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Dogan F, Forsyth NR. TERT Promoter Methylation Is Oxygen-Sensitive and Regulates Telomerase Activity. Biomolecules 2024; 14:131. [PMID: 38275760 PMCID: PMC10813121 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Telomere repeats protect linear chromosomes from degradation, and telomerase has a prominent role in their maintenance. Telomerase has telomere-independent effects on cell proliferation, DNA replication, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase enzyme), the catalytic subunit of telomerase, is required for enzyme activity. TERT promoter mutation and methylation are strongly associated with increased telomerase activation in cancer cells. TERT levels and telomerase activity are downregulated in stem cells during differentiation. The link between differentiation and telomerase can provide a valuable tool for the study of the epigenetic regulation of TERT. Oxygen levels can affect cellular behaviors including proliferation, metabolic activity, stemness, and differentiation. The role of oxygen in driving TERT promoter modifications in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is poorly understood. We adopted a monolayer ESC differentiation model to explore the role of physiological oxygen (physoxia) in the epigenetic regulation of telomerase and TERT. We further hypothesized that DNMTs played a role in physoxia-driven epigenetic modification. ESCs were cultured in either air or a 2% O2 environment. Physoxia culture increased the proliferation rate and stemness of the ESCs and induced a slower onset of differentiation than in ambient air. As anticipated, downregulated TERT expression correlated with reduced telomerase activity during differentiation. Consistent with the slower onset of differentiation in physoxia, the TERT expression and telomerase activity were elevated in comparison to the air-oxygen-cultured ESCs. The TERT promoter methylation levels increased during differentiation in ambient air to a greater extent than in physoxia. The chemical inhibition of DNMT3B reduced TERT promoter methylation and was associated with increased TERT gene and telomerase activity during differentiation. DNMT3B ChIP (Chromatin immunoprecipitation) demonstrated that downregulated TERT expression and increased proximal promoter methylation were associated with DNMT3B promoter binding. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that DNMT3B directly associates with TERT promoter, is associated with differentiation-linked TERT downregulation, and displays oxygen sensitivity. Taken together, these findings help identify novel aspects of telomerase regulation that may play a role in better understanding developmental regulation and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Dogan
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- The Guy Hilton Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- The Guy Hilton Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, UK
- Vice Principals Office, Kings College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
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2
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Ludwik KA, Telugu N, Schommer S, Stachelscheid H, Diecke S. ASSURED-optimized CRISPR protocol for knockout/SNP knockin in hiPSCs. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102406. [PMID: 37481731 PMCID: PMC10382939 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 technology coupled with human induced pluripotent stem cells allows precise disease modeling in pluripotent cells and subsequently derived specialized cell types. Here, we present an optimized CRISPR-Cas9 pipeline, ASSURED (affordable, successful, specific, user-friendly, rapid, efficient, and deliverable), to produce gene-modified single-cell-derived knockout or single-nucleotide-polymorphism-modified knockin hiPSCs clones. We describe steps for analyzing targeted genomic sequence and designing guide RNAs and homology repair template. We then detail the CRISPR-Cas9 delivery workflow, evaluation of editing efficiency, and automated cell isolation followed by clone screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Ludwik
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Unit Pluripotent Stem Cells & Organoids, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Narasimha Telugu
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Schommer
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Stachelscheid
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Unit Pluripotent Stem Cells & Organoids, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Diecke
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) (partner site), Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Afshar Y, Ma F, Quach A, Jeong A, Sunshine HL, Freitas V, Jami-Alahmadi Y, Helaers R, Li X, Pellegrini M, Wohlschlegel JA, Romanoski CE, Vikkula M, Iruela-Arispe ML. Transcriptional drifts associated with environmental changes in endothelial cells. eLife 2023; 12:e81370. [PMID: 36971339 PMCID: PMC10168696 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental cues, such as physical forces and heterotypic cell interactions play a critical role in cell function, yet their collective contributions to transcriptional changes are unclear. Focusing on human endothelial cells, we performed broad individual sample analysis to identify transcriptional drifts associated with environmental changes that were independent of genetic background. Global gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing and protein expression by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry directed proteomics distinguished endothelial cells in vivo from genetically matched culture (in vitro) samples. Over 43% of the transcriptome was significantly changed by the in vitro environment. Subjecting cultured cells to long-term shear stress significantly rescued the expression of approximately 17% of genes. Inclusion of heterotypic interactions by co-culture of endothelial cells with smooth muscle cells normalized approximately 9% of the original in vivo signature. We also identified novel flow dependent genes, as well as genes that necessitate heterotypic cell interactions to mimic the in vivo transcriptome. Our findings highlight specific genes and pathways that rely on contextual information for adequate expression from those that are agnostic of such environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Afshar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Feyiang Ma
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Austin Quach
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Anhyo Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Hannah L Sunshine
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoUnited States
| | - Vanessa Freitas
- Departament of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao PauloLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Yasaman Jami-Alahmadi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Raphael Helaers
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - James A Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Casey E Romanoski
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of LouvainBrusselsBelgium
- WELBIO department, WEL Research InstituteWavreBelgium
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoUnited States
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4
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Dogan F, Aljumaily RMK, Kitchen M, Forsyth NR. Physoxia Influences Global and Gene-Specific Methylation in Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5854. [PMID: 35628663 PMCID: PMC9148100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSC) possess unlimited proliferation, self-renewal, and a differentiation capacity spanning all germ layers. Appropriate culture conditions are important for the maintenance of self-renewal, pluripotency, proliferation, differentiation, and epigenetic states. Oxygen concentrations vary across different human tissues depending on precise cell location and proximity to vascularisation. The bulk of PSC culture-based research is performed in a physiologically hyperoxic, air oxygen (21% O2) environment, with numerous reports now detailing the impact of a physiologic normoxia (physoxia), low oxygen culture in the maintenance of stemness, survival, morphology, proliferation, differentiation potential, and epigenetic profiles. Epigenetic mechanisms affect multiple cellular characteristics including gene expression during development and cell-fate determination in differentiated cells. We hypothesized that epigenetic marks are responsive to a reduced oxygen microenvironment in PSCs and their differentiation progeny. Here, we evaluated the role of physoxia in PSC culture, the regulation of DNA methylation (5mC (5-methylcytosine) and 5hmC (5-hydroxymethylcytosine)), and the expression of regulatory enzyme DNMTs and TETs. Physoxia enhanced the functional profile of PSC including proliferation, metabolic activity, and stemness attributes. PSCs cultured in physoxia revealed the significant downregulation of DNMT3B, DNMT3L, TET1, and TET3 vs. air oxygen, accompanied by significantly reduced 5mC and 5hmC levels. The downregulation of DNMT3B was associated with an increase in its promoter methylation. Coupled with the above, we also noted decreased HIF1A but increased HIF2A expression in physoxia-cultured PSCs versus air oxygen. In conclusion, PSCs display oxygen-sensitive methylation patterns that correlate with the transcriptional and translational regulation of the de novo methylase DNMT3B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Dogan
- The Guy Hilton Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, UK; (F.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Rakad M. Kh Aljumaily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 17635, Iraq;
| | - Mark Kitchen
- The Guy Hilton Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, UK; (F.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- The Guy Hilton Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, UK; (F.D.); (M.K.)
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5
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Redox Homeostasis and Regulation in Pluripotent Stem Cells: Uniqueness or Versatility? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010946. [PMID: 34681606 PMCID: PMC8535588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold great potential both in studies on developmental biology and clinical practice. Mitochondrial metabolism that encompasses pathways that generate ATP and produce ROS significantly differs between PSCs and somatic cells. Correspondingly, for quite a long time it was believed that the redox homeostasis in PSCs is also highly specific due to the hypoxic niche of their origin-within the pre-implantation blastocyst. However, recent research showed that redox parameters of cultivated PSCs have much in common with that of their differentiated progeny cells. Moreover, it has been proven that, similar to somatic cells, maintaining the physiological ROS level is critical for the regulation of PSC identity, proliferation, differentiation, and de-differentiation. In this review, we aimed to summarize the studies of redox metabolism and signaling in PSCs to compare the redox profiles of pluripotent and differentiated somatic cells. We collected evidence that PSCs possess metabolic plasticity and are able to adapt to both hypoxia and normoxia, that pluripotency is not strictly associated with anaerobic conditions, and that cellular redox homeostasis is similar in PSCs and many other somatic cells under in vitro conditions that may be explained by the high conservatism of the redox regulation system.
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6
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Oxygen as a Master Regulator of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Function and Metabolism. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11090905. [PMID: 34575682 PMCID: PMC8466012 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer numerous possibilities in science and medicine, particularly when combined with precise genome editing methods. hiPSCs are artificially generated equivalents of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), which possess an unlimited ability to self-renew and the potential to differentiate into any cell type of the human body. Importantly, generating patient-specific hiPSCs enables personalized drug testing or autologous cell therapy upon differentiation into a desired cell line. However, to ensure the highest standard of hiPSC-based biomedical products, their safety and reliability need to be proved. One of the key factors influencing human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) characteristics and function is oxygen concentration in their microenvironment. In recent years, emerging data have pointed toward the beneficial effect of low oxygen pressure (hypoxia) on both hiPSCs and hESCs. In this review, we examine the state-of-the-art research on the oxygen impact on hiPSC functions and activity with an emphasis on their niche, metabolic state, reprogramming efficiency, and differentiation potential. We also discuss the similarities and differences between PSCs and cancer stem cells (CSCs) with respect to the role of oxygen in both cell types.
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7
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Maraldi T, Angeloni C, Prata C, Hrelia S. NADPH Oxidases: Redox Regulators of Stem Cell Fate and Function. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:973. [PMID: 34204425 PMCID: PMC8234808 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated within stem cells is the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family of enzymes (NOXs), which are critical determinants of the redox state beside antioxidant defense mechanisms. This balance is involved in another one that regulates stem cell fate: indeed, self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation are decisive steps for stem cells during embryo development, adult tissue renovation, and cell therapy application. Ex vivo culture-expanded stem cells are being investigated for tissue repair and immune modulation, but events such as aging, senescence, and oxidative stress reduce their ex vivo proliferation, which is crucial for their clinical applications. Here, we review the role of NOX-derived ROS in stem cell biology and functions, focusing on positive and negative effects triggered by the activity of different NOX isoforms. We report recent findings on downstream molecular targets of NOX-ROS signaling that can modulate stem cell homeostasis and lineage commitment and discuss the implications in ex vivo expansion and in vivo engraftment, function, and longevity. This review highlights the role of NOX as a pivotal regulator of several stem cell populations, and we conclude that these aspects have important implications in the clinical utility of stem cells, but further studies on the effects of pharmacological modulation of NOX in human stem cells are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Cristina Angeloni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Prata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
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8
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Hypoxia as a Driving Force of Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming and Differentiation to Endothelial Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121614. [PMID: 33260307 PMCID: PMC7759989 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate supply of oxygen (O2) is a hallmark of many diseases, in particular those related to the cardiovascular system. On the other hand, tissue hypoxia is an important factor regulating (normal) embryogenesis and differentiation of stem cells at the early stages of embryonic development. In culture, hypoxic conditions may facilitate the derivation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which may serve as a valuable tool for disease modeling. Endothelial cells (ECs), multifunctional components of vascular structures, may be obtained from iPSCs and subsequently used in various (hypoxia-related) disease models to investigate vascular dysfunctions. Although iPSC-ECs demonstrated functionality in vitro and in vivo, ongoing studies are conducted to increase the efficiency of differentiation and to establish the most productive protocols for the application of patient-derived cells in clinics. In this review, we highlight recent discoveries on the role of hypoxia in the derivation of ESCs and the generation of iPSCs. We also summarize the existing protocols of hypoxia-driven differentiation of iPSCs toward ECs and discuss their possible applications in disease modeling and treatment of hypoxia-related disorders.
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9
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Pavlacky J, Polak J. Technical Feasibility and Physiological Relevance of Hypoxic Cell Culture Models. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:57. [PMID: 32153502 PMCID: PMC7046623 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is characterized as insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues and cells in the body and is prevalent in many human physiology processes and diseases. Thus, it is an attractive state to experimentally study to understand its inner mechanisms as well as to develop and test therapies against pathological conditions related to hypoxia. Animal models in vivo fail to recapitulate some of the key hallmarks of human physiology, which leads to human cell cultures; however, they are prone to bias, namely when pericellular oxygen concentration (partial pressure) does not respect oxygen dynamics in vivo. A search of the current literature on the topic revealed this was the case for many original studies pertaining to experimental models of hypoxia in vitro. Therefore, in this review, we present evidence mandating for the close control of oxygen levels in cell culture models of hypoxia. First, we discuss the basic physical laws required for understanding the oxygen dynamics in vitro, most notably the limited diffusion through a liquid medium that hampers the oxygenation of cells in conventional cultures. We then summarize up-to-date knowledge of techniques that help standardize the culture environment in a replicable fashion by increasing oxygen delivery to the cells and measuring pericellular levels. We also discuss how these tools may be applied to model both constant and intermittent hypoxia in a physiologically relevant manner, considering known values of partial pressure of tissue normoxia and hypoxia in vivo, compared to conventional cultures incubated at rigid oxygen pressure. Attention is given to the potential influence of three-dimensional tissue cultures and hypercapnia management on these models. Finally, we discuss the implications of these concepts for cell cultures, which try to emulate tissue normoxia, and conclude that the maintenance of precise oxygen levels is important in any cell culture setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Pavlacky
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Polak
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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10
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Addressing Variability and Heterogeneity of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1212:1-29. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Keeley TP, Mann GE. Defining Physiological Normoxia for Improved Translation of Cell Physiology to Animal Models and Humans. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:161-234. [PMID: 30354965 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive oxygen gradient between the air we breathe (Po2 ~21 kPa) and its ultimate distribution within mitochondria (as low as ~0.5-1 kPa) is testament to the efforts expended in limiting its inherent toxicity. It has long been recognized that cell culture undertaken under room air conditions falls short of replicating this protection in vitro. Despite this, difficulty in accurately determining the appropriate O2 levels in which to culture cells, coupled with a lack of the technology to replicate and maintain a physiological O2 environment in vitro, has hindered addressing this issue thus far. In this review, we aim to address the current understanding of tissue Po2 distribution in vivo and summarize the attempts made to replicate these conditions in vitro. The state-of-the-art techniques employed to accurately determine O2 levels, as well as the issues associated with reproducing physiological O2 levels in vitro, are also critically reviewed. We aim to provide the framework for researchers to undertake cell culture under O2 levels relevant to specific tissues and organs. We envisage that this review will facilitate a paradigm shift, enabling translation of findings under physiological conditions in vitro to disease pathology and the design of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Keeley
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
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12
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Svolacchia F, Svolacchia L. Dermal regeneration with MilliGraft® Kit of nanofat: The micrograft of adipose tissue: A clinical assessment study. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2019. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed50-21881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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13
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Koutsouraki E, Pells S, De Sousa PA. Sufficiency of hypoxia-inducible 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenases to block chemical oxidative stress-induced differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2018; 34:101358. [PMID: 30640062 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia benefits undifferentiated pluripotent stem cell renewal, and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dioxygenases have been implicated in pluripotent stem cell induction and renewal. We show in human embryonic stem cells (hESC) that an ambient oxygen-induced oxidative stress response elicited by culture in a hypoxic atmosphere (0.5% O2) correlates with the expression of 2OG dioxygenases, which oxidise DNA (TET1, 2, 3) and histone H3 (KDM4C), the former reflected by elevation in genomic 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). siRNA-mediated targeting of KDM4C and TET1-3 induces hESC differentiation. Under ambient atmospheric oxygen (21% O2), exposure to a low inhibitory concentration of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2, IC10), as a model of chemically-induced oxidative stress, suppresses antioxidant gene expression, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential and induces hESC differentiation. Co-administration of the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine promoted anti-oxidant, pluripotency and 2OG dioxygenase gene expression, elevated genomic hydroxymethylation and blocked induction of differentiation. Transient ectopic expression of KDM4C or TET1 in ambient atmospheric oxygen achieved the same. Our study substantiates a role for 2OG-dependent dioxygenases in hypoxia's promotion of undifferentiated hESC self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Koutsouraki
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellors Building, 49 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Dr, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Steve Pells
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellors Building, 49 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Dr, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Paul A De Sousa
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellors Building, 49 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Dr, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.
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14
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Bahsoun S, Coopman K, Forsyth NR, Akam EC. The Role of Dissolved Oxygen Levels on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture Success, Regulatory Compliance, and Therapeutic Potential. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1303-1321. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Bahsoun
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Coopman
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C. Akam
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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15
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In situ transcriptome characteristics are lost following culture adaptation of adult cardiac stem cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12060. [PMID: 30104715 PMCID: PMC6089936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative therapeutic approaches for myocardial diseases often involve delivery of stem cells expanded ex vivo. Prior studies indicate that cell culture conditions affect functional and phenotypic characteristics, but relationship(s) of cultured cells derived from freshly isolated populations and the heterogeneity of the cultured population remain poorly defined. Functional and phenotypic characteristics of ex vivo expanded cells will determine outcomes of interventional treatment for disease, necessitating characterization of the impact that ex vivo expansion has upon isolated stem cell populations. Single-cell RNA-Seq profiling (scRNA-Seq) was performed to determine consequences of culture expansion upon adult cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) as well as relationships with other cell populations. Bioinformatic analyses demonstrate that identity marker genes expressed in freshly isolated cells become undetectable in cultured CPCs while low level expression emerges for thousands of other genes. Transcriptional profile of CPCs exhibited greater degree of similarity throughout the cultured population relative to freshly isolated cells. Findings were validated by comparative analyses using scRNA-Seq datasets of various cell types generated by multiple scRNA-Seq technology. Increased transcriptome diversity and decreased population heterogeneity in the cultured cell population may help account for reported outcomes associated with experimental and clinical use of CPCs for treatment of myocardial injury.
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Zhao Z, Ma Y, Chen Z, Liu Q, Li Q, Kong D, Yuan K, Hu L, Wang T, Chen X, Peng Y, Jiang W, Yu Y, Liu X. Effects of Feeder Cells on Dopaminergic Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:291. [PMID: 28066186 PMCID: PMC5168467 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) are used for the culture of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). MEFs and HFFs differed in their capacity to support the proliferation and pluripotency of hESCs and could affect cardiac differentiation potential of hESCs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of MEFs and HFFs feeders on dopaminergic differentiation of hESCs lines. To minimize the impact of culture condition variation, two hESCs lines were cultured on mixed feeder cells (MFCs, MEFs: HFFs = 1:1) and HFFs feeder, respectively, and then were differentiated into dopaminergic (DA) neurons under the identical protocol. Dopaminergic differentiation was evaluated by immunocytochemistry, quantitative fluorescent real-time PCR, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and patch clamp. Our results demonstrated that these hESCs-derived neurons were genuine and functional DA neurons. However, compared to hESCs line on MFCs feeder, hESCs line on HFFs feeder had a higher proportion of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive cells and expressed higher levels of FOXA2, PITX3, NURR1, and TH genes. In addition, the values of threshold intensity and threshold membrane potential of DA neurons from hESCs line on HFFs feeder were lower than those of DA neurons from hESCs line on the MFCs feeder. In conclusion, HFFs feeder not only facilitated the differentiation of hESCs cells into dopaminergic neurons, but also induced hESCs-derived DA neurons to express higher electrophysiological excitability. Therefore, feeder cells could affect not only dopaminergic differentiation potential of different hESCs lines, but also electrophysiological properties of hESCs-derived DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityNanjing, China; Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical UniversityHaikou, China
| | - Yanlin Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Hainan Reproductive Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical UniversityHaikou, China
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University Haikou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Hainan Reproductive Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University Haikou, China
| | - Deyan Kong
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityNanjing, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Ruikang Hospital, Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical UniversityNanning, China
| | - Kunxiong Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityNanjing, China; Department of Neurology, Central HospitalShenzhen, China
| | - Lan Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicines, First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University Haikou, China
| | - Tan Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University Haikou, China
| | - Xiaowu Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University Haikou, China
| | - Yanan Peng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University Haikou, China
| | - Weimin Jiang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Hainan Reproductive Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University Haikou, China
| | - Yanhong Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University Nanjing, China
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Agrawal R, Dale TP, Al-Zubaidi MA, Benny Malgulwar P, Forsyth NR, Kulshreshtha R. Pluripotent and Multipotent Stem Cells Display Distinct Hypoxic miRNA Expression Profiles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164976. [PMID: 27783707 PMCID: PMC5081191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are reported to have a crucial role in the regulation of self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. Hypoxia has been identified as a key biophysical element of the stem cell culture milieu however, the link between hypoxia and miRNA expression in stem cells remains poorly understood. We therefore explored miRNA expression in hypoxic human embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells (hESCs and hMSCs). A total of 50 and 76 miRNAs were differentially regulated by hypoxia (2% O2) in hESCs and hMSCs, respectively, with a negligible overlap of only three miRNAs. We found coordinate regulation of precursor and mature miRNAs under hypoxia suggesting their regulation mainly at transcriptional level. Hypoxia response elements were located upstream of 97% of upregulated hypoxia regulated miRNAs (HRMs) suggesting hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF) driven transcription. HIF binding to the candidate cis-elements of specific miRNAs under hypoxia was confirmed by Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with qPCR. Role analysis of a subset of upregulated HRMs identified linkage to reported inhibition of differentiation while a downregulated subset of HRMs had a putative role in the promotion of differentiation. MiRNA-target prediction correlation with published hypoxic hESC and hMSC gene expression profiles revealed HRM target genes enriched in the cytokine:cytokine receptor, HIF signalling and pathways in cancer. Overall, our study reveals, novel and distinct hypoxia-driven miRNA signatures in hESCs and hMSCs with the potential for application in optimised culture and differentiation models for both therapeutic application and improved understanding of stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Agrawal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India-110016
| | - Tina P. Dale
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Zubaidi
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
- College of Pharmacy, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Prit Benny Malgulwar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India-110029
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
| | - Ritu Kulshreshtha
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India-110016
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18
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Kay AG, Dale TP, Akram KM, Mohan P, Hampson K, Maffulli N, Spiteri MA, El Haj AJ, Forsyth NR. BMP2 repression and optimized culture conditions promote human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell isolation. Regen Med 2016; 10:109-25. [PMID: 25835477 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are multipotent progenitor cells. We propose the optimization of hMSC isolation and recovery using the application of a controlled hypoxic environment. MATERIALS & METHODS We evaluated oxygen, glucose and serum in the recovery of hMSC from bone marrow (BMhMSC). Colony forming units-fibroblastic, cell numbers, tri-lineage differentiation, immunofluorescence and microarray were used to confirm and characterize BMhMSC. RESULTS In an optimized (2% O(2), 4.5 g/l glucose and 5% serum) environment both colony forming units-fibroblastic (p = 0.01) and cell numbers (p = 0.0001) were enhanced over standard conditions. Transcriptional analysis identified differential expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and, putatively, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2) signaling pathways. CONCLUSION We have detailed a potential milestone in the process of refinement of the BMhMSC isolation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair Gawain Kay
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, UK
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19
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Harvey AJ, Rathjen J, Yu LJ, Gardner DK. Oxygen modulates human embryonic stem cell metabolism in the absence of changes in self-renewal. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:446-58. [DOI: 10.1071/rd14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (ES) cells are routinely cultured under atmospheric oxygen (~20%), a concentration that is known to impair embryo development in vitro and is likely to be suboptimal for maintaining human ES cells compared with physiological (~5%) oxygen conditions. Conflicting reports exist on the effect of oxygen during human ES cell culture and studies have been largely limited to characterisation of typical stem cell markers or analysis of global expression changes. This study aimed to identify physiological markers that could be used to evaluate the metabolic impact of oxygen on the MEL-2 human ES cell line after adaptation to either 5% or 20% oxygen in extended culture. ES cells cultured under atmospheric oxygen displayed decreased glucose consumption and lactate production when compared with those cultured under 5% oxygen, indicating an overall higher flux of glucose through glycolysis under physiological conditions. Higher glucose utilisation at 5% oxygen was accompanied by significantly increased expression of all glycolytic genes analysed. Analysis of amino acid turnover highlighted differences in the consumption of glutamine and threonine and in the production of proline. The expression of pluripotency and differentiation markers was, however, unaltered by oxygen and no observable difference in proliferation between cells cultured in 5% and 20% oxygen was seen. Apoptosis was elevated under 5% oxygen conditions. Collectively these data suggest that culture conditions, including oxygen concentration, can significantly alter human ES cell physiology with coordinated changes in gene expression, in the absence of detectable alterations in undifferentiated marker expression.
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20
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Kumar D, Dale TP, Yang Y, Forsyth NR. Self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells on defined synthetic electrospun nanofibers. Biomed Mater 2015; 10:065017. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/6/065017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Lees JG, Rathjen J, Sheedy JR, Gardner DK, Harvey AJ. Distinct profiles of human embryonic stem cell metabolism and mitochondria identified by oxygen. Reproduction 2015; 150:367-82. [PMID: 26159831 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is a powerful regulator of cell function and embryonic development. It has previously been determined that oxygen regulates human embryonic stem (hES) cell glycolytic and amino acid metabolism, but the effects on mitochondria are as yet unknown. Two hES cell lines (MEL1, MEL2) were analyzed to determine the role of 5% (physiological) and 20% (atmospheric) oxygen in regulating mitochondrial activity. In response to extended physiological oxygen culture, MEL2 hES cells displayed reduced mtDNA content, mitochondrial mass and expression of metabolic genes TFAM, NRF1, PPARa and MT-ND4. Furthermore, MEL2 hES cell glucose consumption, lactate production and amino acid turnover were elevated under physiological oxygen. In stark contrast, MEL1 hES cell amino acid and carbohydrate use and mitochondrial function were relatively unaltered in response to oxygen. Furthermore, differentiation kinetics were delayed in the MEL1 hES cell line following BMP4 treatment. Here we report the first incidence of metabolic dysfunction in a hES cell population, defined as a failure to respond to oxygen concentration through the modulation of metabolism, demonstrating that hES cells can be perturbed during culture despite exhibiting the defining characteristics of pluripotent cells. Collectively, these data reveal a central role for oxygen in the regulation of hES cell metabolism and mitochondrial function, whereby physiological oxygen promotes glucose flux and suppresses mitochondrial biogenesis and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmon G Lees
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, AustraliaMenzies Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Joy Rathjen
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, AustraliaMenzies Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, AustraliaMenzies Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia
| | - John R Sheedy
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, AustraliaMenzies Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David K Gardner
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, AustraliaMenzies Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Harvey
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, AustraliaMenzies Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia
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22
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Kumar D, Gerges I, Tamplenizza M, Lenardi C, Forsyth NR, Liu Y. Three-dimensional hypoxic culture of human mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in a photocurable, biodegradable polymer hydrogel: a potential injectable cellular product for nucleus pulposus regeneration. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3463-74. [PMID: 24793656 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue damage can induce detrimental mechanical stresses and strains on the intervertebral disc, leading to disc degeneration. This study demonstrates the potential of a novel, photo-curable, injectable, synthetic polymer hydrogel (pHEMA-co-APMA grafted with polyamidoamine (PAA)) to encapsulate and differentiate human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) towards a NP phenotype under hypoxic conditions which could be used to restore NP tissue function and mechanical properties. Encapsulated hMSC cultured in media (hMSC and chondrogenic) displayed good cell viability up to day 14. The genotoxicity effects of ultraviolet (UV) on hMSC activity confirmed the acceptability of 2.5min of UV light exposure to cells. Cytotoxicity investigations revealed that hMSC cultured in media containing p(HEMA-co-APMA) grafted with PAA degradation product (10% and 20%v/v concentration) for 14days significantly decreased the initial hMSC adhesion ability and proliferation rate from 24hrs to day 14. Successful differentiation of encapsulated hMSC within hydrogels towards chondrogenesis was observed with elevated expression levels of aggrecan and collagen II when cultured in chondrogenic media under hypoxic conditions, in comparison with culture in hMSC media for 14days. Characterization of the mechanical properties revealed a significant decrease in stiffness and modulus values of cellular hydrogels in comparison with acellular hydrogels at both day 7 and day 14. These results demonstrate the potential use of an in vivo photo-curable injectable, synthetic hydrogel with encapsulated hMSC for application in the repair and regeneration of NP tissue.
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23
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Tarín JJ, García-Pérez MA, Cano A. Assisted reproductive technology results: Why are live-birth percentages so low? Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 81:568-83. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Tarín
- Department of Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology; Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Valencia; Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Miguel A. García-Pérez
- Research Unit-INCLIVA; Hospital Clínico de Valencia; Burjassot Valencia Spain
- Department of Genetics; Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Valencia; Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Antonio Cano
- Department of Pediatrics; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
- Service of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University Hospital Dr. Peset; Valencia Spain
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24
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Radan L, Hughes CS, Teichroeb JH, Vieira Zamora FM, Jewer M, Postovit LM, Betts DH. Microenvironmental regulation of telomerase isoforms in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2046-66. [PMID: 24749509 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence points to extra-telomeric, noncanonical roles for telomerase in regulating stem cell function. In this study, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were cultured in 20% or 2% O2 microenvironments for up to 5 days and evaluated for telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression and telomerase activity. Results showed increased cell survival and maintenance of the undifferentiated state with elevated levels of nuclear TERT in 2% O2-cultured hESCs despite no significant difference in telomerase activity compared with their high-O2-cultured counterparts. Pharmacological inhibition of telomerase activity using a synthetic tea catechin resulted in spontaneous hESC differentiation, while telomerase inhibition with a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide telomere mimic did not. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed variations in transcript levels of full-length and alternate splice variants of TERT in hESCs cultured under varying O2 atmospheres. Steric-blocking of Δα and Δβ hTERT splicing using morpholino oligonucleotides altered the hTERT splicing pattern and rapidly induced spontaneous hESC differentiation that appeared biased toward endomesodermal and neuroectodermal cell fates, respectively. Together, these results suggest that post-transcriptional regulation of TERT under varying O2 microenvironments may help regulate hESC survival, self-renewal, and differentiation capabilities through expression of extra-telomeric telomerase isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Radan
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Fynes K, Tostoes R, Ruban L, Weil B, Mason C, Veraitch FS. The differential effects of 2% oxygen preconditioning on the subsequent differentiation of mouse and human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1910-22. [PMID: 24734982 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge facing the development of effective cell therapies is the efficient differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into pure populations. Lowering oxygen tension to physiological levels can affect both the expansion and differentiation stages. However, to date, there are no studies investigating the knock-on effect of culturing PSCs under low oxygen conditions on subsequent lineage commitment at ambient oxygen levels. PSCs were passaged three times at 2% O2 before allowing cells to spontaneously differentiate as embryoid bodies (EBs) in high oxygen (20% O2) conditions. Maintenance of mouse PSCs in low oxygen was associated with a significant increase in the expression of early differentiation markers FGF5 and Eomes, while conversely we observed decreased expression of these genes in human PSCs. Low oxygen preconditioning primed mouse PSCs for their subsequent differentiation into mesodermal and endodermal lineages, as confirmed by increased gene expression of Eomes, Goosecoid, Brachyury, AFP, Sox17, FoxA2, and protein expression of Brachyury, Eomes, Sox17, FoxA2, relative to high oxygen cultures. The effects extended to the subsequent formation of more mature mesodermal lineages. We observed significant upregulation of cardiomyocyte marker Nkx2.5, and critically a decrease in the number of contaminant pluripotent cells after 12 days using a directed cardiomyocyte protocol. However, the impact of low oxygen preconditioning was to prime human cells for ectodermal lineage commitment during subsequent EB differentiation, with significant upregulation of Nestin and β3-tubulin. Our research demonstrates the importance of oxygen tension control during cell maintenance on the subsequent differentiation of both mouse and human PSCs, and highlights the differential effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Fynes
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London , London, United Kingdom
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26
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Närvä E, Pursiheimo JP, Laiho A, Rahkonen N, Emani MR, Viitala M, Laurila K, Sahla R, Lund R, Lähdesmäki H, Jaakkola P, Lahesmaa R. Continuous hypoxic culturing of human embryonic stem cells enhances SSEA-3 and MYC levels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78847. [PMID: 24236059 PMCID: PMC3827269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Low oxygen tension (hypoxia) contributes critically to pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by preventing spontaneous differentiation and supporting self-renewal. However, it is not well understood how hESCs respond to reduced oxygen availability and what are the molecular mechanisms maintaining pluripotency in these conditions. In this study we characterized the transcriptional and molecular responses of three hESC lines (H9, HS401 and HS360) on short (2 hours), intermediate (24 hours) and prolonged (7 days) exposure to low oxygen conditions (4% O2). In response to prolonged hypoxia the expression of pluripotency surface marker SSEA-3 was increased. Furthermore, the genome wide gene-expression analysis revealed that a substantial proportion (12%) of all hypoxia-regulated genes in hESCs, were directly linked to the mechanisms controlling pluripotency or differentiation. Moreover, transcription of MYC oncogene was induced in response to continuous hypoxia. At the protein level MYC was stabilized through phosphorylation already in response to a short hypoxic exposure. Total MYC protein levels remained elevated throughout all the time points studied. Further, MYC protein expression in hypoxia was affected by silencing HIF2α, but not HIF1α. Since MYC has a crucial role in regulating pluripotency we propose that induction of sustained MYC expression in hypoxia contributes to activation of transcriptional programs critical for hESC self-renewal and maintenance of enhanced pluripotent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Närvä
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Pursiheimo
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Asta Laiho
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Nelly Rahkonen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Maheswara Reddy Emani
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Miro Viitala
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsti Laurila
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Information and Computer Science at Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Roosa Sahla
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Information and Computer Science at Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Riikka Lund
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Lähdesmäki
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Information and Computer Science at Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Panu Jaakkola
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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27
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Kashpur O, LaPointe D, Ambady S, Ryder EF, Dominko T. FGF2-induced effects on transcriptome associated with regeneration competence in adult human fibroblasts. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:656. [PMID: 24066673 PMCID: PMC3849719 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult human fibroblasts grown in low oxygen and with FGF2 supplementation have the capacity to tip the healing outcome of skeletal muscle injury - by favoring regeneration response in vivo over scar formation. Here, we compare the transcriptomes of control adult human dermal fibroblasts and induced regeneration-competent (iRC) fibroblasts to identify transcriptional changes that may be related to their regeneration competence. RESULTS We identified a unique gene-expression profile that characterizes FGF2-induced iRC fibroblast phenotype. Significantly differentially expressed genes due to FGF2 treatment were identified and analyzed to determine overrepresented Gene Ontology terms. Genes belonging to extracellular matrix components, adhesion molecules, matrix remodelling, cytoskeleton, and cytokines were determined to be affected by FGF2 treatment. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptome analysis comparing control adult human fibroblasts with FGF2-treated fibroblasts identified functional groups of genes that reflect transcriptional changes potentially contributing to their regeneration competence. This comparative transcriptome analysis should contribute new insights into genes that characterize cells with greater regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kashpur
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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28
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Abramihina TV, Isaev DA, Semechkin RA. Effect of hypoxia on neural induction in colonies of human parthenogenetic stem cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 154:130-2. [PMID: 23330108 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied neural induction and generation of neuroectoderm in the colonies of human parthenogenetic SC cultured in the presence of 5 and 19±2% oxygen. We found that neuroectoderm was more actively generated at high oxygen content. At the same time, the transcription of stem cell pluripotency genes was not completely suppressed during neural induction at low oxygen content, while the expression of endoderm and mesodermal marker genes attested to the absence of specific differentiation. These findings demonstrate more efficient neuroectoderm generation induced in the colonies of pluripotent stem cells under conditions of normoxia.
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29
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Cao J, Ng ES, McNaughton D, Stanley EG, Elefanty AG, Tobin MJ, Heraud P. Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy reveals that tissue culture conditions affect the macromolecular phenotype of human embryonic stem cells. Analyst 2013; 138:4147-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00321c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Ojala M, Rajala K, Pekkanen-Mattila M, Miettinen M, Huhtala H, Aalto-Setälä K. Culture conditions affect cardiac differentiation potential of human pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48659. [PMID: 23119085 PMCID: PMC3485380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), are capable of differentiating into any cell type in the human body and thus can be used in studies of early human development, as cell models for different diseases and eventually also in regenerative medicine applications. Since the first derivation of hESCs in 1998, a variety of culture conditions have been described for the undifferentiated growth of hPSCs. In this study, we cultured both hESCs and hiPSCs in three different culture conditions: on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) and SNL feeder cell layers together with conventional stem cell culture medium containing knockout serum replacement and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), as well as on a Matrigel matrix in mTeSR1 medium. hPSC lines were subjected to cardiac differentiation in mouse visceral endodermal-like (END-2) co-cultures and the cardiac differentiation efficiency was determined by counting both the beating areas and Troponin T positive cells, as well as studying the expression of OCT-3/4, mesodermal Brachyury T and NKX2.5 and endodermal SOX-17 at various time points during END-2 differentiation by q-RT-PCR analysis. The most efficient cardiac differentiation was observed with hPSCs cultured on MEF or SNL feeder cell layers in stem cell culture medium and the least efficient cardiac differentiation was observed on a Matrigel matrix in mTeSR1 medium. Further, hPSCs cultured on a Matrigel matrix in mTeSR1 medium were found to be more committed to neural lineage than hPSCs cultured on MEF or SNL feeder cell layers. In conclusion, culture conditions have a major impact on the propensity of the hPSCs to differentiate into a cardiac lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Ojala
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kristiina Rajala
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Pekkanen-Mattila
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marinka Miettinen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Katriina Aalto-Setälä
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Lomas AJ, Chen GG, El Haj AJ, Forsyth NR. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) supports adhesion and migration of mesenchymal stem cells and tenocytes. World J Stem Cells 2012; 4. [PMID: 23193433 PMCID: PMC3507844 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v4.i9.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To establish the potential of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) as a material for tendon repair. METHODS The biocompatibility of PHBHHx with both rat tenocytes (rT) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) was explored by monitoring adhesive characteristics on films of varying weight/volume ratios coupled to a culture atmosphere of either 21% O(2) (air) or 2% O(2) (physiological normoxia). The diameter and stiffness of PHBHHx films was established using optical coherence tomography and mechanical testing, respectively. RESULTS Film thickness correlated directly with weight/volume PHBHHx (r(2) = 0.9473) ranging from 0.1 mm (0.8% weight/volume) to 0.19 mm (2.4% weight/volume). Film stiffness on the other hand displayed a biphasic response which increased rapidly at values > 1.6% weight/volume. Optimal cell attachment of rT required films of ≥ 1.6% and ≥ 2.0% weight/volume PHBHHx in 2% O(2) and 21% O(2) respectively. A qualitative adhesion increase was noted for hMSC in films ≥ 1.2% weight/volume, becoming significant at 2% weight/volume in 2% O(2). An increase in cell adhesion was also noted with ≥ 2% weight/volume PHBHHx in 21% O(2). Cell migration into films was not observed. CONCLUSION This evaluation demonstrates that PHBHHx is a suitable polymer for future cell/polymer replacement strategies in tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Lomas
- Alex J Lomas, Alicia J El Haj, Nicholas R Forsyth, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Stoke on Trent, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
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Harvey AJ, Mao S, Lalancette C, Krawetz SA, Brenner CA. Transcriptional differences between rhesus embryonic stem cells generated from in vitro and in vivo derived embryos. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43239. [PMID: 23028448 PMCID: PMC3445581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have focused on the transcriptional signatures that underlie the maintenance of embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency. However, it remains unclear whether ESC retain transcriptional aberrations seen in in vitro cultured embryos. Here we report the first global transcriptional profile comparison between ESC generated from either in vitro cultured or in vivo derived primate embryos by microarray analysis. Genes involved in pluripotency, oxygen regulation and the cell cycle were downregulated in rhesus ESC generated from in vitro cultured embryos (in vitro ESC). Significantly, several gene differences are similarly downregulated in preimplantation embryos cultured in vitro, which have been associated with long term developmental consequences and disease predisposition. This data indicates that prior to derivation, embryo quality may influence the molecular signature of ESC lines, and may differentially impact the physiology of cells prior to or following differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Harvey
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America.
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Zhang J, Li D. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase 1 in hearts of mice. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:22. [PMID: 22313584 PMCID: PMC3295668 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results from different trails have provided evidence of protective effects of cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on cardiovascular diseases. But the inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase 1 (PHD1) associated with induction of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) by CLA in these protective effects has never been reported before. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the two predominant cis-9,trans-11 (c9, t11), trans-10,cis-12 (t10, c12) CLA isomers and mixture of these two isomers can inhibit PHD1 with induction of HIFs in myocardium in mice and subsequent effects on myocardium metabolism. RESULTS CLA mixture and c9, t11 CLA inhibited PHD1 protein expression and increased the levels of protein and mRNA in HIF-2α in myocardium in mice. Meanwhile, CLA mixture and c9, t11 CLA also elevated the expression of HIF related transcriptional factors like PDK4 and PPARα. The reprogramming of basal metabolism in myocardium in mice was shown on increasing of GLUT4 gene expression by c9, t11 CLA supplemented group. UCP2 was increased by CLA mixture and c9, t11 CLA for attenuating production of ROS. CONCLUSION CLA mixture and c9, t11 CLA could inhibit PHD1 and induce HIF-2α in myocardium in mice, which is associated with upregulation of PDK4 by activation of PPARα. This process also implies a reprogramming of basal metabolism and oxidative damage protection in myocardium in mice. All the effects shown in hearts of mice are due to c9, t11 CLA but not t10, c12 CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jize Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Defa Li
- National Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- College Animal Science and Technology, 2-Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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Roobrouck VD, Vanuytsel K, Verfaillie CM. Concise review: culture mediated changes in fate and/or potency of stem cells. Stem Cells 2011; 29:583-9. [PMID: 21305670 DOI: 10.1002/stem.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although Gurdon demonstrated already in 1958 that the nucleus of intestinal epithelial cells could be reprogrammed to give rise to adult frogs, the field of cellular reprogramming has only recently come of age with the description by Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2006, which defined transcription factors can reprogram fibroblasts to an embryonic stem cell-like fate. With the mounting interest in the use of human pluripotent stem cells and culture-expanded somatic stem/progenitor cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, increasing attention has been given to the effect of changes in the in vitro microenvironment on the fate of stem cells. These studies have demonstrated that changes in culture conditions may change the potency of pluripotent stem cells or reprogram adult stem/progenitor cells to endow them with a broader differentiation potential. The mechanisms underlying these fate and potency changes by ex vivo culture should be further investigated and considered when designing clinical therapies with stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie D Roobrouck
- Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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35
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Hass R, Kasper C, Böhm S, Jacobs R. Different populations and sources of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC): A comparison of adult and neonatal tissue-derived MSC. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:12. [PMID: 21569606 PMCID: PMC3117820 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1229] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesenchymal stroma harbors an important population of cells that possess stem cell-like characteristics including self renewal and differentiation capacities and can be derived from a variety of different sources. These multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can be found in nearly all tissues and are mostly located in perivascular niches. MSC have migratory abilities and can secrete protective factors and act as a primary matrix for tissue regeneration during inflammation, tissue injuries and certain cancers.These functions underlie the important physiological roles of MSC and underscore a significant potential for the clinical use of distinct populations from the various tissues. MSC derived from different adult (adipose tissue, peripheral blood, bone marrow) and neonatal tissues (particular parts of the placenta and umbilical cord) are therefore compared in this mini-review with respect to their cell biological properties, surface marker expression and proliferative capacities. In addition, several MSC functions including in vitro and in vivo differentiation capacities within a variety of lineages and immune-modulatory properties are highlighted. Differences in the extracellular milieu such as the presence of interacting neighbouring cell populations, exposure to proteases or a hypoxic microenvironment contribute to functional developments within MSC populations originating from different tissues, and intracellular conditions such as the expression levels of certain micro RNAs can additionally balance MSC function and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Hass
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Tumor Biology, Gynecology Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kasper
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Böhm
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Medical University, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Pijanka JK, Kumar D, Dale T, Yousef I, Parkes G, Untereiner V, Yang Y, Dumas P, Collins D, Manfait M, Sockalingum GD, Forsyth NR, Sulé-Suso J. Vibrational spectroscopy differentiates between multipotent and pluripotent stem cells. Analyst 2010; 135:3126-32. [PMID: 20953512 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00525h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, there has been an increased interest in the study of stem cells in biomedicine for therapeutic use and as a source for healing diseased or injured organs/tissues. More recently, vibrational spectroscopy has been applied to study stem cell differentiation. In this study, we have used both synchrotron based FTIR and Raman microspectroscopies to assess possible differences between human pluripotent (embryonic) and multipotent (adult mesenchymal) stem cells, and how O(2) concentration in cell culture could affect the spectral signatures of these cells. Our work shows that infrared spectroscopy of embryonic (pluripotent) and adult mesenchymal (multipotent) stem cells have different spectral signatures based on the amount of lipids in their cytoplasm (confirmed with cytological staining). Furthermore, O(2) concentration in cell culture causes changes in both the FTIR and Raman spectra of embryonic stem cells. These results show that embryonic stem cells might be more sensitive to O(2) concentration when compared to mesenchymal stem cells. While vibrational spectroscopy could therefore be of potential use in identifying different populations of stem cells further work is required to better understand these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Klaudiusz Pijanka
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Stoke on Trent, UK
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Wimpenny I, Hampson K, Yang Y, Ashammakhi N, Forsyth NR. One-step recovery of marrow stromal cells on nanofibers. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:503-9. [PMID: 19686057 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the one-step isolation and expansion of marrow stromal cells (MSCs) directly onto the implantable nanofibrous scaffolds. Coverslips were first coated with either aligned or random configurations of poly L,D lactic acid, poly lactic-glycolic acid, and poly-epsilon-caprolactone and then seeded with fresh bone marrow aspirate. Colony-forming units were quantified and the differentiation capacities of the recovered cells were explored. Further optimization was provided by exploring the impact of hyperoxic (21% O(2)) and physiologically approximate (2% O(2)) on cell recovery. Aligned nanofibers in 2% O(2) were identified as being superior for isolation of MSCs. Isolated cells formed colonies following the direction of nanofibers, indicating potential for guided tissue regeneration. The isolated MSCs demonstrated retention of multipotency. These findings offer a rapid, cost-effective method of producing a stem-cell-seeded scaffold for regeneration of multiple tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Wimpenny
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University , Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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Assou S, Boumela I, Haouzi D, Anahory T, Dechaud H, De Vos J, Hamamah S. Dynamic changes in gene expression during human early embryo development: from fundamental aspects to clinical applications. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 17:272-90. [PMID: 20716614 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmq036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first week of human embryonic development comprises a series of events that change highly specialized germ cells into undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that display an extraordinarily broad developmental potential. The understanding of these events is crucial to the improvement of the success rate of in vitro fertilization. With the emergence of new technologies such as Omics, the gene expression profiling of human oocytes, embryos and hESCs has been performed and generated a flood of data related to the molecular signature of early embryo development. METHODS In order to understand the complex genetic network that controls the first week of embryo development, we performed a systematic review and study of this issue. We performed a literature search using PubMed and EMBASE to identify all relevant studies published as original articles in English up to March 2010 (n = 165). We also analyzed the transcriptome of human oocytes, embryos and hESCs. RESULTS Distinct sets of genes were revealed by comparing the expression profiles of oocytes, embryos on Day 3 and hESCs, which are associated with totipotency, pluripotency and reprogramming properties, respectively. Known components of two signaling pathways (WNT and transforming growth factor-β) were linked to oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. CONCLUSIONS Omics analysis provides tools for understanding the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways controlling early embryonic development. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical relevance of using a non-invasive molecular approach to embryo selection for the single-embryo transfer program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Assou
- CHU Montpellier, Institute for Research in Biotherapy, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, INSERM U847, Montpellier, France
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Lengner CJ, Gimelbrant AA, Erwin JA, Cheng AW, Guenther MG, Welstead GG, Alagappan R, Frampton GM, Xu P, Muffat J, Santagata S, Powers D, Barrett CB, Young RA, Lee JT, Jaenisch R, Mitalipova M. Derivation of pre-X inactivation human embryonic stem cells under physiological oxygen concentrations. Cell 2010; 141:872-83. [PMID: 20471072 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The presence of two active X chromosomes (XaXa) is a hallmark of the ground state of pluripotency specific to murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Human ESCs (hESCs) invariably exhibit signs of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) and are considered developmentally more advanced than their murine counterparts. We describe the establishment of XaXa hESCs derived under physiological oxygen concentrations. Using these cell lines, we demonstrate that (1) differentiation of hESCs induces random XCI in a manner similar to murine ESCs, (2) chronic exposure to atmospheric oxygen is sufficient to induce irreversible XCI with minor changes of the transcriptome, (3) the Xa exhibits heavy methylation of the XIST promoter region, and (4) XCI is associated with demethylation and transcriptional activation of XIST along with H3K27-me3 deposition across the Xi. These findings indicate that the human blastocyst contains pre-X-inactivation cells and that this state is preserved in vitro through culture under physiological oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lengner
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Forristal CE, Wright KL, Hanley NA, Oreffo ROC, Houghton FD. Hypoxia inducible factors regulate pluripotency and proliferation in human embryonic stem cells cultured at reduced oxygen tensions. Reproduction 2010; 139:85-97. [PMID: 19755485 PMCID: PMC2791494 DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (hES) cells are routinely cultured under atmospheric, 20% oxygen tensions but are derived from embryos which reside in a 3–5% oxygen (hypoxic) environment. Maintenance of oxygen homeostasis is critical to ensure sufficient levels for oxygen-dependent processes. This study investigates the importance of specific hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) in regulating the hypoxic responses of hES cells. We report that culture at 20% oxygen decreased hES cell proliferation and resulted in a significantly reduced expression of SOX2, NANOG and POU5F1 (OCT4) mRNA as well as POU5F1 protein compared with hypoxic conditions. HIF1A protein was not expressed at 20% oxygen and displayed only a transient, nuclear localisation at 5% oxygen. HIF2A (EPAS1) and HIF3A displayed a cytoplasmic localisation during initial hypoxic culture but translocated to the nucleus following long-term culture at 5% oxygen and were significantly upregulated compared with cells cultured at 20% oxygen. Silencing of HIF2A resulted in a significant decrease in both hES cell proliferation and POU5F1, SOX2 and NANOG protein expression while the early differentiation marker, SSEA1, was concomitantly increased. HIF3A upregulated HIF2A and prevented HIF1A expression with the knockdown of HIF3A resulting in the reappearance of HIF1A protein. In summary, these data demonstrate that a low oxygen tension is preferential for the maintenance of a highly proliferative, pluripotent population of hES cells. While HIF3A was found to regulate the expression of both HIF1A and HIF2A, it is HIF2A which regulates hES cell pluripotency as well as proliferation under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Forristal
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Duthie Building (MP 808), Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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The effects of low oxygen on self-renewal and differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2009; 14:694-700. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3283329d53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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