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Influence of Bile Salts and Pancreatin on Dog Food during Static In Vitro Simulation to Mimic In Vivo Digestion. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202734. [PMID: 36290120 PMCID: PMC9597847 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of pancreatin and bile salts in different concentrations during in vitro digestion causes changes in the digestibility of crude protein (CP), fat, and dry matter (DM). The effects of bile salts and pancreatin on the digestibility of ether extract (EE), CP, and DM in developing a static in vitro digestion model for dogs were assessed using different concentrations of pancreatin (0, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 g/L digestive solution) and bile salts (0, 2.5, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 g/L digestive solution). The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Digestibility of EE increased with the addition of bile salts (p < 0.05), whereas that of CP decreased with ≤0.25 g (1.0 g/L digestive solution) pancreatin. The digestibility of DM decreased significantly in all groups supplemented with ≥3.125 g (12.5 g/L digestive solution) bile salts and 0.25−2.5 g (1−10 g/L digestive solution) pancreatin and was the lowest with 6.25 g (25 g/L digestive solution) of bile salts (p < 0.05). These findings could facilitate the development of effective static in vitro digestion models for dogs.
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2
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Maurya VK, Shakya A, Bashir K, Kushwaha SC, McClements DJ. Vitamin A fortification: Recent advances in encapsulation technologies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2772-2819. [PMID: 35384290 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient whose deficiency is still a major health concern in many regions of the world. It plays an essential role in human growth and development, immunity, and vision, but may also help prevent several other chronic diseases. The total amount of vitamin A in the human diet often falls below the recommended dietary allowance of approximately 900-1000 μ $ \umu $ g/day for a healthy adult. Moreover, a significant proportion of vitamin A may be degraded during food processing, storage, and distribution, thereby reducing its bioactivity. Finally, the vitamin A in some foods has a relatively low bioavailability, which further reduces its efficacy. The World Health Organization has recommended fortification of foods and beverages as a safe and cost-effective means of addressing vitamin A deficiency. However, there are several factors that must be overcome before effective fortified foods can be developed, including the low solubility, chemical stability, and bioavailability of this oil-soluble vitamin. Consequently, strategies are required to evenly disperse the vitamin throughout food matrices, to inhibit its chemical degradation, to avoid any adverse interactions with any other food components, to ensure the food is palatable, and to increase its bioavailability. In this review article, we discuss the chemical, physical, and nutritional attributes of vitamin A, its main dietary sources, the factors contributing to its current deficiency, and various strategies to address these deficiencies, including diet diversification, biofortification, and food fortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Kumar Maurya
- Centre for Food Research and Analysis, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Haryana, India
| | - Amita Shakya
- Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Haryana, India.,Division of Biotechnology, Cytogene Research & Development, Lucknow, India
| | - Khalid Bashir
- Department of Food Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Satish Chand Kushwaha
- Centre for Food Research and Analysis, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Haryana, India
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Food Science & Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Hussain Zaki UK, Fryganas C, Trijsburg L, Feskens EJM, Capuano E. In vitro gastrointestinal bioaccessibility and colonic fermentation of lignans from fresh, fermented, and germinated flaxseed. Food Funct 2022; 13:10737-10747. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02559k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fermented flaxseed improves lignan (SECO) bioaccessibility in the gastrointestinal phase, release and conversion to enterolactone during colon fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umi Kalsum Hussain Zaki
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Food Science and Technology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Christos Fryganas
- Food Quality & Design Department, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Trijsburg
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edith J. M. Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edoardo Capuano
- Food Quality & Design Department, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Balendra V, Singh SK. Therapeutic potential of astaxanthin and superoxide dismutase in Alzheimer's disease. Open Biol 2021; 11:210013. [PMID: 34186009 PMCID: PMC8241491 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, the imbalance of the antioxidant system, results in an accumulation of neurotoxic proteins in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The antioxidant system is composed of exogenous and endogenous antioxidants to maintain homeostasis. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an endogenous enzymatic antioxidant that converts superoxide ions to hydrogen peroxide in cells. SOD supplementation in mice prevented cognitive decline in stress-induced cells by reducing lipid peroxidation and maintaining neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Furthermore, SOD decreased expression of BACE1 while reducing plaque burden in the brain. Additionally, Astaxanthin (AST), a potent exogenous carotenoid, scavenges superoxide anion radicals. Mice treated with AST showed slower memory decline and decreased depositions of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau protein. Currently, the neuroprotective potential of these supplements has only been examined separately in studies. However, a single antioxidant cannot sufficiently resist oxidative damage to the brain, therefore, a combinatory approach is proposed as a relevant therapy for ameliorating pathological changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology (ISET) Foundation, Lucknow 226002, India
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Honda M, Kageyama H, Hibino T, Osawa Y, Kawashima Y, Hirasawa K, Kuroda I. Evaluation and improvement of storage stability of astaxanthin isomers in oils and fats. Food Chem 2021; 352:129371. [PMID: 33706139 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin Z-isomers potentially have greater bioavailability and biological activity than (all-E)-astaxanthin. However, the stability of the Z-isomers is lower than the all-E-isomer, which is a serious problem affecting its practical use. In this study, we investigated the impacts of different suspension media (oils and fats) and additives on astaxanthin isomer stability and identified suitable ones for astaxanthin stabilization. The evaluations showed that several vegetable oils and antioxidants significantly improved astaxanthin isomer stability, e.g., when soybean and sunflower oils were used as the suspension medium, astaxanthin isomers were hardly degraded; however the total Z-isomer ratio decreased from ~80% to ~50% during 6-week storage at 30 °C. Moreover, it was revealed that (9Z)-astaxanthin showed higher stability than the 13Z- and 15Z-isomers. Hence, to maintain astaxanthin concentration and the Z-isomer ratio over long periods, it is important to use suitable suspension mediums and antioxidants, and select a Z-isomerization method that increases (9Z)-astaxanthin ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Honda
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Hakuto Kageyama
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan; Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Hibino
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan; Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Yukiko Osawa
- Biotechnology R&D Group, ENEOS Corporation, Chidoricho, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0815, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kawashima
- Biotechnology R&D Group, ENEOS Corporation, Chidoricho, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0815, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Hirasawa
- Biotechnology R&D Group, ENEOS Corporation, Chidoricho, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0815, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kuroda
- Biotechnology R&D Group, ENEOS Corporation, Chidoricho, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0815, Japan
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6
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Safety and bioactive potential of nanoparticles containing Cantaloupe melon ( Cucumis melo L.) carotenoids in an experimental model of chronic inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:e00567. [PMID: 33304841 PMCID: PMC7714681 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids present anti-inflammatory effects in healthy and overweight adults. Nanotechnology can enhance carotenoid's bioactive potential. Nanoparticles loaded with carotenoids from Cantaloupe melon were used in obese rats. Animals receiving the nanoparticles showed no signs of toxicity. Animals treated with nanoparticles had organs better aspect compared to untreated.
The safety and bioactive potential of crude carotenoid extract from Cantaloupe melon nanoencapsulated in porcine gelatin (EPG) were evaluated in a chronic inflammatory experimental model. Animals were fed a high glycemic index and high glycemic load (HGLI) diet for 17 weeks and treated for ten days with 1) HGLI diet, 2) standard diet, 3) HGLI diet + crude carotenoid extract (CE) (12.5 mg/kg), and 4) HGLI diet + EPG (50 mg/kg). General toxicity signals were investigated, considering body weight, food intake, hematological, biochemical parameters, relative weight, morphology, and histopathology of organs. The biochemical parameters indicated the low toxicity of EPG. Acute hepatitis was observed in animals' livers, but CE and EPG groups presented improved tissue appearance. Chronic enteritis was observed in animals, with villi and intestinal glands preservation in the EPG group. The results suggest the safety and the bioactive effect of EPG, possibly related to its anti-inflammatory potential.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate transferase
- BSD, Bowman’s space dilation
- CE, crude carotenoid extract
- CEUA, Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals
- Curcubitaceae
- EI, efficiency of incorporation
- EPG, crude carotenoid extract from Cantaloupe melon nanoencapsulated in porcine gelatin
- FTIR, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase
- HGLI, high glycemic index and high glycemic load
- IIF, inflammatory infiltrate foci
- Nanotechnology
- OECD, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Obesity
- PHT, presence of hypertrophic tubules
- PIGI, percentage of intestinal gland integrity
- PUV, percentage of ulcerated villi
- PVA, percentage of villous absence
- PVI, percentage of villus integrity
- PVN, percentage of villous necrosis
- SEM, Scanning Electron Microscope
- THC, tubular hyaline cylinders
- Toxicity
- β-carotene
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7
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Maurya VK, Singh J, Ranjan V, Gothandam KM, Bohn T, Pareek S. Factors affecting the fate of β-carotene in the human gastrointestinal tract: A narrative review. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2020; 92:385-405. [PMID: 32781911 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids and their metabolites play crucial roles in human health such as in immunity, cell differentiation, embryonic development, maintenance of plasma membrane integrity, and gastrointestinal functions, in addition to counteracting night blindness and other eye-related diseases. However, carotenoid bioavailability is highly variable and often low. The bioavailability of β-carotene, among the most frequently consumed carotenoid from the diet, is determined by food matrix related factors such as carotenoid dose, its location in food the matrix, the physical state in food, the presence of other food compounds in the matrix such as dietary fiber, dietary lipids, other micronutrients present such as minerals, and food processing, influencing also the size of food particles, and the presence of absorption inhibitors (fat replacers and anti-obesity drugs) or enhancers (nano-/micro-formulations). However, also host-related factors such as physiochemical interactions by gastrointestinal secretions (enzyme and salts) and other host-related factors such as surgery, age, disease, obesity, and genetic variations have shown to play a role. This review contributes to the knowledge regarding factors affecting the bioavailability of β-carotene (food and host-relegated), as well as highlights in vitro models employed to evaluate β-carotene bioavailability aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Kumar Maurya
- Department of Basic and Applied Science, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131 028, Haryana, India
| | - Jagmeet Singh
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131 028, Haryana, India
| | - Vijay Ranjan
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131 028, Haryana, India
| | | | - Torsten Bohn
- Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Department of Population Health, Nutrition and Health Group, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Sunil Pareek
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131 028, Haryana, India
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8
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In vitro digestion of polysaccharide including whey protein isolate hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 229:115469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Wang ZC, Tanzeela N, Sun L, Fang Z, Yan Y, Li D, Xie H, Wang H, Guo Y. Effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the composition and bioactivity of anthocyanins in the fruits of cultivated Lycium ruthenicum Murray. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2019.1613449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Chao Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nisar Tanzeela
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Yuzhen Yan
- College of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huichun Xie
- College of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Huichun Wang
- College of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yurong Guo
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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10
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Iddir M, Degerli C, Dingeo G, Desmarchelier C, Schleeh T, Borel P, Larondelle Y, Bohn T. Whey protein isolate modulates beta-carotene bioaccessibility depending on gastro-intestinal digestion conditions. Food Chem 2019; 291:157-166. [PMID: 31006454 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic phytochemicals; their intake has been associated with reduced chronic diseases. However, their absorption depends on emulsification during digestion and incorporation into mixed micelles, requiring digestive enzymes, gastric peristalsis, bile, and dietary lipids. In this study, we investigated whether whey-protein-isolate (WPI), a commonly consumed protein source, can modulate β-carotene bioaccessibility in vitro, especially under incomplete digestive conditions, i.e. under low digestive enzyme concentrations. Thus, amounts of pepsin, pancreatin, bile, co-digested lipids and kinetic energy and gastric digestion time were modified, and WPI at concentrations equivalent to 0/25/50% of the protein recommended dietary allowance (approx. 60 g/d) were added to β-carotene dissolved in oil. WPI enhanced bioaccessibility by up to 20% (p < 0.001), especially under higher simulated peristalsis or reduced amount of dietary lipids. Conversely, they impaired bioaccessibility to one third (p < 0.001) under incomplete digestive conditions. WPI modulated β-carotene bioaccessibility depending on digestive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Iddir
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Population Health, Strassen, Luxembourg; Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Celal Degerli
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Population Health, Strassen, Luxembourg; Ege University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Giulia Dingeo
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Population Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | | | - Thomas Schleeh
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Patrick Borel
- C2VN, INRA, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Yvan Larondelle
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Population Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
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11
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Bohn T, Planchon S, Leclercq CC, Renaut J, Mihaly J, Beke G, Rühl R. Proteomic responses of carotenoid and retinol administration to Mongolian gerbils. Food Funct 2018; 9:3835-3844. [PMID: 29951678 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00278a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Various health benefits of carotenoids have been described. However, while human observational studies generally suggest positive health effects, supplementation with relatively high doses of individual carotenoids (supplements) have partly produced adverse effects. In the present study, we investigated the effect of several carotenoids on the proteomic response of male Mongolian gerbils (aged 6 weeks). Five groups of gerbils (n = 6 per group) received either retinol (vitamin A/53 mg per kg bw), all-trans β-carotene (pro-vitamin A/100 mg kg-1), the non-pro vitamin A carotenoid lutein (100 mg kg-1), the acyclic carotenoid lycopene (100 mg kg-1) or vehicle (Cremophor EL), via oral single gavage. Gerbils were 12 h post-prandially sacrificed and blood plasma, liver, and white adipose tissue were collected. For liver and adipose tissue, a 2D-DIGE (difference gel electrophoresis) approach was conducted; for plasma, proteomic analyses were achieved by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared to controls (vehicle), various proteins were showing significant abundance variations in plasma (66), liver (29) and adipose tissue (19), especially regarding structure (22), protein metabolism (15) and immune system/inflammation (19) functions, while proteins related to antioxidant effects were generally less abundant, suggesting no in vivo relevance. Surprisingly, a large overlap in protein regulation was found between lycopene and retinol exposure, while other carotenoids, including all-trans β-carotene, did not show this overlap. Mainly retinoid acid receptor co-regulated proteins may mechanistically explain this overlapping regulation. This overlapping regulation may be related to common nuclear hormone receptor mediated signalling, though further studies using synthetic ligands of retinoid receptors targeting protein regulation are needed for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Population Health Department, 1 A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.
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12
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Park CH, Park KH, Hong SG, Lee JS, Baek JH, Lee GI, Heo JW, Yokozawa T. Oligonol, a low-molecular-weight polyphenol derived from lychee peel, attenuates diabetes-induced pancreatic damage by inhibiting inflammatory responses via oxidative stress-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling. Phytother Res 2018; 32:2541-2550. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hum Park
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research; National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration; Eumseong Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Hun Park
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research; National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration; Eumseong Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Gil Hong
- Department of Agricultural Engineering; National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration; Jeonju Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Su Lee
- Department of Agricultural Engineering; National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration; Jeonju Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Baek
- Department of Agricultural Engineering; National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration; Jeonju Republic of Korea
| | - Gong In Lee
- Department of Agricultural Engineering; National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration; Jeonju Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Wook Heo
- Department of Agricultural Engineering; National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration; Jeonju Republic of Korea
| | - Takako Yokozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research; University of Toyama; Toyama Japan
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13
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Corte-Real J, Desmarchelier C, Borel P, Richling E, Hoffmann L, Bohn T. Magnesium affects spinach carotenoid bioaccessibility in vitro depending on intestinal bile and pancreatic enzyme concentrations. Food Chem 2018; 239:751-759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Yen CH, Chiu HF, Wu CH, Lu YY, Han YC, Shen YC, Venkatakrishnan K, Wang CK. Beneficial efficacy of various propolis extracts and their digestive products by in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Bohn T, Carriere F, Day L, Deglaire A, Egger L, Freitas D, Golding M, Le Feunteun S, Macierzanka A, Menard O, Miralles B, Moscovici A, Portmann R, Recio I, Rémond D, Santé-Lhoutelier V, Wooster TJ, Lesmes U, Mackie AR, Dupont D. Correlation between in vitro and in vivo data on food digestion. What can we predict with static in vitro digestion models? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2239-2261. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1315362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Bohn
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | | | - L. Day
- Agresearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - L. Egger
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - M. Golding
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - A. Moscovici
- Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - R. Portmann
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - T. J. Wooster
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - U. Lesmes
- Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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16
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Alonso MR, Peralta I, Monti D, Martino R, Anesini C. Stability of an Aqueous Extract of Larrea divaricata
Cav. during a Simulated Digestion Process. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1708-1714. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Rosario Alonso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Ignacio Peralta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Demian Monti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | | | - Claudia Anesini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
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Mapelli-Brahm P, Corte-Real J, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Bohn T. Bioaccessibility of phytoene and phytofluene is superior to other carotenoids from selected fruit and vegetable juices. Food Chem 2017; 229:304-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Soukoulis C, Bohn T. A comprehensive overview on the micro- and nano-technological encapsulation advances for enhancing the chemical stability and bioavailability of carotenoids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1-36. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.971353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Soukoulis
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
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No influence of supplemental dietary calcium intake on the bioavailability of spinach carotenoids in humans. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:1560-1569. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517001532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDietary carotenoid intake, especially from fruits and vegetables, has been associated with a reduced incidence of several chronic diseases. However, its bioavailability can vary, depending on the food matrix and host factors. Recently, it has been suggested that divalent minerals negatively impinge on carotenoid bioavailability by reducing bile-salt and non-esterified fatty-acid levels in the gut, which normally aid in emulsifying carotenoids. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether supplemental Ca would negatively influence carotenoid absorption in humans. A total of twenty-five healthy, non-obese men (age: 20–46 years, BMI<30 kg/m2) were recruited for this postprandial, randomised, crossover, double-blinded trial. Following a randomised block design, each participant received (after 2-week washout periods), on three occasions separated by 1 week, 270 g of spinach-based meals (8·61 (sd 1·08) mg carotenoids/100 g fresh weight), supplemented with 0, 500 or 1000 mg of Ca (as calcium carbonate), with each participant acting as his or her own control. Blood samples were collected at regular postprandial intervals for up to 10 h following test meal intake, and standardised lunches were served. TAG-rich lipoprotein fractions were separated and carotenoid concentrations determined. AUC for meals without supplemented Ca were 22·72 (sem 2·78) nmol×h/l (lutein), 0·19 (sem 3·90) nmol×h/l (β-carotene) and 2·80 (sem 1·75) nmol×h/l (β-cryptoxanthin). No significant influence of supplementation with either 500 or 1000 mg of supplemental Ca was found. In conclusion, Ca – the most abundant divalent mineral in the diet – given at high but physiological concentrations, does not appear to have repercussions on the bioavailability of carotenoids from a spinach-based meal.
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Bohn T, Desmarchelier C, Dragsted LO, Nielsen CS, Stahl W, Rühl R, Keijer J, Borel P. Host-related factors explaining interindividual variability of carotenoid bioavailability and tissue concentrations in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61:1600685. [PMID: 28101967 PMCID: PMC5516247 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoid dietary intake and their endogenous levels have been associated with a decreased risk of several chronic diseases. There are indications that carotenoid bioavailability depends, in addition to the food matrix, on host factors. These include diseases (e.g. colitis), life-style habits (e.g. smoking), gender and age, as well as genetic variations including single nucleotide polymorphisms that govern carotenoid metabolism. These are expected to explain interindividual differences that contribute to carotenoid uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion, and therefore possibly also their association with disease risk. For instance, digestion enzymes fostering micellization (PNLIP, CES), expression of uptake/efflux transporters (SR-BI, CD36, NPC1L1), cleavage enzymes (BCO1/2), intracellular transporters (FABP2), secretion into chylomicrons (APOB, MTTP), carotenoid metabolism in the blood and liver (LPL, APO C/E, LDLR), and distribution to target tissues such as adipose tissue or macula (GSTP1, StARD3) depend on the activity of these proteins. In addition, human microbiota, e.g. via altering bile-acid concentrations, may play a role in carotenoid bioavailability. In order to comprehend individual, variable responses to these compounds, an improved knowledge on intra-/interindividual factors determining carotenoid bioavailability, including tissue distribution, is required. Here, we highlight the current knowledge on factors that may explain such intra-/interindividual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Luxembourg Institute of HealthStrassenLuxembourg
| | | | - Lars O. Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Charlotte S. Nielsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Wilhelm Stahl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BTDebrecenHungary
- MTA‐DE Public Health Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesFaculty of Public HealthUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick Borel
- NORT, Aix‐Marseille Université, INRAINSERMMarseilleFrance
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Li Q, Li T, Liu C, Chen J, Zhang R, Zhang Z, Dai T, McClements DJ. Potential physicochemical basis of Mediterranean diet effect: Ability of emulsified olive oil to increase carotenoid bioaccessibility in raw and cooked tomatoes. Food Res Int 2016; 89:320-329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Reprint of “Soy glycinin as food-grade Pickering stabilizers: Part. III. Fabrication of gel-like emulsions and their potential as sustained-release delivery systems for β-carotene”. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Bioaccessibility of rutin, caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid: Influence of the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion models. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Eriksen JN, Luu AY, Dragsted LO, Arrigoni E. In vitro liberation of carotenoids from spinach and Asia salads after different domestic kitchen procedures. Food Chem 2016; 203:23-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Liu F, Tang CH. Soy glycinin as food-grade Pickering stabilizers: Part. III. Fabrication of gel-like emulsions and their potential as sustained-release delivery systems for β-carotene. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Kaulmann A, Legay S, Schneider YJ, Hoffmann L, Bohn T. Inflammation related responses of intestinal cells to plum and cabbage digesta with differential carotenoid and polyphenol profiles following simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:992-1005. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Kaulmann
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology - Environmental Research and Innovation Department; Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology - Environmental Research and Innovation Department; Belvaux Luxembourg
| | | | - Lucien Hoffmann
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology - Environmental Research and Innovation Department; Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology - Environmental Research and Innovation Department; Belvaux Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Institute of Health - Population Health Department; Strassen Luxembourg
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Effect of divalent minerals on the bioaccessibility of pure carotenoids and on physical properties of gastro-intestinal fluids. Food Chem 2016; 197:546-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Gel-like pea protein Pickering emulsions at pH3.0 as a potential intestine-targeted and sustained-release delivery system for β-carotene. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Heleno SA, Barros L, Martins A, Queiroz MJR, Morales P, Fernández-Ruiz V, Ferreira IC. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility studies in phenolic extracts of two Hericium wild edible species. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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30
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Rodriguez-Amaya DB. Status of carotenoid analytical methods and in vitro assays for the assessment of food quality and health effects. Curr Opin Food Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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31
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Chiang YC, Chen CL, Jeng TL, Lin TC, Sung JM. Bioavailability of cranberry bean hydroalcoholic extract and its inhibitory effect against starch hydrolysis following in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Food Res Int 2014; 64:939-945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Liu Y, Lei F, Yuan F, Gao Y. Effects of milk proteins on release properties and particle morphology of β-carotene emulsions during in vitro digestion. Food Funct 2014; 5:2940-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00585f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Carotenoids, inflammation, and oxidative stress--implications of cellular signaling pathways and relation to chronic disease prevention. Nutr Res 2014; 34:907-29. [PMID: 25134454 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several epidemiologic studies have shown that diets rich in fruits and vegetables reduce the risk of developing several chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cancer. These diseases are linked with systemic, low-grade chronic inflammation. Although controversy persists on the bioactive ingredients, several secondary plant metabolites have been associated with these beneficial health effects. Carotenoids represent the most abundant lipid-soluble phytochemicals, and in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that they have antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, many of these properties have been linked to the effect of carotenoids on intracellular signaling cascades, thereby influencing gene expression and protein translation. By blocking the translocation of nuclear factor κB to the nucleus, carotenoids are able to interact with the nuclear factor κB pathway and thus inhibit the downstream production of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-8 or prostaglandin E2. Carotenoids can also block oxidative stress by interacting with the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway, enhancing its translocation into the nucleus, and activating phase II enzymes and antioxidants, such as glutathione-S-transferases. In this review, which is organized into in vitro, animal, and human investigations, we summarized current knowledge on carotenoids and metabolites with respect to their ability to modulate inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways and discuss potential dose-health relations. Although many pathways involved in the bioactivity of carotenoids have been revealed, future research should be directed toward dose-response relations of carotenoids, their metabolites, and their effect on transcription factors and metabolism.
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Alminger M, Aura AM, Bohn T, Dufour C, El S, Gomes A, Karakaya S, Martínez-Cuesta M, McDougall G, Requena T, Santos C. In VitroModels for Studying Secondary Plant Metabolite Digestion and Bioaccessibility. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:413-436. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Alminger
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Chalmers Univ. of Technology; SE 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - A.-M. Aura
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland; P.O.Box 1000 Tietotie 2 Espoo FI-02044 VTT Finland
| | - T. Bohn
- Environment and Agro-biotechnologies Dept; Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann; 4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - C. Dufour
- INRA, UMR408 Safety and Quality of Plant Products F-84000 Avignon; France
- Univ. of Avignon; UMR408 Safety and Quality of Plant Products F-84000 Avignon; France
| | - S.N. El
- Engineering Faculty Dept. of Food Engineering; Ege Univ. 35100 Izmir Turkey
| | - A. Gomes
- Inst. de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras Portugal
- Inst. de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Univ. Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República, EAN, 2781-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - S. Karakaya
- Engineering Faculty Dept. of Food Engineering; Ege Univ. 35100 Izmir Turkey
| | - M.C. Martínez-Cuesta
- Inst. de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM); Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - G.J. McDougall
- The James Hutton Inst., Invergowrie; DD2 5DA; Dundee United Kingdom
| | - T. Requena
- Inst. de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM); Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - C.N. Santos
- Inst. de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras Portugal
- Inst. de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Univ. Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República, EAN, 2781-901 Oeiras Portugal
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35
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Minekus M, Alminger M, Alvito P, Ballance S, Bohn T, Bourlieu C, Carrière F, Boutrou R, Corredig M, Dupont D, Dufour C, Egger L, Golding M, Karakaya S, Kirkhus B, Le Feunteun S, Lesmes U, Macierzanka A, Mackie A, Marze S, McClements DJ, Ménard O, Recio I, Santos CN, Singh RP, Vegarud GE, Wickham MSJ, Weitschies W, Brodkorb A. A standardised static in vitro digestion method suitable for food - an international consensus. Food Funct 2014; 5:1113-24. [PMID: 24803111 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60702j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3214] [Impact Index Per Article: 321.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simulated gastro-intestinal digestion is widely employed in many fields of food and nutritional sciences, as conducting human trials are often costly, resource intensive, and ethically disputable. As a consequence, in vitro alternatives that determine endpoints such as the bioaccessibility of nutrients and non-nutrients or the digestibility of macronutrients (e.g. lipids, proteins and carbohydrates) are used for screening and building new hypotheses. Various digestion models have been proposed, often impeding the possibility to compare results across research teams. For example, a large variety of enzymes from different sources such as of porcine, rabbit or human origin have been used, differing in their activity and characterization. Differences in pH, mineral type, ionic strength and digestion time, which alter enzyme activity and other phenomena, may also considerably alter results. Other parameters such as the presence of phospholipids, individual enzymes such as gastric lipase and digestive emulsifiers vs. their mixtures (e.g. pancreatin and bile salts), and the ratio of food bolus to digestive fluids, have also been discussed at length. In the present consensus paper, within the COST Infogest network, we propose a general standardised and practical static digestion method based on physiologically relevant conditions that can be applied for various endpoints, which may be amended to accommodate further specific requirements. A frameset of parameters including the oral, gastric and small intestinal digestion are outlined and their relevance discussed in relation to available in vivo data and enzymes. This consensus paper will give a detailed protocol and a line-by-line, guidance, recommendations and justifications but also limitation of the proposed model. This harmonised static, in vitro digestion method for food should aid the production of more comparable data in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Minekus
- TNO, PO BOX 360, 3700AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Selective factors governing in vitro β-carotene bioaccessibility: negative influence of low filtration cutoffs and alterations by emulsifiers and food matrices. Nutr Res 2014; 34:1101-10. [PMID: 25476193 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Because of their putative health benefits, the biological fate of carotenoids after digestion has been met with much interest, and ex vivo methods using carotenoid standards to study their digestion and further metabolism have been developed. In the absence of a complex food matrix, that is, when studying isolated carotenoids, protocol conditions of gastrointestinal digestion models have to be adjusted. In this investigation, we hypothesized that certain selected factors would significantly influence the bioaccessibility of β-carotene in vitro. The factors considered included (i) type of lipid matrix employed (milk, cream, or oil), (ii) presence/absence of emulsifiers (e.g. lecithin and taurocholate), (iii) addition of a gastric lipase, and (iv) final filtration (20 or 200 nm) of the digesta. Adding an emulsifier mixture (10 mg lecithin + 50 mg monoolein + 5 mg oleic acid) enhanced β-carotene bioaccessibility 3 times (P < 0.001), whereas additional taurocholate and the presence/absence of gastric lipase added before intestinal digestion had no significant effect. β-Carotene bioaccessibility was superior with oil than with milk (18.8% ± 0.7% and 6.1% ± 0.7%, respectively; P = 0.03), especially after filtration, thus suggesting incomplete micelle formation after addition of milk. Filtration through 20 nm filters reduced carotenoid concentration in the aqueous fraction (from 7.1% ± 0.2% to 5.5% ± 0.2% in samples digested with canola oil, P < 0.001), indicating that not all formed micelles compared in size with those normally formed in vivo. When studying carotenoid standards during in vitro digestion, care should be taken to separate mixed micelles by filtration, and the choice of emulsifier and matrix should be considered.
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Abourashed EA. Bioavailability of Plant-Derived Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2013; 2:309-25. [PMID: 26784467 PMCID: PMC4665521 DOI: 10.3390/antiox2040309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products with antioxidant properties have been extensively utilized in the pharmaceutical and food industry and have also been very popular as health-promoting herbal products. This review provides a summary of the literature published around the first decade of the 21st century regarding the oral bioavailability of carotenoids, polyphenols and sulfur compounds as the three major classes of plant-derived antioxidants. The reviewed original research includes more than 40 compounds belonging to the above mentioned classes of natural antioxidants. In addition, related reviews published during the same period have been cited. A brief introduction to general bioavailability-related definitions, procedures and considerations is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab A Abourashed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL 60628, USA.
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Rein MJ, Renouf M, Cruz-Hernandez C, Actis-Goretta L, Thakkar SK, da Silva Pinto M. Bioavailability of bioactive food compounds: a challenging journey to bioefficacy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:588-602. [PMID: 22897361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioavailability is a key step in ensuring bioefficacy of bioactive food compounds or oral drugs. Bioavailability is a complex process involving several different stages: liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination phases (LADME). Bioactive food compounds, whether derived from various plant or animal sources, need to be bioavailable in order to exert any beneficial effects. Through a better understanding of the digestive fate of bioactive food compounds we can impact the promotion of health and improvement of performance. Many varying factors affect bioavailability, such as bioaccessibility, food matrix effect, transporters, molecular structures and metabolizing enzymes. Bioefficacy may be improved through enhanced bioavailability. Therefore, several technologies have been developed to improve the bioavailability of xenobiotics, including structural modifications, nanotechnology and colloidal systems. Due to the complex nature of food bioactive compounds and also to the different mechanisms of absorption of hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive compounds, unravelling the bioavailability of food constituents is challenging. Among the food sources discussed during this review, coffee, tea, citrus fruit and fish oil were included as sources of food bioactive compounds (e.g. (poly)phenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)) since they are examples of important ingredients for the food industry. Although there are many studies reporting on bioavailability and bioefficacy of these bioactive food components, understanding their interactions, metabolism and mechanism of action still requires extensive work. This review focuses on some of the major factors affecting the bioavailability of the aforementioned bioactive food compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit J Rein
- Nutrient Bioavailability Group, Nestle Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Liu Y, Hou Z, Lei F, Chang Y, Gao Y. Investigation into the bioaccessibility and microstructure changes of β-carotene emulsions during in vitro digestion. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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41
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Bouayed J, Deußer H, Hoffmann L, Bohn T. Bioaccessible and dialysable polyphenols in selected apple varieties following in vitro digestion vs. their native patterns. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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TAGLIAZUCCHI DAVIDE, VERZELLONI ELENA, CONTE ANGELA. THE FIRST TRACT OF ALIMENTARY CANAL AS AN EXTRACTOR. RELEASE OF PHYTOCHEMICALS FROM SOLID FOOD MATRICES DURING SIMULATED DIGESTION. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2011.00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bouayed J, Hoffmann L, Bohn T. Total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity following simulated gastro-intestinal digestion and dialysis of apple varieties: Bioaccessibility and potential uptake. Food Chem 2011; 128:14-21. [PMID: 25214323 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an in vitro model simulating gastrointestinal (GI) digestion, including dialysability, was adapted to assess free soluble polyphenols from apples (four varieties). Results indicated that polyphenol release was mainly achieved during the gastric phase (ca. 65% of phenolics and flavonoids), with a slight further release (<10%) during intestinal digestion. Anthocyanins present after the gastric phase (1.04-1.14mg/100g) were not detectable following intestinal digestion. Dialysis experiments employing a semipermeable cellulose membrane, presenting a simplified model of the epithelial barrier, showed that free soluble dialysable polyphenols and flavonoids were 55% and 44% of native concentrations, respectively, being approximately 20% and 30% lower than that of the GI digesta. Similar results were found for the antioxidant capacity of dialysable antioxidants, being 57% and 46% lower compared to total antioxidants in fresh apples (FRAP and ABTS test, respectively). It is suggested that some polyphenols are bound to macromolecular compounds that are non-dialysable, that the presented method allowed the study of free soluble polyphenols available for further uptake, and that both chemical extraction and concentrations in final digesta would overestimate polyphenol availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaouad Bouayed
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Lucien Hoffmann
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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