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Hlongwane MM, Dakora FD, Mohammed M, Mokgalaka-Fleischmann NS. Bioprospecting for Rhizobacteria with the Ability to Enhance Drought Tolerance in Lessertia frutescens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17585. [PMID: 38139414 PMCID: PMC10743902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lessertia frutescens is a multipurpose medicinal plant indigenous to South Africa that is used for the management of cancer, stomach ulcers, wounds, etc. The use and demand for the raw materials from this plant have been increasing steadily over the years, putting strain on the dwindling wild populations. Although cultivation may provide relief to the strained supply, the persistent drought climate poses a threat to the plant's growth and productivity. This study explored three plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria isolates, TUTLFNC33, TUTLFNC37 and TUTLFWC74, obtained from the root nodules of Lessertia frutescens as potential bioinoculants that can improve yield, biological activities and the production of secondary metabolites in the host plant. Isolate TUTLFNC37 was identified as the most promising isolate for inoculation of Lessertia frutescens under drought conditions as it induced drought tolerance through enhanced root proliferation, osmolyte proline accumulation and stomatal closure. Superior biomass yield, phenolics, triterpenes and antioxidant activity were evident in the extracts of Lessertia frutescens inoculated with TUTLFNC37 and under different levels of drought. Furthermore, the metabolomics of the plant extracts demonstrated the ability of the isolate to withstand drastic changes in the composition of unique metabolites, sutherlandiosides A-D and sutherlandins A-D. Molecular families which were never reported in the plant (peptides and glycerolipids) were detected and annotated in the molecular networks. Although drought had deleterious effects on Lessertia frutescens, isolate TUTLFNC37 alleviated the impact of the stress. Isolate TUTLFNC37 is therefore the most promising, environmentally friendly alternative to harmful chemicals such as nitrate-based fertilizers. The isolate should be studied to establish its field performance, cross infectivity with other medicinal plants and competition with inherent soil microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokgadi M. Hlongwane
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.M.H.); (F.D.D.)
| | - Felix D. Dakora
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.M.H.); (F.D.D.)
| | - Mustapha Mohammed
- Department of Crop Science, University for Development Studies, Tamale P.O. Box TL1882, Ghana;
| | - Ntebogeng S. Mokgalaka-Fleischmann
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.M.H.); (F.D.D.)
- Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Li H, Zhang Y, Li H, V. P. Reddy G, Li Z, Chen F, Sun Y, Zhao Z. The nitrogen-dependent GABA pathway of tomato provides resistance to a globally invasive fruit fly. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1252455. [PMID: 38148864 PMCID: PMC10751092 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1252455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The primary metabolism of plants, which is mediated by nitrogen, is closely related to the defense response to insect herbivores. Methods An experimental system was established to examine how nitrogen mediated tomato resistance to an insect herbivore, the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). All tomatoes were randomly assigned to the suitable nitrogen (control, CK) treatment, nitrogen excess (NE) treatment and nitrogen deficiency (ND) treatment. Results We found that nitrogen excess significantly increased the aboveground biomass of tomato and increased the pupal biomass of B. dorsalis. Metabolome analysis showed that nitrogen excess promoted the biosynthesis of amino acids in healthy fruits, including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), arginine and asparagine. GABA was not a differential metabolite induced by injury by B. dorsalis under nitrogen excess, but it was significantly induced in infested fruits at appropriate nitrogen levels. GABA supplementation not only increased the aboveground biomass of plants but also improved the defensive response of tomato. Discussion The biosynthesis of GABA in tomato is a resistance response to feeding by B. dorsalis in appropriate nitrogen, whereas nitrogen excess facilitates the pupal weight of B. dorsalis by inhibiting synthesis of the GABA pathway. This study concluded that excess nitrogen inhibits tomato defenses in plant-insect interactions by inhibiting GABA synthesis, answering some unresolved questions about the nitrogen-dependent GABA resistance pathway to herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gadi V. P. Reddy
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- National Key Lab Integrated Management Pest Insects, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zihua Zhao
- Department of Plant Biosecurity & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
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Watts S, Kaur S, Kariyat R. Revisiting plant defense-fitness trade-off hypotheses using Solanum as a model genus. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1094961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants possess physical and chemical defenses which have been found to deter herbivores that feed and oviposit on them. Despite having wide variety of defenses which can be constitutive or induced, plants are attacked and damaged by insects associated with different mouthparts and feeding habits. Since these defenses are costly, trade-offs for growth and defense traits play an important role in warding off the herbivores, with consequences for plant and herbivore growth, development and fitness. Solanum is a diverse and rich genus comprising of over 1,500 species with economic and ecological importance. Although a large number of studies on Solanum species with different herbivores have been carried out to understand plant defenses and herbivore counter defenses, they have primarily focused on pairwise interactions, and a few species of economic and ecological importance. Therefore, a detailed and updated understanding of the integrated defense system (sum of total defenses and trade-offs) is still lacking. Through this review, we take a closer look at the most common plant defense hypotheses, their assumptions and trade-offs and also a comprehensive evaluation of studies that use the genus Solanum as their host plant, and their generalist and specialist herbivores from different feeding guilds. Overall, review emphasizes on using ubiquitous Solanum genus and working toward building an integrated model which can predict defense-fitness-trade-offs in various systems with maximum accuracy and minimum deviations from realistic results.
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Chelghoum M, Guenane H, Tahri D, Laggoun I, Marfoua FZ, Rahmani FZ, Khenifer F, Yousfi M. Influence of altitude, precipitation, and temperature factors on the phytoconstituents, antioxidant, and α-amylase inhibitory activities of Pistacia atlantica. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Zheng Y, Zhang X, Liu X, Qin N, Xu K, Zeng R, Liu J, Song Y. Nitrogen Supply Alters Rice Defense Against the Striped Stem Borer Chilo suppressalis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:691292. [PMID: 34381479 PMCID: PMC8351598 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.691292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant nutrition status is closely associated with plant defense against insect herbivores. However, the way nitrogen supply regulates rice anti-herbivore is not clear. This study investigated the effects of low (LN, 0.3 mM) and high (HN, 3 mM) nitrate levels on rice resistance against the striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis (SSB), one of the major destructive rice pests. Seven-day-old rice seedlings were cultured with different nitrate levels for 30 days and then inoculated with third instars of SSB. LN significantly enhanced rice anti-herbivore defense and lowered the total nitrogen content in the plants, but increased the content of free amino acids after SSB infestation. Additionally, LN significantly increased the accumulation of phenolic acids and flavonoids, especially lignin, resulting in enhanced constitutive defense in SSB-infested plants. SSB feeding led to a rapid accumulation of secondary metabolites. HN application led to the accumulation of metabolites derived from cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-coumaric CoA, feruloyl CoA, and apigenin, while LN led to the accumulation of metabolites derived from 3-dehydroquinic acid, phenylalanine, acetyl CoA, and aspartic acid. Collectively, our finding suggests that nitrogen deficiency enhances rice anti-herbivore defense via constitutive defense by the accumulation of phenolic acids and flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ningning Qin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kaifang Xu
- Institute of Crop Resistance and Chemical Ecology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Institute of Crop Resistance and Chemical Ecology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Crop Resistance and Chemical Ecology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Liu,
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Institute of Crop Resistance and Chemical Ecology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Yuanyuan Song,
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Ahmad R, Ahmad N, Aljamea A, Abuthayn S, Aqeel M. Evaluation of solvent and temperature effect on green accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and UHPLC quantification of phenolics in fresh olive fruit (Olea europaea). Food Chem 2020; 342:128248. [PMID: 33041170 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A green ASE (accelerated solvent extraction) with a shorter UHPLC (ultra-high performance liquid chromatography) method was developed for simultaneous determination of phenolics. High extract yield (130 mg/g) was observed for water at 100 °C in a short time of 19.5 min using 33.5 mL solvent whereas, UHPLC showed more phenolics of GA (gallic acid), QT (quercetin), LT (luteolin) in ACE (acetone) and RT (rutin) in EtOH (ethanol) solvent at 60 °C. The binary solvent system of ACE: EtOH (1:1) at 60 °C was optimized as extraction set. UHPLC runtime was 3 min with retention times of (min); 0.63 (GA), 0.97 (RT), 2.00 (QT) and 2.41 (LT). Average for phenolics (ppm) was, QT (10.91) > GA (7.33) > LT (4.10) > RT (3.90) whereas, Spanish whole green olive (SP2) showed more phenolics (20.72). Individual phenolic was, GA (47.06) > RT (26.21) > QT (19.34) > LT (6.18). Multivariate, K-mean and PCA (principal component analysis) for solvent*extract yield showed significant correlation and temperature showed no significant correlation for phenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Natural Products and Alternative Medicines, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O Box # 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Niyaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O Box # 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; Departmet of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O Box # 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Aljamea
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O Box # 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Abuthayn
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O Box # 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aqeel
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O Box # 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Martinez-Swatson K, Kjøller R, Cozzi F, Simonsen HT, Rønsted N, Barnes C. Exploring evolutionary theories of plant defence investment using field populations of the deadly carrot. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:737-750. [PMID: 31563960 PMCID: PMC7182587 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There are a number of disparate models predicting variation in plant chemical defences between species, and within a single species over space and time. These can give conflicting predictions. Here we review a number of these theories, before assessing their power to predict the spatial-temporal variation of thapsigargins between and within populations of the deadly carrot (Thapsia garganica). By utilizing multiple models simultaneously (optimum defence theory, growth rate hypothesis, growth-differentiation balance hypothesis, intra-specific framework and resource exchange model of plant defence), we will highlight gaps in their predictions and evaluate the performance of each. METHODS Thapsigargins are potent anti-herbivore compounds that occur in limited richness across the different plant tissues of T. garganica, and therefore represent an ideal system for exploring these models. Thapsia garganica plants were collected from six locations on the island of Ibiza, Spain, and the thapsigargins quantified within reproductive, vegetative and below-ground tissues. The effects of sampling time, location, mammalian herbivory, soil nutrition and changing root-associated fungal communities on the concentrations of thapsigargins within these in situ observations were analysed, and the results were compared with our model predictions. KEY RESULTS The models performed well in predicting the general defence strategy of T. garganica and the above-ground distribution of thapsigargins, but failed to predict the considerable proportion of defences found below ground. Models predicting variation over environmental gradients gave conflicting and less specific predictions, with intraspecific variation remaining less understood. CONCLUSION Here we found that multiple models predicting the general defence strategy of plant species could likely be integrated into a single model, while also finding a clear need to better incorporate below-ground defences into models of plant chemical defences. We found that constitutive and induced thapsigargins differed in their regulation, and suggest that models predicting intraspecific defences should consider them separately. Finally, we suggest that in situ studies be supplemented with experiments in controlled environments to identify specific environmental parameters that regulate variation in defences within species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasmus Kjøller
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nina Rønsted
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, Hawaii, USA
| | - Christopher Barnes
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Babla M, Cai S, Chen G, Tissue DT, Cazzonelli CI, Chen ZH. Molecular Evolution and Interaction of Membrane Transport and Photoreception in Plants. Front Genet 2019; 10:956. [PMID: 31681411 PMCID: PMC6797626 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is a vital regulator that controls physiological and cellular responses to regulate plant growth, development, yield, and quality. Light is the driving force for electron and ion transport in the thylakoid membrane and other membranes of plant cells. In different plant species and cell types, light activates photoreceptors, thereby modulating plasma membrane transport. Plants maximize their growth and photosynthesis by facilitating the coordinated regulation of ion channels, pumps, and co-transporters across membranes to fine-tune nutrient uptake. The signal-transducing functions associated with membrane transporters, pumps, and channels impart a complex array of mechanisms to regulate plant responses to light. The identification of light responsive membrane transport components and understanding of their potential interaction with photoreceptors will elucidate how light-activated signaling pathways optimize plant growth, production, and nutrition to the prevailing environmental changes. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying the physiological and molecular regulations of light-induced membrane transport and their potential interaction with photoreceptors in a plant evolutionary and nutrition context. It will shed new light on plant ecological conservation as well as agricultural production and crop quality, bringing potential nutrition and health benefits to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Babla
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Shengguan Cai
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - David T. Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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9
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Extraction of phytochemicals from tomato leaf waste using subcritical carbon dioxide. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Jan S, Mir JI, Singh DB, Faktoo SZ, Sharma A, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P. Effect of environmental variables on phytonutrients of Origanum vulgare L. in the sub-humid region of the northwestern Himalayas. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:571. [PMID: 30187208 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6951-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecological and soil physiochemical parameters impact the crop quality and development. In spite of the huge commercial prospective, the phytonutrient and chemometric profiles of Himalayan oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) have not been evaluated, and their relationships with ecological parameters are still lacking. The objective of this research study was to evaluate the disparity in the phytonutrient profiles of different ecotypes of O. vulgare in wild and cultivated populations and determine whether such variation was related to the diverse climatic and edaphic conditions prevailing in the northwestern Himalayas. Micrometeorological, atomic absorption spectroscopy for micro-elemental analysis was determined for soil. HPLC was used to determine the disparity in phytonutrient (quercetin, betacarotene, ascorbic acid, and catechin) and phytochemical (arbutin) levels. Cultivated populations had lower phytonutrient levels than wild populations. The habitat exhibiting pH values ranging from 6 to 7 elevated organic carbon (2.42%), nitrogen (97.41 kg ha-1), and manganese (10-12 μg g-1) and zinc contents (0.39-0.50%) show luxirant growth of Origanum vulgarel. The phytonutrient (quercetin, betacarotene, ascorbic acid, arbutin, and catechin) levels had a direct relationship with UV-B flux (r2 = 0.82) and potassium (r2 = 0.97). Wild accessions predominantly contained catechin and ascorbic acid, with maximum values of 163.8 and 46.88 μg g-1, respectively, while the cultivated accessions had the highest level of arbutin (53.42 μg g-1). Maximum variation was observed in quercetin (114.61%) followed by β-carotene (87.53%). Cultivated accessions had less quercetin (0.04-1.25 μg g-1) than wild accessions (1.25-2.87 μg g-1). Wild accessions had higher phytonutrient values for catechin, β-carotene, and ascorbic acid while cultivated accessions had maximum values for arbutin. The correlation of environmental variables with phytonutrient levels paves the way for metabolomic-guided enhancement of agricultural practices for better herb quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumira Jan
- ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Air Field, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Javid Iqbal Mir
- ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Air Field, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Desh Beer Singh
- ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Air Field, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shafia Zaffar Faktoo
- ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Air Field, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Anil Sharma
- ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Air Field, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohammad Nassar Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190001, India
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Groher T, Schmittgen S, Noga G, Hunsche M. Limitation of mineral supply as tool for the induction of secondary metabolites accumulation in tomato leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 130:105-111. [PMID: 29980095 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural residues are natural sources for secondary metabolites as high value ingredients for industrial uses. The present work aims to exploit the accumulation potential of rutin and solanesol in tomato leaves following nitrogen and general mineral deficiency in a commercial-like greenhouse. Physiological responses of tomato plants were monitored non-destructively with a multiparametric fluorescence sensor, and biochemical parameters were determined by means of HPLC analysis. Nitrogen and general mineral limitation led to an accumulation of rutin in young tomato leaves while solanesol concentration was higher in mature leaves. In young leaves, the fluorescence indices SFR_R and NBI_G showed lower values compared to control plants for both stress treatments. On the contrary, FLAV and ANTH_RG values increased during the experiment, but no differences could be recorded in mature leaves. However, correlation analysis indicates, that the FLAV index is not a reliable tool to estimate the concentration of rutin and solanesol tomato leaves. To monitor fruit yield/quality as primary objective of tomato production, fruits showing symptoms of blossom end rot (BER) were counted before and after stress treatments. BER was determined more frequently for plants grown under a general mineral deficiency, concluding that a practical applicability at the end of fruit production is advisable. Our results indicate that by-products from Solanaceae plants are promising resources for valuable bioactive leaf compounds. To achieve the highest concentrations, the seasonal variation, the optimal environmental conditions, the concentrations in different plant organs and varieties as well as different production systems are of high interest for commercial implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Groher
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Simone Schmittgen
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Noga
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mauricio Hunsche
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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Gomes AF, Almeida MP, Leite MF, Schwaiger S, Stuppner H, Halabalaki M, Amaral JG, David JM. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of two chemotypes of Lippia alba. Food Chem 2017; 273:186-193. [PMID: 30292367 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lippia alba is a popular Brazilian herb known as 'cidreira' that presents several chemotypes which exhibit different chemical profile and they are widely used as seasonings and traditional medicine. This work describes the seasonal variation of metabolites of polar extracts of carvone and linalool chemotypes, identified by GC-MS analyses of the essential oils. A methodology was elaborated in order to obtain a seasonal variation in the chemical composition of leaf employing HPLC-DAD. Acteoside, isoacteoside, geneposidic acid, 8-epi-loganin, mussaenoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-glucuronide and tricin 7-O-diglucuronide have been isolated and identified for validation procedures and chromatographic analysis. Geneposidic acid was presented in all samples, in contrast to the 8-epi-loganin and, mussaenoside which were presented only in the carvone-chemotype. Acteoside was the major metabolite detected from July to November while tricin-7-O-diglucuronide was the major compound in all other months. Besides, phenylpropanoids are predominant in winter and flavonoids in summer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Ferraz Gomes
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 45029-094 Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-280 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Maiara Prates Almeida
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 45029-094 Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Mateus Freire Leite
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 45029-094 Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, CMBI, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, CMBI, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, CMBI, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Greece
| | - Juliano Geraldo Amaral
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 45029-094 Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Jorge Mauricio David
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-280 Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Coqueret V, Le Bot J, Larbat R, Desneux N, Robin C, Adamowicz S. Nitrogen nutrition of tomato plant alters leafminer dietary intake dynamics. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 99:130-138. [PMID: 28392206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is a major pest of the tomato crop and its development rate is known to decline when nitrogen availability for crop growth is limited. Because N limitation reduces plant primary metabolism but enhances secondary metabolism, one can infer that the slow larval development arises from lower leaf nutritive value and/or higher plant defence. As an attempt to study the first alternative, we examined the tomato-T. absoluta interaction in terms of resource supply by leaves and intake by larvae. Tomato plants were raised under controlled conditions on N-sufficient vs. N-limited complete nutrient solutions. Plants were kept healthy or artificially inoculated with larvae for seven days. Serial harvests were taken and the N, C, dry mass and water contents were determined in roots, stems and leaves. Leaf and mine areas were also measured and the N, C, dry mass and water surface densities were calculated in order to characterize the diet of the larvae. The infestation of a specific leaf lessened its local biomass by 8-26%, but this effect was undetectable at the whole plant scale. Infestation markedly increased resource density per unit leaf area (water, dry mass, C and N) suggesting that the insect induced changes in leaf composition. Nitrogen limitation lessened whole plant growth (by 50%) and infested leaflet growth (by 32-44%). It produced opposite effects on specific resource density per unit area, increasing that of dry mass and C while decreasing water and N. These changes were ineffective on insect mining activity, but slowed down larval development. Under N limitation, T. absoluta consumed less water and N but more dry mass and C. The resulting consequences were a 50-70% increase of C:N stoichiometry in their diet and the doubling of faeces excretion. The observed limitation of larval development is therefore consistent with a trophic explanation caused by low N and/or water intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoire Coqueret
- UMR LAE, INRA, Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Romain Larbat
- UMR LAE, INRA, Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- UMR ISA, INRA, CNRS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Christophe Robin
- UMR LAE, INRA, Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Chesnais Q, Couty A, Catterou M, Ameline A. Cascading effects of N input on tritrophic (plant-aphid-parasitoid) interactions. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7882-7891. [PMID: 30128136 PMCID: PMC6093168 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Because N is frequently the most limiting mineral macronutrient for plants in terrestrial ecosystems, modulating N input may have ecological consequences through trophic levels. Thus, in agro-ecosystems, the success of natural enemies may depend not only from their herbivorous hosts but also from the host plant whose qualities may be modulated by N input. We manipulated foliar N concentrations by providing to Camelina sativa plants three different nitrogen rates (control, optimal, and excessive). We examined how the altered host-plant nutritional quality influenced the performances of two aphid species, the generalist green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and the specialist cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, and their common parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae. Both N inputs led to increased N concentrations in the plants but induced contrasted concentrations within aphid bodies depending on the species. Compared to the control, plant biomass increased when receiving the optimal N treatment but decreased under the excessive treatment. Performances of M. persicae improved under the optimal treatment compared to the control and excessive treatments whereas B. brassicae parameters declined following the excessive N treatment. In no-choice trials, emergence rates of D. rapae developing in M. persicae were higher on both optimum and excessive N treatments, whereas they remained stable whatever the treatment when developing in B. brassicae. Size of emerging D. rapae females was positively affected by the treatment only when it developed in M. persicae on the excessive N treatment. This work showed that contrary to an optimal N treatment, when N was delivered in excess, plant suitability was reduced and consequently affected negatively aphid parameters. Surprisingly, these negative effects resulted in no or positive consequences on parasitoid parameters, suggesting a buffered effect at the third trophic level. Host N content, host suitability, and dietary specialization appear to be major factors explaining the functioning of our studied system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Chesnais
- FRE CNRS 3498 EDYSAN (Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés)Université de Picardie Jules VerneAmiens CedexFrance
| | - Aude Couty
- FRE CNRS 3498 EDYSAN (Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés)Université de Picardie Jules VerneAmiens CedexFrance
| | - Manuella Catterou
- FRE CNRS 3498 EDYSAN (Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés)Université de Picardie Jules VerneAmiens CedexFrance
| | - Arnaud Ameline
- FRE CNRS 3498 EDYSAN (Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés)Université de Picardie Jules VerneAmiens CedexFrance
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15
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Wilkens RT. Limitations of evaluating the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis with only two levels of light and water. ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.1997.11682411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Han P, Dong Y, Lavoir AV, Adamowicz S, Bearez P, Wajnberg E, Desneux N. Effect of plant nitrogen and water status on the foraging behavior and fitness of an omnivorous arthropod. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5468-77. [PMID: 27069598 PMCID: PMC4813102 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Omnivorous arthropods make dietary choices according to the environment in which they forage, mainly availability/quality of plant and/or prey resources. Such decisions and their subsequent impacts on life‐history traits may be affected by the availability of nutrients and water to plants, that is, through bottom‐up forces. By setting up arenas for feeding behavior observation as well as glasshouse cages for plant preference assessment, we studied effects of the presence of prey (Lepidoptera eggs) and nitrogen/water availability to host tomato plants on the foraging behavior and life‐history traits in the omnivorous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus (Heteroptera: Miridae). In the absence of prey, the predator fed equally on the plants treated with various levels of nitrogen and water. In the presence of prey, however, the feeding rate on plants decreased when the plant received low water input. The feeding rate on prey was positively correlated with feeding rate on plants; that is, prey feeding increased with plant feeding when the plants received high water input. Moreover, plants receiving high water input attracted more M. pygmaeus adults compared with those receiving low water input. For M. pygmaeus fitness, the presence of prey enhanced its fertility and longevity, but the longevity decreased when plants received low compared with high water input. In conclusion, the omnivorous predator may be obliged to feed on plants to obtain water, and plant water status may be a limiting factor for the foraging behavior and fitness of the omnivorous predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Yongcheng Dong
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France; Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Anne-Violette Lavoir
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France
| | | | - Philippe Bearez
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France
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17
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Reudler JH, Elzinga JA. Photoperiod-Induced Geographic Variation in Plant Defense Chemistry. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:139-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Background Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LCMS) has become a widely used technique in metabolomics research for differential profiling, the broad screening of biomolecular constituents across multiple samples to diagnose phenotypic differences and elucidate relevant features. However, a significant limitation in LCMS-based metabolomics is the high-throughput data processing required for robust statistical analysis and data modeling for large numbers of samples with hundreds of unique chemical species. Results To address this problem, we developed Haystack, a web-based tool designed to visualize, parse, filter, and extract significant features from LCMS datasets rapidly and efficiently. Haystack runs in a browser environment with an intuitive graphical user interface that provides both display and data processing options. Total ion chromatograms (TICs) and base peak chromatograms (BPCs) are automatically displayed, along with time-resolved mass spectra and extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) over any mass range. Output files in the common .csv format can be saved for further statistical analysis or customized graphing. Haystack's core function is a flexible binning procedure that converts the mass dimension of the chromatogram into a set of interval variables that can uniquely identify a sample. Binned mass data can be analyzed by exploratory methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) to model class assignment and identify discriminatory features. The validity of this approach is demonstrated by comparison of a dataset from plants grown at two light conditions with manual and automated peak detection methods. Haystack successfully predicted class assignment based on PCA and cluster analysis, and identified discriminatory features based on analysis of EICs of significant bins. Conclusion Haystack, a new online tool for rapid processing and analysis of LCMS-based metabolomics data is described. It offers users a range of data visualization options and supports non-biased differential profiling studies through a unique and flexible binning function that provides an alternative to conventional peak deconvolution analysis methods.
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Ripoll J, Urban L, Staudt M, Lopez-Lauri F, Bidel LPR, Bertin N. Water shortage and quality of fleshy fruits--making the most of the unavoidable. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4097-117. [PMID: 24821951 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Extreme climatic events, including drought, are predicted to increase in intensity, frequency, and geographic extent as a consequence of global climate change. In general, to grow crops successfully in the future, growers will need to adapt to less available water and to take better advantage of the positive effects of drought. Fortunately, there are positive effects associated with drought. Drought stimulates the secondary metabolism, thereby potentially increasing plant defences and the concentrations of compounds involved in plant quality, particularly taste and health benefits. The role of drought on the production of secondary metabolites is of paramount importance for fruit crops. However, to manage crops effectively under conditions of limited water supply, for example by applying deficit irrigation, growers must consider not only the impact of drought on productivity but also on how plants manage the primary and secondary metabolisms. This question is obviously complex because during water deficit, trade-offs among productivity, defence, and quality depend upon the intensity, duration, and repetition of events of water deficit. The stage of plant development during the period of water deficit is also crucial, as are the effects of other stressors. In addition, growers must rely on relevant indicators of water status, i.e. parameters involved in the relevant metabolic processes, including those affecting quality. Although many reports on the effects of drought on plant function and crop productivity have been published, these issues have not been reviewed thus far. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of current knowledge of the effects of different forms of drought on fruit quality relative to the primary and secondary metabolisms and their interactions. We also review conventional and less conventional indicators of water status that could be used for monitoring purposes, such as volatile compounds. We focus on fruit crops owing to the importance of secondary metabolism in fruit quality and the importance of fruits in the human diet. The issue of defence is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ripoll
- INRA - Centre d'Avignon, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Domaine Saint Paul - Site Agroparc, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France Laboratoire de Physiologie des Fruits et Légumes, Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, Bât. Agrosciences, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, B.p. 21239, F-84916 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurent Urban
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Fruits et Légumes, Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, Bât. Agrosciences, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, B.p. 21239, F-84916 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Michael Staudt
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Félicie Lopez-Lauri
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Fruits et Légumes, Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, Bât. Agrosciences, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, B.p. 21239, F-84916 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Luc P R Bidel
- INRA, UMR AGAP, Place P. Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Nadia Bertin
- INRA - Centre d'Avignon, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Domaine Saint Paul - Site Agroparc, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
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Massad TJ, Trumbore SE, Ganbat G, Reichelt M, Unsicker S, Boeckler A, Gleixner G, Gershenzon J, Ruehlow S. An optimal defense strategy for phenolic glycoside production in Populus trichocarpa--isotope labeling demonstrates secondary metabolite production in growing leaves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:607-619. [PMID: 24739022 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of carbon are required for plant growth, but young, growing tissues often also have high concentrations of defensive secondary metabolites. Plants' capacity to allocate resources to growth and defense is addressed by the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis and the optimal defense hypothesis, which make contrasting predictions. Isotope labeling can demonstrate whether defense compounds are synthesized from stored or newly fixed carbon, allowing a detailed examination of these hypotheses. Populus trichocarpa saplings were pulse-labeled with 13CO2 at the beginning and end of a growing season, and the 13C signatures of phenolic glycosides (salicinoids), sugars, bulk tissue, and respired CO2 were traced over time. Half of the saplings were also subjected to mechanical damage. Populus trichocarpa followed an optimal defense strategy, investing 13C in salicinoids in expanding leaves directly after labeling. Salicinoids turned over quickly, and their production continued throughout the season. Salicin was induced by early-season damage, further demonstrating optimal defense. Salicinoids appear to be of great value to P. trichocarpa, as they command new C both early and late in the growing season, but their fitness benefits require further study. Export of salicinoids between tissues and biochemical pathways enabling induction also needs research. Nonetheless, the investigation of defense production afforded by isotope labeling lends new insights into plants' ability to grow and defend simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Joy Massad
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, Bloco 11T (Sala 1124), São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Susan E Trumbore
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Gantsetseg Ganbat
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Max Planck Insitute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille Unsicker
- Max Planck Insitute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Boeckler
- Max Planck Insitute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Insitute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Ruehlow
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
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21
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Cowan JS, Miles CA, Andrews PK, Inglis DA. Biodegradable mulch performed comparably to polyethylene in high tunnel tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1854-1864. [PMID: 24288255 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High tunnels in the cool climate of north western Washington state improve the growing environment for crops otherwise suited to warmer climates. Biodegradable mulch may improve the sustainability of high tunnel vegetable production if it performs comparably to polyethylene. Four biodegradable mulch treatments (BioAgri, BioTelo, WeedGuardPlus and SB-PLA-10/11/12) were compared to black polyethylene and bare ground in high tunnels and open field settings to assess the impact of production system and mulch treatment on weed control, tomato yield, and fruit quality. RESULTS Fewer weeds grew in high tunnels than in the open field. High tunnels increased total and marketable fruit yields and increased individual fruit weight. High tunnel production increased juice content and pH of tomato fruit, but decreased total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and total phenolics compared to the open field. All mulch treatments except SB-PLA-10 controlled weeds. BioAgri, BioTelo and polyethylene increased total yields by 20%, though marketability was reduced 14% compared to bare ground and WeedGuardPlus treatments. CONCLUSION High tunnels can improve tomato yield and affect fruit quality in north western Washington. Biodegradable plastic mulches performed comparably to polyethylene in weed control, tomato yield, and fruit quality and may, therefore, improve the sustainability of high tunnel vegetable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Cowan
- Washington State University, Spokane County Extension, 222 N Havana St, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
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Larbat R, Paris C, Le Bot J, Adamowicz S. Phenolic characterization and variability in leaves, stems and roots of Micro-Tom and patio tomatoes, in response to nitrogen limitation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 224:62-73. [PMID: 24908507 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenolics are implicated in the defence strategies of many plant species rendering their concentration increase of putative practical interest in the field of crop protection. Little attention has been given to the nature, concentration and distribution of phenolics within vegetative organs of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum. L) as compared to fruits. In this study, we extensively characterized the phenolics in leaves, stems and roots of nine tomato cultivars using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)) and assessed the impact of low nitrogen (LN) availability on their accumulation. Thirty-one phenolics from the four sub-classes, hydroxycinnamoyl esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins and phenolamides were identified, five of which had not previously been reported in these tomato organs. A higher diversity and concentration of phenolics was found in leaves than in stems and roots. The qualitative distribution of these compounds between plant organs was similar for the nine cultivars with the exception of Micro-Tom because of its significantly higher phenolic concentrations in leaves and stems as compared to roots. With few exceptions, the influence of the LN treatment on the three organs of all cultivars was to increase the concentrations of hydroxycinnamoyl esters, flavonoids and anthocyanins and to decrease those of phenolamides. This impact of LN was greater in roots than in leaves and stems. Nitrogen nutrition thus appears as a means of modulating the concentration and composition of organ phenolics and their distribution within the whole plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Larbat
- INRA UMR 1121 "Agronomie & Environnement" Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France; Université de Lorraine UMR 1121 "Agronomie & Environnement" Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Cédric Paris
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Jacques Le Bot
- INRA, UR 1115 PSH (Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles), F-84000 Avignon, France.
| | - Stéphane Adamowicz
- INRA, UR 1115 PSH (Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles), F-84000 Avignon, France.
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Effect of irrigation on yield parameters and antioxidant profiles of processing cherry tomato. Open Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-013-0279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA two-year (2010 and 2011) open field experiment was conducted to study the effect of drip irrigation and seasonal variation on the yield parameters and main bioactive components, carotenoids (mainly all trans, cis lycopene, and β-carotene), polyphenols (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, naringin, etc.), and tocopherols of processing Strombolino F1 cherry tomatoes. The irrigated plants (STI) gave a higher marketable yield (61% and 101% respectively), and rain fed plants showed a yield loss. Water supply had a strong positive (R2=0.98) effect on marketable yield in 2011, but weak (R2=0.69) in 2010. In both years, the antioxidant concentration (all carotenoids, total polyphenols, tocopherols) showed a decrease with irrigation. Water supply affected the composition of carotenoids to a considerable extent. The optimum water supply treatment gave a lower proportion of lycopene than the rain fed control (STC) treatment. We observed significant negative correlation between rutin concentration and irrigation. The α-tocopherol concentration was significantly higher in STC treatments. Irrigation negatively influenced antioxidant concentrations of cherry tomato fruits, but higher yield could account for the concentration loss of individual fruits by higher antioxidant production per unit area.
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24
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Fanciullino AL, Bidel LPR, Urban L. Carotenoid responses to environmental stimuli: integrating redox and carbon controls into a fruit model. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:273-89. [PMID: 23777240 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids play an important role in plant adaptation to fluctuating environments as well as in the human diet by contributing to the prevention of chronic diseases. Insights have been gained recently into the way individual factors, genetic, environmental or developmental, control the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway at the molecular level. The identification of the rate-limiting steps of carotenogenesis has paved the way for programmes of breeding, and metabolic engineering, aimed at increasing the concentration of carotenoids in different crop species. However, the complexity that arises from the interactions between the different factors as well as from the coordination between organs remains poorly understood. This review focuses on recent advances in carotenoid responses to environmental stimuli and discusses how the interactions between the modulation factors and between organs affect carotenoid build-up. We develop the idea that reactive oxygen species/redox status and sugars/carbon status can be considered as integrated factors that account for most effects of the major environmental factors influencing carotenoid biosynthesis. The discussion highlights the concept of carotenoids or carotenoid-derivatives as stress signals that may be involved in feedback controls. We propose a conceptual model of the effects of environmental and developmental factors on carotenoid build-up in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Fanciullino
- UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRA, Avignon, Cedex, 9, France
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Negrel J, Javelle F, Morandi D. Detection of a plant enzyme exhibiting chlorogenate-dependant caffeoyltransferase activity in methanolic extracts of arbuscular mycorrhizal tomato roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 66:77-83. [PMID: 23500709 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
When Glomus intraradices-colonised tomato roots were extracted in methanol at 6 °C, chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid), naturally present in the extract, was slowly converted by transesterification into methyl caffeate. The progress of the reaction could be monitored by HPLC. The reaction only occurred when the ground roots were left in contact with the hydro-alcoholic extract and required the presence of 15-35% water in the mixture. When the roots were extracted in ethanol, chlorogenic acid was transformed to ethyl caffeate in the same conditions. The reaction was also detected in Glomus mosseae-colonised tomato root extracts. It was also detectable in non-mycorrhizal root extracts but was 10-25 times slower. By contrast it was undetectable in extracts of the aerial parts of tomato plants, which also contain high amounts of chlorogenic acid, whether or not these plants were inoculated by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. We found that this transesterification reaction is catalysed by a tomato enzyme, which remains active in hydro-alcoholic mixtures and exhibits chlorogenate-dependant caffeoyltransferase activity in the presence of methanol or ethanol. This transferase activity is inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. The 4- and 3-caffeoylquinic acid isomers were also used as substrates but were less active than chlorogenic acid. Highest activity was detected in mycorrhizal roots of nutrient-deprived tomato plants. Surprisingly this caffeoyltransferase activity could also be detected in hydro-alcoholic extracts of G. intraradices-colonised roots of leek, sorghum or barrel medic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Negrel
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie INRA, AgroSup, Université de Bourgogne, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, ERL CNRS 6300, Dijon, France.
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Barbagallo RN, Di Silvestro I, Patanè C. Yield, physicochemical traits, antioxidant pattern, polyphenol oxidase activity and total visual quality of field-grown processing tomato cv. Brigade as affected by water stress in Mediterranean climate. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:1449-57. [PMID: 23070982 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'processing tomato' is an important source of natural antioxidants whose concentration depends, along with other parameters, on water availability. In order to better understand the mechanisms that regulate the response to water stress, a study was carried out in a typically semi-arid Mediterranean environment to investigate the yield, chemical composition and visual quality of tomato cv. 'Brigade' field grown under no irrigation (V0) in comparison with those of the conventional fully irrigated crop (V100). RESULTS The stressful conditions of V0 affected the total yield. Nevertheless, fruits exhibited an increase in firmness (+27%), total solids (+23%) and total soluble solids (+5%). The dynamic balance between the antioxidant pattern and polyphenol oxidase activity under water stress conditions resulted in fruits with increased antioxidant activity (+12%), due to a decline in enzyme activity (-48%) and a rise in vitamin C (+20%) and total phenolic (+13%) contents. CONCLUSION It is possible to manage water stress by applying water-saving irrigation strategies in order to promote the quality and nutritional properties of tomatoes while also contributing to saving water. This is a relevant aspect in processing tomato cultivation in semi-arid environments, where both the cost and availability of irrigation water represent a rising problem in agricultural activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo N Barbagallo
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari (DISPA), University of Catania, Catania, Italy,
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Schutte BJ, Wortman SE, Lindquist JL, Davis AS. Maternal Environment Effects on Phenolic Defenses in <i>Abutilon theophrasti</i> Seeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2013.45139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bernaert N, De Paepe D, Bouten C, De Clercq H, Stewart D, Van Bockstaele E, De Loose M, Van Droogenbroeck B. Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and ascorbate content as a function of the genetic diversity of leek (Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum). Food Chem 2012; 134:669-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Larbat R, Le Bot J, Bourgaud F, Robin C, Adamowicz S. Organ-specific responses of tomato growth and phenolic metabolism to nitrate limitation. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:760-769. [PMID: 22372822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites involved in plant innate chemical defence against pests and diseases. Their concentration varies depending on plant tissue and also on genetic and environmental factors, e.g. availability of nutrient resources. This study examines specific effects of low (LN) and high (HN) nitrogen supply on organ (root, stem and leaf) growth and accumulation of major phenolics [chlorogenic acid (CGA); rutin; kaempferol rutinoside (KR)] in nine hydroponically grown tomato cultivars. LN limited shoot growth but did not affect root growth, and increased concentrations of each individual phenolic in all organs. The strength of the response was organ-dependent, roots being more responsive than leaves and stems. Significant differences were observed between genotypes. Nitrogen limitation did not change the phenolic content in shoots, whereas it stimulated accumulation in roots. The results show that this trade-off between growth and defence in a LN environment can be discussed within the framework of the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis (i.e. GDBH), but highlight the need to integrate all plant organs in future modelling approaches regarding the impact of nitrogen limitation on primary and secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Larbat
- UMR, Université de Lorraine (INPL)-INRA Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar 1121, ENSAIA, Vandoeuvre, France INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | - J Le Bot
- UMR, Université de Lorraine (INPL)-INRA Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar 1121, ENSAIA, Vandoeuvre, France INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | - F Bourgaud
- UMR, Université de Lorraine (INPL)-INRA Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar 1121, ENSAIA, Vandoeuvre, France INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | - C Robin
- UMR, Université de Lorraine (INPL)-INRA Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar 1121, ENSAIA, Vandoeuvre, France INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | - S Adamowicz
- UMR, Université de Lorraine (INPL)-INRA Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar 1121, ENSAIA, Vandoeuvre, France INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France
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Larbat R, Olsen KM, Slimestad R, Løvdal T, Bénard C, Verheul M, Bourgaud F, Robin C, Lillo C. Influence of repeated short-term nitrogen limitations on leaf phenolics metabolism in tomato. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 77:119-128. [PMID: 22414312 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of phenolics have been shown to play a role in plant resistance to pathogens. One way to obtain increased phenolic concentrations in plant tissues is to limit mineral nitrogen (N) availability; however, over long periods, this treatment will have a negative effect on plant growth. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of repeated short-term N limitations on plant growth and phenolic metabolism in leaves. Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum, cv. Pixie) were subjected to two successive 10-day N-limitation periods (0.15 mM NO(3)(-), 0.01 mM NH(4)(+)), followed by periods of full nutrient supply (15 mM NO(3)(-), 1.2 mM NH(4)(+)). Additionally, other plants were subjected to either of these two limitation periods, and a set of control plants was given a full nutrient supply during the entire period. The phenolic metabolism was monitored by measuring the leaf concentrations of chlorogenic acid, three flavonol glycosides (quercetin and kaempferol derivatives) and two major anthocyanins, together with the expression of eight structural genes and three transcription factors of the phenylpropanoid pathway. The relative growth rate of the plants decreased during the N-limitation periods but was restored as soon as N was resupplied. Each N-limitation period resulted in an up-regulation of the phenolic biosynthetic pathway, as demonstrated by an increase in the leaf phenolic concentration and an up-regulation of the related genes. The genes in the phenolic pathway were down-regulated immediately when N was resupplied; however, the leaf concentrations of several phenolics, particularly flavonol glycosides, were maintained at significantly higher levels than in the control plants for up to 17 days after the end of the first limitation. The amplitude of the increase in leaf phenolic concentration did not depend on the number of N-limitation periods to which the plant was subjected, which indicates that the plants did not acclimate to nitrogen limitation. Successive N-limitation periods resulted in additive increases in flavonol glycoside concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Larbat
- UMR 1121, Université de Lorraine (INPL) - INRA Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar, ENSAIA 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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Diaz R, Aguirre C, Wheeler GS, Lapointe SL, Rosskopf E, Overholt WA. Differential performance of tropical soda apple and its biological control agent Gratiana boliviana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in open and shaded habitats. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 40:1437-1447. [PMID: 22217759 DOI: 10.1603/en11203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The leaf feeding beetle Gratiana boliviana Spaeth has been released since 2003 in the southeastern United States for biological control of tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum Dunal. In Florida, G. boliviana can be found on tropical soda apple growing in open pastures as well as in shady wooded areas. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of light intensity on the performance of tropical soda apple and G. boliviana under greenhouse conditions, and to determine the abundance and mortality of G. boliviana in open and shaded habitats. Leaves growing in the shade were less tough, had higher water and nitrogen content, lower soluble sugars, and less dense and smaller glandular trichomes compared with leaves growing in the open. Plants grew slightly taller and wider under shaded conditions but total biomass was significantly reduced compared with plants grown in the open. In the greenhouse, G. boliviana had higher immature survival, greater folivory, larger adult size, and higher fecundity when reared on shaded plants compared with open plants. Sampling of field populations revealed that the overall abundance of G. boliviana was lower but leaf feeding damage was higher in shaded habitats compared with the open habitats. The percentage of eggs surviving to adult was greater in shaded compared with open habitats. The abundance of predators was higher in the open pasture and was positively correlated with the abundance of G. boliviana. These results indicate that not only plant quality but also habitat structure are important to the performance of weed biological control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Diaz
- Biological Control Research and Containment Laboratory, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Rd., Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
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Bénard C, Bourgaud F, Gautier H. Impact of temporary nitrogen deprivation on tomato leaf phenolics. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7971-81. [PMID: 22174644 PMCID: PMC3233450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12117971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the use of pesticides represents a major challenge of modern agriculture. Plants synthesize secondary metabolites such as polyphenols that participate in the resistance to parasites. The aim of this study was to test: (1) the impact of nitrogen deficiency on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf composition and more particularly on two phenolic molecules (chlorogenic acid and rutin) as well as on the general plant biomass; and (2) whether this effect continued after a return to normal nitrogen nutrition. Our results showed that plants deprived of nitrogen for 10 or 19 days contained higher levels of chlorogenic acid and rutin than control plants. In addition, this difference persisted when the plants were once again cultivated on a nitrogen-rich medium. These findings offer interesting perspectives on the use of a short period of deprivation to modulate the levels of compounds of interest in a plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bénard
- INRA UR 1115 Horticultural Plants and Culture Systems (PSH), Domaine Saint Paul, F-84914 Avignon, France; E-Mail:
| | - Frédéric Bourgaud
- UMR 1121 University of Lorraine (INPL)-INRA Agronomy and Environment Nancy-Colmar, ENSAIA 2, avenue de la forêt de Haye F-54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; E-Mail:
| | - Hélène Gautier
- INRA UR 1115 Horticultural Plants and Culture Systems (PSH), Domaine Saint Paul, F-84914 Avignon, France; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +334-32-72-23-45; Fax: +334-32-72-22-80
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Rosales MA, Cervilla LM, Sánchez-Rodríguez E, Rubio-Wilhelmi MDM, Blasco B, Ríos JJ, Soriano T, Castilla N, Romero L, Ruiz JM. The effect of environmental conditions on nutritional quality of cherry tomato fruits: evaluation of two experimental Mediterranean greenhouses. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:152-162. [PMID: 20853276 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine how different environmental factors (temperature, solar radiation, and vapour-pressure deficit [VPD]) influenced nutritional quality and flavour of cherry tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Naomi) grown in two types of experimental Mediterranean greenhouses: parral (low technology) and multispan (high technology). RESULTS Fruits were sampled three times during 3 years (2004, 2005 and 2006): at the beginning, middle and end of the fruit production period. Values for temperature, solar radiation, and VPD peaked in the third sampling in both greenhouses; values were higher in the parral-type greenhouse, triggering abiotic stress. This stress reduced the accumulation of lycopene and essential elements, augmenting the phytonutrient content and the antioxidant capacity of tomatoes. During the third sampling, sugars were increased while organic acid content diminished, producing tomatoes with a sweeter-milder flavour. The parral greenhouse produced tomatoes with higher phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid contents, together with a greater antioxidant capacity, without showing differences in flavour parameters. CONCLUSION The higher phytonutrients content and antioxidant activity during the environmental stress, more pronounced in parral than multispan greenhouse, together with the sweeter-milder flavour, conferred a notable nutritional benefit, which considerably improved the nutritional and organoleptic quality of these tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Rosales
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Suárez MH, Méndez EP, Galdón BR, Rodríguez ER, Romero CD. Influence of agronomic variables on quality of tomato fruits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/as.2011.24054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Poiroux-Gonord F, Bidel LPR, Fanciullino AL, Gautier H, Lauri-Lopez F, Urban L. Health benefits of vitamins and secondary metabolites of fruits and vegetables and prospects to increase their concentrations by agronomic approaches. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:12065-82. [PMID: 21067179 DOI: 10.1021/jf1037745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables (FAVs) are an important part of the human diet and a major source of biologically active substances such as vitamins and secondary metabolites. The consumption of FAVs remains globally insufficient, so it should be encouraged, and it may be useful to propose to consumers FAVs with enhanced concentrations in vitamins and secondary metabolites. There are basically two ways to reach this target: the genetic approach or the environmental approach. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the results that have been obtained so far through purely agronomic approaches and brings them into perspective by comparing them with the achievements of genetic approaches. Although agronomic approaches offer very good perspectives, the existence of variability of responses suggests that the current understanding of the way regulatory and metabolic pathways are controlled needs to be increased. For this purpose, more in-depth study of the interactions existing between factors (light and temperature, for instance, genetic factors × environmental factors), between processes (primary metabolism and ontogeny, for example), and between organs (as there is some evidence that photooxidative stress in leaves affects antioxidant metabolism in fruits) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florine Poiroux-Gonord
- INRA - Centre de Corse, Unité "Génétique et Ecophysiologie de la Qualité des Agrumes", F-20230 San Giuliano, France
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Cella Pizarro L, Bisigato AJ. Allocation of biomass and photoassimilates in juvenile plants of six Patagonian species in response to five water supply regimes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 106:297-307. [PMID: 20519238 PMCID: PMC2908164 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The growth-differentiation balance hypothesis (GDBH) states that there is a physiological trade-off between growth and secondary metabolism and predicts a parabolic effect of resource availability (such as water or nutrients) on secondary metabolite production. To test this hypothesis, the response of six Patagonian Monte species (Jarava speciosa, Grindelia chiloensis, Prosopis alpataco, Bougainvillea spinosa, Chuquiraga erinacea and Larrea divaricata) were investigated in terms of total biomass and resource allocation patterns in response to a water gradient. METHODS One-month-old seedlings were subjected to five water supply regimes (expressed as percentage dry soil weight: 13 %, 11 %, 9 %, 7 % or 5 % - field water capacity being 15 %). After 150 d, plants were harvested, oven-dried and partitioned into root, stem and leaf. Allometric analysis was used to correct for size differences in dry matter partitioning. Determinations of total phenolics (TP), condensed tannins (CT), nitrogen (N) and total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) concentrations were done on each fraction. Based on concentrations and biomass data, contents of TP and CT were estimated for whole plants, and graphical vector analysis was applied to interpret drought effect. KEY RESULTS Four species (J. speciosa, G. chiloensis, P. alpataco and B. spinosa) showed a decrease in total biomass in the 5 % water supply regime. Differences in dry matter partitioning among treatments were mainly due to size variation. Concentrations of TP, CT, N and TNC varied little and the effect of drought on contents of TP and CT was not adequately predicted by the GDBH, except for G. chiloensis. CONCLUSIONS Water stress affected growth-related processes (i.e. reduced total biomass) rather than defence-related secondary metabolism or allocation to different organs in juvenile plants. Therefore, the results suggest that application of the GDBH to plants experiencing drought-stress should be done with caution, at least for Patagonian Monte species.
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Løvdal T, Olsen KM, Slimestad R, Verheul M, Lillo C. Synergetic effects of nitrogen depletion, temperature, and light on the content of phenolic compounds and gene expression in leaves of tomato. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:605-13. [PMID: 20096428 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum, cv. Suzanne) were subjected to complete nutrient solution or a solution without nitrogen (N), and placed at different temperatures and light conditions to test the effects of environment on flavonoids and caffeoyl derivatives and related gene expression. N depletion during 4-8days resulted in enhanced levels of flavonoids and caffeoyl derivatives. Anthocyanins showed pronounced increased levels when lowering the growth temperature from 24 degrees C to 18 degrees C or 12 degrees C. Flavonol levels increased when the light intensity was increased from 100 micromol m(-2) s(-1) PAR to 200 micromol m(-2) s(-1) PAR. Synergistic effects of the various environmental factors were observed. The increase in content of quercetin derivatives in response to low temperatures was only found under conditions of N depletion, and especially at the higher light intensity. Expression of structural genes in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways, PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), CHS (chalcone synthase), F3H (flavanone 3-hydroxylase), and FLS (flavonol synthase) increased in response to N depletion, in agreement with a corresponding increase in flavonoid and caffeoyl content. Expression of these structural genes generally also increased in response to lower temperatures. As indicated through expression studies and correlation analysis, effects of N depletion were apparently mediated through the overall regulators of the pathway the MYB transcription factor ANT1 (ANTHOCYANIN 1) and SlJAF13 (a bHLH transcription factor orthologue of petunia JAF13 and maize RED genes). A PAL gene (PAL6) was identified, and correlation analysis was compatible with PAL6 being an actively expressed gene with function in flavonoid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Løvdal
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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Le Bot J, Bénard C, Robin C, Bourgaud F, Adamowicz S. The 'trade-off' between synthesis of primary and secondary compounds in young tomato leaves is altered by nitrate nutrition: experimental evidence and model consistency. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:4301-4314. [PMID: 19741002 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants allocate internal resources to fulfil essential, yet possibly conflicting, demands such as defence or growth, as hypothesized by the 'growth-differentiation balance theory' (GDB). This trade-off was examined in young tomato plants grown for 25 d using the nutrient film technique with seven nitrate concentrations ([NO(3)]). The modification of primary (growth-related: organic acids, carbohydrates) and secondary (defence-related: phenolics) metabolite concentrations in leaves was assessed. Then a simple model was devised to simulate the trade-off between growth and secondary metabolism in response to N nutrition. N affected growth and metabolite concentrations in the leaves. Dry biomass, leaf area, and concentrations of nitrate and organic acid (malic, citric) increased with rising [NO(3)], up to a threshold, above which they remained constant. Starch, sucrose, and organic N concentrations were invariant with [NO(3)]. Glucose, fructose, and phenolic (chlorogenic acid, rutin, and kaempferol-rutinoside) concentrations were highest at lowest [NO(3)]. They declined progressively with rising [NO(3)] until a threshold, above which they remained constant. Model predictions are in phase with experimental phenolic concentration data although the simulated metabolic rates differ from the GDBH proposals depicted in the literature. From the model output it is shown that a careful definition of the C reserve compounds is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Le Bot
- INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France.
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Bénard C, Gautier H, Bourgaud F, Grasselly D, Navez B, Caris-Veyrat C, Weiss M, Génard M. Effects of low nitrogen supply on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit yield and quality with special emphasis on sugars, acids, ascorbate, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4112-23. [PMID: 19348424 DOI: 10.1021/jf8036374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the impact of lowering nitrogen supply from 12 to 6 or 4 mM NO(3)(-) on tomato fruit yield and quality during the growing season. Lowering nitrogen supply had a low impact on fruit commercial yield (-7.5%), but it reduced plant vegetative growth and increased fruit dry matter content, improving consequently fruit quality. Fruit quality was improved due to lower acid (10-16%) and increased soluble sugar content (5-17%). The content of some phenolic compounds (rutin, a caffeic acid glycoside, and a caffeic acid derivate) and total ascorbic acid tended to be higher in fruit with the lowest nitrogen supply, but differences were significant in only a few cases (trusses). With regard to carotenoids, data did not show significant and univocal differences related to different levels of nitrogen supply. Thus, reducing nitrogen fertilization limited environmental pollution, on the one hand, and may improve, on the other hand, both growers' profits, by limiting nitrogen inputs, and fruit quality for consumers, by increasing tomato sugars content. It was concluded that primary and secondary metabolites could be affected as a result of a specific response to low nitrogen, combined with a lower degree of vegetative development, increasing fruit irradiance, and therefore modifying fruit composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bénard
- UMR 1121 Nancy Université, INRA, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Induced Systemic Resistance Activates Defense Responses to Interspecific Insect Infestations on Tomato. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1300/j484v12n03_05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gautier H, Diakou-Verdin V, Bénard C, Reich M, Buret M, Bourgaud F, Poëssel JL, Caris-Veyrat C, Génard M. How does tomato quality (sugar, acid, and nutritional quality) vary with ripening stage, temperature, and irradiance? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:1241-50. [PMID: 18237131 DOI: 10.1021/jf072196t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to understand the respective impact of ripening stage, temperature, and irradiance on seasonal variations of tomato fruit quality. During ripening, concentrations in reducing sugars, carotenes, ascorbate, rutin, and caffeic acid derivates increased, whereas those in titratable acidity, chlorophylls, and chlorogenic acid content decreased. Fruit temperature and irradiance affected final fruit composition. Sugars and acids (linked to fruit gustative quality) were not considerably modified, but secondary metabolites with antioxidant properties were very sensitive to fruit environment. Increased fruit irradiance enhanced ascorbate, lycopene, beta-carotene, rutin, and caffeic acid derivate concentrations and the disappearance of oxidized ascorbate and chlorophylls. Increasing the temperature from 21 to 26 degrees C reduced total carotene content without affecting lycopene content. A further temperature increase from 27 to 32 degrees C reduced ascorbate, lycopene, and its precursor's content, but enhanced rutin, caffeic acid derivates, and glucoside contents. The regulation by light and temperature of the biosynthesis pathways of secondary metabolites is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Gautier
- INRA, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Domaine St. Paul, Site Agroparc, Avignon, France.
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Glynn C, Herms DA, Orians CM, Hansen RC, Larsson S. Testing the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis: dynamic responses of willows to nutrient availability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 176:623-634. [PMID: 17725548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Here, the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis (GDBH) was tested by quantifying temporal variation in the relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and phenylpropanoid concentrations of two willow species (Salix sericea and Salix eriocephala) across five fertility levels. Initially, RGR increased and total phenylpropanoids declined (although every individual phenolic did not) as fertility increased, but NAR was unaffected. Subsequently, NAR and phenylpropanoids declined in the low fertility treatment, generating a quadratic response of secondary metabolism across the nutrient gradient. As above- and below-ground growth rates equilibrated, NAR and phenylpropanoids increased in the low fertility treatment, re-establishing a negative linear effect of fertility on secondary metabolism. A transient quadratic response of secondary metabolism is predicted when GDBH is integrated with models of optimal phenotypic plasticity, occurring when low NAR imposes carbon constraints on secondary metabolism in low nutrient environments. Once plants acclimate to nutrient limitation, the equilibrium allocation state is predicted to be a negative correlation between growth and secondary metabolism. Although both willow species generally responded according to GDBH, the complexity observed suggests that prediction of the effects of nutrient availability on secondary metabolism (and other plastic responses) in specific cases requires a priori knowledge of the physiological status of the plant and soil nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Glynn
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Colin M Orians
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Robert C Hansen
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Stig Larsson
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Seasonal variations in antioxidant components of cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Naomi F1). J Food Compost Anal 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Barto EK, Cipollini D. Testing the optimal defense theory and the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Oecologia 2005; 146:169-78. [PMID: 16096848 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two prominent theories proposed to explain patterns of chemical defense expression in plants are the optimal defense theory (ODT) and the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis (GDBH). The ODT predicts that plant parts with high fitness value will be highly defended, and the GDBH predicts that slow growing plant parts will have more resources available for defense and thus will have higher defense levels than faster growing tissues. We examined growth rate, fitness value, and defense protein levels in leaves of a wild and lab ecotype of Arabidopsis thaliana to address whether patterns of defense protein expression in this plant conform to predictions of either the ODT or the GDBH. We divided leaves of A. thaliana into six leaf classes based on three developmental stages: vegetative, bolting, and flowering; with two leaf ages at each stage: young and old. We assessed the fitness value of leaves by determining the impact of the removal of each leaf class on total seed production and germination rates. Although A. thaliana was highly tolerant to defoliation, young leaves were more valuable than old in general, and young leaves on bolting plants were the most valuable leaf class in particular. Young leaves on vegetative plants grew fastest in both ecotypes, while old leaves on bolting and flowering plants grew slowest. Finally, defense levels were assessed in each leaf class by quantifying the constitutive and inducible expression of four defense-related proteins. Expression of guaiacol peroxidase and chitinase activity conformed largely to GDBH predictions. Expression of trypsin inhibitor and polyphenoloxidase activity varied by leaf class and treatment, but conformed to neither GDBH nor ODT predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kathryn Barto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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Wilkens RT, Vanderklein DW, Lemke RW. Plant Architecture and Leaf Damage in Bear Oak II: Insect Usage Patterns. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2005. [DOI: 10.1656/1092-6194(2005)012[0153:paaldi]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Close DC, McArthur C, Hagerman AE, Fitzgerald H. Differential distribution of leaf chemistry in eucalypt seedlings due to variation in whole-plant nutrient availability. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:215-221. [PMID: 15652578 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of whole-plant nutrient-availability on the degree of distribution of some plant primary and secondary (nitrogen, fibre, flavonols, gallotannins and cineole) chemicals across young, mature and old leaves of seedlings of Eucalyptus nitens. Four treatments that ranged from low to high nutrient-application rates resulted in mean whole-plant foliar concentrations of 0.63%, 0.85%, 1.11% and 1.82% nitrogen dry matter (N%DM) for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. Within-plant distribution (across the leaf age profile of young, mature and old leaves within a eucalypt seedling) of N%DM ranged from zero in treatment A to a wide range of distribution in treatment D (low N%DM concentrations in old leaves to high N%DM concentrations in young leaves). Similarly, the distribution of fibre ranged from zero in treatment A to a wide range of distribution in treatment D, but with high concentrations in old leaves and low concentrations in young leaves. In contrast, flavonols (weakly) and gallotannins had a wide range of distribution in treatment A (low concentrations in old leaves to high concentrations in young leaves) but were little or not distributed in the other treatments. Again in contrast, cineole was strongly distributed between old and young leaves (low concentrations in old leaves to high concentrations in young leaves) across all treatments while concentrations in mature leaves reflected one or other leaf age depending on treatment. Protein precipitable phenols in treatments A, B and C were high in young, and low in old leaves; whereas in treatment D they were low and similar between leaves of different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dugald C Close
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable, Production Forestry, GPO Box 252-12, Private Bag 12, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001 Australia.
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Vanderklein DW, Wilkens RT, Cartier A, Lemke RW. Plant Architecture and Leaf Damage in Bear Oak. I: Physiological Responses. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2004. [DOI: 10.1656/1092-6194(2004)011[0343:paaldi]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dumas Y, Dadomo M, Di Lucca G, Grolier P. Effects of environmental factors and agricultural techniques on antioxidantcontent of tomatoes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2003; 83:369-382. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
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Stamp N. Out of the quagmire of plant defense hypotheses. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2003; 78:23-55. [PMID: 12661508 DOI: 10.1086/367580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Several hypotheses, mainly Optimal Defense (OD), Carbon: Nutrient Balance (CNB), Growth Rate (GR), and Growth-Differentiation Balance (GDB), have individually served as frameworks for investigating the patterns of plant defense against herbivores, in particular the pattern of constitutive defense. The predictions and tests of these hypotheses have been problematic for a variety of reasons and have led to considerable confusion about the state of the "theory of plant defense." The primary contribution of the OD hypothesis is that it has served as the main framework for investigation of genotypic expression of plant defense, with the emphasis on allocation cost of defense. The primary contribution of the CNB hypothesis is that it has served as the main framework for investigation of how resources affect phenotypic expression of plant defense, often with studies concerned about allocation cost of defense. The primary contribution of the GR hypothesis is that it explains how intrinsic growth rate of plants shaped evolutionarily by resource availability affects defensive patterns. The primary contribution of the expanded GDB hypothesis is that it recognizes the constant physiological tradeoff between growth and differentiation at the cellular and tissue levels relative to the selective pressures of resource availability, including explicitly taking into account plant tolerance of damage by enemies. A clearer understanding of these hypotheses and what we have learned from investigations that use them can facilitate development of well-designed experiments that address the gaps in our knowledge of plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Stamp
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA.
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