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Lu Y, Feng Y, Li Z, Li J, Zhang H, Hu X, Jiang W, Shi T, Wang Z. Novel piperazine based benzamide derivatives as potential anti-glioblastoma agents inhibiting cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113908. [PMID: 34656900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Highly efficacious and tolerable agents for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, are urgently needed. Herein, we reveal the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of several piperazine based benzamide derivatives, which are based on the non-classical isostere principle and combination principle for GBM therapy. After structure-activity relationship (SAR) study, compound L19 was demonstrated as the most promising compound with IC50 values of 0.15 μM, 0.29 μM, 1.25 μM against GBM C6, U87-MG, U251 cells, respectively. Moreover, compound L19 could inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of GBM cell lines in vitro. From mechanism perspective, compound L19 could regulate the cell cycle-related proteins and influence the p16INK4a-CDK4/6-pRb pathway by western blotting experiment. What is worth mentioning is that compound L19 could penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with an exceptional brain-to-plasma ratio of 1.07 in vivo. Besides, the superior anti-glioblastoma potency in vivo of compound L19 was identified on U87-MG-xenograft model without any apparent host toxicity. Overall, the potential of compound L19 warrants further pre-clinical investigation for GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yiyue Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Junfang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Weifan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Tao Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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2
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Scholl JN, de Fraga Dias A, Pizzato PR, Lopes DV, Moritz CEJ, Jandrey EHF, Souto GD, Colombo M, Rohden F, Sévigny J, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS, Battastini AMO, Figueiró F. Characterization and antiproliferative activity of glioma-derived extracellular vesicles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:1001-1018. [PMID: 32249669 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To characterize a method to isolate glioma-derived extracellular vesicles (GEVs) and understand their role in immune system modulation and glioma progression. Materials & methods: GEVs were isolated by differential centrifugation from C6 cell supernatant and characterized by size and expression of CD9, HSP70, CD39 and CD73. The glioma model was performed by injecting C6 glioma cells into the right striatum of Wistar rats in the following groups: controls (C6 cells alone), coinjection (C6 cells + GEVs) and GEVs by intranasal administration followed by immune cells, tumor size and cells proliferation analyses. Results: GEVs presented uniform size (175 nm), expressed CD9, HSP70, CD39, CD73 and produced adenosine. In vivo, we observed a reduction in tumor size, in cell proliferation (Ki-67) and in a regulatory cell marker (FoxP3). Conclusion: GEVs, administered before or at tumor challenge, have antiproliferative properties and reduce regulatory cells in the glioma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliete Nathali Scholl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Amanda de Fraga Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Pauline Rafaela Pizzato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Daniela Vasconcelos Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Cesar Eduardo Jacintho Moritz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança (ESEFID), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Elisa Helena Farias Jandrey
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Dadalt Souto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Colombo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Francieli Rohden
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et D'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Adriana Raffin Pohlmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
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3
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Role of the P2X7 receptor in in vitro and in vivo glioma tumor growth. Oncotarget 2019; 10:4840-4856. [PMID: 31448051 PMCID: PMC6690673 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glioblastoma cells are strikingly refractory to ATP-stimulated, P2X7 receptor (P2X7R)-mediated cytotoxicity. To elucidate the mechanistic basis of this feature, we investigated P2X7R-dependent responses in wild type and P2X7R-transfected U138 cells. Mouse GL261 glioma cells were used as an additional control. Here, we report that wild type U138 glioma cells expressed the P2X7R to very low level. Contrary to human U138 cells, mouse GL261 cells showed strong P2X7R expression and P2X7R-dependent responses. Transfection of wild type P2RX7 into U138 cells fully restored P2X7R-dependent responses. P2RX7 transfection conferred a negligible in vitro growth advantage to U138 cells, while strongly accelerated in vivo growth. In silico analysis showed that the P2RX7 gene is seldom mutated in specimens from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. These observations suggest that the P2X7R might be an important receptor promoting GBM growth.
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Richardson TE, Sathe AA, Kanchwala M, Jia G, Habib AA, Xiao G, Snuderl M, Xing C, Hatanpaa KJ. Genetic and Epigenetic Features of Rapidly Progressing IDH-Mutant Astrocytomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:542-548. [PMID: 29741737 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IDH-mutant astrocytomas are significantly less aggressive than their IDH-wildtype counterparts. We analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset (TCGA) and identified a small group of IDH-mutant, WHO grade II-III astrocytomas (n = 14) with an unexpectedly poor prognosis characterized by a rapid progression to glioblastoma and death within 3 years of the initial diagnosis. Compared with IDH-mutant tumors with the typical, extended progression-free survival in a control group of age-similar patients, the tumors in the rapidly progressing group were characterized by a markedly increased level of overall copy number alterations ([CNA]; p = 0.006). In contrast, the mutation load was similar, as was the methylation pattern, being consistent with IDH-mutant astrocytoma. Two of the gliomas (14%) in the rapidly progressing, IDH-mutant group but none of the other grade II-III gliomas in the TCGA (n = 283) had pathogenic mutations in genes (FANCB and APC) associated with maintaining chromosomal stability. These results suggest that chromosomal instability can negate the beneficial effect of IDH mutations in WHO II-III astrocytomas. The mechanism of the increased CNA is unknown but in some cases appears to be due to mutations in genes with a role in chromosomal stability. Increased CNA could serve as a biomarker for tumors at risk for rapid progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Richardson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Adwait Amod Sathe
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mohammed Kanchwala
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Gaoxiang Jia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amyn A Habib
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,North Texas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Guanghua Xiao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kimmo J Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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5
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Brites D. Early Differentiating Mouse Astroglial Progenitors Share Common Protein Signatures with GL261 Glioma Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.15436/2471-0598.16.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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AXL as a modulator of sunitinib response in glioblastoma cell lines. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:1-10. [PMID: 25637219 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) targeted therapy has been explored for glioblastoma treatment. However, it is unclear which RTK inhibitors are the most effective and there are no predictive biomarkers available. We recently identified the RTK AXL as a putative target for the pan-RTK inhibitors cediranib and sunitinib, which are under clinical trials for glioblastoma patients. Here, we provide evidence that AXL activity can modulate sunitinib response in glioblastoma cell lines. We found that AXL knockdown conferred lower sensitivity to sunitinib by rescuing migratory defects and inhibiting apoptosis in cells expressing high AXL basal levels. Accordingly, overactivation of AXL by its ligand GAS6 rendered AXL positive glioblastoma cells more sensitive to sunitinib. AXL knockdown induced a cellular rewiring of several growth signaling pathways through activation of RTKs, such as EGFR, as well as intracellular pathways such as MAPK and AKT. The combination of sunitinib with a specific AKT inhibitor reverted the resistance of AXL-silenced cells to sunitinib. Together, our results suggest that sunitinib inhibits AXL and AXL activation status modulates therapy response of glioblastoma cells to sunitinib. Moreover, it indicates that combining sunitinib therapy with AKT pathway inhibitors could overcome sunitinib resistance.
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7
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Braganhol E, Kukulski F, Lévesque SA, Fausther M, Lavoie EG, Zanotto-Filho A, Bergamin LS, Pelletier J, Bahrami F, Ben Yebdri F, Fonseca Moreira JC, Battastini AMO, Sévigny J. Nucleotide receptors control IL-8/CXCL8 and MCP-1/CCL2 secretions as well as proliferation in human glioma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:120-30. [PMID: 25445541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioma cells release cytokines to stimulate inflammation that facilitates cell proliferation. Here, we show that Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment could induce glioma cells to proliferate and this process was dependent on nucleotide receptor activation as well as interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) secretion. We observed that extracellular nucleotides controlled IL-8/CXCL8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL2) release by U251MG and U87MG human glioma cell lines via P2X7 and P2Y6 receptor activation. The LPS-induced release of these cytokines was also modulated by purinergic receptor activation since IL-8 and MCP-1 release was decreased by the nucleotide scavenger apyrase as well as by the pharmacological P2Y6 receptor antagonists suramin and MRS2578. In agreement with these observations, the knockdown of P2Y6 expression decreased LPS-induced IL-8 release as well as the spontaneous release of IL-8 and MCP-1, suggesting an endogenous basal release of nucleotides. Moreover, high millimolar concentrations of ATP increased IL-8 and MCP-1 release by the glioma cells stimulated with suboptimal LPS concentration which were blocked by P2X7 and P2Y6 antagonists. Altogether, these data suggest that extracellular nucleotides control glioma growth via P2 receptor-dependent IL-8 and MCP-1 secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizandra Braganhol
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Filip Kukulski
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sébastien A Lévesque
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michel Fausther
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Elise G Lavoie
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Alfeu Zanotto-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leticia S Bergamin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Fariborz Bahrami
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Fethia Ben Yebdri
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | | | - Ana Maria O Battastini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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8
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Li X, He X, Tian W, Wang J. Short hairpin RNA targeting Notch2 inhibits U87 human glioma cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2843-50. [PMID: 25323114 PMCID: PMC4227426 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling has been reported to be oncogenic or tumor suppressive, depending on the tissue context. To investigate the effects of Notch2 knockdown on U87 human glioma cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, and the associated mechanisms, U87 cells were stably transfected with p green fluorescent protein (GFP)-V-RS Notch2 short hairpin (sh) RNA plasmid and pGFP-V-RS scramble-shRNA plasmid. The former was referred to as the Notch2-shRNA group and the latter as the negative-shRNA group. mRNA and protein expression, cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide analysis and flow cytometry using propidium iodide, respectively. Tumor volume, tumor weight and cumulative survival rate were determined in a nude mouse xenograft tumor model. Notch2 mRNA and protein expression in the Notch2-shRNA group were reduced by 87.6 and 94.5% compared with the negative-shRNA group (P<0.001). Notch2 knockdown significantly inhibited U87 cell proliferation after three days of culture (P<0.05). Notch2 silencing induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase by upregulation of p21 protein expression and downregulation of mini chromosome maintenance complex 2 and cyclin-D1 protein expression. Furthermore, knockdown of Notch2 also induced U87 cell apoptosis. On day 50 after inoculation, tumor weight in the Notch2-shRNA group was significantly lower than that in the negative-shRNA group (0.55±0.10 vs. 1.23±0.52 g; P<0.01). The cumulative survival rate was significantly longer in the Notch2-shRNA group compared with the negative-shRNA group (log rank test P=0.01). In conclusion, Notch2 silencing inhibited U87 glioma cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Thus, Notch2 may be a key therapeutic target for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Neurology, Handan Central Hospital, Handan 056001, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
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9
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Abstract
Malignant gliomas, including glioblastoma multiforme, constitute the most common and aggressive primary brain tumors in adults. The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays an essential role in glioblastoma pathogenesis downstream of the major oncogenic protein epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII). However, the critical gene targets of STAT3 that mediate EGFRvIII-induced glial transformation have remained unknown. Here, we identify inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as a novel target gene of STAT3 in EGFRvIII-expressing mouse astrocytes. Endogenous STAT3 occupies the endogenous iNOS promoter and stimulates iNOS transcription in EGFRvIII-expressing astrocytes. STAT3 does not appear to control iNOS transcription in astrocytes deficient in the major glioblastoma tumor suppressor protein phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), suggesting that STAT3 regulates iNOS transcription specifically in EGFRvIII-expressing astrocytes. Importantly, inhibition of iNOS by distinct approaches, including knockdown by RNA interference, reduces cell population growth and invasiveness of EGFRvIII-expressing astrocytes. In addition, upon iNOS knockdown or administration of a small-molecule inhibitor of iNOS, EGFRvIII-expressing astrocytes form smaller tumors in vivo. These findings suggest that inhibition of iNOS may have potential therapeutic value for EGFRvIII-activated brain tumors.
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10
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Yeo CWS, Ng FSL, Chai C, Tan JMM, Koh GRH, Chong YK, Koh LWH, Foong CSF, Sandanaraj E, Holbrook JD, Ang BT, Takahashi R, Tang C, Lim KL. Parkin pathway activation mitigates glioma cell proliferation and predicts patient survival. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2543-53. [PMID: 22431710 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the parkin gene, which encodes a ubiquitin ligase, are a major genetic cause of parkinsonism. Interestingly, parkin also plays a role in cancer as a putative tumor suppressor, and the gene is frequently targeted by deletion and inactivation in human malignant tumors. Here, we investigated a potential tumor suppressor role for parkin in gliomas. We found that parkin expression was dramatically reduced in glioma cells. Restoration of parkin expression promoted G(1) phase cell-cycle arrest and mitigated the proliferation rate of glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Notably, parkin-expressing glioma cells showed a reduction in levels of cyclin D1, but not cyclin E, and a selective downregulation of Akt serine-473 phosphorylation and VEGF receptor levels. In accordance, cells derived from a parkin-null mouse model exhibited increased levels of cyclin D1, VEGF receptor, and Akt phosphorylation, and divided significantly faster when compared with wild-type cells, with suppression of these changes following parkin reintroduction. Clinically, analysis of parkin pathway activation was predictive for the survival outcome of patients with glioma. Taken together, our study provides mechanistic insight into the tumor suppressor function of parkin in brain tumors and suggests that measurement of parkin pathway activation may be used clinically as a prognostic tool in patients with brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin W S Yeo
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Van Goietsenoven G, Mathieu V, Lefranc F, Kornienko A, Evidente A, Kiss R. Narciclasine as well as other Amaryllidaceae isocarbostyrils are promising GTP-ase targeting agents against brain cancers. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:439-55. [PMID: 22419031 DOI: 10.1002/med.21253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer activity of Amaryllidaceae isocarbostyrils is well documented. At pharmacological concentrations, that is, approximately 1 μM in vitro and approximately 10 mg/kg in vivo, narciclasine displays marked proapoptotic and cytotoxic activity, as does pancratistatin, and significant in vivo anticancer effects in various experimental models, but it is also associated with severe toxic side effects. At physiological doses, that is, approximately 50 nM in vitro and approximately 1 mg/kg in vivo, narciclasine is not cytotoxic but cytostatic and displays marked anticancer activity in vivo in experimental models of brain cancer (including gliomas and brain metastases), but it is not associated with toxic side effects. The cytostatic activity of narciclasine involves the impairment of actin cytoskeleton organization by targeting GTPases, including RhoA and the elongation factor eEF1A. We have demonstrated that chronic treatments of narciclasine (1 mg/kg) significantly increased the survival of immunodeficient mice orthotopically xenografted with highly invasive human glioblastomas and apoptosis-resistant brain metastases, including melanoma- and non-small-cell-lung cancer- (NSCLC) related brain metastases. Thus, narciclasine is a potentially promising agent for the treatment of primary brain cancers and various brain metastases. To date, efforts to develop synthetic analogs with anticancer properties superior to those of narciclasine have failed; thus, research efforts are now focused on narciclasine prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Van Goietsenoven
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Omar AI, Mason WP. Anaplastic astrocytomas. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 105:451-466. [PMID: 22230512 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53502-3.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman I Omar
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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13
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Chen J, Kesari S, Rooney C, Strack PR, Chen J, Shen H, Wu L, Griffin JD. Inhibition of notch signaling blocks growth of glioblastoma cell lines and tumor neurospheres. Genes Cancer 2011; 1:822-35. [PMID: 21127729 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910383564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor that is characterized by high proliferative rate and invasiveness. Since dysregulation of Notch signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of many human cancers, here we investigated the role of Notch signaling in GBM. We found that there is aberrant activation of Notch signaling in GBM cell lines and human GBM-derived neurospheres. Inhibition of Notch signaling via the expression of a dominant negative form of the Notch coactivator, mastermind-like 1 (DN-MAML1), or the treatment of a γ-secretase inhibitor, (GSI) MRK-003, resulted in a significant reduction in GBM cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of individual Notch receptors revealed that Notch1 and Notch2 receptors differentially contributed to GBM cell growth, with Notch2 having a predominant role. Furthermore, blockade of Notch signaling inhibited the proliferation of human GBM-derived neurospheres in vitro and in vivo. Our overall data indicate that Notch signaling contributes significantly to optimal GBM growth, strongly supporting that the Notch pathway is a promising therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Alkassar M, Gärtner B, Roemer K, Graesser F, Rommelaere J, Kaestner L, Haeckel I, Graf N. The combined effects of oncolytic reovirus plus Newcastle disease virus and reovirus plus parvovirus on U87 and U373 cells in vitro and in vivo. J Neurooncol 2011; 104:715-27. [PMID: 21607667 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous results had documented oncolytic capacity of reovirus, parvovirus and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on several tumor cell types. To test whether combinations of these viruses may increase this capacity, human U87- and U373-glioblastoma cells, in vitro or xenografted into immuno-compromised mice, were subjected to simultaneous double infections and analyzed. Our results show that reovirus (serotype-3) plus NDV (Hitcher-B1) and reovirus plus parvovirus-H1 lead to a significant increase in tumor cell killing in vitro in both cell lines (Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.01) and in vivo. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analyses demonstrated the simultaneous replication of the viruses in nearly all cells (>95%) after combined infection. These data thus indicate that a synergistic anti-tumor effect can be achieved by the combined infection with oncolytic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhannad Alkassar
- Department for Pediatric Oncology, University of Saarland Medical School, 66424, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
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15
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Omar AI, Mason WP. Temozolomide: The evidence for its therapeutic efficacy in malignant astrocytomas. CORE EVIDENCE 2010; 4:93-111. [PMID: 20694068 PMCID: PMC2899776 DOI: 10.2147/ce.s6010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Malignant gliomas are a heterogeneous group of primary central nervous system neoplasms that represent less than 2% of all cancers yet carry a significant burden to society. They are frequently associated with considerable and progressive neurological disability and are ultimately intractable to all forms of treatment. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a new second generation DNA alkylating agent that has become part of malignant astrocytoma management paradigms because of its proven efficacy, ease of administration, and favorable toxicity profile. Aims: To review the role of TMZ in the management of malignant astrocytomas (World Health Organization grades III and IV) including newly diagnosed (n) and recurrent (r) anaplastic astrocytomas (AA) and glioblastomas. Evidence review: A series of pivotal clinical trials have established a role for TMZ in the treatment of malignant astrocytomas. A large phase II trial examining the role of TMZ in rAA showed a response rate of 35%, and a 6-month progression-free survival of 46%. This led to the accelerated approval of TMZ by the FDA and the EU for the treatment of rAA. Evidence for a role of TMZ in nAA is currently limited but research is ongoing in this area. The role of TMZ in the management of glioblastoma at the time of recurrence (rGBM) is less impressive but evidence for its activity was demonstrated in two large phase II trials that led to the approval of TMZ for this indication in Europe and Canada but not in the US. A recent large prospective randomized phase III trial showed that the addition of TMZ during and after radiation therapy (RT) in newly diagnosed (nGBM) patients prolonged median overall survival by 2.5 months; perhaps more importantly, the 2-year survival rate for patients receiving TMZ and RT was 26% compared with 10% for those receiving RT alone. Concurrent TMZ with RT followed by adjuvant TMZ has become the standard of care for nGBM patients. Based on the evidence presented in this trial, TMZ received approval from the FDA and the EU for patients with nGBM in 2005. Place in therapy: There is evidence to support the use of TMZ for the following diseases in the order of most to least convincing: nGBM, rAA, rGBM, and nAA. This order may quickly change as more trials are being designed and implemented, particularly with novel TMZ dosing schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman I Omar
- Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Achanta P, Sedora Roman NI, Quiñones-Hinojosa A. Gliomagenesis and the use of neural stem cells in brain tumor treatment. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2010; 10:121-30. [PMID: 20184546 DOI: 10.2174/187152010790909290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of neural stem cells (NSCs) in both the physiological and pathological processes in the brain has been refined through recent studies within the neuro-oncological field. Alterations in NSC regulatory mechanisms may be fundamental for the development and progression of malignant gliomas. A subpopulation of cells within the tumor known as brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) have been shown to share key properties with NSCs. The BTSC hypothesis has significantly contributed to a potential understanding as to why brain tumors hold such dismal prognosis. On the other hand, the normal NSCs possess the capacity to migrate extensively towards the tumor bulk as well as to lingering neoplastic regions of the brain. The tropism of NSCs towards brain tumors may provide an additional tool for the treatment of brain cancer. The creation of potential therapies through the use of NSCs has been studied and includes the delivery of gene products to specific locations of the central nervous system selectively targeting malignant brain tumor cells and maximizing the efficiency of their delivery. Here, the proposed mechanisms of how brain tumors emerge, the molecular pathways interrupted in NSC pathogenesis and the most recent preclinical results in the use of NSCs for glioma treatment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragathi Achanta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, CRB II, Room 272, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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17
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Thaker NG, Pollack IF. Molecularly targeted therapies for malignant glioma: rationale for combinatorial strategies. Expert Rev Neurother 2009; 9:1815-36. [PMID: 19951140 PMCID: PMC2819818 DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Median survival of patients with malignant glioma (MG) from time of diagnosis is approximately 1 year, despite surgery, irradiation and conventional chemotherapy. Improving patient outcome relies on our ability to develop more effective therapies that are directed against the unique molecular aberrations within a patient's tumor. Such molecularly targeted therapies may provide novel treatments that are more effective than conventional chemotherapeutics. Recently developed therapeutic strategies have focused on targeting several core glioma signaling pathways, including pathways mediated by growth-factors, PI3K/Akt/PTEN/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK and other vital pathways. However, given the molecular diversity, heterogeneity and diverging and converging signaling pathways associated with MG, it is unlikely that any single agent will have efficacy in more than a subset of tumors. Overcoming these therapeutic barriers will require multiple agents that can simultaneously inhibit these processes, providing a rationale for combination therapies. This review summarizes the currently implemented single-agent and combination molecularly targeted therapies for MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil G Thaker
- Doris Duke Clinical Research Fellow, Departments of Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 and 6 Oakwood Place, Voorhees, NJ 08043, USA Tel.: +1 856 392 4727 Fax: +1 412 692 5921
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Brain Tumor Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Tel.: +1 412 692 5881 Fax: +1 412 692 5921
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18
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Enhanced glial fibrillary acidic protein-δ expression in human astrocytic tumor. Neurosci Lett 2009; 463:182-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. Despite efforts to find effective treatments, these tumors remain incurable. The failure of malignant gliomas to respond to conventional cancer therapies may reflect the unique biology of these tumors, underscoring the need for new approaches in their investigation. Recently, progress has been made in characterization of the molecular pathogenesis of glioblastoma using a developmental neurobiological perspective, by exploring the role of signaling pathways that control the differentiation of neural stem cells along the glial lineage. The transcription factor STAT3, which has an established function in neural stem cell and astrocyte development, has been found to play dual tumor suppressive and oncogenic roles in glial malignancy depending on the mutational profile of the tumor. These findings establish a novel developmental paradigm in the study of glioblastoma pathogenesis and provide the rationale for patient-tailored therapy in the treatment of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria de la Iglesia
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sidharth V. Puram
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Azad Bonni
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Ren H, Tan X, Dong Y, Giese A, Chou TC, Rainov N, Yang B. Differential effect of imatinib and synergism of combination treatment with chemotherapeutic agents in malignant glioma cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 104:241-52. [PMID: 19159435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate (STI571, Gleevec) is a signal transduction inhibitor and novel anti-cancer agent. It selectively inhibits aberrantly activated tyrosine kinases in malignant cells, for example, bcr-abl in leukaemia, platelet-derived growth factor receptor and stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit) in solid cancers including malignant glioma. However, recently published clinical studies with imatinib monotherapy in patients with malignant glioma demonstrated only very modest anti-tumour activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological activity of imatinib, its cellular mechanisms of action and its synergism with other chemotherapeutic agents in human malignant glioma cells in culture. Expression of PDGF/R and c-Kit was analyzed by RT-PCR. Proliferation was measured by MTT assays and drug synergy was assessed by the Chou-Talalay method. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry and migration by monolayer migration assays. Multi-immunoblot was performed on imatinib-treated and control malignant glioma cells. Results indicate that imatinib is more effective in inhibiting cell colony formation and migration rather than proliferation. Imatinib treatment caused cell cycle arrest of glioma cells in G0-G1 or G2/M, with significant elevation of a few cyclin-dependent kinases. Furthermore, imatinib acted synergistically with chemotherapy agents, such as the DNA alkylating agent, temozolomide, and riboneucleotide reductase inhibitors, for example, hydroxyurea at varied effective dose levels. In conclusion, imatinib exerts varied biological effects on malignant glioma cells in culture. Synergistic interaction of imatinib with chemotherapy agents may be related to cell cycle control mechanisms and could be potentially important in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ren
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, 150081 Harbin, China.
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21
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Kuga D, Mizoguchi M, Guan Y, Hata N, Yoshimoto K, Shono T, Suzuki SO, Kukita Y, Tahira T, Nagata S, Sasaki T, Hayashi K. Prevalence of copy-number neutral LOH in glioblastomas revealed by genomewide analysis of laser-microdissected tissues. Neuro Oncol 2008; 10:995-1003. [PMID: 18697953 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2008-064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have employed a laser-capture microdissection technique and single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays to characterize genomic alterations associated with the development of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Combined analysis of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and copy number revealed that more than half (56.3%) of the 254 identified LOH loci showed no copy-number alteration, indicating the presence of copy-number neutral LOH (cnLOH). Furthermore, we found a GBM case that showed cnLOH in 18 of the 22 autosomes. These results were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR, microsatellite analysis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The high rate of cnLOH suggests that epigenetic abnormalities of many genes are involved in the development and progression of GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kuga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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22
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Deregulation of a STAT3-interleukin 8 signaling pathway promotes human glioblastoma cell proliferation and invasiveness. J Neurosci 2008; 28:5870-8. [PMID: 18524891 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5385-07.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (mutated in multiple advanced cancers 1) (PTEN) is recognized as a major event in the pathogenesis of the brain tumor glioblastoma. However, the mechanisms by which PTEN loss specifically impacts the malignant behavior of glioblastoma cells, including their proliferation and propensity for invasiveness, remain poorly understood. Genetic studies suggest that the transcription factor signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) harbors a PTEN-regulated tumor suppressive function in mouse astrocytes. Here, we report that STAT3 plays a critical tumor suppressive role in PTEN-deficient human glioblastoma cells. Endogenous STAT3 signaling is specifically inhibited in PTEN-deficient glioblastoma cells. Strikingly, reactivation of STAT3 in PTEN-deficient glioblastoma cells inhibits their proliferation, invasiveness, and ability to spread on myelin. We also identify the chemokine interleukin 8 (IL8) as a novel target gene of STAT3 in human glioblastoma cells. Activated STAT3 occupies the endogenous IL8 promoter and directly represses IL8 transcription. Consistent with these results, IL8 is upregulated in PTEN-deficient human glioblastoma tumors. Importantly, IL8 repression mediates STAT3 inhibition of glioblastoma cell proliferation, invasiveness, and spreading on myelin. Collectively, our findings uncover a novel link between STAT3 and IL8, the deregulation of which plays a key role in the malignant behavior of PTEN-deficient glioblastoma cells. These studies suggest that STAT3 activation or IL8 inhibition may have potential in patient-tailored treatment of PTEN-deficient brain tumors.
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23
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Chi JH, Panner A, Cachola K, Crane CA, Murray J, Pieper RO, James CD, Parsa AT. Increased expression of the glioma-associated antigen ARF4L after loss of the tumor suppressor PTEN. Laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg 2008; 108:299-303. [PMID: 18240926 DOI: 10.3171/jns/2008/108/2/0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Despite recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, cellular mechanisms controlling expression of tumor-associated antigens are poorly understood. Mutations in cancer cells, such as loss of PTEN, may increase expression of tumor-associated antigens. The authors investigated the relationship between PTEN status and the expression of a glioma-associated antigen, adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation factor 4-like (ARF4L) protein. METHODS Human glioma cell lines with confirmed PTEN status were examined by Northern blot analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Western blot analysis was used to measure ARF4L protein levels across multiple cell lines. RESULTS The loss of PTEN was shown to lead to increased levels of ARF4L protein but no change in transcript levels. Cell lines with serial mutations, including activation of Ras and Akt pathways, also demonstrated increased levels of ARF4L protein, which decreased after treatment with rapamycin. The ARF4L transcript preferentially localized to the polysomal compartment after PTEN loss in glioma or activation of Akt in human astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Expression of ARF4L is controlled by the activated Akt/mTOR pathway, which is a downstream effect of the loss of PTEN function. Mutations leading to oncogenesis may impact the regulation and expression of tumor specific antigens. Screening of mutation status in glioma may be helpful in selecting patients for immunotherapy trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Chi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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24
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de la Iglesia N, Konopka G, Puram SV, Chan JA, Bachoo RM, You MJ, Levy DE, Depinho RA, Bonni A. Identification of a PTEN-regulated STAT3 brain tumor suppressor pathway. Genes Dev 2008; 22:449-62. [PMID: 18258752 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1606508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor STAT3 is thought to potently promote oncogenesis in a variety of tissues, leading to intense efforts to develop STAT3 inhibitors for many tumors, including the highly malignant brain tumor glioblastoma. However, the function of STAT3 in glioblastoma pathogenesis has remained unknown. Here, we report that STAT3 plays a pro-oncogenic or tumor-suppressive role depending on the mutational profile of the tumor. Deficiency of the tumor suppressor PTEN triggers a cascade that inhibits STAT3 signaling in murine astrocytes and human glioblastoma tumors. Specifically, we forge a direct link between the PTEN-Akt-FOXO axis and the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor beta (LIFRbeta)-STAT3 signaling pathway. Accordingly, PTEN knockdown induces efficient malignant transformation of astrocytes upon knockout of the STAT3 gene. Remarkably, in contrast to the tumor-suppressive function of STAT3 in the PTEN pathway, STAT3 forms a complex with the oncoprotein epidermal growth factor receptor type III variant (EGFRvIII) in the nucleus and thereby mediates EGFRvIII-induced glial transformation. These findings indicate that STAT3 plays opposing roles in glial transformation depending on the genetic background of the tumor, providing the rationale for tailored therapeutic intervention in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria de la Iglesia
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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25
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Masri J, Bernath A, Martin J, Jo OD, Vartanian R, Funk A, Gera J. mTORC2 activity is elevated in gliomas and promotes growth and cell motility via overexpression of rictor. Cancer Res 2008; 67:11712-20. [PMID: 18089801 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
mTORC2 is a multimeric kinase composed of the mammalian target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR), mLST8, mSin1, and rictor. The complex is insensitive to acute rapamycin exposure and has shown functions in controlling cell growth and actin cytoskeletal assembly. mTORC2 has recently been shown to phosphorylate and activate Akt. Because approximately 70% of gliomas harbor high levels of activated Akt, we investigated whether mTORC2 activity was elevated in gliomas. In this study, we found that mTORC2 activity was elevated in glioma cell lines as well as in primary tumor cells as compared with normal brain tissue (P < 0.05). Moreover, we found that rictor protein and mRNA levels were also elevated and correlated with increased mTORC2 activity. Overexpression of rictor in cell lines led to increased mTORC2 assembly and activity. These lines exhibited increased anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, increased S-phase cell cycle distribution, increased motility, and elevated integrin beta(1) and beta(3) expression. In contrast, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of rictor inhibited these oncogenic activities. Protein kinase C alpha (PKC alpha) activity was shown to be elevated in rictor-overexpressing lines but reduced in rictor-knockdown clones, consistent with the known regulation of actin organization by mTORC2 via PKC alpha. Xenograft studies using these cell lines also supported a role for increased mTORC2 activity in tumorigenesis and enhanced tumor growth. In summary, these data suggest that mTORC2 is hyperactivated in gliomas and functions in promoting tumor cell proliferation and invasive potential due to increased complex formation as a result of the overexpression of rictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Masri
- Department of Research and Development, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Sepulveda, California 91343-2099, USA
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26
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Ahmed O, Ahmed R, Nada M, . MB. Does the Heat Stress Affect the Neurons Development in Some Central Nervous System Regions of Albino Rat Newborns? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2007.86.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Bhaskara VK, Sundaram C, Babu PP. pERK, pAkt and pBad: A Possible Role in Cell Proliferation and Sustained Cellular Survival During Tumorigenesis and Tumor Progression in ENU Induced Transplacental Glioma Rat Model. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:1163-70. [PMID: 16944316 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas remain to be an unresolved medical problem. Better understanding of complex regulation and key molecules involved in glioma pathology are needed for designing new and effective treatment modalities. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is known to be having a critical role in cell proliferation and differentiation during the invasion and metastasis of the tumor cells. In the present study, N-ethyl N-nitrosourea induced glioma rat model was used to understand the role of ERK1/2 and Akt pathways in the progression of tumor malignancy. Twenty-four glioma rat brains of early (P90) and progressive (P180) stages were used for histological and immunoblot analysis. Results have shown increased levels of activated ERK1/2, activated Akt or protein kinase B, Bcl-2 and pBad in the glioma rats. This study may indicate increased cell proliferation and angiogenesis, mediated through activation of both ERK and Akt pathways along with increased levels of pBad. Further, pAkt and Bcl-2 levels in the progressive stage glioma rats may indicate existence of sustained tumor cell survival signals. Moreover, enhanced pBad levels in tumor may indicate that there are anti-apoptotic mechanisms, further making the malignant cells resistant to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanth Kumar Bhaskara
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, PO Central University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500046, India
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28
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Karabatsou K, Pal P, Dodd S, Mat A, Haylock B, Aguirreburualde M, Moxam N, Pinson-Ellis W, Broome J, Rainov NG. Expression of survivin, platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) and PDGF receptor α in primary central nervous system lymphoma. J Neurooncol 2006; 79:171-9. [PMID: 16850112 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-005-9102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) are rare tumours occurring in the brain. Their biology and the factors predicting survival are not well known. This study investigated expression of the antiapoptotic protein survivin and platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) and receptor (PDGFRalpha) in PCNSL. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 44 patients with histologically confirmed PCNSL treated between 1992 and 2004 were included in this study, and tumour specimens were investigated immunohistochemically for expression of survivin, PDGF-A and PDGFRalpha. Protein expression and clinical variables were analyzed statistically. RESULTS Of the 44 tumours 43(98%) were diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) and one was a T-cell NHL. Around 37 (84%) of the examined PCNSL specimens showed expression of survivin, 16 (36%) of PDGF-A and 34 (77%) of PDGFRalpha. Tumours expressing surviving co-expressed PDGFRalpha frequently and PDGF-A occasionally. Expression of the above proteins was not predictive for survival in this patient group. Except for age and therapy, no other clinical variables correlated significantly with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS PCNSL express survivin and PDGFRalpha in the majority of investigated cases. PDGF-A is expressed less frequently. Immunohistochemical detection of these proteins does not correlate with overall survival and cannot be used as a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Karabatsou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery NHS Trust, L9 7LJ, Liverpool, UK
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29
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Mrugala MM, Kesari S, Ramakrishna N, Wen PY. Therapy for recurrent malignant glioma in adults. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006; 4:759-82. [PMID: 15485312 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.4.5.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common form of primary brain tumors in adults. Although the prognosis remains poor, there has been recent progress in the treatment of these tumors. Standard therapy for patients with this disease will be reviewed, together with more novel approaches such as targeted molecular therapies, angiogenesis inhibitors, immunotherapies, gene therapies and intratumoral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej M Mrugala
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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30
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Kesari S, Ramakrishna N, Sauvageot C, Stiles CD, Wen PY. Targeted molecular therapy of malignant gliomas. Curr Oncol Rep 2006; 8:58-70. [PMID: 16464405 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-006-0011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common form of primary brain tumors in adults. Despite advances in diagnosis and standard therapies such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the prognosis remains poor. Recent scientific advances have enhanced our understanding of the biology of gliomas and the role of tyrosine kinase receptors and signal transduction pathways in tumor initiation and maintenance, such as the epidermal growth factor receptors, platelet-derived growth factor receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, and the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. Novel targeted drugs such as small molecular inhibitors of these receptors and signaling pathways are showing some activity in initial studies. As we learn more about these drugs and how to optimize their use as single agents and in combination with radiation, chemotherapy, and other targeted molecular agents, they will likely play an increasing role in the management of this devastating disease. This review summarizes the current results with targeted molecular agents in malignant gliomas and strategies under evaluation to increase their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kesari
- Center For Neuro-Oncology, Dana Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, SW430D, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Cell cycle progression is monitored by surveillance mechanisms, or cell cycle checkpoints, that ensure that initiation of a later event is coupled with the completion of an early cell cycle event. Deregulated proliferation is a characteristic feature of tumor cells. Moreover, defects in many of the molecules that regulate the cell cycle have been implicated in cancer formation and progression. Key among these are p53, the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and its related proteins, p107 and pRb2/p130, and cdk inhibitors (p15, p16, p18, p19, p21, p27), all of which act to keep the cell cycle from progressing until all repairs to damaged DNA have been completed. The pRb (pRb/p16(INK4a)/cyclin D1) and p53 (p14(ARF)/mdm2/p53) pathways are the two main cell-cycle control pathways frequently targeted in tumorigenesis, and the alterations occurring in each pathway depend on the tumor type. Virtually all human tumors deregulate either the pRb or p53 pathway, and oftentimes both pathways simultaneously. This review focuses on the genetic and epigenetic alterations affecting the components of mechanisms regulating the progression of the cell cycle and leading to cancer formation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Macaluso
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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32
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Sibenaller ZA, Etame AB, Ali MM, Barua M, Braun TA, Casavant TL, Ryken TC. Genetic characterization of commonly used glioma cell lines in the rat animal model system. Neurosurg Focus 2005; 19:E1. [PMID: 16241103 DOI: 10.3171/foc.2005.19.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Object
Animal models have been used extensively to discern the molecular biology of diseases and to gain insight into treatments. Nevertheless, discrepancies in the effects of treatments and procedures have been encountered during the transition from these animal models to application of the information to clinical trials in humans. To assess the genetic similarities between human gliomas and four cell lines used routinely in animal models, the authors used microarray technology to characterize the similarities and differences in gene expression.
Methods
To define the changes in gene expression, normal rat astrocytes were compared with four rat glioma cell lines (C6, 9L, F98, and RG2). The data were analyzed using two different methods: fold-change analysis and statistical analysis with t statistics. The gene products that were highlighted after intersecting the lists generated by the two methods of analysis were scrutinized against changes in gene expression reported in the literature. Tumorigenesis involves three major steps: the accumulation of genetic alterations, uncontrolled growth, and selected survival of transformed cells. The discussion of the results focuses attention on genes whose primary function is in pathways involved in glioma proliferation, infiltration, and neovascularization. A comparative microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes for four of the commonly used rat tumor cell lines is presented here.
Conclusions
Due to the variances between the cell lines and results from analyses in humans, caution must be observed in interpreting as well as in the translation of information learned from animal models to its application in human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita A Sibenaller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Abstract
Glioma, and in particular high-grade astrocytoma termed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most common primary tumor of the brain. Primarily because of its diffuse nature, there is no effective treatment for GBM, and relatively little is known about the processes by which it develops. Therefore, in order to design novel therapies and treatments for GBM, research has recently intensified to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to GBM formation. Modeling of astrocytomas by genetic manipulation of mice suggests that deregulation of the pathways that control gliogenesis during normal brain development, such as the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into astrocytes, might contribute to GBM formation. These pathways include growth factor-induced signal transduction routes and processes that control cell cycle progression, such as the p16-CDK4-RB and the ARF-MDM2-p53 pathways. The expression of several of the components of these signaling cascades has been found altered in GBM, and recent data indicate that combinations of mutations in these pathways may contribute to GBM formation, although the exact mechanisms are still to be uncovered. Use of novel techniques including large-scale genomics and proteomics in combination with relevant mouse models will most likely provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying glioma formation and will hopefully lead to development of treatment modalities for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Hulleman
- European Institute of Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy
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Kesari S, Ramakrishna N, Sauvageot C, Stiles CD, Wen PY. Targeted molecular therapy of malignant gliomas. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2005; 5:186-97. [PMID: 15865884 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-005-0046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common form of primary brain tumors in adults. Despite advances in diagnosis and standard therapies such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the prognosis remains poor. Recent scientific advances have enhanced our understanding of the biology of gliomas and the role of tyrosine kinase receptors and signal transduction pathways in tumor initiation and maintenance, such as the epidermal growth factor receptors, platelet-derived growth factor receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, and the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. Novel targeted drugs such as small molecular inhibitors of these receptors and signaling pathways are showing some activity in initial studies. As we learn more about these drugs and how to optimize their use as single agents and in combination with radiation, chemotherapy, and other targeted molecular agents, they will likely play an increasing role in the management of this devastating disease. This review summarizes the current results with targeted molecular agents in malignant gliomas and strategies under evaluation to increase their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kesari
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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35
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Aeder SE, Martin PM, Soh JW, Hussaini IM. PKC-eta mediates glioblastoma cell proliferation through the Akt and mTOR signaling pathways. Oncogene 2005; 23:9062-9. [PMID: 15489897 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that protein kinase C-eta (PKC-eta) mediates a phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced proliferative response in human glioblastoma (GBM) cells. In this report, we show that PMA-stimulated activation of PKC-eta in U-251 GBM cells resulted in activation of both Akt and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways and an increase in cell proliferation. Expression of a kinase dead PKC-eta (PKC-etaKR) construct reduced the basal and PMA-evoked proliferation of PKC-eta-expressing U-251 GBM cells, as well as abrogated the PMA-induced activation of Akt, mTOR, and the mTOR targets 4E-BP1 and STAT-3. Treatment of cells with the PI-3 kinase inhibitor LY294002 (10 muM) or the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (10 nM) also reduced PMA-induced proliferation and cell-cycle progression. Expression of a constitutively active PKC-eta (PKC-etaDeltaNPS) construct in a GBM cell line with no endogenous PKC-eta (U-1242) also provided evidence that PKC-eta targets the Akt and mTOR signaling pathways. Moreover, activation of 4E-BP1 and STAT-3 in both PMA-treated U-251 and PKC-etaDeltaNPS-expressing U-1242 GBM cells was inhibited by rapamycin. However, activation of Akt, but not mTOR was inhibited by the PI-3 kinase inhibitor LY294002. This study identifies Akt and mTOR as downstream targets of PKC-eta that are involved in GBM cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E Aeder
- Department of Pathology and Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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36
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite advances in surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, malignant gliomas continue to be associated with a poor prognosis. Even the most intensive combinations of radiotherapy and chemotherapy are not curative. In recent years our understanding of how tumor cells overcome cell cycle control, evade programmed cell death, induce blood vessel formation, and escape immune regulation has increased substantially. Significant efforts are directed towards the development of novel experimental therapies to target these molecular and biological mechanisms that lead to the development and growth of brain tumors. This review summarizes the most recent developments in non-cytotoxic therapy for malignant gliomas, such as targeted molecular drugs, inhibitors of angiogenesis and intratumoral therapy. RECENT FINDINGS The first generation of studies using these novel therapies is nearing completion. In general, most of these treatments are well tolerated, but single-agent activity is modest. There is significant interest in combining these therapies with each other and with conventional cytotoxic therapies such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy. SUMMARY These new therapeutic approaches for malignant gliomas are showing modest activity. As we learn to use these agents more effectively, and as an increasing number of new and potentially promising agents are developed, it is likely that therapies for malignant gliomas will improve over the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Drappatz
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Fraser MM, Zhu X, Kwon CH, Uhlmann EJ, Gutmann DH, Baker SJ. Pten loss causes hypertrophy and increased proliferation of astrocytes in vivo. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7773-9. [PMID: 15520182 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutations of PTEN are found in many types of cancers including glioblastoma, the most malignant astrocytic tumor. PTEN mutation occurs in 25 to 40% of glioblastomas but is rarely observed in low-grade glial neoplasms. To determine the role of Pten in astrocytes and glial tumor formation, we inactivated Pten by a Cre-loxP approach with a GFAP-cre transgenic mouse that induced Cre-mediated recombination in astrocytes. Pten conditional knockout mice showed a striking progressive enlargement of the entire brain. Increased nuclear and soma size was observed in both astrocytes and neurons, which contributed in part to the increase in brain size. Pten-deficient astrocytes showed accelerated proliferation in vitro and aberrant ongoing proliferation in adult brains in vivo. In contrast, neurons lacking Pten did not show alterations in proliferation. This study shows cell-type dependent effects of Pten loss in the adult brain, including increased astrocyte proliferation that may render astroglial cells susceptible to neoplastic transformation or malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Fraser
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common type of primary brain tumor. Although therapy for patients with these tumors remains limited, there has been important progress recently. In this review, some of these advances are discussed, with an emphasis on targeted molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, SW430D, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Takamura Y, Ikeda H, Kanaseki T, Toyota M, Tokino T, Imai K, Houkin K, Sato N. Regulation of MHC class II expression in glioma cells by class II transactivator (CIITA). Glia 2004; 45:392-405. [PMID: 14966870 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We first classified 12 malignant glioma cell lines into three different groups (types 1-3) with respect to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression and analyzed each group based on the different expression status of the class II transactivator (CIITA) gene. Glioma type 1 (2 of 12) showed constitutive expression of all class II molecules that might be mediated by activation of B cell-specific CIITA promoter III. Glioma type 2 represented the major phenotype (66.7 %) of malignant glioma cell lines, and MHC class II expression was induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in this phenotype. Analysis of glioma tissue samples revealed that CIITA promoter IV was detected in 9 of 11 patients (81.8%); however, promoter III was only in two (18.2%). Moreover, cultured glioma cells obtained from a fresh tumor sample upregulated expression of CIITA and class II molecules in the presence of IFN-gamma, strongly suggesting that glioma type 2 might be predominant in glioma tissues. Glioma type 3 (2 of 12) showed CIITA transcripts but loss of MHC class II expression even in the presence of IFN-gamma. In addition, we determined that the constitutive MHC class II expression in the glioma cell lines (type 1) was the result of transcriptional activation of the CIITA gene. This phenomenon was mediated by global histone acetylation over 6 kb upstream from the transcriptional start site of CIITA promoter III. Moreover, stable transfection of CIITA promoter IV as well as promoter III into MHC class II inducible cell lines restored the constitutive expression of all class II molecules. These studies lay the foundation to understand the molecular basis for the expression of class II molecules in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Takamura
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Shiras A, Bhosale A, Shepal V, Shukla R, Baburao VS, Prabhakara K, Shastry P. A unique model system for tumor progression in GBM comprising two developed human neuro-epithelial cell lines with differential transforming potential and coexpressing neuronal and glial markers. Neoplasia 2004; 5:520-32. [PMID: 14965445 PMCID: PMC1502577 DOI: 10.1016/s1476-5586(03)80036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms involved in tumor progression from a low-grade astrocytoma to the most malignant glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) have been hampered due to lack of suitable experimental models. We have established a model of tumor progression comprising of two cell lines derived from the same astrocytoma tumor with a set of features corresponding to low-grade glioma (as in HNGC-1) and high-grade GBM (as in HNGC-2). The HNGC-1 cell line is slow-growing, contact-inhibited, nontumorigenic, and noninvasive, whereas HNGC-2 is a rapidly proliferating, anchorage-independent, highly tumorigenic, and invasive cell line. The proliferation of cell lines is independent of the addition of exogenous growth factors. Interestingly, the HNGC-2 cell line displays a near-haploid karyotype except for a disomy of chromosome 2. The two cell lines express the neuronal precursor and progenitor markers vimentin, nestin, MAP-2, and NFP160, as well as glial differentiation protein S100beta. The HNGC-1 cell line also expresses markers of mature neurons like Tuj1 and GFAP, an astrocytic differentiation marker, hence contributing toward a more morphologically differentiated phenotype with a propensity for neural differentiation in vitro. Additionally, overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor and c-erbB2, and loss of fibronectin were observed only in the HNGC-2 cell line, implicating the significance of these pathways in tumor progression. This in vitro model system assumes importance in unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms in differentiation, transformation, and gliomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Shiras
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India.
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Macaluso M, Paggi MG, Giordano A. Genetic and epigenetic alterations as hallmarks of the intricate road to cancer. Oncogene 2003; 22:6472-8. [PMID: 14528270 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the clonal origin of most tumors, their tremendous heterogeneity suggests that cancer progression springs from the combined forces of both genetic and epigenetic events, which produce variant clonal populations, together with the selective pressures of the microenvironment, which promote growth and, perhaps, dissemination of variants with a specific set of characteristics. Although the importance of genetic mutations in cancer has long been recognized, the role of epigenetic events has been suggested more recently. This review focuses on the genetic and epigenetic molecular mechanisms involved in cancer onset and progression, and discusses the possibility of new strategies in the development of anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Macaluso
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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