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Fuster D, Zuluaga P, Muga R. [Substance use disorder: Epidemiology, medical consequences and treatment]. Med Clin (Barc) 2024; 162:431-438. [PMID: 38218656 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Substance use is a common health problem, and substance use disorder, which is its most severe presentation, is associated with multiple medical consequences and a negative impact on individual and on population health. Substance use disorder needs to be addressed as any chronic medical condition; therefore, it has to be detected at the early stages and has to be properly treated to prevent drug-related harm. Internists should be able to recognize and treat intoxication and abstinence. Internists should also be able to refer the patient to state of the art long term treatment, aimed to detoxification and treatment induction to promote abstinence and prevent relapse. In this narrative review we will discuss substance use epidemiology, its main medical consequences and its treatment, with a focus on alcohol, opiates, cocaine and other stimulants, cannabis and benzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fuster
- Unidad de Adicciones, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, España.
| | - Paola Zuluaga
- Unidad de Adicciones, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, España
| | - Robert Muga
- Unidad de Adicciones, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, España
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LeFort KR, Rungratanawanich W, Song BJ. Contributing roles of mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatocyte apoptosis in liver diseases through oxidative stress, post-translational modifications, inflammation, and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:34. [PMID: 38214802 PMCID: PMC10786752 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
This review provides an update on recent findings from basic, translational, and clinical studies on the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of hepatocytes in multiple liver diseases, including but not limited to alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). While the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) is mainly responsible for oxidizing binge alcohol via the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, it is also responsible for metabolizing many xenobiotics, including pollutants, chemicals, drugs, and specific diets abundant in n-6 fatty acids, into toxic metabolites in many organs, including the liver, causing pathological insults through organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticula. Oxidative imbalances (oxidative stress) in mitochondria promote the covalent modifications of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids through enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Excessive changes stimulate various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of mitochondrial proteins, transcription factors, and histones. Increased PTMs of mitochondrial proteins inactivate many enzymes involved in the reduction of oxidative species, fatty acid metabolism, and mitophagy pathways, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, energy depletion, and apoptosis. Unique from other organelles, mitochondria control many signaling cascades involved in bioenergetics (fat metabolism), inflammation, and apoptosis/necrosis of hepatocytes. When mitochondrial homeostasis is shifted, these pathways become altered or shut down, likely contributing to the death of hepatocytes with activation of inflammation and hepatic stellate cells, causing liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. This review will encapsulate how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to hepatocyte apoptosis in several types of liver diseases in order to provide recommendations for targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karli R LeFort
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Wiramon Rungratanawanich
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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3
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Peruch M, Giacomello E, Radaelli D, Concato M, Addobbati R, Fluca AL, Aleksova A, D’Errico S. Subcellular Effectors of Cocaine Cardiotoxicity: All Roads Lead to Mitochondria-A Systematic Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14517. [PMID: 37833964 PMCID: PMC10573028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine abuse is a serious public health problem as this drug exerts a plethora of functional and histopathological changes that potentially lead to death. Cocaine causes complex multiorgan toxicity, including in the heart where the blockade of the sodium channels causes increased catecholamine levels and alteration in calcium homeostasis, thus inducing an increased oxygen demand. Moreover, there is evidence to suggest that mitochondria alterations play a crucial role in the development of cocaine cardiotoxicity. We performed a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) scheme to evaluate the mitochondrial mechanisms determining cocaine cardiotoxicity. Among the initial 106 articles from the Pubmed database and the 17 articles identified through citation searching, 14 final relevant studies were extensively reviewed. Thirteen articles included animal models and reported the alteration of specific mitochondria-dependent mechanisms such as reduced energy production, imbalance of membrane potential, increased oxidative stress, and promotion of apoptosis. However, only one study evaluated human cocaine overdose samples and observed the role of cocaine in oxidative stress and the induction of apoptosis though mitochondria. Understanding the complex processes mediated by mitochondria through forensic analysis and experimental models is crucial for identifying potential therapeutic targets to mitigate or reverse cocaine cardiotoxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Peruch
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.); (E.G.); (D.R.); (M.C.); (A.L.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Emiliana Giacomello
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.); (E.G.); (D.R.); (M.C.); (A.L.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Davide Radaelli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.); (E.G.); (D.R.); (M.C.); (A.L.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Monica Concato
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.); (E.G.); (D.R.); (M.C.); (A.L.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Riccardo Addobbati
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Lucia Fluca
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.); (E.G.); (D.R.); (M.C.); (A.L.F.); (A.A.)
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Aneta Aleksova
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.); (E.G.); (D.R.); (M.C.); (A.L.F.); (A.A.)
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano D’Errico
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.); (E.G.); (D.R.); (M.C.); (A.L.F.); (A.A.)
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Jastrzębska J, Daniel WA. Cocaine-Induced Time-Dependent Alterations in Cytochrome P450 and Liver Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021632. [PMID: 36675146 PMCID: PMC9866935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 is responsible for the metabolism of endogenous substrates, drugs and substances of abuse. The brain and nervous system regulate liver cytochrome P450 via neuroendocrine mechanisms, as shown in rodents. Cocaine exerts its addictive effects through the dopaminergic system, the functioning of which undergoes changes during its continuous use. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that the regulation of cytochrome P450 by cocaine may also alter during the addiction process, cessation and relapse. We analyzed preclinical studies on the mechanisms of the pharmacological action of cocaine, the role of the brain's dopaminergic system in the neuroendocrine regulation of cytochrome P450 and the in vitro and in vivo effects of cocaine on the cytochrome P450 expression/activity and hepatotoxicity. The results of passive cocaine administration indicate that cocaine affects liver cytochrome P450 enzymes (including those engaged in its own metabolism) via different mechanisms involving the expression of genes encoding cytochrome P450 enzymes and interaction with enzyme proteins. Thus, it may affect its own oxidative metabolism and the metabolism of endogenous substrates and other co-administered drugs and may lead to hepatotoxicity. Its effect depends on the specific cytochrome P450 enzyme affected, cocaine dosage, treatment duration and animal species. However, further complementary studies are needed to find out whether cocaine affects cytochrome P450 via the brain's dopaminergic system. The knowledge of cocaine's effect on cytochrome P450 function during the entire addiction process is still incomplete. There is a lack of information on the enzyme expression/activity in animals self-administering cocaine (addicted), in those withdrawn after cocaine self-administration, and during relapse in animals previously addicted; furthermore, there is no such information concerning humans. The subject of cytochrome P450 regulation by cocaine during the addiction process is an open issue, and addressing this topic may help in the treatment of drug abuse patients.
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Cocaine: An Updated Overview on Chemistry, Detection, Biokinetics, and Pharmacotoxicological Aspects including Abuse Pattern. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040278. [PMID: 35448887 PMCID: PMC9032145 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is one of the most consumed stimulants throughout the world, as official sources report. It is a naturally occurring sympathomimetic tropane alkaloid derived from the leaves of Erythroxylon coca, which has been used by South American locals for millennia. Cocaine can usually be found in two forms, cocaine hydrochloride, a white powder, or ‘crack’ cocaine, the free base. While the first is commonly administered by insufflation (‘snorting’) or intravenously, the second is adapted for inhalation (smoking). Cocaine can exert local anaesthetic action by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels, thus halting electrical impulse propagation; cocaine also impacts neurotransmission by hindering monoamine reuptake, particularly dopamine, from the synaptic cleft. The excess of available dopamine for postsynaptic activation mediates the pleasurable effects reported by users and contributes to the addictive potential and toxic effects of the drug. Cocaine is metabolised (mostly hepatically) into two main metabolites, ecgonine methyl ester and benzoylecgonine. Other metabolites include, for example, norcocaine and cocaethylene, both displaying pharmacological action, and the last one constituting a biomarker for co-consumption of cocaine with alcohol. This review provides a brief overview of cocaine’s prevalence and patterns of use, its physical-chemical properties and methods for analysis, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and multi-level toxicity.
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Tamargo JA, Sherman KE, Sékaly RP, Bordi R, Schlatzer D, Lai S, Khalsa JH, Mandler RN, Ehman RL, Baum MK. Cocaethylene, simultaneous alcohol and cocaine use, and liver fibrosis in people living with and without HIV. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 232:109273. [PMID: 35033954 PMCID: PMC8885871 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The simultaneous consumption of cocaine and alcohol results in the production of cocaethylene (CE) in the liver, a highly toxic metabolite. Prior research suggests that cocaine use contributes to liver disease and its concomitant use with alcohol may increase its hepatotoxicity, but studies in humans are lacking. We evaluated the role of cocaine, its simultaneous use with alcohol, and CE on liver fibrosis. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) cohort. Cocaine use was determined via self-report, urine screen, and blood metabolites, using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Hazardous drinking was determined with the AUDIT-C and liver fibrosis with the Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB-4). RESULTS Out of 649 participants included in this analysis, 281 (43.3%) used cocaine; of those, 78 (27.8%) had CE in blood. Cocaine users with CE had higher concentrations of cocaine metabolites in blood and were more likely to drink hazardously than cocaine users without CE and cocaine non-users. Overall, cocaine use was associated with liver fibrosis. CE in blood was associated with 3.17 (95% CI: 1.61, 6.23; p = 0.0008) times the odds of liver fibrosis compared to cocaine non-users, adjusting for covariates including HIV and HCV infection. The effect of CE on liver fibrosis was significantly greater than that of cocaine or alcohol alone. CONCLUSIONS CE is a reliable marker of simultaneous use of cocaine and alcohol that may help identify individuals at risk of liver disease and aid in the prevention of its development or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Rebeka Bordi
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | | | | | - Jag H Khalsa
- George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Evaluation of Cocaine Effect on Endogenous Metabolites of HepG2 Cells Using Targeted Metabolomics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154610. [PMID: 34361761 PMCID: PMC8347943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine toxicity has been a subject of study because cocaine is one of the most common and potent drugs of abuse. In the current study the effect of cocaine on human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) was assessed. Cocaine toxicity (IC50) on HepG2 cells was experimentally calculated using an XTT assay at 2.428 mM. The metabolic profile of HepG2 cells was further evaluated to investigate the cytotoxic activity of cocaine at 2 mM at three different time points. Cell medium and intracellular material samples were analyzed with a validated HILIC-MS/MS method for targeted metabolomics on an ACQUITY Amide column in gradient mode with detection on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring. About 106 hydrophilic metabolites from different metabolic pathways were monitored. Multivariate analysis clearly separated the studied groups (cocaine-treated and control samples) and revealed potential biomarkers in the extracellular and intracellular samples. A predominant effect of cocaine administration on alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolic pathway was observed. Moreover, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism were found to be affected in cocaine-treated cells. Targeted metabolomics managed to reveal metabolic changes upon cocaine administration, however deciphering the exact cocaine cytotoxic mechanism is still challenging.
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NLRP3 Inflammasome Blockade Reduces Cocaine-Induced Microglial Activation and Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2215-2230. [PMID: 33417223 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder is a major health crisis that is associated with increased oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. While the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in mediating neuroinflammation is well-recognized, whether cocaine induces this response remains unexplored. Based on the premise that cocaine induces both reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as microglial activation, we hypothesized that cocaine-mediated microglial activation involves both ROS and NLRP3 signaling pathways. We examined activation of the NLRP3 pathway in microglia exposed to cocaine, followed by validation in mice administered either cocaine or saline for 7 days, with or without pretreatment with the NLRP3 inhibitor, MCC950, and in postmortem cortical brain tissues of chronic cocaine-dependent humans. We found that microglia exposed to cocaine exhibited significant induction of NLRP3 and mature IL-1β expression. Intriguingly, blockade of ROS (Tempol) attenuated cocaine-mediated priming of NLRP3 and microglial activation (CD11b). Blockade of NLRP3 by both pharmacological (MCC950) as well as gene silencing (siNLRP3) approaches underpinned the critical role of NLRP3 in cocaine-mediated activation of inflammasome and microglial activation. Pretreatment of mice with MCC950 followed by cocaine administration for 7 days mitigated cocaine-mediated upregulation of mature IL-1β and CD11b, in both the striatum and the cortical regions. Furthermore, cortical brain tissues of chronic cocaine-dependent humans also exhibited upregulated expression of the NLRP3 pathway mediators compared with non-cocaine dependent controls. Collectively, these findings suggest that cocaine activates microglia involving the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, thereby contributing to neuroinflammation. NLRP3 can thus be considered as a potential therapeutic target for alleviating cocaine-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Evaluation of Cysteine Metabolism in the Rat Liver and Kidney Following Intravenous Cocaine Administration and Abstinence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010074. [PMID: 33430073 PMCID: PMC7827093 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many toxic effects of cocaine are attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during its metabolism. Recently, it has been suggested that the biological action of ROS is often confused with endogenously generated reactive sulfur species (RSS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of cocaine on thiols and RSS in the rat liver and kidney in the drug self-administration (SA) paradigm and the cocaine yoked delivery model (YC) followed by drug abstinence with extinction training. The level of thiols as well as RSS formed during anaerobic metabolism of cysteine and sulfate were assayed. In addition, the activity of enzymes involved in RSS formation and glutathione metabolism were determined. In the liver, following direct cocaine administration (SA and YC), the RSS levels decreased, while in the kidneys, cocaine increased the RSS contents in both groups. These changes were maintained in these tissues during drug abstinence. The level of sulfates was changed by cocaine only in the liver. In the kidney, cocaine shifted cysteine metabolism towards an anaerobic pathway. Our study demonstrates for the first time the changes in cysteine metabolism and thiol levels in the liver and kidney of rats after cocaine self-administration and abstinence.
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Bouquet E, Pain S, Fauconneau B, Lesbordes M, Frouin E, Silvain C, Pérault-Pochat MC. Cocaine-induced acute hepatitis: A diagnosis not to forget. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2021; 45:101462. [PMID: 32586784 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bouquet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Poitiers University Hospital, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Stéphanie Pain
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Poitiers University Hospital, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Bernard Fauconneau
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Poitiers University Hospital, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Matthieu Lesbordes
- Department of Cardiology, Poitiers University Hospital, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Eric Frouin
- Department of Pathology, Poitiers University Hospital, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Christine Silvain
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Poitiers University Hospital, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
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Fuster D, García-Calvo X, Bolao F, Zuluaga P, Rocamora G, Hernández-Rubio A, Sanvisens A, Tor J, Muga R. Cannabis use is associated with monocyte activation (sCD163) in patients admitted for alcohol use disorder treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 216:108231. [PMID: 32818911 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of concomitant cocaine and cannabis use on monocyte activation and inflammation in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) is unknown. METHODS To analyze the impact of cocaine and cannabis use on levels of markers of monocyte activation (sCD163 and sCD14) and systemic inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6]) in AUD patients admitted for hospital treatment between 2013 and 2018. Clinical and laboratory parameters were obtained upon admission. IL-6, sCD163, and sCD14 were measured in frozen plasma samples. We performed logistic regression to detect associations between cocaine and cannabis use and markers of monocyte activation and inflammation in the highest quartile. RESULTS A total of 289 patients (77.5 % male) were included (median age = 50 years). The median alcohol intake upon admission was 142 g/day. The median duration of AUD was 20 years. Of the 289 patients with AUD, 76 % were active smokers, 23.1 % and 22.1 % concomitantly used cocaine and cannabis, respectively The median levels of IL-6, sCD163, and sCD14 were 4.37 pg/mL, 759 ng/mL, and 1.68 × 106 pg/mL, respectively. We did not detect associations between cocaine use and inflammation or monocyte activation. Cannabis use was associated with a higher odds of having sCD163 levels in the highest quartile (adjusted odds ratio = 2.34, 95 % confidence interval = 1.07-5.15, p = 0.03). Cannabis use was not associated with inflammation. CONCLUSION In this series of AUD patients the concomitant use of cannabis use was associated with sCD163 levels that were in the highest quartile, consistent with monocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fuster
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addiction Unit Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, 08916, Spain.
| | - Xavier García-Calvo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addiction Unit Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, 08916, Spain
| | - Ferran Bolao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Spain
| | - Paola Zuluaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addiction Unit Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, 08916, Spain
| | - Gemma Rocamora
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addiction Unit Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, 08916, Spain
| | - Anna Hernández-Rubio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addiction Unit Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, 08916, Spain
| | - Arantza Sanvisens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addiction Unit Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, 08916, Spain
| | - Jordi Tor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addiction Unit Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, 08916, Spain
| | - Robert Muga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addiction Unit Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, 08916, Spain
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Sivalingam K, Cirino TJ, McLaughlin JP, Samikkannu T. HIV-Tat and Cocaine Impact Brain Energy Metabolism: Redox Modification and Mitochondrial Biogenesis Influence NRF Transcription-Mediated Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:490-504. [PMID: 32978730 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02131-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection and drugs of abuse induce oxidative stress and redox imbalance, which cause neurodegeneration. The mechanisms by which HIV infection and cocaine consumption affect astrocyte energy metabolism, and how this leads to neurodegenerative dysfunction, remain poorly understood. Presently, we investigated how oxidative injury causes the depletion of energy resources and glutathione synthetase (GSS), which in turn activates 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), glycolytic enzymes, and mitochondrial biogenesis, finally resulting in nuclear factor erythroid (NRF) transcription in astrocytes. Both human primary astrocytes incubated with HIV-1 Tat protein in vitro and HIV-inducible Tat (iTat) mice exposed to cocaine showed decreased levels of GSS and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. These changes, in turn, significantly activated AMPK and raised the concentrations of several glycolytic enzymes, along with oxidative phosphorylation, the mitochondrial biogenesis of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial transcription factor (TFAM), and Nrf1 and Nrf2 gene transcription and protein expression. Moreover, neurons exposed to HIV-1Tat/cocaine-conditioned media showed reductions in dendritic formation, spine density, and neuroplasticity compared with control neurons. These results suggest that redox inhibition of GSS altered AMPK activation and mitochondrial biogenesis to influence Nrf transcription. These processes are important components of the astrocyte signaling network regulating brain energy metabolism in HIV-positive cocaine users. In conclusion, HIV-1 Tat alters redox inhibition, thus increasing glycolytic metabolic profiles and mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to Nrf transcription, and ultimately impacting astrocyte energy resource and metabolism. Cocaine exacerbated these effects, leading to a worsening of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiselvi Sivalingam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, 1010 W Avenue B, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Thomas J Cirino
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Thangavel Samikkannu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, 1010 W Avenue B, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA.
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Richards JR, Mefford JM, Patel JJ, Parikh AK, Eder AZ, Elder JW. The association between cocaine use detected on drug screening and rhabdomyolysis. TOXICOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24734306.2020.1752536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Richards
- Department of Emdergency Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jason M. Mefford
- Department of Emdergency Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jaymin J. Patel
- Department of Emdergency Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Aman K. Parikh
- Department of Emdergency Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Anke Z. Eder
- Department of Emdergency Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Joshua W. Elder
- Department of Emdergency Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Fuster D. Cocaine Use: A Threat for the HIV-Infected Liver. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2020; 29:1141-1142. [PMID: 32027220 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.8284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fuster
- Addiction Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
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Sharma R, Kapoor N, Chaudhari KS, Scofield RH. Reversible Fulminant Hepatitis Secondary to Cocaine in the Setting of β-Blocker Use. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2020; 8:2324709620924203. [PMID: 32434395 PMCID: PMC7243380 DOI: 10.1177/2324709620924203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Fulminant hepatitis is acute hepatic injury with severe decline in hepatic function manifested by encephalopathy, hypercoagulable state, jaundice, renal failure, hypoglycemia, or a constellation of these symptoms in patients without preexisting liver disease. Etiologies include viral infections, hepatotoxic drugs, autoimmune diseases, vaso-occlusive diseases, sepsis, and malignant infiltration. Case Report. A 56-year-old man presented with acute heart failure in the setting of cocaine use. The patient subsequently developed fulminant hepatic failure manifested by acute hypoglycemia, elevated liver enzyme, and worsening liver function, which resolved over 1 week with supportive care. The patient was on β-blocker, which was stopped during the admission. He was again admitted on several different occasion for cocaine-induced acute heart failure but did not develop hepatic failure as his β-blocker was discontinued. Discussion. Cocaine has been known to cause hepatotoxicity in humans. However, our patient developed fulminant hepatic failure in the setting of concomitant cocaine and β-blocker use likely secondary to unopposed α-adrenergic activity and ischemic hepatopathy. The patient did not develop hepatic failure on subsequent admissions with cocaine use after discontinuation of β-blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Sharma
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nidhi Kapoor
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Saini J, Goyal AK, Jangra A. High-fat diet with alcohol elevate oxidative stress which cause hyperlipidemia by inducing mutation in the ANGPTL3 locus. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-019-00773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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17
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Büttner A. Hepatopathien und Drogenkonsum. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-019-0310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Schemitt EG, Hartmann RM, Colares JR, Licks F, Salvi JO, Marroni CA, Marroni NP. Protective action of glutamine in rats with severe acute liver failure. World J Hepatol 2019; 11:273-286. [PMID: 30967905 PMCID: PMC6447424 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v11.i3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute liver failure (SALF) is a rare, but high-mortality, rapidly evolving syndrome that leads to hepatocyte degeneration with impaired liver function. Thioacetamide (TAA) is a known xenobiotic, which promotes the increase of the formation of reactive oxygen species. Erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activates the antioxidant protection of cells. Studies have evidenced the involvement of inflammatory mediators in conditions of oxidative stress. AIM To evaluate the antioxidant effects of glutamine on Nrf2 activation and NFκB-mediated inflammation in rats with TAA-induced IHAG. METHODS Male Wistar rats (n = 28) were divided into four groups: control, control+glutamine, TAA, and TAA + glutamine. Two TAA doses (400 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally, 8 h apart. Glutamine (25 mg/kg) was administered at 30 min, 24 h, and 36 h. At 48 h, blood was collected for liver integrity analysis [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)]. The liver was harvested for histology and assessment of oxidative stress [thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), Nrf2, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1), superoxide dismutase (SOD)] and inflammatory process. RESULTS TAA caused disruption of the hepatic parenchyma, with inflammatory infiltration, massive necrosis, and ballooning degeneration. Glutamine mitigated this tissue damage, with visible regeneration of hepatic parenchyma; decreased TBARS (P < 0.001), GSH (P < 0.01), IL-1β, IL6, and TNFα levels (P <0.01) in hepatic tissue; and decreased blood levels of AST, ALT, and ALP (P <0.05). In addition, CAT, GPx, and GST activities were restored in the glutamine group (P <0.01, P <0.01, and P <0.001, respectively vs TAA alone). Glutamine increased expression of Nrf2 (P < 0.05), NQO1, and SOD (P < 0.01), as well as levels of IL-10 (P <0.001), while decreasing expression of Keap1, TLR4, NFκB (P < 0.001), COX-2 and iNOS, (P < 0.01), and reducing NO2 and NO3 levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In the TAA experimental model of IHAG, glutamine activated the Nrf2 pathway, thus promoting antioxidant protection, and blunted the NFκB-mediated pathway, reducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizângela G Schemitt
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90040060, Brazil
| | - Renata M Hartmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90040060, Brazil
| | - Josieli R Colares
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90040060, Brazil
| | - Francielli Licks
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90040060, Brazil
| | - Jéferson O Salvi
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90040060, Brazil
| | - Cláudio A Marroni
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90040060, Brazil.
| | - Norma P Marroni
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90040060, Brazil
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Genetic depletion of p53 attenuates cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Biochimie 2018; 158:53-61. [PMID: 30576773 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine, an addictive drug, is known to induce hepatotoxicity via oxidative damage and proapoptosis. Since p53, a tumor suppressor gene, plays a major role in inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis, we examined the role of p53 inhibition against cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity. Cocaine treatment significantly increased oxidative parameters (i.e., reactive oxygen species, 4-hydroxylnonenal, and protein carbonyl) in the liver of wild type (WT) mice. We found that the pharmacological (i.e. pifithrin-α) and genetic (i.e. p53 knockout) inhibition of p53 significantly attenuates cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity. Cocaine treatment increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in the serum of mice, signifying hepatic damage. Consistently, these increases were attenuated by inhibition of p53, implying protection against cocaine-induced hepatic damage. In addition, cocaine treatment significantly increased PKCδ, cleaved PKCδ and p53 levels in the liver of WT mice. These increases were followed by the interaction between p53 and PKCδ, and pro-apoptotic consequences (i.e., cytosolic release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-3, increase in Bax level and decreases in Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL levels). These changes were attenuated by p53 depletion, reflecting that the critical role of PKCδ in p53-mediated apoptotic potentials. Combined, our results suggest that the inhibition of p53 is important for protection against oxidative burdens, pro-apoptotic events, and hepatic degeneration induced by cocaine.
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20
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The Role of Acetyl Cysteine in Cocaethylene (Non-Acetaminophen) Acute Liver Failure. Case Rep Emerg Med 2018; 2018:4393064. [PMID: 30356434 PMCID: PMC6178182 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4393064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute liver failure can result from acetaminophen overdose, viral infection, toxins, and other disease conditions. Liver transplant is available in limited fashion and the criteria are strict as to who should get an available liver. N- Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) has been used in non-acetaminophen induced liver failure with success. Here we report a case of acute liver failure from cocaethylene that was reversed with NAC along with other medical therapy. Case Presentation A 50-year-old female patient presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with a two-day history of coffee ground vomiting and hematemesis. She reported occasional substance abuse and heavy alcoholism. She reported shortness of breath and chest pain from the recurrent forceful vomiting. The rest of the review of systems was unremarkable except a fall from intoxication. Physical examination revealed anicteric conjunctiva and nontender abdomen and her vital signs were within normal limits. Initial blood work revealed acute liver and renal failure. The patient was started with general medical management and liver transplant service rejected the case due to active substance abuse. She underwent brief hemodialysis and was started on NAC. Over the course of her hospital stay her liver function and kidney function improved significantly and patient was discharged to home. Conclusion In cases where liver transplant is not an option for various reasons including active substance abuse, a trial of N-Acetyl Cysteine may be beneficial and should be considered in the Emergency Department.
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21
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Mai HN, Lee SH, Sharma G, Kim DJ, Sharma N, Shin EJ, Pham DT, Trinh QD, Jang CG, Nah SY, Jeong JH, Kim HC. Protein kinase Cδ knockout mice are protected from cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 297:95-108. [PMID: 30393195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) mediates cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Cocaine treatment (60 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased cleaved PKCδ expression in the liver of wild-type (WT) mice, and led to significant increases in oxidative parameters (i.e., reactive oxygen species, 4-hydroxylnonenal and protein carbonyl). These cocaine-induced oxidative burdens were attenuated by pharmacological (i.e., rottlerin) or genetic depletion of PKCδ. We also demonstrated that treatment with cocaine resulted in significant increases in nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) nuclear translocation and increased Nrf-2 DNA-binding activity in wild-type (WT) mice. These increases were more pronounced in the rottlerin-treated WT or PKCδ knockout mice than in the saline-treated WT mice. Although cocaine treatment increased Nrf-2 nuclear translocation, DNA binding activity, and γ-glutamyl cysteine ligases (i.e., GCLc and GCLm) mRNA expressions, while it reduced the glutathione level and GSH/GSSG ratio. These decreases were attenuated by PKCδ depletion. Cocaine treatment significantly increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in the serum of WT mice signifying the hepatic damage. These increases were also attenuated by PKCδ depletion. In addition, cocaine-induced hepatic degeneration in WT mice was evident 1 d post-cocaine. At that time, cocaine treatment decreased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL levels, and increased Bax, cytosolic cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3 levels. Pharmacological or genetic depletion of PKCδ significantly ameliorated the pro-apoptotic properties and hepatic degeneration. Therefore, our results suggest that inhibition of PKCδ, as well as activation of Nrf-2, is important for protecting against hepatotoxicity induced by cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Nhu Mai
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Garima Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Joong Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc Toan Pham
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Quynh Dieu Trinh
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Selenium-Rich Yeast protects against aluminum-induced peroxidation of lipide and inflammation in mice liver. Biometals 2018; 31:1051-1059. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mai HN, Jung TW, Kim DJ, Sharma G, Sharma N, Shin EJ, Jang CG, Nah SY, Lee SH, Chung YH, Lei XG, Jeong JH, Kim HC. Protective potential of glutathione peroxidase-1 gene against cocaine-induced acute hepatotoxic consequences in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1502-1520. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Nhu Mai
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Research Administration Team; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam 13620 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Joong Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Garima Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine; Chung-Ang University; Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science; Cornell University; Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine; Chung-Ang University; Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
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Martins MJ, Roque Bravo R, Enea M, Carmo H, Carvalho F, Bastos MDL, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Dias da Silva D. Ethanol addictively enhances the in vitro cardiotoxicity of cocaine through oxidative damage, energetic deregulation, and apoptosis. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2311-2325. [PMID: 29846769 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine (COC) is frequently consumed in polydrug abuse settings, and ethanol (EtOH) is the most prominent co-abused substance. Clinical data and experimental evidence suggest that the co-administration of COC with EtOH can be more cardiotoxic than EtOH or COC alone, but information on the molecular pathways involved is scarce. Since these data are crucial to potentiate the identification of therapeutic targets to treat intoxications, we sought to (i) elucidate the type of interaction that occurs between both substances, and (ii) assess the mechanisms implicated in the cardiotoxic effects elicited by COC combined with EtOH. For this purpose, H9c2 cardiomyocytes were exposed to COC (104 µM-6.5 mM) and EtOH (977 µM-4 M), individually or combined at a molar ratio based on blood concentrations of intoxicated abusers (COC 1: EtOH 9; 206 µM-110 mM). After 24 h, cell metabolic viability was recorded by the MTT assay and mixture toxicity expectations were calculated using the independent action (IA) and concentration addition (CA) models. EtOH (EC50 305.26 mM) proved to act additively with COC (EC50 2.60 mM) to significantly increase the drug in vitro cardiotoxicity, even when both substances were combined at individually non-cytotoxic concentrations. Experimental mixture testing (EC50 19.18 ± 3.36 mM) demonstrated that the cardiotoxicity was fairly similar to that predicted by IA (EC50 22.95 mM) and CA (EC50 21.75 mM), supporting additivity. Concentration-dependent increases of intracellular ROS/RNS and GSSG, depletion of GSH and ATP, along with mitochondrial hyperpolarization and activation of intrinsic, extrinsic, and common apoptosis pathways were observed both for single and combined exposures. In general, the mixture exhibited a toxicological profile that mechanistically did not deviate from the single drugs, suggesting that interventions such as antioxidant administration might aid in the clinical treatment of this type of polydrug intoxication. In a clinical perspective, the observed additive mixture effect may reflect the increased hazards at which users of this combination are exposed to in recreational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Martins
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Rita Roque Bravo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Maria Enea
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal.,IINFACTS, Department of Sciences, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal.,Department of Public Health, Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Dias da Silva
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal. .,IINFACTS, Department of Sciences, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal.
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Exosome markers associated with immune activation and oxidative stress in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7227. [PMID: 29740045 PMCID: PMC5940833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25515-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles released from most cell types including immune cells. Prior studies suggest exosomes play a role in HIV pathogenesis, but little is known about exosome cargo in relation to immune responses and oxidative stress. Here, we characterize plasma exosomes in HIV patients and their relationship to immunological and oxidative stress markers. Plasma exosome fractions were isolated from HIV-positive subjects on ART with suppressed viral load and HIV-negative controls. Exosomes were characterized by electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking, immunoblotting, and LC-MS/MS proteomics. Plasma exosomes were increased in HIV-positive subjects compared to controls, and correlated with increased oxidative stress markers (cystine, oxidized cys-gly) and decreased PUFA (DHA, EPA, DPA). Untargeted proteomics detected markers of exosomes (CD9, CD63, CD81), immune activation (CD14, CRP, HLA-A, HLA-B), oxidative stress (CAT, PRDX1, PRDX2, TXN), and Notch4 in plasma exosomes. Exosomal Notch4 was increased in HIV-positive subjects versus controls and correlated with immune activation markers. Treatment of THP-1 monocytic cells with patient-derived exosomes induced expression of genes related to interferon responses and immune activation. These results suggest that exosomes in ART-treated HIV patients carry proteins related to immune activation and oxidative stress, have immunomodulatory effects on myeloid cells, and may have pro-inflammatory and redox effects during pathogenesis.
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Identification of biochemical and cytotoxic markers in cocaine treated PC12 cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2710. [PMID: 29426863 PMCID: PMC5807423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is one of the powerful addictive drugs, widely abused in most Western countries. Because of high lipophilic nature, cocaine easily reaches various domains of the central nervous system (CNS) and triggers different levels of cellular toxicity. The aim of this investigation was to reproduce cocaine toxicity in differentiated PC12 cells through quantitative knowledge on biochemical and cytotoxicity markers. We differentiated the cells with 0.1 μg/ml nerve growth factor (NGF) for 5 days, followed by treatment with cocaine for 48 h at in vivo and in vitro concentrations. Results indicated that cocaine at in vivo concentrations neither killed the cells nor altered the morphology, but decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential that paralleled with increased lactate and glutathione (GSH) levels. On the other hand, cocaine at in vitro concentrations damaged the neurites and caused cell death, which corresponded with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, plasma membrane damage, and GSH depletion with no detectable nitric oxide (NO) level. While direct understanding of cocaine and cell interaction under in vivo animal models is impeded due to high complexity, our present in vitro results assisted in understanding the onset of some key events of neurodegenerative diseases in cocaine treated neuronal cells.
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Atrazine-induced environmental nephrosis was mitigated by lycopene via modulating nuclear xenobiotic receptors-mediated response. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 51:80-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Yang L, Chen X, Simet SM, Hu G, Cai Y, Niu F, Kook Y, Buch SJ. Reactive Oxygen Species/Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α/Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB Autocrine Loop Contributes to Cocaine-Mediated Alveolar Epithelial Barrier Damage. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:736-748. [PMID: 27391108 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0096oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abuse of psychostimulants, such as cocaine, has been shown to be closely associated with complications of the lung, such as pulmonary hypertension, edema, increased inflammation, and infection. However, the mechanism by which cocaine mediates impairment of alveolar epithelial barrier integrity that underlies various pulmonary complications has not been well determined. Herein, we investigate the role of cocaine in disrupting the alveolar epithelial barrier function and the associated signaling cascade. Using the combinatorial electric cell-substrate impedance sensing and FITC-dextran permeability assays, we demonstrated cocaine-mediated disruption of the alveolar epithelial barrier, as evidenced by increased epithelial monolayer permeability with a concomitant loss of the tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (Zo-1) in both mouse primary alveolar epithelial cells and the alveolar epithelial cell line, L2 cells. To dissect the signaling pathways involved in this process, we demonstrated that cocaine-mediated induction of permeability factors, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) and vascular endothelial growth factor, involved reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent induction of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. Interestingly, we demonstrated that ROS-dependent induction of another transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2, that did not play a role in cocaine-mediated barrier dysfunction. Importantly, this study identifies, for the first time, that ROS/HIF-1α/PDGF-BB autocrine loop contributes to cocaine-mediated barrier disruption via amplification of oxidative stress and downstream signaling. Corroboration of these cell culture findings in vivo demonstrated increased permeability of the alveolar epithelial barrier, loss of expression of Zo-1, and a concomitantly increased expression of both HIF-1α and PDGF-BB. Pharmacological blocking of HIF-1α significantly abrogated cocaine-mediated loss of Zo-1. Understanding the mechanism(s) by which cocaine mediates barrier dysfunction could provide insights into the development of potential therapeutic targets for cocaine-mediated pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- 1 School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xufeng Chen
- 2 Department of Emergence, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Samantha M Simet
- 3 Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Guoku Hu
- 1 School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,3 Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Yu Cai
- 3 Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Fang Niu
- 3 Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Yeonhee Kook
- 3 Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Shilpa J Buch
- 3 Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Ansari M, Arshed S, Islam M, Sen S, Yousif A. A case of reversible drug-induced liver failure. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5:1181-1183. [PMID: 28680622 PMCID: PMC5494390 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute fulminant liver failure and acute renal failure are devastating complications caused by many drugs. The use of N-acetylcysteine has been well established in acetaminophen toxicity, but it remains controversial in other cases. Dialysis is a very effective method of removing certain drugs from the system. With the invention of new street drugs such as "synthetic marijuana," it may be beneficial in patients whom the substances ingested are unknown. We report a case of a 42-year-old male who developed acute fulminant hepatic failure and acute renal failure, who was cured with dialysis, N-acetylcysteine, and other supportive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ansari
- Department of Internal Medicine Raritan Bay Medical Center Perth Amboy New Jersey
| | - Sabrina Arshed
- Department of Internal Medicine Raritan Bay Medical Center Perth Amboy New Jersey
| | - Mohammed Islam
- Department of Internal Medicine Raritan Bay Medical Center Perth Amboy New Jersey
| | - Shuvendu Sen
- Department of Internal Medicine Raritan Bay Medical Center Perth Amboy New Jersey
| | - Abdalla Yousif
- Department of Internal Medicine Raritan Bay Medical Center Perth Amboy New Jersey
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Nanavati A, Herlitz LC. Tubulointerstitial Injury and Drugs of Abuse. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2017; 24:80-85. [PMID: 28284383 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Drug abuse is widespread in many populations, and patients abusing illicit substances are at a significantly increased risk of kidney injury. The tubulointerstitial compartment is a common target of these nephrotoxic agents. This review will cover some of the common illicit drugs and will focus on the tubulointerstitial injuries seen in the setting of drug abuse. Agents addressed in this review are synthetic cannabinoids, "bath salts," ecstasy, anabolic steroids, inhaled solvents, heroin, and cocaine. The most frequent biopsy findings are those of acute tubular necrosis and acute interstitial nephritis. Unfortunately, histology is often unable to sufficiently narrow the differential diagnosis and point to a single likely cause. A high suspicion for drug abuse as a potential cause of kidney injury is needed to identify the patients for whom this is the cause of their kidney failure. Toxicology screens are often of little use in identifying patients using emerging drugs of abuse.
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CYP3A5 Mediates Effects of Cocaine on Human Neocorticogenesis: Studies using an In Vitro 3D Self-Organized hPSC Model with a Single Cortex-Like Unit. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:774-784. [PMID: 27534267 PMCID: PMC5240177 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Because of unavoidable confounding variables in the direct study of human subjects, it has been difficult to unravel the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on the human fetal brain, as well as the cellular and biochemical mechanisms involved. Here, we propose a novel approach using a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based 3D neocortical organoid model. This model retains essential features of human neocortical development by encompassing a single self-organized neocortical structure, without including an animal-derived gelatinous matrix. We reported previously that prenatal cocaine exposure to rats during the most active period of neural progenitor proliferation induces cytoarchitectural changes in the embryonic neocortex. We also identified a role of CYP450 and consequent oxidative ER stress signaling in these effects. However, because of differences between humans and rodents in neocorticogenesis and brain CYP metabolism, translation of the research findings from the rodent model to human brain development is uncertain. Using hPSC 3D neocortical organoids, we demonstrate that the effects of cocaine are mediated through CYP3A5-induced generation of reactive oxygen species, inhibition of neocortical progenitor cell proliferation, induction of premature neuronal differentiation, and interruption of neural tissue development. Furthermore, knockdown of CYP3A5 reversed these cocaine-induced pathological phenotypes, suggesting CYP3A5 as a therapeutic target to mitigate the deleterious neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal cocaine exposure in humans. Moreover, 3D organoid methodology provides an innovative platform for identifying adverse effects of abused psychostimulants and pharmaceutical agents, and can be adapted for use in neurodevelopmental disorders with genetic etiologies.
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Zapolski TCB, Baldwin P, Lejuez CW. Examining Risk for Frequent Cocaine Use: Focus on an African American Treatment Population. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:882-91. [PMID: 27100459 PMCID: PMC4961088 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2016.1155618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine use and its consequences are disproportionately higher and more severe among African Americans compared to other ethnic/racial groups. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to examine a risk model specific for African American users and assess whether risk varies as a function of sex. METHODS 270 African American adults in a residential drug treatment facility completed measurements assessing first and past year crack/cocaine use frequency, childhood trauma, and stress reactivity. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the unique effect of each predictor variable on past year crack/cocaine frequency. Sex was included as a moderator variable in the regression analysis. RESULTS All predictor variables were positively correlated with past year crack/cocaine use. However, sex differences were also observed: females reported higher rates of childhood emotional abuse, childhood sexual abuse, and stress reactivity-as well as past year crack use and cocaine use-than males. Regression analyses were performed with sex, first year use, and stress reactivity emerging as the only significant predictors for frequency of crack and cocaine use among all study participants. Moreover, sex differences were observed in the influence of first year crack use frequency on past year crack use frequency, such that the effect was stronger for males than for females. Conclusion/Importance: This study offers a clearer understanding of the risk factors for crack and cocaine abuse specific to African Americans, as well as sex specific pathways to risk, providing useful implications for future prevention and treatment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Baldwin
- a Department of Psychology , Indiana University Purdue University-Indianapolis , Indianapolis , Indiana , USA
| | - Carl W Lejuez
- b Department of Psychology , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA
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Kowalczyk-Pachel D, Iciek M, Wydra K, Nowak E, Górny M, Filip M, Włodek L, Lorenc-Koci E. Cysteine Metabolism and Oxidative Processes in the Rat Liver and Kidney after Acute and Repeated Cocaine Treatment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147238. [PMID: 26808533 PMCID: PMC4726505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of cocaine in modulating the metabolism of sulfur-containing compounds in the peripheral tissues is poorly understood. In the present study we addressed the question about the effects of acute and repeated (5 days) cocaine (10 mg/kg i.p.) administration on the total cysteine (Cys) metabolism and on the oxidative processes in the rat liver and kidney. The whole pool of sulfane sulfur, its bound fraction and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were considered as markers of anaerobic Cys metabolism while the sulfate as a measure of its aerobic metabolism. The total-, non-protein- and protein- SH group levels were assayed as indicators of the redox status of thiols. Additionally, the activities of enzymes involved in H2S formation (cystathionine γ-lyase, CSE; 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, 3-MST) and GSH metabolism (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, γ-GT; glutathione S-transferase, GST) were determined. Finally, we assayed the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as markers of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, respectively. In the liver, acute cocaine treatment, did not change concentrations of the whole pool of sulfane sulfur, its bound fraction, H2S or sulfate but markedly decreased levels of non-protein SH groups (NPSH), ROS and GST activity while γ-GT was unaffected. In the kidney, acute cocaine significantly increased concentration of the whole pool of sulfane sulfur, reduced the content of its bound fraction but H2S, sulfate and NPSH levels were unchanged while ROS and activities of GST and γ-GT were reduced. Acute cocaine enhanced activity of the CSE and 3-MST in the liver and kidney, respectively. Repeatedly administered cocaine enhanced the whole pool of sulfane sulfur and reduced H2S level simultaneously increasing sulfate content both in the liver and kidney. After repeated cocaine, a significant decrease in ROS was still observed in the liver while in the kidney, despite unchanged ROS content, a marked increase in MDA level was visible. The repeated cocaine decreased 3-MST and increased γ-GT activities in both organs but reduced GST in the kidney. Our results show that cocaine administered at a relatively low dose shifts Cys metabolism towards the formation of sulfane sulfur compounds which possess antioxidant and redox regulatory properties and are a source of H2S which can support mitochondrial bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Iciek
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Karolina Wydra
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Ewa Nowak
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Górny
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Lidia Włodek
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
- * E-mail:
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M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors may play a role in the neurotoxicity of anhydroecgonine methyl ester, a cocaine pyrolysis product. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17555. [PMID: 26626425 PMCID: PMC4667193 DOI: 10.1038/srep17555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The smoke of crack cocaine contains cocaine and its pyrolysis product, anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME). AEME possesses greater neurotoxic potential than cocaine and an additive effect when they are combined. Since atropine prevented AEME-induced neurotoxicity, it has been suggested that its toxic effects may involve the muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs). Our aim is to understand the interaction between AEME and mAChRs and how it can lead to neuronal death. Using a rat primary hippocampal cell culture, AEME was shown to cause a concentration-dependent increase on both total [3H]inositol phosphate and intracellular calcium, and to induce DNA fragmentation after 24 hours of exposure, in line with the activation of caspase-3 previously shown. Additionally, we assessed AEME activity at rat mAChR subtypes 1–5 heterologously expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. l-[N-methyl-3H]scopolamine competition binding showed a preference of AEME for the M2 subtype; calcium mobilization tests revealed partial agonist effects at M1 and M3 and antagonist activity at the remaining subtypes. The selective M1 and M3 antagonists and the phospholipase C inhibitor, were able to prevent AEME-induced neurotoxicity, suggesting that the toxicity is due to the partial agonist effect at M1 and M3 mAChRs, leading to DNA fragmentation and neuronal death by apoptosis.
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González CR, González B, Matzkin ME, Muñiz JA, Cadet JL, Garcia-Rill E, Urbano FJ, Vitullo AD, Bisagno V. Psychostimulant-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Mice: Evidence of Cocaine and Caffeine Effects on the Local Dopaminergic System. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142713. [PMID: 26560700 PMCID: PMC4641612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several organ systems can be affected by psychostimulant toxicity. However, there is not sufficient evidence about the impact of psychostimulant intake on testicular physiology and catecholaminergic systems. The aim of the present study was to further explore potential toxic consequences of chronic exposure to cocaine, caffeine, and their combination on testicular physiology. Mice were injected with a 13-day chronic binge regimen of caffeine (3x5mg/kg), cocaine (3×10mg/kg), or combined administration. Mice treated with cocaine alone or combined with caffeine showed reduced volume of the seminiferous tubule associated to a reduction in the number of spermatogonia. Cocaine-only and combined treatments induced increased lipid peroxidation evaluated by TBARS assay and decreased glutathione peroxidase mRNA expression. Importantly, caffeine-cocaine combination potentiated the cocaine-induced germ cell loss, and induced pro-apoptotic BAX protein expression and diminished adenosine receptor A1 mRNA levels. We analyzed markers of dopaminergic function in the testis and detected the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the cytoplasm of androgen-producing Leydig cells, but also in meiotic germs cells within seminiferous tubules. Moreover, using transgenic BAC-Drd1a-tdTomato and D2R-eGFP mice, we report for the first time the presence of dopamine receptors (DRs) D1 and D2 in testicular mouse Leydig cells. Interestingly, the presence of DRD1 was also detected in the spermatogonia nearest the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubules, which did not show TH staining. We observed that psychostimulants induced downregulation of DRs mRNA expression and upregulation of TH protein expression in the testis. These findings suggest a potential role of the local dopaminergic system in psychostimulant-induced testicular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela R. González
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Betina González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (Universidad de Buenos Aires–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E. Matzkin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (Universidad de Buenos Aires–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier A. Muñiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (Universidad de Buenos Aires–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- NIDA Intramural Program, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch. Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Francisco J. Urbano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (Universidad de Buenos Aires–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo D. Vitullo
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica Bisagno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (Universidad de Buenos Aires–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Li S, Tan HY, Wang N, Zhang ZJ, Lao L, Wong CW, Feng Y. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26087-124. [PMID: 26540040 PMCID: PMC4661801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 921] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex antioxidant system has been developed in mammals to relieve oxidative stress. However, excessive reactive species derived from oxygen and nitrogen may still lead to oxidative damage to tissue and organs. Oxidative stress has been considered as a conjoint pathological mechanism, and it contributes to initiation and progression of liver injury. A lot of risk factors, including alcohol, drugs, environmental pollutants and irradiation, may induce oxidative stress in liver, which in turn results in severe liver diseases, such as alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Application of antioxidants signifies a rational curative strategy to prevent and cure liver diseases involving oxidative stress. Although conclusions drawn from clinical studies remain uncertain, animal studies have revealed the promising in vivo therapeutic effect of antioxidants on liver diseases. Natural antioxidants contained in edible or medicinal plants often possess strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging abilities as well as anti-inflammatory action, which are also supposed to be the basis of other bioactivities and health benefits. In this review, PubMed was extensively searched for literature research. The keywords for searching oxidative stress were free radicals, reactive oxygen, nitrogen species, anti-oxidative therapy, Chinese medicines, natural products, antioxidants and liver diseases. The literature, including ours, with studies on oxidative stress and anti-oxidative therapy in liver diseases were the focus. Various factors that cause oxidative stress in liver and effects of antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases were summarized, questioned, and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hor-Yue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhang-Jin Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lixing Lao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi-Woon Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Budambula V, Musumba FO, Webale MK, Kahiga TM, Ongecha-Owuor F, Kiarie JN, Sowayi GA, Ahmed AA, Ouma C, Were T. HIV-1 protease inhibitor drug resistance in Kenyan antiretroviral treatment-naive and -experienced injection drug users and non-drug users. AIDS Res Ther 2015; 12:27. [PMID: 26279669 PMCID: PMC4537595 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-015-0070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although injection drug use drives antiretroviral drug resistance, the prevalence of protease inhibitor (PI) resistance among Kenyan IDUs remains undetermined. We, therefore, explored PI resistance mutations and their association with viral load and CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-1 infected IDUs (ART-naive, n = 32; and -experienced, n = 47) and non-drug users (ART-naive, n = 21; and -experienced, n = 32) naive for PI treatment from coastal Kenya. RESULTS Only IDUs harboured major PI resistance mutations consisting of L90M, M46I and D30 N among 3 (6.4 %) ART-experienced and 1 (3.1 %) -naive individuals. Minor PI mutations including A71T, G48E, G48R, I13V, K20I, K20R, L10I, L10V, L33F, L63P, T74S, V11I, and V32L were detected among the ART-experienced (36.2 vs. 46.9 %) and -naive (43.8 vs. 66.7 %) IDUs and non-drug users, respectively. All the four IDUs possessing major mutations had high viral load while three presented with CD4+ T cell counts of <500 cells/ml. Among the ART-naive non-drug users, CD4+ T cell counts were significantly lower in carriers of minor mutations compared to non-carriers (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Transmitted drug resistance may occur in IDUs underscoring the need for genotyping resistance before initiating PI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Budambula
- />Department of Environment and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Francis O. Musumba
- />Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
- />Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mark K. Webale
- />Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Titus M. Kahiga
- />Department of Pharmacy and Complementary Medicine, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francisca Ongecha-Owuor
- />Department of Medicine, Therapeutics, Dermatology and Psychiatry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James N. Kiarie
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George A. Sowayi
- />Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
| | | | - Collins Ouma
- />Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
- />Health Challenges and Systems Program, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tom Were
- />Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 190, Kakamega, 50100 Kenya
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Li X, Li S, Zheng W, Pan J, Huang K, Chen R, Pan T, Liao G, Chen Z, Zhou D, Shen W, Zhou W, Liu Y. Environmental enrichment and abstinence attenuate ketamine-induced cardiac and renal toxicity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11611. [PMID: 26112338 PMCID: PMC4481381 DOI: 10.1038/srep11611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate the effect of abstinence in combination with environmental enrichment (EE) on cardiac and renal toxicity induced by 2 weeks of ketamine self-administration (SA) in rodents. In Experiment 1, one group of rats underwent ketamine SA for 14 days. In Experiment 2, the animals completed 2 weeks of ketamine SA followed by 2 and 4 weeks of abstinence. In Experiment 3, animals underwent 14 days of ketamine SA and 4 weeks of abstinence in which isolated environment (IE) and EE was introduced. The corresponding control groups were included for each experiment. Two weeks of ketamine SA caused significant increases in organ weight, Apoptosis Stimulating Fragment/Kidney Injury Molecule-1, and apoptotic level of heart and kidney. The extended length of withdrawal from ketamine SA partially reduced toxicity on the heart and kidney. Finally, introduction of EE during the period of abstinence greatly promoted the effect of abstinence on ketamine-induced cardiac and renal toxicity. The interactive effect of EE and abstinence was promising to promote the recovery of cardiac and renal toxicity of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Li
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyan Li
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Jian Pan
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Kunyu Huang
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Tonghe Pan
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Guorong Liao
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, 1 Zhuangyu Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315731, P.R.China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, 1 Zhuangyu Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315731, P.R.China
| | - Wenwen Shen
- Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, 42 Xibei Rd., Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R.China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- 1] Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China [2] Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, 42 Xibei Rd., Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R.China
| | - Yu Liu
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
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Cannabidiol rescues acute hepatic toxicity and seizure induced by cocaine. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:523418. [PMID: 25999668 PMCID: PMC4427116 DOI: 10.1155/2015/523418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is a commonly abused illicit drug that causes significant morbidity and mortality. The most severe and common complications are seizures, ischemic strokes, myocardial infarction, and acute liver injury. Here, we demonstrated that acute cocaine intoxication promoted seizure along with acute liver damage in mice, with intense inflammatory infiltrate. Considering the protective role of the endocannabinoid system against cell toxicity, we hypothesized that treatment with an anandamide hydrolysis inhibitor, URB597, or with a phytocannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), protects against cocaine toxicity. URB597 (1.0 mg/kg) abolished cocaine-induced seizure, yet it did not protect against acute liver injury. Using confocal liver intravital microscopy, we observed that CBD (30 mg/kg) reduced acute liver inflammation and damage induced by cocaine and prevented associated seizure. Additionally, we showed that previous liver damage induced by another hepatotoxic drug (acetaminophen) increased seizure and lethality induced by cocaine intoxication, linking hepatotoxicity to seizure dynamics. These findings suggest that activation of cannabinoid system may have protective actions on both liver and brain induced by cocaine, minimizing inflammatory injury promoted by cocaine, supporting its further clinical application in the treatment of cocaine abuse.
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Walker J, Winhusen T, Storkson J, Lewis D, Pariza MW, Somoza E, Somoza V. Total antioxidant capacity is significantly lower in cocaine-dependent and methamphetamine-dependent patients relative to normal controls: results from a preliminary study. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:537-43. [PMID: 25087849 PMCID: PMC4280317 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress can result in damage to the brain and other organs. To protect from oxidative damage, the human body possesses molecular defense systems, based on the activity of antioxidants, and enzymatic defense systems, including the enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Although pre-clinical research has shown that stimulant use is associated with oxidative damage, oxidative stress and the antioxidant defense systems have not been evaluated in clinical samples of stimulant-dependent patients. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the link between stimulant dependence and oxidative stress. METHODS Peripheral blood samples from 174 methamphetamine (n = 48) and/or cocaine-dependent (n = 126) participants as well as 30 normal control participants were analyzed for the enzyme activities of CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px in the erythrocytes and the total antioxidant capacity and the malondialdehyde concentration in the plasma. RESULTS We could show an association of stimulant dependence with a depletion of total antioxidant capacity to 54.6 ± 4.7%, which correlates with a reduced activity of the SOD to 71.3 ± 0.03% compared with healthy control participants (100%). CONCLUSION Stimulant-dependent patients had significantly lower antioxidant capacity relative to controls, suggesting that they may be at greater risk for oxidative damage to the brain and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Walker
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Theresa Winhusen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3210 Jefferson Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Jayne Storkson
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Daniel Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3210 Jefferson Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Michael W. Pariza
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eugene Somoza
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3210 Jefferson Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA,Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VISN 10), 3200 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA,Cincinnati Addiction Research Center (CinARC), 3210 Jefferson Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Goel N, Pullman JM, Coco M. Cocaine and kidney injury: a kaleidoscope of pathology. Clin Kidney J 2014; 7:513-7. [PMID: 25859366 PMCID: PMC4389131 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfu092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is abused worldwide as a recreational drug. It is a potent activator of the sympathetic nervous system leading to intense vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, platelet activation and decrease in prostaglandins E2 and prostacyclin. Cocaine can lead to widespread systemic adverse effects such as stroke, myocardial infarction, arterial dissection, vascular thrombosis and rhabdomyolysis. In human and rat kidneys, cocaine has been associated with glomerular, tubular, vascular and interstitial injury. It is not uncommon to diagnose cocaine-related acute kidney injury (AKI), malignant hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Cocaine abuse can lead to AKI by rhabdomyolysis, vasculitis, infarction, thrombotic microangiopathy and malignant hypertension. It is reported that 50–60% of people who use both cocaine and heroin are at increased risk of HIV, hepatitis and additional risk factors that can cause kidney diseases. While acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a known cause of AKI, an association of AIN with cocaine is unusual and seldom reported. We describe a patient with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and chronic hepatitis C, who presented with AKI. Urine toxicology was positive for cocaine and a kidney biopsy was consistent with AIN. Illicit drugs such as cocaine or contaminants may have caused AIN in this case and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of causes of AKI in a patient with substance abuse. We review the many ways that cocaine adversely impacts on kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narender Goel
- Division of Nephrology and Hospital Medicine , Middletown Medical PC and Orange Regional Medical Center , Middletown, NY , USA ; Division of Nephrology , Montefiore Medical Center & Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | - James M Pullman
- Division of Pathology , Montefiore Medical Center & Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | - Maria Coco
- Division of Nephrology , Montefiore Medical Center & Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
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Du L, Wu L, Jin Y, Jia J, Li M, Wang Y. Self-assembled drug delivery systems. Part 7: Hepatocyte-targeted nanoassemblies of an adefovir lipid derivative with cytochrome P450-triggered drug release. Int J Pharm 2014; 472:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Were T, Wesongah JO, Munde E, Ouma C, Kahiga TM, Ongecha-Owuor F, Kiarie JN, Ahmed AA, Makokha EP, Budambula V. Clinical chemistry profiles in injection heroin users from Coastal Region, Kenya. BMC Clin Pathol 2014; 14:32. [PMID: 25057262 PMCID: PMC4107560 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-14-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the co-burden of injection drug use and HIV is increasing in Africa, little is known about the laboratory markers of injection drug use and anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in Kenyan injection drug users. This study, therefore, aimed at determining the clinical chemistry profiles and identifying the key laboratory markers of HIV infection during ART in injection heroin users (IHUs). Methods Clinical chemistry measurements were performed on serum samples collected from HIV-1 infected ART-experienced (n = 22), naive (n = 16) and HIV-1 negative (n = 23) IHUs, and healthy controls (n = 15) from Mombasa, coastal Kenya. Results HIV uninfected IHUs had lower alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (P = 0.023) as ART-exposed IHUs exhibited lower albumin (P = 0.014) and higher AST to platelet index (APRI) (P < 0.0001). All IHUs presented with lower aspartate aminotransferase to ALT values (P = 0.001) and higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (P = 0.002). ART-naive IHUs had higher globulin levels (P = 0.013) while ART-experienced and naive IHUs had higher albumin to total protein (P < 0.0001) and albumin to globulin (P < 0.0001) values. In addition, CD4+ T cells correlated with ALT (ρ = −0.522, P = 0.011) and CRP (rho, ρ = 0.529, P = 0.011) in HIV negative and ART-experienced IHUs, respectively. HIV-1 viral load correlated with albumin to globulin index in ART-experienced (ρ = −0.468, P = 0.037) and naive (ρ = −0.554, P = 0.040) IHUs; and with albumin to total protein index (ρ = −0.554, P = 0.040) and globulin (ρ = 0.570, P = 0.033) in ART-naive IHUs. Conclusion Absolute ALT, albumin, globulin, and CRP measurements in combination with APRI, AST to ALT, albumin to total protein and albumin to globulin indices may be useful laboratory markers for screening IHUs for initiating and monitoring treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Were
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Kabianga, P. O. Box 2030-20200, Kericho, Kenya
| | - Jesca O Wesongah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Elly Munde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Collins Ouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Titus M Kahiga
- Department of Pharmacy and Complementary Medicine, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francisca Ongecha-Owuor
- Department of Medicine, Therapeutics, Dermatology and Psychiatry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James N Kiarie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Ernest P Makokha
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Valentine Budambula
- Department of Environment and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
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Gupta S, Fedor J, Biedenharn K, Agarwal A. Lifestyle factors and oxidative stress in female infertility: is there an evidence base to support the linkage? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17474108.2013.849418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Potential role of cardiac calsequestrin in the lethal arrhythmic effects of cocaine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133:344-51. [PMID: 23876860 PMCID: PMC4097383 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine-related deaths are continuously rising and its overdose is often associated with lethal cardiotoxic effects. METHODS AND RESULTS Our approach, employing isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and light scattering in parallel, has confirmed the significant affinity of human cardiac calsequestrin (CASQ2) for cocaine. Calsequestrin (CASQ) is a major Ca(2+)-storage protein within the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of both cardiac and skeletal muscles. CASQ acts as a Ca(2+) buffer and Ca(2+)-channel regulator through its unique Ca(2+)-dependent oligomerization. Equilibrium dialysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy experiments illustrated the perturbational effect of cocaine on CASQ2 polymerization, resulting in substantial reduction of its Ca(2+)-binding capacity. We also confirmed the accumulation of cocaine in rat heart tissue and the substantial effects cocaine has on cultured C2C12 cells. The same experiments were performed with methamphetamine as a control, which displayed neither affinity for CASQ2 nor any significant effects on its function. Since cocaine did not have any direct effect on the Ca(2+)-release channel judging from our single channel recordings, these studies provide new insights into how cocaine may interfere with the normal E-C coupling mechanism with lethal arrhythmogenic consequences. CONCLUSION We propose that cocaine accumulates in SR through its affinity for CASQ2 and affects both SR Ca(2+) storage and release by altering the normal CASQ2 Ca(2+)-dependent polymerization. By this mechanism, cocaine use could produce serious cardiac problems, especially in people who have genetically-impaired CASQ2, defects in other E-C coupling components, or compromised cocaine metabolism and clearance.
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Costa VM, Carvalho F, Duarte JA, Bastos MDL, Remião F. The Heart As a Target for Xenobiotic Toxicity: The Cardiac Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1285-311. [PMID: 23902227 DOI: 10.1021/tx400130v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Marisa Costa
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia),
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Abdelmegeed MA, Jang S, Banerjee A, Hardwick JP, Song BJ. Robust protein nitration contributes to acetaminophen-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and acute liver injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:211-22. [PMID: 23454065 PMCID: PMC3680365 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP), a widely used analgesic/antipyretic agent, can cause liver injury through increased nitrative stress, leading to protein nitration. However, the identities of nitrated proteins and their roles in hepatotoxicity are poorly understood. Thus, we aimed at studying the mechanism of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by systematic identification and characterization of nitrated proteins in the absence or presence of an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The levels of nitrated proteins markedly increased at 2h in mice exposed to a single APAP dose (350mg/kg ip), which caused severe liver necrosis at 24h. Protein nitration and liver necrosis were minimal in mice exposed to nontoxic 3-hydroxyacetanilide or animals co-treated with APAP and NAC. Mass-spectral analysis of the affinity-purified nitrated proteins identified numerous mitochondrial and cytosolic proteins, including mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, Mn-superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, ATP synthase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, involved in antioxidant defense, energy supply, or fatty acid metabolism. Immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblot with anti-3-nitrotyrosine antibody confirmed that the aforementioned proteins were nitrated in APAP-exposed mice but not in NAC-cotreated mice. Consistently, NAC cotreatment significantly restored the suppressed activity of these enzymes. Thus, we demonstrate a new mechanism by which many nitrated proteins with concomitantly suppressed activity promotes APAP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Abdelmegeed
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sehwan Jang
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Atrayee Banerjee
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James P. Hardwick
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Northeastern Ohio University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
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