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Prasher P, Sharma M, Agarwal V, Singh SK, Gupta G, Dureja H, Dua K. Cationic cycloamylose based nucleic acid nanocarriers. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 395:111000. [PMID: 38614318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acid delivery by viral and non-viral methods has been a cornerstone for the contemporary gene therapy aimed at correcting the defective genes, replacing of the missing genes, or downregulating the expression of anomalous genes is highly desirable for the management of various diseases. Ostensibly, it becomes paramount for the delivery vectors to intersect the biological barriers for accessing their destined site within the cellular environment. However, the lipophilic nature of biological membranes and their potential to limit the entry of large sized, charged, hydrophilic molecules thus presenting a sizeable challenge for the cellular integration of negatively charged nucleic acids. Furthermore, the susceptibility of nucleic acids towards the degrading enzymes (nucleases) in the lysosomes present in cytoplasm is another matter of concern for their cellular and nuclear delivery. Hence, there is a pressing need for the identification and development of cationic delivery systems which encapsulate the cargo nucleic acids where the charge facilitates their cellular entry by evading the membrane barriers, and the encapsulation shields them from the enzymatic attack in cytoplasm. Cycloamylose bearing a closed loop conformation presents a robust candidature in this regard owing to its remarkable encapsulating tendency towards nucleic acids including siRNA, CpG DNA, and siRNA. The presence of numerous hydroxyl groups on the cycloamylose periphery provides sites for its chemical modification for the introduction of cationic groups, including spermine, (3-Chloro-2 hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (Q188), and diethyl aminoethane (DEAE). The resulting cationic cycloamylose possesses a remarkable transfection efficiency and provides stability to cargo oligonucleotides against endonucleases, in addition to modulating the undesirable side effects such as unwanted immune stimulation. Cycloamylose is known to interact with the cell membranes where they release certain membrane components such as phospholipids and cholesterol thereby resulting in membrane destabilization and permeabilization. Furthermore, cycloamylose derivatives also serve as formulation excipients for improving the efficiency of other gene delivery systems. This review delves into the various vector and non-vector-based gene delivery systems, their advantages, and limitations, eventually leading to the identification of cycloamylose as an ideal candidate for nucleic acid delivery. The synthesis of cationic cycloamylose is briefly discussed in each section followed by its application for specific delivery/transfection of a particular nucleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Mousmee Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Vipul Agarwal
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Center in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Sunway City, Malaysia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, 248007, India; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Center in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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Tao Z, Zhang H, Wu S, Zhang J, Cheng Y, Lei L, Qin Y, Wei H, Yu CY. Spherical nucleic acids: emerging amplifiers for therapeutic nanoplatforms. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4392-4406. [PMID: 38289178 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05971e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a revolutionary treatment approach in the 21st century, offering significant potential for disease prevention and treatment. However, the efficacy of gene delivery is often compromised by the inherent challenges of gene properties and vector-related defects. It is crucial to explore ways to enhance the curative effect of gene drugs and achieve safer, more widespread, and more efficient utilization, which represents a significant challenge in amplification gene therapy advancements. Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs), with their unique physicochemical properties, are considered an innovative solution for scalable gene therapy. This review aims to comprehensively explore the amplifying contributions of SNAs in gene therapy and emphasize the contribution of SNAs to the amplification effect of gene therapy from the aspects of structure, application, and recent clinical translation - an aspect that has been rarely reported or explored thus far. We begin by elucidating the fundamental characteristics and scaling-up properties of SNAs that distinguish them from traditional linear nucleic acids, followed by an analysis of combined therapy treatment strategies, theranostics, and clinical translation amplified by SNAs. We conclude by discussing the challenges of SNAs and provide a prospect on the amplification characteristics. This review seeks to update the current understanding of the use of SNAs in gene therapy amplification and promote further research into their clinical translation and amplification of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Tao
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, P. R. China.
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, P. R. China.
| | - Shang Wu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, P. R. China.
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, P. R. China.
| | - Yao Cheng
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, P. R. China.
| | - Longtianyang Lei
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Qin
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, P. R. China.
| | - Hua Wei
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, P. R. China.
| | - Cui-Yun Yu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, P. R. China.
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Digiacomo L, Renzi S, Quagliarini E, Pozzi D, Amenitsch H, Ferri G, Pesce L, De Lorenzi V, Matteoli G, Cardarelli F, Caracciolo G. Investigating the mechanism of action of DNA-loaded PEGylated lipid nanoparticles. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 53:102697. [PMID: 37507061 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2023.102697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
PEGylated lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are commonly used to deliver bioactive molecules, but the role of PEGylation in DNA-loaded LNP interactions at the cellular and subcellular levels remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of action of DNA-loaded PEGylated LNPs using gene reporter technologies, dynamic light scattering (DLS), synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCS). We found that PEG has no significant impact on the size or nanostructure of DNA LNPs but reduces their zeta potential and interaction with anionic cell membranes. PEGylation increases the structural stability of LNPs and results in lower DNA unloading. FCS experiments revealed that PEGylated LNPs are internalized intact inside cells and largely shuttled to lysosomes, while unPEGylated LNPs undergo massive destabilization on the plasma membrane. These findings can inform the design, optimization, and validation of DNA-loaded LNPs for gene delivery and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Digiacomo
- NanoDelivery Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Renzi
- NanoDelivery Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Quagliarini
- NanoDelivery Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pozzi
- NanoDelivery Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gianmarco Ferri
- Laboratorio NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Pesce
- Laboratorio NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Matteoli
- Laboratorio NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Caracciolo
- NanoDelivery Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Bishani A, Makarova DM, Shmendel EV, Maslov MA, Sen‘kova AV, Savin IA, Gladkikh DV, Zenkova MA, Chernolovskaya EL. Influence of the Composition of Cationic Liposomes on the Performance of Cargo Immunostimulatory RNA. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2184. [PMID: 37765155 PMCID: PMC10535620 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the impact of different delivery systems on the cytokine-inducing, antiproliferative, and antitumor activities of short immunostimulatory double-stranded RNA (isRNA) was investigated. The delivery systems, consisting of the polycationic amphiphile 1,26-bis(cholest-5-en-3-yloxycarbonylamino)-7,11,16,20 tetraazahexacosan tetrahydrochloride (2X3), and the lipid-helper dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), were equipped with polyethylene glycol lipoconjugates differing in molecular weight and structure. The main findings of this work are as follows: (i) significant activation of MCP-1 and INF-α, β, and γ production in CBA mice occurs under the action of isRNA complexes with liposomes containing lipoconjugates with long PEG chains, while activation of MCP-1 and INF-γ, but not INF-α or β, was observed under the action of isRNA lipoplexes containing lipoconjugates with short PEG chains; (ii) a pronounced antiproliferative effect on B16 melanoma cells in vitro, as well as an antitumor and hepatoprotective effect in vivo, was induced by isRNA pre-complexes with non-pegylated liposomes, while complexes containing lipoconjugates with long-chain liposomes were inactive; (iii) the antitumor activity of isRNA correlated with the efficiency of its accumulation in the cells and did not explicitly depend on the activation of cytokine and interferon production. Thus, the structure of the delivery system plays a vital role in determining the response to isRNA and allows for the choice of a delivery system depending on the desired effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bishani
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentieva Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.B.); (A.V.S.); (I.A.S.); (D.V.G.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Darya M. Makarova
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadsky Ave. 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (D.M.M.); (E.V.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Elena V. Shmendel
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadsky Ave. 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (D.M.M.); (E.V.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Mikhail A. Maslov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadsky Ave. 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (D.M.M.); (E.V.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Aleksandra V. Sen‘kova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentieva Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.B.); (A.V.S.); (I.A.S.); (D.V.G.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Innokenty A. Savin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentieva Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.B.); (A.V.S.); (I.A.S.); (D.V.G.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Daniil V. Gladkikh
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentieva Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.B.); (A.V.S.); (I.A.S.); (D.V.G.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Marina A. Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentieva Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.B.); (A.V.S.); (I.A.S.); (D.V.G.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Elena L. Chernolovskaya
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentieva Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.B.); (A.V.S.); (I.A.S.); (D.V.G.); (M.A.Z.)
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Yadav K, Sahu KK, Sucheta, Gnanakani SPE, Sure P, Vijayalakshmi R, Sundar VD, Sharma V, Antil R, Jha M, Minz S, Bagchi A, Pradhan M. Biomedical applications of nanomaterials in the advancement of nucleic acid therapy: Mechanistic challenges, delivery strategies, and therapeutic applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124582. [PMID: 37116843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, substantial advancement has been made in nucleic acid (NA)-based therapies. Promising treatments include mRNA, siRNA, miRNA, and anti-sense DNA for treating various clinical disorders by modifying the expression of DNA or RNA. However, their effectiveness is limited due to their concentrated negative charge, instability, large size, and host barriers, which make widespread application difficult. The effective delivery of these medicines requires safe vectors that are efficient & selective while having non-pathogenic qualities; thus, nanomaterials have become an attractive option with promising possibilities despite some potential setbacks. Nanomaterials possess ideal characteristics, allowing them to be tuned into functional bio-entity capable of targeted delivery. In this review, current breakthroughs in the non-viral strategy of delivering NAs are discussed with the goal of overcoming challenges that would otherwise be experienced by therapeutics. It offers insight into a wide variety of existing NA-based therapeutic modalities and techniques. In addition to this, it provides a rationale for the use of non-viral vectors and a variety of nanomaterials to accomplish efficient gene therapy. Further, it discusses the potential for biomedical application of nanomaterials-based gene therapy in various conditions, such as cancer therapy, tissue engineering, neurological disorders, and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Yadav
- Raipur Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sarona, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Kantrol Kumar Sahu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Sucheta
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, Haryana 122103, India
| | | | - Pavani Sure
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vignan Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - R Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, GIET School of Pharmacy, Chaitanya Knowledge City, Rajahmundry, AP 533296, India
| | - V D Sundar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, GIET School of Pharmacy, Chaitanya Knowledge City, Rajahmundry, AP 533296, India
| | - Versha Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P. 470003, India
| | - Ruchita Antil
- Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Megha Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P. 470003, India
| | - Sunita Minz
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, M.P., 484887, India
| | - Anindya Bagchi
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Aoyama N, Kimura S, Matsui T, Nozawa T. In Vivo Tracking of Plasmid DNA/mRNA: a Novel Labelling Precursor for 89Zr Positron Emission Tomography. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 90:129332. [PMID: 37196869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we developed a novel labelling precursor Fe-DFO-5 for plasmid DNA (pDNA) utilizing 89Zr as a radioisotope for PET imaging. 89Zr-labelled pDNA showed comparable gene expression to non-labelled pDNA. The biodistribution of 89Zr-labelled pDNA after local or systemic administration in mice was evaluated. Furthermore, this labelling method was also applied to mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Aoyama
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Sadaaki Kimura
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsui
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Nozawa
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
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Chopra H, Verma R, Kaushik S, Parashar J, Madan K, Bano A, Bhardwaj R, Pandey P, Kumari B, Purohit D, Kumar M, Bhatia S, Rahman MH, Mittal V, Singh I, Kaushik D. Cyclodextrin-Based Arsenal for Anti-Cancer Treatments. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2023; 40:1-41. [PMID: 36734912 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2022038398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anti-cancer drugs are mostly limited in their use due to poor physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. Their lower solubility is the most common hurdle limiting their use upto their potential. In the recent years, the cyclodextrin (CD) complexation have emerged as existing approach to overcome the problem of poor solubility. CD-based nano-technological approaches are safe, stable and showed well in vivo tolerance and greater payload for encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs for the targeted delivery. They are generally chosen due to their ability to get self-assembled to form liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles and nano-sponges etc. This review paper describes a birds-eye view of the various CD-based nano-technological approaches applied for the delivery of anti-cancer moieties to the desired target such as CD based liposomes, niosomes, niosoponges, micelles, nanoparticles, monoclonal antibody, magnetic nanoparticles, small interfering RNA, nanorods, miscellaneous formulation of anti-cancer drugs containing CD. Moreover, the author also summarizes the various shortcomings of such a system and their way ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Ravinder Verma
- Department of Pharmacy, G.D. Goenka University, Sohna Road, Gurugram 122103, India
| | - Sakshi Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Jatin Parashar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Kumud Madan
- Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology (Pharm), Knowledge Park, Greater Noida, U.P., India
| | - Afsareen Bano
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Rashmi Bhardwaj
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Parijat Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurugram University, Gurugram 122413, India
| | - Beena Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari, India
| | - Deepika Purohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Vineet Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Deepak Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
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Abstract
Nucleic acids are paving the way for advanced therapeutics. Unveiling the genome enabled a better understanding of unique genotype-phenotype profiling. Methods for engineering and analysis of nucleic acids, from polymerase chain reaction to Cre-Lox recombination, are contributing greatly to biomarkers' discovery, mapping of cellular signaling cascades, and smart design of therapeutics in precision medicine. Investigating the different subtypes of DNA and RNA via sequencing and profiling is empowering the scientific community with valuable information, to be used in advanced therapeutics, tracking epigenetics linked to disease. Recent results from the application of nucleic acids in novel therapeutics and precision medicine are very encouraging, demonstrating great potential to treat cancer, viral infections via inoculation (e.g., SAR-COV-2 mRNA vaccines), along with metabolic and genetic disorders. Limitations posed by challenges in delivery mode are being addressed to enable efficient guided-gene-programmed precision therapies. With the focus on genetic engineering and novel therapeutics, more precisely, in precision medicine, this chapter discusses the advance enabled by knowledge derived from these innovative branches of biotechnology.
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Huang Y, Wang Z, Gong J, Zhu D, Chen W, Li F, Liang XJ, Liu X. Macrophages as potential targets in gene therapy for cancer treatment. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:89-101. [PMID: 36937317 PMCID: PMC10017190 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, as ubiquitous and functionally diverse immune cells, play a central role in innate immunity and initiate adaptive immunity. Especially, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are crucial contributors to the tumorigenesis and development of cancer. Thus, macrophages are emerging potential targets for cancer treatment. Among the numerous targeted therapeutic options, gene therapy is one of the most potential therapeutic strategies via directly and specifically regulating biological functions of macrophages at the gene level for cancer treatment. This short review briefly introduces the characteristics of macrophage populations, the functions of TAM in the occurrence, and the progress of cancer. It also summarized some representative examples to highlight the current progress in TAM-targeted gene therapy. The review hopes to provide new insights into macrophage-targeted gene therapy for precision cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junni Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- Correspondence: Fangzhou Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
- Xiaoxuan Liu, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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Parayath NN, Gandham SK, Amiji MM. Tumor-targeted miRNA nanomedicine for overcoming challenges in immunity and therapeutic resistance. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1355-1373. [PMID: 36255330 PMCID: PMC9706370 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNA are critical messengers in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that influence various processes leading to immune suppression, tumor progression, metastasis and resistance. Strategies to modulate miRNAs in the TME have important implications in overcoming these challenges. However, miR delivery to specific cells in the TME has been challenging. This review discusses nanomedicine strategies to achieve cell-specific delivery of miRNAs. The key goal of delivery is to activate the tumor immune landscape as well as to prevent chemotherapy resistance. Specifically, the use of hyaluronic acid-based nanoparticle miRNA delivery to the TME is discussed. The discussion is focused on miRNA-125b for reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages to overcome immunosuppression and miRNA-let-7b to overcome resistance to anticancer chemotherapeutics because both these miRNAs have been extensively evaluated for delivery with hyaluronic acid-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha N Parayath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Srujan K Gandham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Author for correspondence: Tel.: +1 617 373 3137;
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Sarode A, Fan Y, Byrnes AE, Hammel M, Hura GL, Fu Y, Kou P, Hu C, Hinz FI, Roberts J, Koenig SG, Nagapudi K, Hoogenraad CC, Chen T, Leung D, Yen CW. Predictive high-throughput screening of PEGylated lipids in oligonucleotide-loaded lipid nanoparticles for neuronal gene silencing. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2107-2123. [PMID: 36133441 PMCID: PMC9417559 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00712b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are gaining traction in the field of nucleic acid delivery following the success of two mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. As one of the constituent lipids on LNP surfaces, PEGylated lipids (PEG-lipids) play an important role in defining LNP physicochemical properties and biological interactions. Previous studies indicate that LNP performance is modulated by tuning PEG-lipid parameters including PEG size and architecture, carbon tail type and length, as well as the PEG-lipid molar ratio in LNPs. Owing to these numerous degrees of freedom, a high-throughput approach is necessary to fully understand LNP behavioral trends over a broad range of PEG-lipid variables. To this end, we report a low-volume, automated, high-throughput screening (HTS) workflow for the preparation, characterization, and in vitro assessment of LNPs loaded with a therapeutic antisense oligonucleotide (ASO). A library of 54 ASO-LNP formulations with distinct PEG-lipid compositions was prepared using a liquid handling robot and assessed for their physiochemical properties as well as gene silencing efficacy in murine cortical neurons. Our results show that the molar ratio of anionic PEG-lipid in LNPs regulates particle size and PEG-lipid carbon tail length controls ASO-LNP gene silencing activity. ASO-LNPs formulated using PEG-lipids with optimal carbon tail lengths achieved up to 5-fold lower mRNA expression in neurons as compared to naked ASO. Representative ASO-LNP formulations were further characterized using dose-response curves and small-angle X-ray scattering to understand structure-activity relationships. Identified hits were also tested for efficacy in primary murine microglia and were scaled-up using a microfluidic formulation technique, demonstrating a smooth translation of ASO-LNP properties and in vitro efficacy. The reported HTS workflow can be used to screen additional multivariate parameters of LNPs with significant time and material savings, therefore guiding the selection and scale-up of optimal formulations for nucleic acid delivery to a variety of cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Sarode
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA-94080 USA
| | - Yuchen Fan
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA-94080 USA
| | - Amy E Byrnes
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Michal Hammel
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Berkeley CA USA
| | - Greg L Hura
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Berkeley CA USA
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Yige Fu
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA-94080 USA
| | - Ponien Kou
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA-94080 USA
| | - Chloe Hu
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA-94080 USA
| | - Flora I Hinz
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Jasmine Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Stefan G Koenig
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA-94080 USA
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA-94080 USA
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc. South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA-94080 USA
| | - Dennis Leung
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA-94080 USA
| | - Chun-Wan Yen
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA-94080 USA
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12
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Colapicchioni V, Millozzi F, Parolini O, Palacios D. Nanomedicine, a valuable tool for skeletal muscle disorders: Challenges, promises, and limitations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1777. [PMID: 35092179 PMCID: PMC9285803 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness, which, in the most severe forms, leads to the patient's death due to cardiorespiratory problems. There is still no cure available for these diseases and significant effort is being placed into developing new strategies to either correct the genetic defect or to compensate muscle loss by stimulating skeletal muscle regeneration. However, the vast anatomical extension of the target tissue poses great challenges to these goals, highlighting the need for complementary strategies. Nanomedicine is an actively evolving field that merges nanotechnologies with biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. It holds great potential in regenerative medicine, both in supporting tissue engineering and regeneration, and in optimizing drug and oligonucleotide delivery and gene therapy strategies. In this review, we will summarize the state‐of‐the‐art in the field of nanomedicine applied to skeletal muscle regeneration. We will discuss the recent work toward the development of nanopatterned scaffolds for tissue engineering, the efforts in the synthesis of organic and inorganic nanoparticles for gene therapy and drug delivery applications, as well as their use as immune modulators. Although nanomedicine holds great promise for muscle and other degenerative diseases, many challenges still need to be systematically addressed to assure a smooth transition from the bench to the bedside. This article is categorized under:Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Colapicchioni
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Rome, Italy.,Mhetra LLC, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Francesco Millozzi
- Histology and Embryology Unit, DAHFMO, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Palacios
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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13
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Xiao J, Lu Y, Lu D, Chen W, Hu W, Zhao Y, Chen S. Co‐delivery of paclitaxel and
CXCL1 shRNA
via cationic polymeric micelles for synergistic therapy against ovarian cancer. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xiao
- Obstetrics and gynecology hospital, Shanghai Medical college Fudan University Shen Yang road, No 128 Shanghai 200090 PR China
| | - Yingying Lu
- Obstetrics and gynecology hospital, Shanghai Medical college Fudan University Shen Yang road, No 128 Shanghai 200090 PR China
| | - Deng Lu
- Obstetrics and gynecology hospital, Shanghai Medical college Fudan University Shen Yang road, No 128 Shanghai 200090 PR China
| | - Wulian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 PR China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Obstetrics and gynecology hospital, Shanghai Medical college Fudan University Shen Yang road, No 128 Shanghai 200090 PR China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Obstetrics and gynecology hospital, Shanghai Medical college Fudan University Shen Yang road, No 128 Shanghai 200090 PR China
| | - Shouzhen Chen
- Obstetrics and gynecology hospital, Shanghai Medical college Fudan University Shen Yang road, No 128 Shanghai 200090 PR China
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14
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Abstract
Bone regeneration is a central focus of maxillofacial research, especially when dealing with dental implants or critical sized wound sites. While bone has great regeneration potential, exogenous delivery of growth factors can greatly enhance the speed, duration, and quality of osseointegration, making a difference in a patient’s quality of life. Bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a highly potent growth factor that acts as a recruiting molecule for mesenchymal stromal cells, induces a rapid differentiation of them into osteoblasts, while also maintaining their viability. Currently, the literature data shows that the liposomal direct delivery or transfection of plasmids containing BMP-2 at the bone wound site often results in the overexpression of osteogenic markers and result in enhanced mineralization with formation of new bone matrix. We reviewed the literature on the scientific data regarding BMP-2 delivery with the help of liposomes. This may provide the ground for a future new bone regeneration strategy with real chances of reaching clinical practice.
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15
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Power RN, Cavanagh BL, Dixon JE, Curtin CM, O’Brien FJ. Development of a Gene-Activated Scaffold Incorporating Multifunctional Cell-Penetrating Peptides for pSDF-1α Delivery for Enhanced Angiogenesis in Tissue Engineering Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1460. [PMID: 35163379 PMCID: PMC8835777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-viral gene delivery has become a popular approach in tissue engineering, as it permits the transient delivery of a therapeutic gene, in order to stimulate tissue repair. However, the efficacy of non-viral delivery vectors remains an issue. Our lab has created gene-activated scaffolds by incorporating various non-viral delivery vectors, including the glycosaminoglycan-binding enhanced transduction (GET) peptide into collagen-based scaffolds with proven osteogenic potential. A modification to the GET peptide (FLR) by substitution of arginine residues with histidine (FLH) has been designed to enhance plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery. In this study, we complexed pDNA with combinations of FLR and FLH peptides, termed GET* nanoparticles. We sought to enhance our gene-activated scaffold platform by incorporating GET* nanoparticles into collagen-nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds with proven osteogenic capacity. GET* N/P 8 was shown to be the most effective formulation for delivery to MSCs in 2D. Furthermore, GET* N/P 8 nanoparticles incorporated into collagen-nanohydroxyapatite (coll-nHA) scaffolds at a 1:1 ratio of collagen:nanohydroxyapatite was shown to be the optimal gene-activated scaffold. pDNA encoding stromal-derived factor 1α (pSDF-1α), an angiogenic chemokine which plays a role in BMP mediated differentiation of MSCs, was then delivered to MSCs using our optimised gene-activated scaffold platform, with the aim of significantly increasing angiogenesis as an important precursor to bone repair. The GET* N/P 8 coll-nHA scaffolds successfully delivered pSDF-1α to MSCs, resulting in a significant, sustained increase in SDF-1α protein production and an enhanced angiogenic effect, a key precursor in the early stages of bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael N. Power
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (R.N.P.); (C.M.C.)
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - James E. Dixon
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Caroline M. Curtin
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (R.N.P.); (C.M.C.)
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal J. O’Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (R.N.P.); (C.M.C.)
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Mohamed N, Hamad MA, Ghaleb AH, Esmat G, Elsabahy M. Applications of nanoengineered therapeutics and vaccines: special emphasis on COVID-19. IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF NANOMATERIALS 2022. [PMCID: PMC9212255 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90604-3.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine provides innovative strategies that had significantly improved drug and gene delivery and allowed control over the engineering of therapeutics, diagnostics, vaccines, and other medical devices, for a diversity of medical applications. This review focuses on the current attempts to develop potent nanoengineered vaccines and therapeutics against coronaviruses, and the recent fabrication strategies and design principles to control acute infections from the escalating SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Nanomedical approaches provide versatile platforms that can be utilized to enhance the overall potency, safety, and stability of vaccines, thus augmenting the desired immune response. Their modulable conformational features of size, shape, surface charge, antigen display, and composition allow for precise tuning and optimization of the nanoconstructs for the management of a variety of diseases and pathological conditions. The ability to control the release of their encapsulated cargoes and the possibility of surface decoration with various moieties support the construction of multifunctional nanomaterials that ultimately boost and prolong the immune response elicited and/or therapeutic effects, selectively at the diseased tissues and target sites.
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17
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Epanchintseva AV, Poletaeva JE, Dovydenko IS, Chelobanov BP, Pyshnyi DV, Ryabchikova EI, Pyshnaya IA. A Lipid-Coated Nanoconstruct Composed of Gold Nanoparticles Noncovalently Coated with Small Interfering RNA: Preparation, Purification and Characterization. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112775. [PMID: 34835540 PMCID: PMC8624966 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop systems for nucleic acid delivery, especially for the creation of effective therapeutics against various diseases. We have previously shown the feasibility of efficient delivery of small interfering RNA by means of gold nanoparticle-based multilayer nanoconstructs (MLNCs) for suppressing reporter protein synthesis. The present work is aimed at improving the quality of preparations of desired MLNCs, and for this purpose, optimal conditions for their multistep fabrication were found. All steps of this process and MLNC purification were verified using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Factors influencing the efficiency of nanocomposite assembly, colloidal stability, and purification quality were identified. These data made it possible to optimize the fabrication of target MLNCs bearing small interfering RNA and to substantially improve end product quality via an increase in its homogeneity and a decrease in the amount of incomplete nanoconstructs. We believe that the proposed approaches and methods will be useful for researchers working with lipid nanoconstructs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Inna A. Pyshnaya
- Correspondence: (E.I.R.); (I.A.P.); Tel.: +7-(383)-363-5163 (E.I.R. & I.A.P.)
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18
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Agarwal S, Agarwal V, Agarwal M, Singh M. Exosomes: Structure, Biogenesis, Types and Application in Diagnosis and Gene and Drug Delivery. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 20:195-206. [PMID: 32787759 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200731011702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent times, several approaches for targeted gene therapy (GT) had been studied. However, the emergence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a shuttle carrying genetic information between cells has gained a lot of interest in scientific communities. Owing to their higher capabilities in dealing with short sequences of nucleic acid (mRNA, miRNA), proteins, recombinant proteins, exosomes, the most popular form of EVs are viewed as reliable biological therapeutic conveyers. They have natural access through every biological membrane and can be employed for site-specific and efficient drug delivery without eliciting any immune responses hence, qualifying as an ideal delivery vehicle. Also, there are many research studies conducted in the last few decades on using exosome-mediated gene therapy into developing an effective therapy with the concept of a higher degree of precision in gene isolation, purification and delivery mechanism loading, delivery and targeting protocols. This review discusses several facets that contribute towards developing an efficient therapeutic regime for gene therapy, highlighting limitations and drawbacks associated with current GT and suggested therapeutic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriya Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Vinayak Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Mugdha Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Manisha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
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19
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Prajapati R, Somoza Á. Albumin Nanostructures for Nucleic Acid Delivery in Cancer: Current Trend, Emerging Issues, and Possible Solutions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3454. [PMID: 34298666 PMCID: PMC8304767 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major health problems worldwide, and hence, suitable therapies with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects are desired. Gene therapy, involving plasmids, small interfering RNAs, and antisense oligonucleotides have been showing promising potential in cancer therapy. In recent years, the preparation of various carriers for nucleic acid delivery to the tumor sites is gaining attention since intracellular and extracellular barriers impart major challenges in the delivery of naked nucleic acids. Albumin is a versatile protein being used widely for developing carriers for nucleic acids. It provides biocompatibility, tumor specificity, the possibility for surface modification, and reduces toxicity. In this review, the advantages of using nucleic acids in cancer therapy and the challenges associated with their delivery are presented. The focus of this article is on the different types of albumin nanocarriers, such as nanoparticles, polyplexes, and nanoconjugates, employed to overcome the limitations of the direct use of nucleic acids in vivo. This review also highlights various approaches for the modification of the surface of albumin to enhance its transfection efficiency and targeted delivery in the tumor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Álvaro Somoza
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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20
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Dendrimer-Coated Gold Nanoparticles for Efficient Folate-Targeted mRNA Delivery In Vitro. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060900. [PMID: 34204271 PMCID: PMC8235267 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is not an attractive candidate for gene therapy due to its instability and has therefore received little attention. Recent studies show the advantage of mRNA over DNA, especially in cancer immunotherapy and vaccine development. This study aimed to formulate folic-acid-(FA)-modified, poly-amidoamine-generation-5 (PAMAM G5D)-grafted gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and to evaluate their cytotoxicity and transgene expression using the luciferase reporter gene (FLuc-mRNA) in vitro. Nanocomplexes were spherical and of favorable size. Nanocomplexes at optimum nanoparticle:mRNA (w/w) binding ratios showed good protection of the bound mRNA against nucleases and were well tolerated in all cell lines. Transgene expression was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher with FA-targeted, dendrimer-grafted AuNPs (Au:G5D:FA) in FA receptors overexpressing MCF-7 and KB cells compared to the G5D and G5D:FA NPs, decreasing significantly (p < 0.01) in the presence of excess competing FA ligand, which confirmed nanocomplex uptake via receptor mediation. Overall, transgene expression of the Au:G5D and Au:G5D:FA nanocomplexes exceeded that of G5D and G5D:FA nanocomplexes, indicating the pivotal role played by the inclusion of the AuNP delivery system. The favorable properties imparted by the AuNPs potentiated an increased level of luciferase gene expression.
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21
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N-[4-( N,N,N-Trimethylammonium)Benzyl]Chitosan Chloride as a Gene Carrier: The Influence of Polyplex Composition and Cell Type. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092467. [PMID: 34068680 PMCID: PMC8126137 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyplex-based gene delivery systems are promising substitutes for viral vectors because of their high versatility and lack of disadvantages commonly encountered with viruses. In this work, we studied the DNA polyplexes with N-[4-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)benzyl]chitosan chloride (TMAB-CS) of various compositions in different cell types. Investigations of the interaction of TMAB-CS with DNA by different physical methods revealed that the molecular weight and the degree of substitution do not dramatically influence the hydrodynamic properties of polyplexes. Highly substituted TMAB-CS samples had a high affinity for DNA. The transfection protocol was optimized in HEK293T cells and achieved the highest efficiency of 30-35%. TMAB-CS was dramatically less effective in nonadherent K562 cells (around 1% transfected cells), but it was more effective and less toxic than polyarginine.
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22
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Lu Z, Laney VEA, Hall R, Ayat N. Environment-Responsive Lipid/siRNA Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001294. [PMID: 33615743 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising technology to regulate oncogenes for treating cancer. The primary limitation of siRNA for clinical application is the safe and efficacious delivery of therapeutic siRNA into target cells. Lipid-based delivery systems are developed to protect siRNA during the delivery process and to facilitate intracellular uptake. There is a significant progress in lipid nanoparticle systems that utilize cationic and protonatable amino lipid systems to deliver siRNA to tumors. Among these lipids, environment-responsive lipids are a class of novel lipid delivery systems that are capable of responding to the environment changes during the delivery process and demonstrate great promise for clinical translation for siRNA therapeutics. Protonatable or ionizable amino lipids and switchable lipids as well as pH-sensitive multifunctional amino lipids are the presentative environment-responsive lipids for siRNA delivery. These lipids are able to respond to environmental changes during the delivery process to facilitate efficient cytosolic siRNA delivery. Environment-responsive lipid/siRNA nanoparticles (ERLNP) are developed with the lipids and are tested for efficient delivery of therapeutic siRNA into the cytoplasm of cancer cells to silence target genes for cancer treatment in preclinical development. This review summarizes the recent developments in environment-response lipids and nanoparticles for siRNA delivery in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng‐Rong Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Victoria E. A. Laney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Ryan Hall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Nadia Ayat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
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23
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Costard LS, Kelly DC, Power RN, Hobbs C, Jaskaniec S, Nicolosi V, Cavanagh BL, Curtin CM, O’Brien FJ. Layered Double Hydroxide as a Potent Non-viral Vector for Nucleic Acid Delivery Using Gene-Activated Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration Applications. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121219. [PMID: 33339452 PMCID: PMC7765978 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonviral vectors offer a safe alternative to viral vectors for gene therapy applications, albeit typically exhibiting lower transfection efficiencies. As a result, there remains a significant need for the development of a nonviral delivery system with low cytotoxicity and high transfection efficacy as a tool for safe and transient gene delivery. This study assesses MgAl-NO3 layered double hydroxide (LDH) as a nonviral vector to deliver nucleic acids (pDNA, miRNA and siRNA) to mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in 2D culture and using a 3D tissue engineering scaffold approach. Nanoparticles were formulated by complexing LDH with pDNA, microRNA (miRNA) mimics and inhibitors, and siRNA at varying mass ratios of LDH:nucleic acid. In 2D monolayer, pDNA delivery demonstrated significant cytotoxicity issues, and low cellular transfection was deemed to be a result of the poor physicochemical properties of the LDH–pDNA nanoparticles. However, the lower mass ratios required to successfully complex with miRNA and siRNA cargo allowed for efficient delivery to MSCs. Furthermore, incorporation of LDH–miRNA nanoparticles into collagen-nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds resulted in successful overexpression of miRNA in MSCs, demonstrating the development of an efficacious miRNA delivery platform for gene therapy applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara S. Costard
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephen’s Green, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (L.S.C.); (D.C.K.); (R.N.P.)
| | - Domhnall C. Kelly
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephen’s Green, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (L.S.C.); (D.C.K.); (R.N.P.)
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI, Galway), H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Rachael N. Power
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephen’s Green, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (L.S.C.); (D.C.K.); (R.N.P.)
| | - Christopher Hobbs
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), College Green, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (C.H.); (S.J.); (V.N.)
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, College Green, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sonia Jaskaniec
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), College Green, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (C.H.); (S.J.); (V.N.)
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, College Green, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Valeria Nicolosi
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), College Green, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (C.H.); (S.J.); (V.N.)
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, College Green, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brenton L. Cavanagh
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core, RCSI, 123 St Stephen’s Green, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Caroline M. Curtin
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephen’s Green, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (L.S.C.); (D.C.K.); (R.N.P.)
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), College Green, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (C.H.); (S.J.); (V.N.)
- Trinity Centre for BioMedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, College Green, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: (C.M.C.); (F.J.O.); Tel.: +353-1-4028620 (C.M.C.); +353-1-4028533 (F.J.O.)
| | - Fergal J. O’Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephen’s Green, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (L.S.C.); (D.C.K.); (R.N.P.)
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI, Galway), H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), College Green, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (C.H.); (S.J.); (V.N.)
- Trinity Centre for BioMedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, College Green, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: (C.M.C.); (F.J.O.); Tel.: +353-1-4028620 (C.M.C.); +353-1-4028533 (F.J.O.)
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Zhang W, Abdelrasoul GN, Savchenko O, Abdrabou A, Wang Z, Chen J. Ultrasound-assisted magnetic nanoparticle-based gene delivery. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239633. [PMID: 32970723 PMCID: PMC7514102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted gene delivery is important in biomedical research and applications. In this paper, we synergistically combine non-viral chemical materials, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and a physical technique, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), to achieve efficient and targeted gene delivery. The MNPs are iron oxide super-paramagnetic nanoparticles, coated with polyethyleneimine (PEI), which makes a high positive surface charge and is favorable for the binding of genetic materials. Due to the paramagnetic properties of the MNPs, the application of an external magnetic field increases transfection efficiency while LIPUS stimulation enhances cell viability and permeability. We found that stimulation at the intensity of 30 mW/cm2 for 10 minutes yields optimal results with a minimal adverse effect on the cells. By combining the effect of the external magnetic field and LIPUS, the genetic material (GFP or Cherry Red plasmid) can enter the cells. The flow cytometry results showed that by using just a magnetic field to direct the genetic material, the transfection efficiency on HEK 293 cells that were treated by our MNPs was 56.1%. Coupled with LIPUS stimulation, it increased to 61.5% or 19% higher than the positive control (Lipofectamine 2000). Besides, compared with the positive control, our method showed less toxicity. Cell viability after transfection was 63.61%, which is 19% higher than the standard transfection technique. In conclusion, we designed a new gene-delivery method that is affordable, targeted, shows low-toxicity, yet high transfection efficiency, compared to other conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gaser N Abdelrasoul
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Abdalla Abdrabou
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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25
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Li J, Shen M, Shi X. Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer-Gold Nanohybrids in Cancer Gene Therapy: A Concise Overview. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5590-5605. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingwu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
- CQM-Centro de Quimica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Funchal 9020-105, Portugal
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26
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Younis MA, Khalil IA, Harashima H. Gene Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Highlighting the Journey from Theory to Clinical Applications. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. Younis
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokkaido University Kita‐12, Nishi‐6, Kita‐ku Sapporo 060‐0812 Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy Assiut University Assiut 71526 Egypt
| | - Ikramy A. Khalil
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokkaido University Kita‐12, Nishi‐6, Kita‐ku Sapporo 060‐0812 Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy Assiut University Assiut 71526 Egypt
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokkaido University Kita‐12, Nishi‐6, Kita‐ku Sapporo 060‐0812 Japan
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Rabiee N, Ahmadi S, Arab Z, Bagherzadeh M, Safarkhani M, Nasseri B, Rabiee M, Tahriri M, Webster TJ, Tayebi L. Aptamer Hybrid Nanocomplexes as Targeting Components for Antibiotic/Gene Delivery Systems and Diagnostics: A Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:4237-4256. [PMID: 32606675 PMCID: PMC7314593 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s248736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the passage of time and more advanced societies, there is a greater emergence and incidence of disease and necessity for improved treatments. In this respect, nowadays, aptamers, with their better efficiency at diagnosing and treating diseases than antibodies, are at the center of attention. Here, in this review, we first investigate aptamer function in various fields (such as the detection and remedy of pathogens, modification of nanoparticles, antibiotic delivery and gene delivery). Then, we present aptamer-conjugated nanocomplexes as the main and efficient factor in gene delivery. Finally, we focus on the targeted co-delivery of genes and drugs by nanocomplexes, as a new exciting approach for cancer treatment in the decades ahead to meet our growing societal needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Arab
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Moein Safarkhani
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Nasseri
- Chemical Engineering Department and Bioengineering Division, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara06800, Turkey
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry Department, Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterial Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI53233, USA
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28
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Thapa RK, Margolis DJ, Kiick KL, Sullivan MO. Enhanced wound healing via collagen-turnover-driven transfer of PDGF-BB gene in a murine wound model. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3500-3517. [PMID: 32656505 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex biological process that requires coordinated cell proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix production/remodeling, all of which are inhibited/delayed in chronic wounds. In this study, a formulation was developed that marries a fibrin-based, provisional-like matrix with collagen mimetic peptide (CMP)/PDGF gene-modified collagens, leading to the formation of robust gels that supported temporally controlled PDGF expression and facile application within the wound bed. Analysis employing in vitro co-gel scaffolds confirmed sustained and temporally controlled gene release based on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, with ~30% higher PDGF expression in MMP producing fibroblasts as-compared with non-MMP-expressing cells. The integration of fibrin with the gene-modified collagens resulted in co-gels that strongly supported both fibroblast cell recruitment/invasion as well as multiple aspects of the longer-term healing process. The excisional wound healing studies in mice established faster wound closure using CMP-modified PDGF polyplex-loaded co-gels, which exhibited up to 24% more wound closure (achieved with ~2 orders of magnitude lower growth factor dosing) after 9 days as compared to PDGF-loaded co-gels, and 19% more wound closure after 9 days as compared to CMP-free polyplex loaded co-gels. Moreover, minimal scar formation as well as improved collagen production, myofibroblast activity, and collagen orientation was observed following CMP-modified PDGF polyplex-loaded co-gel application on wounds. Taken together, the combined properties of the co-gels, including their stability and capacity to control both cell recruitment and cell phenotype within the murine wound bed, strongly supports the potential of the co-gel scaffolds for improved treatment of chronic non-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Thapa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - David J Margolis
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kristi L Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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Safe nanoengineering and incorporation of transplant populations in a neurosurgical grade biomaterial, DuraGen Plus TM, for protected cell therapy applications. J Control Release 2020; 321:553-563. [PMID: 32087299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High transplant cell loss is a major barrier to translation of stem cell therapy for pathologies of the brain and spinal cord. Encapsulated delivery of stem cells in biomaterials for cell therapy is gaining popularity but experimental research has overwhelmingly used laboratory grade materials unsuitable for human clinical use - representing a further barrier to clinical translation. A potential solution is to use neurosurgical grade materials routinely used in clinical protocols which have an established human safety profile. Here, we tested the ability of Duragen Plus™ - a clinical biomaterial used widely in neurosurgical duraplasty procedures, to support the growth and differentiation of neural stem cells- a major transplant population being tested in clinical trials for neurological pathology. Genetic engineering of stem cells yields augmented therapeutic cells, so we further tested the ability of the Duragen Plus™ matrix to support stem cells engineered using magnetofection technology and minicircle DNA vectors- a promising cell engineering approach we previously reported (Journal of Controlled Release, 2016 a &b). The safety of the nano-engineering approach was analysed for the first time using sophisticated data-independent analysis by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. We prove that the Duragen Plus™ matrix is a promising biomaterial for delivery of stem cell transplant populations, with no adverse effects on key regenerative parameters. This advanced cellular construct based on a combinatorial nano-engineering and biomaterial encapsulation approach, could therefore offer key advantages for clinical translation.
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30
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Böttger R, Pauli G, Chao PH, AL Fayez N, Hohenwarter L, Li SD. Lipid-based nanoparticle technologies for liver targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 154-155:79-101. [PMID: 32574575 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma are global health problems accounting for approximately 800 million cases and over 2 million deaths per year worldwide. Major drawbacks of standard pharmacological therapies are the inability to deliver a sufficient concentration of a therapeutic agent to the diseased liver, and nonspecific drug delivery leading to undesirable systemic side effects. Additionally, depending on the specific liver disease, drug delivery to a subset of liver cells is required. In recent years, lipid nanoparticles have been developed to passively and actively target drugs to the liver. The success of this approach has been highlighted by the FDA-approval of the first liver-targeting lipid nanoparticle, ONPATTRO, in 2018 and many other promising candidate technologies are expected to follow. This review summarizes recent developments of various lipid-based liver-targeting technologies, namely solid-lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes and micelles, and discusses the challenges and future perspectives in this field.
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Kuznetsova DA, Gabdrakhmanov DR, Ahtamyanova LR, Lukashenko SS, Kusova AM, Zuev YF, Voloshina AD, Sapunova AS, Kulik NV, Kuznetsov DM, Nizameev IR, Kadirov MK, Zakharova LY. Novel self-assembling systems based on imidazolium amphiphiles with cleavable urethane fragment for construction of soft nanocontainers for biomedicine application. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Kimura S, Khalil IA, Elewa YHA, Harashima H. Spleen selective enhancement of transfection activities of plasmid DNA driven by octaarginine and an ionizable lipid and its implications for cancer immunization. J Control Release 2019; 313:70-79. [PMID: 31526828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficiently delivering plasmid DNA (pDNA) to the spleen is particularly significant for DNA immunization. However, increasing the efficiency of gene expression in spleen cells for achieving a therapeutic effect remains a serious challenge. An ideal spleen-targeted system should avoid liver uptake and should efficiently transfect specific functional spleen cells. Here, we report on pDNA nanocarriers with enhanced transfection in spleen cells driven by synergism between an octaarginine (R8) peptide and YSK05; a pH-responsive ionizable lipid. A double-coating design is essential for enhancing spleen selective transfection which is significantly affected by the total amount of lipid and the composition of the outer coat. The optimized R8/YSK system shows a high gene expression in the spleen with a high spleen/liver ratio and a surprising ability to target spleen B cells. Compared to other organs, the high spleen activity cannot be explained based on the amount of pDNA delivered to each organ, indicating that the system is extremely efficient in transfecting spleen cells. The system can be used in cancer immunization where a strong anti-tumor effect was observed in mice immunized with the R8/YSK system encapsulating antigen-encoding pDNA. The R8/YSK system holds great promise for future applications in the field of DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Kimura
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ikramy A Khalil
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | - Yaser H A Elewa
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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33
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Younis MA, Khalil IA, Abd Elwakil MM, Harashima H. A Multifunctional Lipid-Based Nanodevice for the Highly Specific Codelivery of Sorafenib and Midkine siRNA to Hepatic Cancer Cells. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4031-4044. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. Younis
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Ikramy A. Khalil
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Abd Elwakil
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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34
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Kumar P, Huo P, Liu B. Formulation Strategies for Folate-Targeted Liposomes and Their Biomedical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E381. [PMID: 31382369 PMCID: PMC6722551 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The folate receptor (FR) is a tumor-associated antigen that can bind with folic acid (FA) and its conjugates with high affinity and ingests the bound molecules inside the cell via the endocytic mechanism. A wide variety of payloads can be delivered to FR-overexpressed cells using folate as the ligand, ranging from small drug molecules to large DNA-containing macromolecules. A broad range of folate attached liposomes have been proven to be highly effective as the targeted delivery system. For the rational design of folate-targeted liposomes, an intense conceptual understanding combining chemical and biomedical points of view is necessary because of the interdisciplinary nature of the field. The fabrication of the folate-conjugated liposomes basically involves the attachment of FA with phospholipids, cholesterol or peptides before liposomal formulation. The present review aims to provide detailed information about the design and fabrication of folate-conjugated liposomes using FA attached uncleavable/cleavable phospholipids, cholesterol or peptides. Advances in the area of folate-targeted liposomes and their biomedical applications have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kumar
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Peipei Huo
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zibo 255000, China.
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35
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Kotcherlakota R, Vydiam K, Jeyalakshmi Srinivasan D, Mukherjee S, Roy A, Kuncha M, Rao TN, Sistla R, Gopal V, Patra CR. Restoration of p53 Function in Ovarian Cancer Mediated by Gold Nanoparticle-Based EGFR Targeted Gene Delivery System. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3631-3644. [PMID: 33405744 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeted gene delivery of wild type tumor suppressor gene p53 is a promising approach to inhibit the progression of ovarian cancer. Although several gene delivery vehicles have been reported earlier, there is paucity for targeted delivery of wild type p53 to ovarian cancer using gold nanoparticles. As it is well-known that EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) is overexpressed in ovarian cancer, in this study we hypothesized that the FDA approved monoclonal antibody C225 (cetuximab) that targets EGFR could be used for targeted delivery of wild type p53 gene. With this impetus, we devised an approach wherein cationic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were employed to generate gold nanoparticle-based drug delivery system (DDS, Au-C225-p53DNA where p53DNA is pCMVp53 plasmid) that was formulated and characterized by biochemical and biophysical methods. The nanoconjugate complexed with DNA (Au-C225-p53DNA) is serum-stable and protects the bound DNA from digestion by DNase-I. Additionally, in vitro reporter gene expression assays demonstrated efficient and specific gene transfection in EGFR overexpressing SK-OV-3 cells. Further, the intraperitoneal administration of Au-C225-p53DNA in SK-OV-3 xenograft mouse model displayed significant tumor targeting and tumor regression. Altogether, these studies indicated a promising nanoparticle-based approach for targeting ovarian cancers caused by mutated p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kotcherlakota
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kalyan Vydiam
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana India
| | - Durga Jeyalakshmi Srinivasan
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana India
| | - Sudip Mukherjee
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana India
| | - Madhusudana Kuncha
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana India
| | - T Nageswara Rao
- Mass and Analytical Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vijaya Gopal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Chitta Ranjan Patra
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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36
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Yuan Y, Gu Z, Yao C, Luo D, Yang D. Nucleic Acid-Based Functional Nanomaterials as Advanced Cancer Therapeutics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900172. [PMID: 30972963 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based functional nanomaterials (NAFN) have been widely used as emerging drug delivery nanocarriers for cancer therapeutics. Considerable works have demonstrated that NAFN can effectively load and protect therapeutic agents, and particularly enable targeting delivery to the tumor site and stimuli-responsive release. These outstanding performances are due to NAFN's unique properties including inherent biological functions and sequence programmability as well as biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this Review, the recent progress on NAFN as advanced cancer therapeutics is highlighted. Three main cancer therapy approaches are categorized including chemo-, immuno-, and gene-therapy. Examples are presented to show how NAFN are rationally and exquisitely designed to address problems in cancer therapy. The challenges and future development of NAFN are also discussed toward future more practical biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zi Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chi Yao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Dayong Yang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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37
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Zheng N, Xie D, Zhang Z, Kuang J, Zheng Y, Wang Q, Li Y. Thioketal-crosslinked: ROS-degradable polycations for enhanced in vitro and in vivo gene delivery with self-diminished cytotoxicity. J Biomater Appl 2019; 34:326-338. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328219845081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jia Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yubin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Dendrimer functionalized folate-targeted gold nanoparticles for luciferase gene silencing in vitro: A proof of principle study. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2019; 69:49-61. [PMID: 31259716 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2019-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Use of exogenous small interfering RNA (siRNA) has shown potential in gene silencing. The need for target-specific siRNA delivery vehicles is crucial to successful gene silencing. This study is aimed at developing and evaluating the safety and efficiency of siRNA delivery using unmodified and folic acid (FA) modified poly(amidoamine) generation 5 (PAMAM G5D) functionalized gold nanoparticles (Au:G5D/Au:G5D:FA) in vitro. All formulations were physico--chemically characterized and nanocomplexes were evaluated using the band shift, dye displacement, nuclease protection, MTT cell viability, and luciferase reporter gene assays. Nanocomplexes bound and protected siRNA against degrading RNases, and were well tolerated by the cells. The Au:G5D:FA nanocomplexes elicited excellent gene silencing in folate receptor expressing HeLa-Tat-Luc cells, decreasing significantly in the presence of excess FA ligand, indicating nanocomplex uptake by the mechanism of receptor mediation. These results highlight the synergistic role played by Au and the dendrimer in enhancement of transgene silencing.
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Ghosh S, Lalani R, Patel V, Bardoliwala D, Maiti K, Banerjee S, Bhowmick S, Misra A. Combinatorial nanocarriers against drug resistance in hematological cancers: Opportunities and emerging strategies. J Control Release 2019; 296:114-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Taheri-Araghi S, Chen DW, Kohandel M, Sivaloganathan S, Foldvari M. Tuning optimum transfection of gemini surfactant-phospholipid-DNA nanoparticles by validated theoretical modeling. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:1037-1046. [PMID: 30569915 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06442c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gemini nanoparticles (NPs) are a family of non-viral gene delivery systems with potential for applications in non-invasive gene therapy. Translation of these non-viral gene delivery systems requires improvement of transfection efficiency (TE) through fine-tuning of their physicochemical properties such as electric charge and exact ratios of their components. Since high-throughput experimental screening of minute differences in NP compositions is not routinely feasible, we have developed a coarse-grained model to quantitatively study the energetics of the formation of gene delivery complexes with cationic gemini surfactants (G) (m-s-m type) and helper lipids (H) (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) and DOPE/1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (DPPC)), in order to use it as a tool to predict effective compositions. The model is based on the polymorphic structural conformational flip of NPs and incorporates the electrostatic, entropic and elastic energies, to predict the formation energy and stability of different polymorphic structures as a function of the electric charge of cationic surfactants and concentration of constituent helper lipids. Our results show that these two factors are intertwined in determining the behavior of gene delivery vectors. Specifically, we show that increasing H/G lowers free energy per DNA base pair and increases the stability of the complex. At pH 7, low H/G and charge ratio (ρ±), where the lamellar structure is favored, the formation free energy per DNA base pair is between 0 and -14kBT. At higher values of H/G (2-3) and ρ±, where HII and cubic structures are formed, the formation free energy drops down to values ≈-50kBT, indicating the stable existence of these polymorphic structures in the NPs. At pH 5, the structural transformation of NPs in the endosomes to the lamellar/HII structure with free energy values of about -40kBT is beneficial for endosomal escape, and correlates with increased transfection efficiency. The theoretical model is supported by transfection data in A7 astrocytes with a panel of 16-3-16 gemini NPs, which validates the mathematical model and supports the hypothesis that the NP polymorphic phase transition increases transfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattar Taheri-Araghi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria St S., Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, Canada.
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Ho YK, Kai D, Tu GXE, Deen GR, Too HP, Loh XJ. Enhanced transfection of a macromolecular lignin-based DNA complex with low cellular toxicity. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181021. [PMID: 30413612 PMCID: PMC6265617 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic polymers remain attractive tools for non-viral gene transfer. The effectiveness of these vectors rely on the ability to deliver plasmid DNA (pDNA) into the nucleus of cells. While we have previously demonstrated the potential of Lignin-PGEA-PEGMA as a non-viral gene delivery vector, alterations of cellular phenotype and cytotoxicity were observed post transfection. The present study aims to explore transfection conditions for high efficiency and low toxicity of the Lignin-PGEA-PEGMA based gene delivery system. Cellular toxicity was significantly reduced by using the centrifugation protocol, which enables rapid deposition of DNA complexes. Replacement of media post centrifugation resulted in minimal exposure of cells to excess polymers, which were toxic to cells. At an optimized DNA amount (500-750 ng) and molar ratios of nitrogen (N) in polymer to phosphate (P) in pDNA (N/P = 30-40), with the use of a novel transfection enhancer that facilitates endosomal escape and nuclear trafficking, the efficiency of gene delivery was increased significantly 24 h post transfection. The present study demonstrated an appropriately optimized protocol that enabled the utility of a novel cationic polymer blend with a mixture of fusogenic lipids and a histone deacetylate inhibitor in non-viral transfection, thereby providing an attractive alternative to costly commercial gene carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Khei Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Dr, Singapore 117596
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602
| | - Geraldine Xue En Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Dr, Singapore 117596
| | - G Roshan Deen
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Heng Phon Too
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Dr, Singapore 117596
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576
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Li J, Chen Y, Teng W, Wang Q. [Osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induced by gene-loaded lipopolysaccharide-amine nanopolymersomes]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2018; 32:1469-1476. [PMID: 30417627 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201804125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the ability of gene-loaded lipopolysaccharide-amine nanopolymersomes (LNPs) in inducing osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) by in vitro gene transfection, where LNPs were used as a non-viral cationic carrier, and their properties were optimized during synthesis. Methods LNPs were synthesized by a graft-copolymerization method, and the effects of different pH environments during synthesis on physicochemical properties of LNPs and LNPs/plasmid of bone morphogenetic protein 2-green fluorescent protein (pBMP-2-GFP) complexes were explored. Then, optimized LNPs with maximum transfection efficiency and safe cytotoxicity in rat BMSCs were identified by cytotoxicity and transfection experiments in vitro. Thereafter, the optimized LNPs were used to mediate pBMP-2-GFP to transfect rat BMSCs, and the influences of LNPs/pBMP-2-GFP on osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs were evaluated by monitoring the cell morphology, concentration of BMP-2 protein, activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and the formation of calcium nodules. Results The nitrogen content, particle size, and zeta potential of LNPs synthesized at pH 8.5 were lower than those of the other pH groups, with the lowest cytotoxicity (96.5%±1.4%) and the highest transfection efficiency (98.8%±0.1%). After transfection treatment, within the first 4 days, BMSCs treated by LNPs/pBMP-2-GFP expressed BMP-2 protein significantly higher than that treated by Lipofectamine2000 (Lipo)/pBMP-2-GFP, polyethylenimine 25K/pBMP-2-GFP, and the blank (non-treated). At 14 days after transfection, ALP activity in BMSCs treated by LNPs/pBMP-2-GFP was higher than that treated by Lipo/pBMP-2-GFP and the blank, comparable to that induced by osteogenic medium; with alizarin red staining, visible calcium nodules were found in BMSCs treated by LNPs/pBMP-2-GFP or osteogenic medium, but absent in BMSCs treated by Lipo/pBMP-2-GFP or the blank with apoptosis. At 21 days after transfection, transparent massive nodules were discovered in BMSCs treated by LNPs/pBMP-2-GFP, and BMSCs exhibited the morphologic features of osteoblasts. Conclusion LNPs synthesized at pH 8.5 has optimal transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity, they can efficiently mediate pBMP-2-GFP to transfect BMSCs, and successfully induce their directional osteogenic differentiation, whose inducing effect is comparable to the osteogenic medium. The results suggest that gene transfection mediated by LNPs may be a convenient and effective strategy in inducing directional differentiation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation of Health Ministry, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, 510089, P.R.China;School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, 510006, P.R.China
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation of Health Ministry, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, 510089, P.R.China
| | - Wei Teng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, 510060, P.R.China
| | - Qinmei Wang
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation of Health Ministry, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, 510089,
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Parmar MB, K C RB, Löbenberg R, Uludağ H. Additive Polyplexes to Undertake siRNA Therapy against CDC20 and Survivin in Breast Cancer Cells. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:4193-4206. [PMID: 30222931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivered to silence overexpressed genes associated with malignancies is a promising targeted therapy to decrease the uncontrolled growth of malignant cells. To create potent delivery agents for siRNA, here we formulated additive polyplexes of siRNA using linoleic acid-substituted polyethylenimine and additive polymers (hyaluronic acid, poly(acrylic acid), dextran sulfate, and methyl cellulose) and characterized their physicochemical properties and effectiveness. Incorporating polyanionic polymer along with anionic siRNA in polyplexes was found to decrease the ζ-potential of polyplexes but enhance the cellular delivery of siRNA. The CDC20 and survivin siRNAs delivered by additive polyplexes showed promising efficacy in breast cancer MDA-MB-231, SUM149PT, MDA-MB-436, and MCF7 cells. However, the side effects of the siRNA delivery were observed in nonmalignant cells, and a careful formulation of siRNA/polymer polyplexes was needed to minimize side effects on normal cells. Because the efficacy of siRNA delivery by additive polyplexes was independent of breast cancer phenotypes used in this study, these polyplexes could be further developed to treat a wide range of breast cancers.
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Abstract
Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) are highly oriented, well organized, polyvalent structures of nucleic acids conjugated to hollow or solid core nanoparticles. Because they can transfect many tissue and cell types without toxicity, induce minimum immune response, and penetrate various biological barriers (such as the skin, blood-brain barrier, and blood-tumor barrier), they have become versatile tools for the delivery of nucleic acids, drugs, and proteins for various therapeutic purposes. This article describes the unique structures and properties of SNAs and discusses how these properties enable their application in gene regulation, immunomodulation, and drug and protein delivery. It also summarizes current efforts towards clinical translation of SNAs and provides an expert opinion on remaining challenges to be addressed in the path forward to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan H Kapadia
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Jilian R Melamed
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Emily S Day
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
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Song L, Liang X, Yang S, Wang N, He T, Wang Y, Zhang L, Wu Q, Gong C. Novel polyethyleneimine-R8-heparin nanogel for high-efficiency gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:122-131. [PMID: 29265887 PMCID: PMC6058572 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1417512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is an efficient and promising approach to treat malignant tumors. However, protecting the nucleic acid from degradation in vivo and efficient delivering it into tumor cells remain challenges that require to be addressed before gene therapy could be applied in clinic. In this study, we prepared novel polyethyleneimine-RRRRRRRR(R8)-heparin (HPR) nanogel as an efficient gene delivery system, which consists of heparin and cell penetrating peptide R8 grafted low-molecule-weight polyethyleneimine (PEI). Due to the shielding effect of heparin, crosslinking PEI-R8 with heparin was designed to diminish the toxicity of the gene delivery system. Meanwhile, a partial of R8 peptide which located on the surface of HPR nanogel could significantly enhance the cellular uptake. The formed HPR/pDNA complex exhibited effective endolysosomal escape, resulting in a high-efficiency transfection. Furthermore, the HPR could deliver the plasmid which could transcribe human TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (phTRAIL), into HCT-116 cells and induce significant cell apoptosis. In addition, HPR/phTRAIL complex showed satisfactory antitumor activity in abdominal metastatic colon carcinoma model. Finally, the antitumor mechanism of HPR/phTRAIL was also explored by western blot and histological analysis. The above results suggested that the HPR nanogel could serve as a promising gene delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjiang Song
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center , West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , P. R. China
| | - Xiuqi Liang
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center , West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , P. R. China
| | - Suleixin Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center , West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center , West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , P. R. China
| | - Tao He
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center , West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- b Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu , P. R. China
| | - Lan Zhang
- c Research and Development Department , Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharcacy , Dongguan , China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center , West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , P. R. China
| | - Changyang Gong
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center , West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , Chengdu , P. R. China
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Kulkarni JA, Darjuan MM, Mercer JE, Chen S, van der Meel R, Thewalt JL, Tam YYC, Cullis PR. On the Formation and Morphology of Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Ionizable Cationic Lipids and siRNA. ACS NANO 2018; 12:4787-4795. [PMID: 29614232 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) containing short interfering RNA (LNP-siRNA) and optimized ionizable cationic lipids are now clinically validated systems for silencing disease-causing genes in hepatocytes following intravenous administration. However, the mechanism of formation and certain structural features of LNP-siRNA remain obscure. These systems are formed from lipid mixtures (cationic lipid, distearoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and PEG-lipid) dissolved in ethanol that is rapidly mixed with siRNA in aqueous buffer at a pH (pH 4) where the ionizable lipid is positively charged. The resulting dispersion is then dialyzed against a normal saline buffer to remove residual ethanol and raise the pH to 7.4 (above the p Ka of the cationic lipid) to produce the finished LNP-siRNA systems. Here we provide cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and X-ray evidence that the complexes formed between siRNA and ionizable lipid at pH 4 correspond to tightly packed bilayer structures with siRNA sandwiched between closely apposed monolayers. Further, it is shown that ionizable lipid not complexed to siRNA promotes formation of very small vesicular structures at pH 4 that coalesce to form larger LNP structures with amorphous electron dense cores at pH 7.4. A mechanism of formation of LNP-siRNA systems is proposed whereby siRNA is first sandwiched between closely apposed lipid monolayers at pH 4 and subsequently trapped in these structures as the pH is raised to 7.4, whereas ionizable lipid not interacting with siRNA moves from bilayer structure to adopt an amorphous oil phase located in the center of the LNP as the pH is raised. This model is discussed in terms of previous hypotheses and potential relevance to the design of LNP-siRNA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh A Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of British Columbia , 2350 Health Sciences Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z3 , Canada
| | - Maria M Darjuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of British Columbia , 2350 Health Sciences Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z3 , Canada
| | - Joanne E Mercer
- Department of Physics , Simon Fraser University , 8888 University Drive , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada
| | - Sam Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of British Columbia , 2350 Health Sciences Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z3 , Canada
- Integrated Nanotherapeutics , 2350 Health Sciences Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z3 , Canada
| | - Roy van der Meel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of British Columbia , 2350 Health Sciences Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z3 , Canada
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology , University Medical Center Utrecht , 3584 CX Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Jenifer L Thewalt
- Department of Physics , Simon Fraser University , 8888 University Drive , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada
| | - Yuen Yi C Tam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of British Columbia , 2350 Health Sciences Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z3 , Canada
- Integrated Nanotherapeutics , 2350 Health Sciences Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z3 , Canada
| | - Pieter R Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of British Columbia , 2350 Health Sciences Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z3 , Canada
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Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosystems in Targeted Cancer Therapy. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76162-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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48
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Gene-Based Neuromodulation. Neuromodulation 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805353-9.00030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Sun XK, Zhou J, Zhang L, Ma T, Wang YH, Yang YM, Tang YT, Li H, Wang LJ. Down-regulation of Noggin and miR-138 coordinately promote osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. J Mol Histol 2017; 48:427-436. [PMID: 29094227 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate to osteocytes under suitable conditions. In recent years, micro-nucleotides have been progressively used to modulate gene expression in cells due to the consideration of safety. Our present study aimed to investigate whether co-delivery of Noggin-siRNA and antimiR-138 enhances the osteogenic effect of MSCs. Using a murine MSC line, C3H/10T1/2 cells, the delivery efficiency of Noggin-siRNA and antimiR-138 into MSCs was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell phenotype and proliferation capacity was assessed by flow cytometry and MTT assay respectively. The osteogenesis of MSCs was tested by Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) staining, qRT-PCR, and western blot analyses. Our results demonstrated that the expression of Noggin and miR-138 were significantly silenced in MSCs by Noggin-siRNA and/or antimiR-138 delivery, while the phenotype and proliferation capacity of MSCs were not affected. Down-regulation of Noggin and miR-138 cooperatively promoted osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. The ALP positive cells reached about 83.57 ± 10.18%. Compared with single delivery, the expression of osteogenic related genes, such as Alp, Col-1, Bmp2, Ocn and Runx2, were the highest in cells with co-delivery of the two oligonucleotides. Moreover, the protein level of RUNX2, and the ratios of pSMAD1/5/SMAD1/5 and pERK1/2/ERK1/2 were significantly increased. The activation of Smad, Erk signaling may constitute the underlying mechanism of the enhanced osteogenesis process. Taken together, our study provides a safe strategy for the clinical rehabilitation application of MSCs in skeletal deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Kun Sun
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Beijing, 100850, China
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, ZheJiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Tian Ma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yu-Han Wang
- Tibet Vocational Technical College, Lhasa, 850032, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yan-Mei Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan-Ting Tang
- Department of Stomatology, People's Hospital of Suzhou High-tech Zone, Suzhou, 215129, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China.
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Khalil AS, Yu X, Xie AW, Fontana G, Umhoefer JM, Johnson HJ, Hookway TA, McDevitt TC, Murphy WL. Functionalization of microparticles with mineral coatings enhances non-viral transfection of primary human cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14211. [PMID: 29079806 PMCID: PMC5660152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery to primary human cells is a technology of critical interest to both life science research and therapeutic applications. However, poor efficiencies in gene transfer and undesirable safety profiles remain key limitations in advancing this technology. Here, we describe a materials-based approach whereby application of a bioresorbable mineral coating improves microparticle-based transfection of plasmid DNA lipoplexes in several primary human cell types. In the presence of these mineral-coated microparticles (MCMs), we observed up to 4-fold increases in transfection efficiency with simultaneous reductions in cytotoxicity. We identified mechanisms by which MCMs improve transfection, as well as coating compositions that improve transfection in three-dimensional cell constructs. The approach afforded efficient transfection in primary human fibroblasts as well as mesenchymal and embryonic stem cells for both two- and three-dimensional transfection strategies. This MCM-based transfection is an advancement in gene delivery technology, as it represents a non-viral approach that enables highly efficient, localized transfection and allows for transfection of three-dimensional cell constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Khalil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Angela W Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gianluca Fontana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer M Umhoefer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hunter J Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tracy A Hookway
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences-University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology & Medicine-Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Todd C McDevitt
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences-University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology & Medicine-Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- The Materials Science Program-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center-University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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