Rice Stripe Virus. Viruses 2023; 16:73. [PMID: 38257773 PMCID: PMC10820994 DOI: 10.3390/v16010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe disease caused by the rice stripe virus (RSV), which infects many Poaceae species in nature, is one of the most devastating plant viruses in rice that causes enormous losses in production. Ailanthone is one of the typical C20 quassinoids synthesized by the secondary metabolism of Ailanthus altissima, which has been proven to be a biologically active natural product with promising prospects and great potential for use as a lead structure for pesticide development. Based on the achievement of the systemic infection and replication of RSV in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and rice protoplasts, the antiviral properties of Ailanthone were investigated by determining its effects on viral-coding RNA gene expression using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. Ailanthone exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on RSV NSvc3 expression in the assay in both virus-infected tobacco plants and rice protoplasts. Further efforts revealed a potent inhibitory effect of Ailanthone on the expression of seven RSV protein-encoding genes, among which NS3, NSvc3, NS4, and NSvc4 are the most affected genes. These facts promoted an extended and greater depth of understanding of the antiviral nature of Ailanthone against plant viruses, in addition to the limited knowledge of its anti-tobacco mosaic virus properties. Moreover, the leaf disc method introduced and developed in the study for the detection of the antiviral activity of Ailanthone facilitates an available and convenient screening method for anti-RSV natural products or synthetic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (T.C.); (L.Z.)
- Institute of Plant Virus Research, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jianxuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (T.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yuanyuan Ju
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (T.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xinlin Chi
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (T.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Tangdan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (T.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Luping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (T.C.); (L.Z.)
- Institute of Plant Virus Research, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qijian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.C.); (T.C.); (L.Z.)
- Institute of Plant Virus Research, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Salim AA, Butler MS, Blaskovich MAT, Henderson IR, Capon RJ. Natural products as anthelmintics: safeguarding animal health. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1754-1808. [PMID: 37555325 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Covering literature to December 2022This review provides a comprehensive account of all natural products (500 compounds, including 17 semi-synthetic derivatives) described in the primary literature up to December 2022, reported to be capable of inhibiting the egg hatching, motility, larval development and/or the survival of helminths (i.e., nematodes, flukes and tapeworms). These parasitic worms infect and compromise the health and welfare, productivity and lives of commercial livestock (i.e., sheep, cattle, horses, pigs, poultry and fish), companion animals (i.e., dogs and cats) and other high value, endangered and/or exotic animals. Attention is given to chemical structures, as well as source organisms and anthelmintic properties, including the nature of bioassay target species, in vivo animal hosts, and measures of potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A Salim
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072.
| | - Mark S Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072.
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072.
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072.
| | - Robert J Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072.
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Hegde M, Girisa S, Naliyadhara N, Kumar A, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Mohan CD, Warrier S, Hui KM, Rangappa KS, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Natural compounds targeting nuclear receptors for effective cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:765-822. [PMID: 36482154 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of forty-eight transcription factors that modulate gene expression both spatially and temporally. Numerous biochemical, physiological, and pathological processes including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, immune modulation, development, reproduction, and aging are extensively orchestrated by different NRs. The involvement of dysregulated NRs and NR-mediated signaling pathways in driving cancer cell hallmarks has been thoroughly investigated. Targeting NRs has been one of the major focuses of drug development strategies for cancer interventions. Interestingly, rapid progress in molecular biology and drug screening reveals that the naturally occurring compounds are promising modern oncology drugs which are free of potentially inevitable repercussions that are associated with synthetic compounds. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to draw our attention to the potential therapeutic effects of various classes of natural compounds that target NRs such as phytochemicals, dietary components, venom constituents, royal jelly-derived compounds, and microbial derivatives in the establishment of novel and safe medications for cancer treatment. This review also emphasizes molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that are leveraged to promote the anti-cancer effects of these natural compounds. We have also critically reviewed and assessed the advantages and limitations of current preclinical and clinical studies on this subject for cancer prophylaxis. This might subsequently pave the way for new paradigms in the discovery of drugs that target specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nikunj Naliyadhara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, Michael Atiyah Building, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, 35712, Gamasa, Egypt
| | | | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560065, India
- Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Kam Man Hui
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | | | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Wei N, Burnett J, Crocker DL, Huang Y, Li S, Wipf P, Chu E, Schmitz JC. Quassinoid analogs exert potent antitumor activity via reversible protein biosynthesis inhibition in human colorectal cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115564. [PMID: 37116665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Cellular protein synthesis is accelerated in human colorectal cancer (CRC), and high expression of protein synthesis regulators in CRC patients is associated with poor prognosis. Thus, inhibition of protein synthesis may be an effective therapeutic strategy for CRC. We previously demonstrated that the quassinoid bruceantinol (BOL) had antitumor activity against CRC. Herein, potent tumor growth suppression (>80%) and STAT3 inhibition was observed in two different mouse models following BOL administration. Loss of body and spleen weight was observed but was eliminated upon nanoparticle encapsulation while maintaining strong antitumor activity. STAT3 siRNA knockdown exhibited modest suppression of cell proliferation. Surprisingly, STAT3 inhibition using a PROTAC degrader (SD-36) had little effect on cancer cell proliferation suggesting the possibility of additional mechanism(s) of action for quassinoids. BOL-resistant (BR) cell lines, HCT116BR and HCA7BR, were equally sensitive to standard CRC therapeutic agents and known STAT3 inhibitors but resistant to homoharringtonine (HHT), a known protein synthesis inhibitor. The ability of quassinoids to inhibit protein synthesis was dependent on the structure of the C15 sidechain. Of note, BOL did not inhibit protein synthesis in normal human colon epithelial cells whereas HHT and napabucasin remained effective in these normal cells. Novel quassinoids were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in pre-clinical CRC models. Treatment with the most potent analog, 5c, resulted in significant inhibition of cell proliferation and protein synthesis at nanomolar concentrations. These quassinoid analogs may represent a novel class of protein synthesis inhibitors for the treatment of human CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wei
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - James Burnett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Desirae L Crocker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yixian Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Song Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Edward Chu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - John C Schmitz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Chuang L, Liu S, Franke J. Post-Cyclization Skeletal Rearrangements in Plant Triterpenoid Biosynthesis by a Pair of Branchpoint Isomerases. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5083-5091. [PMID: 36821810 PMCID: PMC9999417 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids possess potent biological activities, but their polycyclic skeletons are challenging to synthesize. The skeletal diversity of triterpenoids in plants is generated by oxidosqualene cyclases based on epoxide-triggered cationic rearrangement cascades. Normally, triterpenoid skeletons then remain unaltered during subsequent tailoring steps. In contrast, the highly modified triterpenoids found in Sapindales plants imply the existence of post-cyclization skeletal rearrangement enzymes that have not yet been found. We report here a biosynthetic pathway in Sapindales plants for the modification of already cyclized tirucallane triterpenoids, controlling the pathway bifurcation between different plant triterpenoid classes. Using a combination of bioinformatics, heterologous expression in plants and chemical analyses, we identified a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and two isomerases which harness the epoxidation-rearrangement biosynthetic logic of triterpene cyclizations for modifying the tirucallane scaffold. The two isomerases share the same epoxide substrate made by the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP88A154, but generate two different rearrangement products, one containing a cyclopropane ring. Our findings reveal a process for skeletal rearrangements of triterpenoids in nature that expands their scaffold diversity after the initial cyclization. In addition, the enzymes described here are crucial for the biotechnological production of limonoid, quassinoid, apoprotolimonoid, and glabretane triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chuang
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Shenyu Liu
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jakob Franke
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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Okba MM, Ezzat MI, Shehabeldine AM, Ezzat SM. Eurycomanol and eurycomanone as potent inducers for cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in small and large human lung cancer cell lines. Nat Prod Res 2022; 37:1856-1862. [PMID: 36054770 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2119387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Eurycoma longifolia Jack is one of traditional herbal medicines in South-East Asia. This study evaluated the anticancer, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptotic induction potentials of eurycomanone (EONE) and eurycomanol (EOL), highly oxygenated quassinoids previously isolated from its roots, against large (H460) and small (A549) lung cancer cells. EOL and EONE exhibited IC50 of 386 and 424 µg/mL on normal human lung cell line. EONE exhibited higher anticancer activity with an IC50 of 1.78 µg/mL and 20.66 μg/mL than EOL which exhibited an IC50 of 3.22 µg/mL and 38.05 µg/mL against H460 and A549, respectively. Both reduced the viability of H460 and A549 and arrested G0/G1 phase. The increase in the apoptotic rates was mainly in the percentage of late apoptosis. Moreover, they inhibited A549 by inducing the accumulation of S and G2/M phases. This study revealed EOL and EONE potential as novel leads exhibiting cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis induction potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Okba
- Pharmacognosy Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa I Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr M Shehabeldine
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shahira M Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacognosy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Cairo, Egypt
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Leisegang K, Finelli R, Sikka SC, Panner Selvam MK. Eurycoma longifolia (Jack) Improves Serum Total Testosterone in Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:1047. [PMID: 36013514 PMCID: PMC9415500 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58081047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Male hypogonadism is a clinical disorder characterized by reduced serum testosterone in men. Although treatment using herbal medicines, including Eurycoma longifolia, has been investigated, the benefits remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of E. longifolia as a sole intervention to increase testosterone levels in males. Materials and Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) according to the PRISMA guidelines. Relevant articles were retrieved from the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Ovid/Embase, and Google Scholar. Results: After literature screening, a total of nine studies was included in the systematic review. Five RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. A significant improvement in total testosterone levels after E. longifolia treatment was mostly reported in both healthy volunteers and hypogonadal men. The random model effect revealed a significant increase (SMD = 1.352, 95% CI 0.565 to 2.138, p = 0.001) in the total testosterone levels in men receiving E. longifolia supplementation, which was confirmed in the hypogonadism subgroup. Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature supports the possible use of E. longifolia supplementation for enhancing testosterone production. Although more research is required before its use in clinical practice, this may represent a safe and promising therapeutic option, particularly in hypogonadal men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Leisegang
- School of Natural Medicine, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | | | - Suresh C. Sikka
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Combining empirical knowledge, in silico molecular docking and ADMET profiling to identify therapeutic phytochemicals from Brucea antidysentrica for acute myeloid leukemia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270050. [PMID: 35895695 PMCID: PMC9328557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the deadly cancers. Chemotherapy is the first-line treatment and the only curative intervention is stem cell transplantation which are intolerable for aged and comorbid patients. Therefore, finding complementary treatment is still an active research area. For this, empirical knowledge driven search for therapeutic agents have been carried out by long and arduous wet lab processes. Nonetheless, currently there is an accumulated bioinformatics data about natural products that enabled the use of efficient and cost effective in silico methods to find drug candidates. In this work, therefore, we set out to computationally investigate the phytochemicals from Brucea antidysentrica to identify therapeutic phytochemicals for AML. We performed in silico molecular docking of compounds against AML receptors IDH2, MCL1, FLT3 and BCL2. Phytochemicals were docked to AML receptors at the same site where small molecule drugs were bound and their binding affinities were examined. In addition, random compounds from PubChem were docked with AML targets and their docking score was compared with that of phytochemicals using statistical analysis. Then, non-covalent interactions between phytochemicals and receptors were identified and visualized using discovery studio and Protein-Ligand Interaction Profiler web tool (PLIP). From the statistical analysis, most of the phytochemicals exhibited significantly lower (p-value ≤ 0.05) binding energies compared with random compounds. Using cutoff binding energy of less than or equal to one standard deviation from the mean of the phytochemicals’ binding energies for each receptor, 12 phytochemicals showed considerable binding affinity. Especially, hydnocarpin (-8.9 kcal/mol) and yadanzioside P (-9.4 kcal/mol) exhibited lower binding energy than approved drugs AMG176 (-8.6 kcal/mol) and gilteritinib (-9.1 kcal/mol) to receptors MCL1 and FLT3 respectively, indicating their potential to be lead molecules. In addition, most of the phytochemicals possessed acceptable drug-likeness and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties. Based on the binding affinities as exhibited by the molecular docking studies supported by the statistical analysis, 12 phytochemicals from Brucea antidysentrica (1,11-dimethoxycanthin-6-one, 1-methoxycanthin-6-one, 2-methoxycanthin-6-one, beta-carboline-1-propionic acid, bruceanol A, bruceanol D, bruceanol F, bruceantarin, bruceantin, canthin-6-one, hydnocarpin, and yadanzioside P) can be considered as candidate compounds to prevent and manage AML. However, the phytochemicals should be further studied using in vivo & in vitro experiments on AML models. Therefore, this study concludes that combination of empirical knowledge, in silico molecular docking and ADMET profiling is useful to find natural product-based drug candidates. This technique can be applied to other natural products with known empirical efficacy.
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Pazur EJ, Wipf P. Recent syntheses and biological profiling of quassinoids. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3870-3889. [PMID: 35506992 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00490a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Quassinoid natural products have gained considerable recognition for their diverse biological properties and their synthetically challenging, highly oxygenated polycyclic structures. Herein, we discuss strategies and tactics in the total synthesis of quassinoids that have been evolving over the past 15 years. Additionally, recent structure-activity relationships and potential biological mechanisms of actions are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Pazur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
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Jang YE, Immanuel J, Lee JR, Jang YJ, Kwon YJ, Kwon HS, Shin JW, Yun S. Shinjulactone A Blocks Vascular Inflammation and the Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition. J Lipid Atheroscler 2022; 11:272-279. [PMID: 36212750 PMCID: PMC9515731 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2022.11.3.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-eun Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | | | - Jin-ri Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Yu-jin Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Yun Ju Kwon
- National Institute of Korean Medicine Development, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Kwon
- National Institute of Korean Medicine Development, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Jung-Woog Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Sanguk Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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Abstract
A synthetic approach to quassinoids is described. The route to the tetracyclic core relies on an efficient and selective annulation between two unsaturated carbonyl components that is initiated by catalytic hydrogen atom transfer from an iron hydride to an alkene. Application of this strategy allows for enantioselective synthesis of quassin, which is prepared in 14 steps from commercially available starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Sergey V Pronin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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The Anthelmintic Quassinoids Ailanthone and Bruceine a Induce Infertility in the Model Organism Caenorhabditis elegans by an Apoptosis-like Mechanism Induced in Gonadal and Spermathecal Tissues. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237354. [PMID: 34885936 PMCID: PMC8659173 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In continuation of the search for new anthelmintic natural products, the study at hand investigated the nematicidal effects of the two naturally occurring quassinoids ailanthone and bruceine A against the reproductive system of the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to pinpoint their anthelmintic mode of action by the application of various microscopic techniques. Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) and the epifluorescence microscopy experiments used in the presented study indicated the genotoxic effects of the tested quassinoids (c ailanthone = 50 µM, c bruceine A = 100 µM) against the nuclei of the investigated gonadal and spermathecal tissues, leaving other morphological key features such as enterocytes or body wall muscle cells unimpaired. In order to gain nanoscopic insight into the morphology of the gonads as well as the considerably smaller spermathecae of C. elegans, an innovative protocol of polyethylene glycol embedding, ultra-sectioning, acridine orange staining, tissue identification by epifluorescence, and subsequent AFM-based ultrastructural data acquisition was applied. This sequence allowed the facile and fast assessment of the impact of quassinoid treatment not only on the gonadal but also on the considerably smaller spermathecal tissues of C. elegans. These first-time ultrastructural investigations on C. elegans gonads and spermathecae by AFM led to the identification of specific quassinoid-induced alterations to the nuclei of the reproductive tissues (e.g., highly condensed chromatin, impaired nuclear membrane morphology, as well as altered nucleolus morphology), altogether implying an apoptosis-like effect of ailanthone and bruceine A on the reproductive tissues of C. elegans.
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Insights into the Bioactivities and Chemical Analysis of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many species of the so-called exotic plants coexist with native species in a balanced way, but others thrive very quickly and escape human control, becoming harmful—these are called invasive alien species. In addition to overcoming geographic barriers, these species can defeat biotic and abiotic barriers, maintaining stable populations. Ailanthus altissima is no exception; it is disseminated worldwide and is considered high risk due to its easy propagation and resistance to external environmental factors. Currently, it has no particular use other than ornamental, even though it is used to treat epilepsy, diarrhea, asthma, ophthalmic diseases, and seborrhoea in Chinese medicine. Considering its rich composition in alkaloids, terpenoids, sterols, and flavonoids, doubtlessly, its use in medicine or other fields can be maximised. This review will focus on the knowledge of the chemical composition and the discovery of the biological properties of A. altissima to understand this plant better and maximise its possible use for purposes such as medicine, pharmacy, or the food industry. Methods for the extraction and detection to know the chemical composition will also be discussed in detail.
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Xu WH, Liang ZS, Su XM, He RX, Liang Q. Genus Picrasma: A comprehensive review on its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and bioactivities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114441. [PMID: 34302942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Picrasma belongs to the Simaroubaceae family and contains six species which are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and America. The barks, roots, stems, branches, or leaves of several Picrasma species have been applied as folk medicines to treat fever, sore throat, dysentery, eczema, nausea, loss of appetite, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and hypertension. AIM OF THE STUDY A systematic summary on the botanic characterization, ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, bioactivities and toxicity of species belonging to Picrasma was presented to facilitate the exploitation of the therapeutic potential of these plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literatures about Picrasma were retrieved from a series of scientific search engines including Web of Science, SciFinder, PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Wiley, ACS publications, and SpringerLink between 1970 and 2020. Plant names were validated by "The Plant List" (www.theplantlist.org). RESULTS As ethnopharmacological uses, Picrasma species are valuable folk medicines to treat fever, inflammation, dysentery, eczema, cancer, diabetics, skin infection, and so on. Up to now, a total of 361 compounds including 126 alkaloids, 132 quassinoids, 67 triterpenoids, and 36 miscellaneous compounds were reported from Picrasma species. Quassinoids and alkaloids are the principal constituents in the genus. The extracts and phytochemical constituents of Picrasma species demonstrate a wide range of bioactivities including cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and other activities. CONCLUSIONS Picrasma species are widely used as traditional medicines, have diverse chemical constituents with obvious biological activities. Nevertheless, further studies are required on the Picrasma species to assert the ethnopharmacological uses, clarify their bioactive constituents, determine pharmacological actions, and toxicity. Therefore, the present review may provide a critical clue for future studies and further exploitations on Picrasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, PR China.
| | - Zong-Suo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Xiao-Min Su
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, PR China
| | - Run-Xi He
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, PR China
| | - Qian Liang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, PR China.
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15
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Chua LS, Segaran A, Wong HJ. LC-PDA-MS/MS-Based Characterization of Key Phytochemicals in Eurycoma Longifolia Roots. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:659-669. [PMID: 33876232 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to fractionate the crude extract of Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) roots and identify the intense peaks using HPLC-PDA-MS/MS, UPLC-MS/MS and H-NMR. Column chromatography was used to fractionate the crude extract into individual fractions using six solvent systems ranged from ethyl acetate, methanol and water in increasing polarity. Two fractions with nearly pure and intense peaks were selected for compound identification. Chromenone (coumarin) and chromone derivatives were putatively identified, besides several previously reported quassinoid glycosides (eurycomanone derived glycoside, 2,3-dehydro-4α-hydroxylongilactone glucoside, eurycomanol glycoside and eurycomanol trimer) in the fraction 11 of 100% methanol. A newly reported compound, namely hydroxyl glyyunanprosapogenin D (838 g/mol) was proposed to be the compound detected in the fraction 11 of 50% ethyl acetate and 50% methanol. This is also the first study to report the identification of chromenones and chromones in E. longifolia extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Suan Chua
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Abirame Segaran
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hoi Jin Wong
- Biotropics Malaysia Berhad, Lot 21, Jalan U1/19, Section U1, Hicom Glenmarie Industrial Park, 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor
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16
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Duan ZK, Zhang ZJ, Dong SH, Wang YX, Song SJ, Huang XX. Quassinoids: Phytochemistry and antitumor prospect. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 187:112769. [PMID: 33887559 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quassinoids, originating from the oxidative degradation of tetracyclic tirucallane triterpene, are a diverse class of secondary metabolites identifying from nature mostly in Simaroubaceae family. The crucial pharmacological activities and structural complexity of quassinoids have long fascinated scientists due to their medicinal uses, infamous toxicity, and unique biosynthesis. In the past few decades, 482 quassinoids, assigned to 6 skeletons, have been isolated and identified from plants. The names, classes, molecular formula, and plant sources of these secondary metabolites are collated here. This review will be a detailed update of the naturally occurring quassinoids reported from the plant kingdom, providing an in-depth discussion of their diversity, antitumor activities, structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shu-Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu-Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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17
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Rahman HS. Preclinical Drug Discovery in Colorectal Cancer: A Focus on Natural Compounds. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:977-997. [PMID: 33820517 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210405105206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered one of the most predominant and deadly cancer globally. Nowadays, the main clinical management for this cancer includes chemotherapy and surgery; however, these treatments result in the occurrence of drug resistance and severe side effects, and thus it is a crucial requirement to discover an alternative and potential therapy for CRC treatment. Numerous therapeutic cancers were initially recognized from natural metabolites utilized in traditional medicine, and several recent types of research have shown that many natural products own potential effects against CRC and may assist the action of chemotherapy for the treatment of CRC. It has been indicated that most patients are well tolerated by natural compounds without showing any toxicity signs even at high doses. Conventional chemotherapeutics interaction with natural medicinal compounds presents a new feature in cancer exploration and treatment. Most of the natural compounds overwhelm malignant cell propagation by apoptosis initiation of CRC cells and arresting of the cell cycle (especially at G, S, and G2/M phase) that result in inhibition of tumor growth. OBJECTIVE This mini-review aimed to focus on natural compounds (alkaloids, flavonoids, polysaccharides, polyphenols, terpenoids, lactones, quinones, etc.) that were identified to have anti- CRC activity in vitro on CRC cell lines and/or in vivo experiments on animal models. CONCLUSION Most of the studied active natural compounds possess anti-CRC activity via different mechanisms and pathways in vitro and in vivo that might be used as assistance by clinicians to support chemotherapy therapeutic strategy and treatment doses for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, 46001 Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Chaq-Chaq Qularaisee, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
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18
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Moses LB, Abu Bakar MF, Mamat H, Aziz ZA. Unfermented Freeze-Dried Leaf Extract of Tongkat Ali ( Eurycoma longifolia Jack.) Induced Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Lines. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:8811236. [PMID: 33603822 PMCID: PMC7868152 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8811236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the cytotoxicity effect of Eurycoma longifolia (Jack.) leaf extracts and also its possible anticancer mechanism of action against breast cancer cell lines: non-hormone-dependent MDA-MB-231 and hormone-dependent MCF-7. The leaves of E. longifolia were processed into unfermented and fermented batches before drying using freeze and microwave-oven drying techniques. Obtained extracts were tested for cytotoxicity effect using MTT assay and phenolic determination using HPLC-DAD technique. The most toxic sample was analyzed for its apoptotic cell quantification, cell cycle distribution, and the expression of caspases and apoptotic protein using flow cytometry technique. Fragmentation of DNA was tested using an agarose gel electrophoresis system. The results determined that the unfermented freeze-dried leaf extract was the most toxic towards MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, in a dose-dependent manner. This extract contains the highest phenolics of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ECG, and EGCG. The DNA fragmentation was observed in both cell lines, where cell cycle was arrested at the G 2/M phase in MCF-7 cells and S phase in MDA-MB-231 cells. The number of apoptotic cells for MDA-MB-231 was increased when the treatment was prolonged from 24 h to 48 h but slightly decreased at 72 h, whereas apoptosis in MCF-7 cells occurred in a time-dependent manner. There were significant activities of cytochrome c, caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 apoptotic protein in MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas MCF-7 cells showed significant activities for caspase-8, cytochrome c, Bax, p53, and Bcl-2 apoptotic protein. These results indicate the ability of unfermented freeze-dried leaf extract of E. longifolia to induce apoptosis cell death on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, as well as real evidence on sample preparation effect towards its cytotoxicity level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusia Barek Moses
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Pagoh Campus, Hub Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh, KM1, Jalan Panchor, 84600, Muar, Johor, Malaysia
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fadzelly Abu Bakar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Pagoh Campus, Hub Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh, KM1, Jalan Panchor, 84600, Muar, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hasmadi Mamat
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
| | - Zaleha Abdul Aziz
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
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19
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Yao CL, Zhang JQ, Li JY, Wei WL, Wu SF, Guo DA. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as a source of new anticancer drugs. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1618-1633. [PMID: 33511969 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00057d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to July 2020Drugs derived from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) include both single chemical entities and multi-component preparations. Drugs of both types play a significant role in the healthcare system in China, but are not well-known outside China. The research and development process, the molecular mechanisms of action, and the clinical evaluation associated with some exemplificative anticancer drugs based on TCM are discussed, along with their potential of integration in western medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Liang Yao
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jian-Qing Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jia-Yuan Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wen-Long Wei
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Shi-Fei Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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20
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Moon SJ, Jeong BC, Kim HJ, Lim JE, Kim HJ, Kwon GY, Jackman JA, Kim JH. Bruceantin targets HSP90 to overcome resistance to hormone therapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:958-973. [PMID: 33391515 PMCID: PMC7738850 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Aberrant androgen receptor (AR) signaling via full-length AR (AR-FL) and constitutively active AR variant 7 (AR-V7) plays a key role in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and resistance to hormone therapies. Simultaneous targeting of AR-FL and AR-V7 may be a promising strategy to overcome resistance to hormone therapy. This study aimed to identify novel drug candidates co-targeting AR-FL and AR-V7 activities and elucidate their molecular mechanism of anti-CRPC activities. Methods: Using a CRPC cell-based reporter assay system, we screened a small library of antimalarial agents to explore the possibility of repositioning them for CRPC treatment and identified bruceantin (BCT) as a potent anti-CRPC drug candidate. A series of cell-based, molecular, biochemical, and in vivo approaches were performed to evaluate the therapeutic potential and molecular mechanism of BCT in CRPC. These approaches include reporter gene assays, cell proliferation, RNA-seq, qRT-PCR, mouse xenografts, co-immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down, immobilized BCT pull-down, molecular modeling, and bioinformatic analyses. Results: We identified BCT as a highly potent inhibitor co-targeting AR-FL and AR-V7 activity. BCT inhibits the transcriptional activity of AR-FL/AR-V7 and downregulates their target genes in CRPC cells. In addition, BCT efficiently suppresses tumor growth and metastasis of CRPC cells. Mechanistically, BCT disrupts the interaction of HSP90 with AR-FL/AR-V7 by directly binding to HSP90 and inhibits HSP90 chaperone function, leading to degradation of AR-FL/AR-V7 through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Clinically, HSP90 expression is upregulated and correlated with AR/AR-V7 levels in CRPC. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that BCT could serve as a promising therapeutic candidate against CRPC and highlight the potential benefit of targeting AR-FL/AR-V7-HSP90 axis to overcome resistance caused by aberrant AR-FL/AR-V7 signaling.
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21
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Yoon BK, Lim ZY, Jeon WY, Cho NJ, Kim JH, Jackman JA. Medicinal Activities and Nanomedicine Delivery Strategies for Brucea javanica Oil and Its Molecular Components. Molecules 2020; 25:E5414. [PMID: 33228061 PMCID: PMC7699344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucea javanica oil (BJO) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various types of cancer and inflammatory diseases. There is significant interest in understanding the medicinal activities of BJO and its molecular components, especially quassinoids, and in exploring how they can be incorporated into nanomedicine delivery strategies for improved application prospects. Herein, we cover the latest progress in developing different classes of drug delivery vehicles, including nanoemulsions, liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, and spongosomes, to encapsulate BJO and purified quassinoids. An introduction to the composition and medicinal activities of BJO and its molecular components, including quassinoids and fatty acids, is first provided. Application examples involving each type of drug delivery vehicle are then critically presented. Future opportunities for nanomedicine delivery strategies in the field are also discussed and considered within the context of translational medicine needs and drug development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (B.K.Y.); (Z.Y.L.); (W.-Y.J.)
| | - Zheng Yi Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (B.K.Y.); (Z.Y.L.); (W.-Y.J.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore;
| | - Won-Yong Jeon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (B.K.Y.); (Z.Y.L.); (W.-Y.J.)
- Omni Colab Corporation, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore;
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Joshua A. Jackman
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (B.K.Y.); (Z.Y.L.); (W.-Y.J.)
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22
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Crocker KE, Pei Y, Robertson ES, Winkler JD. Synthesis of a novel bruceantin analog via intramolecular etherification. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2019-0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the known bruceantin-derived carbinol 6 with triflic anhydride and pyridine leads to the formation of a novel hexacyclic structure 8 that results from an intramolecular etherification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Crocker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Yonggang Pei
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erle S. Robertson
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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Quassinoid analogs with enhanced efficacy for treatment of hematologic malignancies target the PI3Kγ isoform. Commun Biol 2020; 3:267. [PMID: 32461675 PMCID: PMC7253423 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0996-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of novel PI3K inhibitors is an important strategy to overcome their resistance and poor tolerability in clinical trials. The quassinoid family member Brusatol shows specific inhibitory activity against hematologic malignancies. However, the mechanism of its anti-cancer activity is unknown. We investigated the anti-cancer activity of Brusatol on multiple hematologic malignancies derived cell lines. The results demonstrated that the PI3Kγ isoform was identified as a direct target of Brusatol, and inhibition was dramatically reduced on cells with lower PI3Kγ levels. Novel synthetic analogs were also developed and tested in vitro and in vivo. They shared comparable or superior potency in their ability to inhibit malignant hematologic cell lines, and in a xenograft transplant mouse model. One unique analog had minimal toxicity to normal human cells and in a mouse model. These new analogs have enhanced potential for development as a new class of PI3K inhibitors for treatment of hematologic malignancies. Pei et al. demonstrate that PI3Kγ isoform is a direct target of Brusatol, a natural compound with inhibitory activity against hematologic malignancies. They further develop several Brusatol analogs with superior in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activity.
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Yang WQ, Shao XH, Deng F, Hu LJ, Xiong Y, Huang XJ, Fan CL, Jiang RW, Ye WC, Wang Y. Unprecedented Quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia: Biogenetic Evidence and Antifeedant Effects. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1674-1683. [PMID: 32310646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Six new quassinoids (1-6) were isolated from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia, and their structures with absolute configurations were determined unambiguously by spectroscopic analyses and single-crystal X-ray crystallographic experiments. Compounds 1 and 2 are the first members of a new class of quassinoids with an unusual C26 carbon skeleton. Compound 6 features a C20 cage-like scaffold with an unprecedented densely functionalized 2,5-dioxatricyclo[5.2.2.04,8]undecane core. The discovery of the two C26 quassinoids 1 and 2 has provided firm evidence for the better understanding the biogenetic process from C30 triterpenoid precursors to quassinoids. Compound 5 exhibited significant antifeedant activity on the diamondback moth (DBM) larvae and excellent systemic absorption and accumulated properties in Brassica chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qun Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Hua Shao
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Deng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lin Fan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Wang Jiang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
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Pei XD, He SQ, Shen LQ, Wei JC, Li XS, Wei YY, Zhang YM, Wang XY, Lin F, He ZL, Jiang LH. 14,15β-dihydroxyklaineanone inhibits HepG2 cell proliferation and migration through p38MAPK pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1165-1175. [PMID: 32419149 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simaroubaceae) is commonly distributed in the Southeast Asia and Indo China, which has been shown to possess antianxiety, antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial and antioxidant biological activities. 14,15β-dihydroxyklaineanone is a diterpene isolated from E. longifolia Jack, which is cytotoxic against human lung cancer and human breast cancer cell lines. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of 14,15β-dihydroxyklaineanone on hepatocellular carcinoma remain unknown. METHODS Cell viability assay and colony formation assay were used to measure HepG2 cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was used to analyse cell cycle and apoptosis. Wound-healing assay and transwell assay were used to observe cells migration. RNA sequencing and the enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were used to find and determine underlying pathways. KEY FINDINGS We found that 14,15β-dihydroxyklaineanone inhibited the growth and migration of HepG2 cells but did not induce cell apoptosis. 14,15β-dihydroxyklaineanone induced S cell cycle arrest by downregulating the expression levels of cyclin A, p-CDK2, cyclin B1, p21, E2F-1 and PCNA. In addition, RNA sequencing showed that 14,15β-dihydroxyklaineanone regulated MAPK pathway by increasing the expression levels of phosphor-p38. Downregulating of p38 via both p38 inhibitor (SB203580) and p38-siRNA could antagonize the inhibition of cell proliferation and migration and reverse the changes in p-p38, E-cadherin, N-cadherin and PCNA expression induced by 14,15β-dihydroxyklaineanone treatment. CONCLUSIONS 14,15β-dihydroxyklaineanone inhibited cell proliferation and migration through regulating p38 MAPK pathway in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Pei
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Song-Qing He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li-Qun Shen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Jing-Chen Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xue-Sheng Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yan-Yan Wei
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yu-Meng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Feng Lin
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhi-Long He
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Li-He Jiang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
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26
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Su Z, Ma Z, Liu K, Li T, Zhou B. Quassilactones A and B, structural characterization of a new class of norquassinoids from Brucea javanica. J Nat Med 2020; 74:599-605. [PMID: 32279206 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-020-01407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two novel norquassinoids possessing a unique ketal skeleton, designated quassilactones A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the fruits of Brucea javanica (Simaroubaceae). Their structures were established by extensive NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined through single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and that of 2 was assigned by comparing the calculated electronic and experimental circular dichroism with compound 1. In addition, their cytotoxic activities against three human cancer cell lines and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Su
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Zhonghui Ma
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Kai Liu
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
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27
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Bailly C. Anticancer properties and mechanism of action of the quassinoid ailanthone. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2203-2213. [PMID: 32239572 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ailanthone (AIT) is a quassinoid natural product isolated from the worldwide-distributed plant Ailanthus altissima. The drug displays multiple pharmacological properties, in particular significant antitumor effects against a variety of cancer cell lines in vitro. Potent in vivo activities have been evidenced in mice bearing hepatocellular carcinoma, nonsmall cell lung cancer and castration-resistant prostate cancer. This review focusses on the mechanism of action of AIT, notably to highlight the capacity of the drug to activate DNA damage responses, to inhibit the Hsp90 co-chaperone p23 and to modulate the expression of several microRNA. The interconnexion between these effects is discussed. The unique capacity of AIT to downregulate oncogenic miR-21 and to upregulate the tumor suppressor miRNAs miR-126, miR-148a, miR-195, and miR-449a is presented. AIT exploits several microRNAs to exert its anticancer effects in distinct tumor types. AIT is one of the rare antitumor natural products that binds to and strongly inhibits cochaperone p23, opening interesting perspectives to treat cancers. However, the toxicity profile of the molecule may limit its development as an anticancer drug, unless it can be properly formulated to prevent AIT-induced gastro-intestinal damages in particular. The antitumor properties of AIT and analogs are underlined, with the aim to encourage further pharmacological studies with this underexplored natural product and related quassinoids. HIGHLIGHTS: Ailanthone (AIT) is an anticancer quassinoid isolated from Ailanthus altissima It inhibits proliferation and induces cell death of many cancer cell types The drug activates DNA damage response and targets p23 cochaperone Up or downregulation of several microRNA by AIT contributes to the anticancer activity Analogs or specific formulations must be developed to prevent the toxicity of AIT.
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28
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Liu H. Oviposition Substrate Selection, Egg Mass Characteristics, Host Preference, and Life History of the Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in North America. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:1452-1468. [PMID: 31651025 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oviposition substrate selection, egg mass characteristics, host preference, and life history of Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) were studied in Pennsylvania between 2016 and 2017. Twenty-four substrate types (trees, shrubs, and nonliving materials) were selected by females for oviposition. Tree-of-heaven, black cherry, black birch, and sweet cherry were favored at 62.5% of the types and accounted for 68.5% of the egg masses based on survey results 200 cm above ground. Egg mass density ranged between 0.2 and 75.2 egg masses/m2 with no significant difference among substrate types. Egg mass size ranged between 0 and 192 eggs/egg mass, with 91.8% containing <50 eggs. Significantly larger egg masses were found on sweet and black cherry compared with tree-of-heaven, with significantly higher hatch success on black locust. Eggs hatched between May 2 and June 5 and peaked on 18 May 2017. Tree-of-heaven and summer grape were preferred by nymphs and adults, while multiflora rose and black walnut were favored by the first, second, and the fourth instar nymphs, respectively. The first, second, third, fourth instars and adults lasted for 62 (2 May-3 July), 42 (8 June-20 July), 35 (26 June-31 July), 39 (10 July-18 Aug.), and 114 (24 July-15 Nov.) days, with peaks on 25 May, 22 June, 6 July, 31 July, and 22 Aug., respectively. Adult feed for 2 months before laying eggs in early October. Cumulative degree-days were 0-325, 153-652, 340-881, 567-1,020, 738-1,227, and 942-1,795 for the egg, first, second, third, fourth instar, and adult stage, respectively. Oviposition strategies and development patterns were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houping Liu
- Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Harrisburg, PA
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29
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He M, Grkovic T, Evans JR, Thornburg CC, Akee RK, Thompson JR, Whitt JA, Harris MJ, Loyal JA, Britt JR, Jia L, White JD, Newman DJ, O'Keefe BR. The NCI library of traditional Chinese medicinal plant extracts - Preliminary assessment of the NCI-60 activity and chemical profiling of selected species. Fitoterapia 2019; 137:104285. [PMID: 31386897 PMCID: PMC7391999 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Botanical-based natural products are an important resource for medicinal drug discovery and continue to provide diverse pharmacophores with therapeutic potential against cancer and other human diseases. A prototype Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) plant extract library has been established at the US National Cancer Institute, which contains both the organic and aqueous extracts of 132 authenticated medicinal plant species that collectively represent the potential therapeutic contents of most commonly used TCM herbal prescriptions. This library is publicly available in 96- and 384- well plates for high throughput screening across a broad array of biological targets, as well as in larger quantities for isolation of active chemical ingredients. Herein, we present the methodology used to generate the library and the preliminary assessment of the anti-proliferative activity of this crude extract library in NCI-60 human cancer cell lines screen. Particularly, we report the chemical profiling and metabolome comparison analysis of four commonly used TCM plants, namely Brucea javanica, Dioscorea nipponica, Cynanchum atratum, and Salvia miltiorrhiza. Bioassay-guided isolation resulted in the identification of the active compounds, and different extraction methods were compared for their abilities to extract cytotoxic compounds and to concentrate biologically active natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min He
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America; Office of Cancer Centers, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, United States of America
| | - Tanja Grkovic
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Jason R Evans
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America; Data Management Services, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Christopher C Thornburg
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Rhone K Akee
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Jerell R Thompson
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - James A Whitt
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Matthew J Harris
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Jasmine A Loyal
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - John R Britt
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Libin Jia
- Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D White
- Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, United States of America
| | - David J Newman
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America; Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America.
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30
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Li Z, Ruan JY, Sun F, Yan JJ, Wang JL, Zhang ZX, Zhang Y, Wang T. Relationship between Structural Characteristics and Plant Sources along with Pharmacology Research of Quassinoids. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:654-665. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jing-ya Ruan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Fan Sun
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jie-jing Yan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jian-li Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Zi-xin Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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31
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Turpaev K, Krizhanovskii C, Wang X, Sargsyan E, Bergsten P, Welsh N. The protein synthesis inhibitor brusatol normalizes high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance in male C57BL/6 mice: role of translation factor eIF5A hypusination. FASEB J 2019; 33:3510-3522. [PMID: 30462531 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801698r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring quassinoid compound brusatol improves the survival of insulin-producing cells when exposed to the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ in vitro. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether brusatol also promotes beneficial effects in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and if so, to study the mechanisms by which brusatol acts. In vivo, we observed that the impaired glucose tolerance of HFD-fed male C57BL/6 mice was counteracted by a 2 wk treatment with brusatol. Brusatol treatment improved both β-cell function and peripheral insulin sensitivity of HFD-fed mice. In vitro, brusatol inhibited β-cell total protein and proinsulin biosynthesis, with an ED50 of ∼40 nM. In line with this, brusatol blocked cytokine-induced iNOS protein expression via inhibition of iNOS mRNA translation. Brusatol may have affected protein synthesis, at least in part, via inhibition of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) hypusination, as eIF5A spermidine association and hypusination in RIN-5AH cells was reduced in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The eIF5A hypusination inhibitor GC7 promoted a similar effect. Both brusatol and GC7 protected rat RIN-5AH cells against cytokine-induced cell death. Brusatol reduced eIF5A hypusination and cytokine-induced cell death in EndoC-βH1 cells as well. Finally, hypusinated eIF5A was reduced in vivo by brusatol in islet endocrine and endothelial islet cells of mice fed an HFD. The results of the present study suggest that brusatol improves glucose intolerance in mice fed an HFD, possibly by inhibiting protein biosynthesis and eIF5A hypusination.-Turpaev, K., Krizhanovskii, C., Wang, X., Sargsyan, E., Bergsten, P., Welsh, N. The protein synthesis inhibitor brusatol normalizes high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance in male C57BL/6 mice: role of translation factor eIF5A hypusination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyril Turpaev
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Camilla Krizhanovskii
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - Xuan Wang
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - Ernest Sargsyan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - Peter Bergsten
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - Nils Welsh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
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32
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Condakes M, Rosen RZ, Harwood SJ, Maimone TJ. A copper-catalyzed double coupling enables a 3-step synthesis of the quassinoid core architecture. Chem Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03835j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A cross coupling/SN2′ tandem reaction is described to construct the polycyclic core architecture of the quassinoids, a fascinating class of degraded triterpenes with potent anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Z. Rosen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California, Berkeley
- Berkeley
- USA
| | | | - Thomas J. Maimone
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California, Berkeley
- Berkeley
- USA
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33
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Brill ZG, Condakes ML, Ting CP, Maimone TJ. Navigating the Chiral Pool in the Total Synthesis of Complex Terpene Natural Products. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11753-11795. [PMID: 28293944 PMCID: PMC5638449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pool of abundant chiral terpene building blocks (i.e., "chiral pool terpenes") has long served as a starting point for the chemical synthesis of complex natural products, including many terpenes themselves. As inexpensive and versatile starting materials, such compounds continue to influence modern synthetic chemistry. This review highlights 21st century terpene total syntheses which themselves use small, terpene-derived materials as building blocks. An outlook to the future of research in this area is highlighted as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary G. Brill
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Matthew L. Condakes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Chi P. Ting
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Thomas J. Maimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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34
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Samat N, Ng MF, Lee HM, Ling SK, Tan PJ, Patel V. Canthin-6-one Isolated from Brucea javanicaRoot Blocks Cancer Cells in the G 2/M phase and Synergizes with Cisplatin. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor prognosis of most cancer patients is in part, due to limited therapeutic options. Furthermore, as chemotherapy remains the standard-of-care for several cancers, partial or lack of response remains a concern and compounding this are the adverse side effects of the treatment that severely impacts the quality of life and survival. In pursuit of improving treatment options, we have opted to investigate the unique chemical skeleton of natural compounds as anticancer therapies. In this study, from an initial screen of 31 crude methanol extracts from ~15 plant species using HL60 cells, the root extract of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr indicated the presence of bioactive compounds. Subsequent bioassay-guided purification on the root extract yielded two alkaloids canthin-6-one (1) and bruceolline J (2), which were further investigated for their bioactivity in representative human cancer lines and normal phenotypic counterparts. MTT assay demonstrated ED50values from 34.7–72.9 μM for 1 and 16.0–54.0 μM for 2 for the cancer cell lines panel. NP69 cells also demonstrated sensitivity to both compounds (9.3 μM and 4.5 μM). As amount of 2 isolated were limiting, we focused on 1 to further identify novel anticancer properties in PC3 and HeLa cancer lines. We observed at 30 μM, 1 induced a G2/M phase arrest coinciding with decreased cell proliferation. Furthermore, 1 was able to synergize the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin when used in combination, suggesting the potential of combination therapy for those less responsive lesions to standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norazwana Samat
- Cancer Research Malaysia, No 1, Jalan SS12/1A, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mei Fong Ng
- Cancer Research Malaysia, No 1, Jalan SS12/1A, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hui Mei Lee
- Cancer Research Malaysia, No 1, Jalan SS12/1A, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sui Kiong Ling
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pei Jean Tan
- Cancer Research Malaysia, No 1, Jalan SS12/1A, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- Cancer Research Malaysia, No 1, Jalan SS12/1A, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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35
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Badal SAM, Asuncion Valenzuela MM, Zylstra D, Huang G, Vendantam P, Francis S, Quitugua A, Amis LH, Davis W, Tzeng TRJ, Jacobs H, Gangemi DJ, Raner G, Rowland L, Wooten J, Campbell P, Brantley E, Delgoda R. Glaucarubulone glucoside from Castela macrophylla suppresses MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth and attenuates benzo[a]pyrene-mediated CYP1A gene induction. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:873-883. [PMID: 28138972 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Quassinoids often exhibit antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. Emerging evidence suggests that these natural metabolites also display chemopreventive actions. In this study, we investigated the potential for the quassinoid glaucarubulone glucoside (Gg), isolated from the endemic Jamaican plant Castela macrophylla (Simaroubaceae), to display potent cytotoxicity and inhibit human cytochrome P450s (CYPs), particularly CYP1A enzymes, known to convert polyaromatic hydrocarbons into carcinogenic metabolites. Gg reduced the viability of MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells (IC50 = 121 nm) to a greater extent than standard of care anticancer agents 5-fluorouracil, tamoxifen (IC50 >10 μm) and the tamoxifen metabolite 4-hydroxytamoxifen (IC50 = 2.6 μm), yet was not cytotoxic to non-tumorigenic MCF-10A breast epithelial cells. Additionally, Gg induced MCF-7 breast cancer cell death. Gg blocked increases in reactive oxygen species in MCF-10A cells mediated by the polyaromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) metabolite B[a]P 1,6-quinone, yet downregulated the expression of genes that promote antioxidant activity in MCF-7 cells. This implies that Gg exhibits antioxidant and cytoprotective actions in non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells and pro-oxidant, cytotoxic actions in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, Gg inhibited the activities of human CYP1A according to non-competitive kinetics and attenuated the ability of B[a]P to induce CYP1A gene expression in MCF-7 cells. These data indicate that Gg selectively suppresses MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth without impacting non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells and blocks B[a]P-mediated CYP1A induction. Taken together, our data provide a rationale for further investigations of Gg and similar plant isolates as potential agents to treat and prevent breast cancer. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A M Badal
- Natural Products Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - Malyn M Asuncion Valenzuela
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Dain Zylstra
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - George Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Pallavi Vendantam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Sheena Francis
- Natural Products Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - Ashley Quitugua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Louisa H Amis
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Willie Davis
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Tzuen-Rong J Tzeng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Helen Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - David J Gangemi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Greg Raner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, 24515, USA
| | - Leah Rowland
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Jonathan Wooten
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Petreena Campbell
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Eileen Brantley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Rupika Delgoda
- Natural Products Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies
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A Microplate-Based Nonradioactive Protein Synthesis Assay: Application to TRAIL Sensitization by Protein Synthesis Inhibitors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165192. [PMID: 27768779 PMCID: PMC5074477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-radioactive assays based on incorporation of puromycin into newly synthesized proteins and subsequent detection using anti-puromycin antibodies have been previously reported and well-validated. To develop a moderate- to high-throughput assay, an adaptation is here described wherein cells are puromycin-labeled followed by simultaneously probing puromycin-labeled proteins and a reference protein in situ. Detection using a pair of near IR-labeled secondary antibodies (InCell western, ICW format) allows quantitative analysis of protein synthesis in 384-well plates. After optimization, ICW results were compared to western blot analysis using cycloheximide as a model protein synthesis inhibitor and showed comparable results. The method was then applied to several protein synthesis inhibitors and revealed good correlation between potency as protein synthesis inhibitors to their ability to sensitize TRAIL-resistant renal carcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.
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Yeo D, Huynh N, Beutler JA, Baldwin GS, He H, Nikfarjam M. Glaucarubinone Combined with Gemcitabine Improves Pancreatic Cancer Survival in an Immunocompetent Orthotopic Murine Model. J INVEST SURG 2016; 29:366-372. [PMID: 27027695 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2016.1160167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer continues to have a poor survival rate with an urgent need for improved treatments. Glaucarubinone, a natural product first isolated from the seeds of the tree Simarouba glauca, has recently been recognized as having anti-cancer properties that may be particularly applicable to pancreatic cancer. METHODS The effect of glaucarubinone on the growth and migration of murine pancreatic cancer cells was assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. The survival impact of glaucarubinone alone and in combination with gemcitabine chemotherapy was assessed using an immunocompetent orthotopic murine model of pancreatic cancer. RESULTS Glaucarubinone inhibited the growth of the murine pancreatic cancer cell lines LM-P and PAN02. Treatment with either glaucarubinone or gemcitabine reduced proliferation in vitro and the combination was synergistic. The combination treatment improved survival two-fold compared to gemcitabine treatment alone (p = 0.046) in PAN02 cells. CONCLUSIONS The synergistic inhibition by glaucarubinone and gemcitabine observed in vitro and the improved survival in vivo suggest that glaucarubinone may be a useful adjunct to current chemotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannel Yeo
- a Department of Surgery , University of Melbourne, Austin Health , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Nhi Huynh
- a Department of Surgery , University of Melbourne, Austin Health , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - John A Beutler
- b Molecular Targets Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick , MD
| | - Graham S Baldwin
- a Department of Surgery , University of Melbourne, Austin Health , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Hong He
- a Department of Surgery , University of Melbourne, Austin Health , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Mehrdad Nikfarjam
- a Department of Surgery , University of Melbourne, Austin Health , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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Rehman SU, Choe K, Yoo HH. Review on a Traditional Herbal Medicine, Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali): Its Traditional Uses, Chemistry, Evidence-Based Pharmacology and Toxicology. Molecules 2016; 21:331. [PMID: 26978330 PMCID: PMC6274257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Eurycoma longifolia Jack (known as tongkat ali), a popular traditional herbal medicine, is a flowering plant of the family Simaroubaceae, native to Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and also Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos and Thailand. E. longifolia, is one of the well-known folk medicines for aphrodisiac effects as well as intermittent fever (malaria) in Asia. Decoctions of E. longifolia leaves are used for washing itches, while its fruits are used in curing dysentery. Its bark is mostly used as a vermifuge, while the taproots are used to treat high blood pressure, and the root bark is used for the treatment of diarrhea and fever. Mostly, the roots extract of E. longifolia are used as folk medicine for sexual dysfunction, aging, malaria, cancer, diabetes, anxiety, aches, constipation, exercise recovery, fever, increased energy, increased strength, leukemia, osteoporosis, stress, syphilis and glandular swelling. The roots are also used as an aphrodisiac, antibiotic, appetite stimulant and health supplement. The plant is reported to be rich in various classes of bioactive compounds such as quassinoids, canthin-6-one alkaloids, β-carboline alkaloids, triterpene tirucallane type, squalene derivatives and biphenyl neolignan, eurycolactone, laurycolactone, and eurycomalactone, and bioactive steroids. Among these phytoconstituents, quassinoids account for a major portion of the E. longifolia root phytochemicals. An acute toxicity study has found that the oral Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) of the alcoholic extract of E. longifolia in mice is between 1500-2000 mg/kg, while the oral LD50 of the aqueous extract form is more than 3000 mg/kg. Liver and renal function tests showed no adverse changes at normal daily dose and chronic use of E. longifolia. Based on established literature on health benefits of E. longifolia, it is important to focus attention on its more active constituents and the constituents' identification, determination, further development and most importantly, the standardization. Besides the available data, more evidence is required regarding its therapeutic efficacy and safety, so it can be considered a rich herbal source of new drug candidates. It is very important to conserve this valuable medicinal plant for the health benefit of future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheed Ur Rehman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea.
| | - Kevin Choe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea.
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea.
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Sladonja B, Sušek M, Guillermic J. Review on Invasive Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) Conflicting Values: Assessment of Its Ecosystem Services and Potential Biological Threat. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 56:1009-34. [PMID: 26071766 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Globally, invasions by alien plants are rapidly increasing in extent and severity, leading to large-scale ecosystem degradation. One of the most widespread invasive alien plant species in Europe and North America, Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) was introduced intentionally for use as an ornamental plant in the 18th century. Since then, it has spread and is now frequently found in a number of countries. Today, Tree of Heaven is considered one of the worst invasive plant species in Europe and is also listed as invasive in North America and many other countries. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is one of many systems trying to list and categorize biological services to humans and to provide a tool for identifying services delivered by natural ecosystems. Invasive species have generally caused degradation of the services, have a major impact on the environment, and are threatening biodiversity and reducing overall species abundance and diversity. On the other hand, some invasive species can provide services useful to human well-being. In the present review A. altissima impacts on ecosystems are identified and positive influences on some ecosystem services are weighed against the negative effects on the environment and human health. The aim of the present review is to resume the general knowledge of A. altissima, group available references on distribution and ecology according to countries, compare ecosystem services provided or enhanced by A. altissima presence and the negative effects it causes, identify gaps in current knowledge, and give recommendations for future lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sladonja
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52 440, Poreč, Croatia,
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40
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Isolation, chemotaxonomic significance and cytotoxic effects of quassinoids from Brucea javanica. Fitoterapia 2015; 105:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Han YM, Jang M, Kim IS, Kim SH, Yoo HH. Simultaneous quantitation of six major quassinoids in Tongkat Ali dietary supplements by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2260-6. [PMID: 25914245 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) is one of the most popular traditional herbs in Southeast Asia and generally consumed as forms of dietary supplements, tea, or drink additives for coffee or energy beverages. In this study, the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantitation of six major quassinoids of Tongkat Ali (eurycomanone, 13,21-dihydroeurycomanone, 13α(21)-epoxyeurycomanone, 14,15β-dihydroxyklaineanone, eurycomalactone, and longilactone) was developed and validated. Using the developed method, the content of the six quassinoids was measured in Tongkat Ali containing dietary supplement tablets or capsules, and the resulting data were used to confirm the presence of Tongkat Ali in those products. Among the six quassinoids, eurycomanone was the most abundant quassinoid in all samples tested. The developed method would be useful for the quality assessment of Tongkat Ali containing dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Han
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonhee Jang
- National Forensic Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Sook Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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The in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activities of a standardized quassinoids composition from Eurycoma longifolia on LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121752. [PMID: 25826409 PMCID: PMC4380335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quassinoids are a group of diterpenoids found in plants from the Simaroubaceae family. They are also the major bioactive compounds found in Eurycoma longifolia which is commonly used as traditional medicine in South East Asia to treat various ailments including sexual dysfunction and infertility. These uses are attributed to its ability to improve testosterone level in men. Chronic consumption of E. longifolia extracts has been reported to increase testosterone level in men and animal model but its effect on prostate growth remains unknown. Therefore, the present study investigates the effects of a standardized total quassinoids composition (SQ40) containing 40% of the total quassinoids found in E. longifolia on LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line. SQ40 inhibited LNCaP cell growth at IC50 value of 5.97 μg/mL while the IC50 on RWPE-1 human prostate normal cells was 59.26 μg/mL. SQ40 also inhibited 5α-dihydrotestosterone-stimulated growth in LNCaP cells dose-dependently. The inhibitory effect of SQ40 in anchorage-independent growth of LNCaP cells was also demonstrated using soft agar assay. SQ40 suppressed LNCaP cell growth via G0/G1 phase arrest which was accompanied by the down-regulation of CDK4, CDK2, Cyclin D1 and Cyclin D3 and up-regulation of p21Waf1/Cip1 protein levels. SQ40 at higher concentrations or longer treatment duration can cause G2M growth arrest leading to apoptotic cell death as demonstrated by the detection of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage in LNCaP cells. Moreover, SQ40 also inhibited androgen receptor translocation to nucleus which is important for the transactivation of its target gene, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and resulted in a significant reduction of PSA secretion after the treatment. In addition, intraperitoneal injection of 5 and 10 mg/kg of SQ40 also significantly suppressed the LNCaP tumor growth on mouse xenograft model. Results from the present study suggest that the standardized total quassinoids composition from E. longifolia promotes anti-prostate cancer activities in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells.
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43
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Fang X, Di YT, Zhang Y, Xu ZP, Lu Y, Chen QQ, Zheng QT, Hao XJ. Unprecedented Quassinoids with Promising Biological Activity fromHarrisonia perforata. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201412126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fang X, Di YT, Zhang Y, Xu ZP, Lu Y, Chen QQ, Zheng QT, Hao XJ. Unprecedented Quassinoids with Promising Biological Activity fromHarrisonia perforata. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5592-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Chen A, Qin X, Lu J, Yi Z, Liu M, Wang X. Development of a validated LC–MS/MS method for the determination of ailanthone in rat plasma with application to pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 102:514-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Glaucarubinone inhibits colorectal cancer growth by suppression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and β-catenin via a p-21 activated kinase 1-dependent pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:157-65. [PMID: 25409929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
p-21-Activated kinase 1 (PAK1) enhances colorectal cancer (CRC) progression by stimulating Wnt/β-catenin, ERK and AKT pathways. PAK1 also promotes CRC survival via up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), a key player in cancer survival. Glaucarubinone, a quassinoid natural product, inhibits pancreatic cancer growth by down-regulation of PAK1. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of glaucarubinone on CRC growth and metastasis, and the mechanism involved. Cell proliferation was measured in vitro by [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation and in vivo by volume of tumor xenografts. Protein concentrations were measured by Western blotting of cell extracts. We report here that glaucarubinone inhibited CRC growth both in vitro and in vivo. The potency of glaucarubinone as an inhibitor of cell proliferation was negatively correlated to PAK1 expression in CRC cells. Glaucarubinone suppressed the expression of HIF-1α and β-catenin. Knockdown of PAK1 by shRNA enhanced inhibition by glaucarubinone while constitutively active PAK1 blocked the inhibitory effect. Our findings indicate that glaucarubinone inhibited CRC growth by down-regulation of HIF-1α and β-catenin via a PAK1-dependent pathway.
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Ravindar K, Caron PY, Deslongchamps P. Anionic Polycyclization Entry to Tricycles Related to Quassinoids and Terpenoids: A Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of (+)-Cassaine. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7979-99. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501122k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kontham Ravindar
- Département
de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Pavillon
Alexandre-Vachon, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Pierre-Yves Caron
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Pierre Deslongchamps
- Département
de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Pavillon
Alexandre-Vachon, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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Yeo D, Huynh N, Beutler JA, Christophi C, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS, Nikfarjam M, He H. Glaucarubinone and gemcitabine synergistically reduce pancreatic cancer growth via down-regulation of P21-activated kinases. Cancer Lett 2014; 346:264-72. [PMID: 24491405 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal of human malignancies. Nearly 100% cases of pancreatic cancer carry mutations in KRas. P-21-activated kinases (PAKs) are activated by and act downstream of KRas. Glaucarubinone, a natural product first isolated from the seeds of the tree Simarouba glauca, was originally developed as an antimalarial drug, and has more recently been recognised as an anticancer agent. The aims of this study were to determine whether glaucarubinone, alone or in combination with the front-line chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine, would inhibit the growth of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro or in vivo and the mechanism involved. Growth of the human pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1 and MiaPaCa-2 was measured by (3)H-thymidine incorporation in vitro, and by volume as xenografts in SCID mice. The expression and activities of the two serine/threonine kinases PAK1 and PAK4, which are key regulators of cancer progression, were measured by Western blotting. Here we report that glaucarubinone decreased proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro, and reduced their growth as xenografts in vivo. Treatment with glaucarubinone and gemcitabine reduced proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo more than treatment with either glaucarubinone or gemcitabine alone. Treatment with glaucarubinone reduced PAK1 and PAK4 activities, which were further decreased by the combination of glaucarubinone and gemcitabine. These results indicate that glaucarubinone reduced pancreatic cancer cell growth at least in part via inhibition of pathways involving PAK1 and PAK4. The synergistic inhibition by glaucarubinone and gemcitabine observed both in vitro and in vivo suggests that glaucarubinone may be a useful adjunct to current regimes of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannel Yeo
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Nhi Huynh
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - John A Beutler
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Christopher Christophi
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Graham S Baldwin
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Mehrdad Nikfarjam
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Hong He
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia.
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Zhang L, Feng X, Ma D, Yang J, Jiang H, Zhang Y, He W. Brusatol isolated from Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. induces apoptotic death of insect cell lines. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 107:18-24. [PMID: 25149230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. is a medicine plant distributed widely throughout Asia where its bitter fruits have been used traditionally in medicine for treating various ailments and controlling some pests. In recent years, concerns over the potential impact of synthetic pesticides on human health and environment have now become more pressing to develop environmentally friendly pesticides. In this paper, brusatol, a quassinoid, was isolated from the fruit of B. javanica, and identified using X-ray crystallographic analysis. Results showed that brusatol has potent contact toxicity (LD50, 2.91 μg/larva, 72 h) and anfieedant activity (AFC50, 17.4 mg/L, 48 h) against the third-instar larvae of Spodoptera exigua. Brusatol demonstrated cytotoxic effects to the tested insect cell lines, IOZCAS-Spex-II and Sf21, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. After brusatol treatment, apoptotic cell death with the DNA fragmentation, activation of caspase-3 and release of cytochrome c was preliminarily observed in both IOZCAS-Spex-II and Sf21. These results indicated the existence of apoptotic death with the mitochondrial-dependent pathway induced by brusatol in Sf21 and IOZCAS-Spex-II cell lines. Our studies will provide important knowledge to understand mechanisms of action of brusatol and to develop brusatol and its derivatives as insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xuehuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Dejun Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Hongyun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Yanning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Weizhi He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Al-Salahi OSA, Kit-Lam C, Majid AMSA, Al-Suede FSR, Mohammed Saghir SA, Abdullah WZ, Ahamed MBK, Yusoff NM. Anti-angiogenic quassinoid-rich fraction from Eurycoma longifolia modulates endothelial cell function. Microvasc Res 2013; 90:30-9. [PMID: 23899415 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Targeting angiogenesis could be an excellent strategy to combat angiogenesis-dependent pathophysiological conditions such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, proliferative retinopathy and atherosclerosis. Recently a number of clinical investigations are being undertaken to assess the potential therapeutic application of various anti-angiogenic agents. Many of these angiogenesis inhibitors are directed against the functions of endothelial cells, which are considered as the building blocks of blood vessels. Similarly, roots of a traditional medicinal plant, Eurycoma longifolia, can be used as an alternative treatment to prevent and treat the angiogenesis-related diseases. In the present study, antiangiogenic potential of partially purified quassinoid-rich fraction (TAF273) of E. longifolia root extract was evaluated using ex vivo and in vivo angiogenesis models and the anti-angiogenic efficacy of TAF273 was investigated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). TAF273 caused significant suppression in sprouting of microvessels in rat aorta with IC50 11.5μg/ml. TAF273 (50μg/ml) showed remarkable inhibition (63.13%) of neovascularization in chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo. Tumor histology also revealed marked reduction in extent of vascularization. In vitro, TAF273 significantly inhibited the major angiogenesis steps such as proliferation, migration and differentiation of HUVECs. Phytochemical analysis revealed high content of quassinoids in TAF273. Specially, HPLC characterization showed that TAF273 is enriched with eurycomanone, 13α(21)-epoxyeurycomanone and eurycomanol. These results demonstrated that the antiangiogenic activity of TAF273 may be due to its inhibitory effect on endothelial cell proliferation, differentiation and migration which could be attributed to the high content of quassinoids in E. longifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Saeed Ali Al-Salahi
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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