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Setälä H, Szlavecz K, Pullen JD, Parker JD, Huang Y, Chang C. Acute resource pulses from periodical cicadas propagate to belowground food webs but do not affect tree performance. Ecology 2022; 103:e3773. [PMID: 35633474 PMCID: PMC9786866 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute resource pulses can have dramatic legacies for organismal growth, but the legacy effects of resource pulses on broader aspects of community structure and ecosystem processes are less understood. Mass emergence of periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) provides an excellent opportunity to shed light on the influence of resource pulses on community and ecosystem dynamics: the adults emerge every 13 or 17 years in vast numbers over much of eastern North America, with a smaller but still significant number becoming incorporated into forest food webs. To study the potential effects of such arthropod resource pulse on primary production and belowground food webs, we added adult cicada bodies to the soil surface surrounding sycamore trees and assessed soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations, plant-available nutrients, abundance and community composition of soil fauna occupying various trophic levels, decomposition rate of plant litter after 50 and 100 days, and tree performance for 4 years. Contrary to previous studies, we did not find significant cicada effects on tree performance despite observing higher plant-available nutrient levels on cicada addition plots. Cicada addition did change the community composition of soil nematodes and increased the abundance of bacterial- and fungal-feeding nematodes, while plant feeders, omnivores, and predators were not influenced. Altogether, acute resource pulses from decomposing cicadas propagated belowground to soil microbial-feeding invertebrates and stimulated nutrient mineralization in the soil, but these effects did not transfer up to affect tree performance. We conclude that, despite their influence on soil food web and processes they carry out, even massive resource pulses from arthropods do not necessarily translate to NPP, supporting the view that ephemeral nutrient pulses can be attenuated relatively quickly despite being relatively large in magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Setälä
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiLahtiFinland
| | - Katalin Szlavecz
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jamie D. Pullen
- Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewaterMarylandUSA
| | - John D. Parker
- Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewaterMarylandUSA
| | - Yumei Huang
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chih‐Han Chang
- Department of Life ScienceNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan,Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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2
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Johnson DC, Teague R, Apfelbaum S, Thompson R, Byck P. Adaptive multi-paddock grazing management's influence on soil food web community structure for: increasing pasture forage production, soil organic carbon, and reducing soil respiration rates in southeastern USA ranches. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13750. [PMID: 35873909 PMCID: PMC9306548 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Measurement of two grazing management's influence on pasture productivity, soil food web structure, soil organic carbon and soil microbial respiration efficiency was conducted on five southeastern US, across-the-fence ranch pairs to compare adaptive multi-paddock grazing (AMP) management, using short grazing events with planned, adaptive recovery periods, to conventional grazing (CG) management, with continuous grazing at low stock density. Methodology A point-in-time experimental field analysis was conducted to compare five AMP or CG ranch pairs to better understand the influence of grazing management on (a) standing crop biomass productivity; (b) soil food web community population, structure and functionality; (c) soil organic carbon accrual; and d) soil-C (CO2) respiration kinetics. Results AMP grazing systems outperformed CG systems by generating: (a) 92.68 g m-2 more standing crop biomass (SCB), promoting 46% higher pasture photosynthetic capacity (Two sample Mann-Whitney; Z = 6.1836; no DF in MW; p = 6.26 × 10-10; Effect size = 0.35) (b) a strong positive linear relationship of SCB with fungal biomass (R = 0.9915; F(1,3) = 175.35; p = 0.015); fungal to bacterial (F:B) biomass ratio (R = 0.9616; F(1,3) = 36.75; p = 0.009) and a soil food web proxy (R = 0.9616; F(1,3) = 36.75; p = 0.009) and a concurrent very strong inverse relationship with bacteria biomass (R = -0.946; F(1,3) = 25.56; p = 0.015); (c) significant predator/prey interactions with an inverse relationship with bacterial population biomass (R = - 0.946; F(1,3) = 25.56; p = 0.015) and a positive relationship with total protozoa enumeration (R = 0.9826; F(1,3) = 83.68; p = 0.003) when compared to SCB; (d) a 19.52% reduction in soil C (CO2) respiration rates (Two sample t-test; T = -2.3581; DF = 52.3541; p = 0.0221; Effect size = 0.59); and (e) a 20.6% increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top 10 cm of soil profile (Two sample Mann-Whitney; Z = 2.6507; no DF in MW; p = 0.008; Effect size = 0.24). Rancher conversion to AMP grazing strategies would appear to regenerate soil food web population, structure, diversity and biological functionality helping to improve: carbon flow into plant biomass, buildup of soil carbon, predator/prey nutrient cycling and soil microbial respiration efficiency while offering improved climate resilience and a strategy to increase the capture and storage of atmospheric CO2 in soils of the world's rangeland.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Johnson
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Richard Teague
- AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, Vernon, TX, United States of America,Department of Rangeland, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Steven Apfelbaum
- Applied Ecological Institute, Inc., Juda, WI, United States of America
| | - Ry Thompson
- Resource Environmental Solutions, Broadhead, WI, United States of America
| | - Peter Byck
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America,Walter Cronkite School of Journalism, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
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3
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Griffiths HM, Ashton LA, Parr CL, Eggleton P. The impact of invertebrate decomposers on plants and soil. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2142-2149. [PMID: 34128548 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil invertebrates make significant contributions to the recycling of dead plant material across the globe. However, studies focussed on the consequences of decomposition for plant communities largely ignore soil fauna across all ecosystems, because microbes are often considered the primary agents of decay. Here, we explore the role of invertebrates as not simply facilitators of microbial decomposition, but as true decomposers, able to break down dead organic matter with their own endogenic enzymes, with direct and indirect impacts on the soil environment and plants. We recommend a holistic view of decomposition, highlighting how invertebrates and microbes act in synergy to degrade organic matter, providing ecological services that underpin plant growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Griffiths
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Louise A Ashton
- Division of Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Catherine L Parr
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK
- Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Paul Eggleton
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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4
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Lamm J, Bastow J, Brown R, Nezat C, Lamm A. Short‐term nutrient reduction reduces cover of an invasive winter annual grass without negatively impacting the soil microbial community. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared Lamm
- Biology Department Eastern Washington University Cheney WA 99004 U.S.A
| | - Justin Bastow
- Biology Department Eastern Washington University Cheney WA 99004 U.S.A
| | - Rebecca Brown
- Biology Department Eastern Washington University Cheney WA 99004 U.S.A
| | - Carmen Nezat
- Geology Department Eastern Washington University Cheney WA 99004 U.S.A
| | - Ashley Lamm
- Chemistry Department Eastern Washington University Cheney WA 99004 U.S.A
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5
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Haanes H, Gjelsvik R. Reduced soil fauna decomposition in a high background radiation area. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247793. [PMID: 33730078 PMCID: PMC7968631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Decomposition of litter and organic matter is a very important soil ecosystem function where soil fauna play an important role. Knowledge of the responses in decomposition and soil fauna to different stressors is therefore crucial. However, the extent to which radioactivity may affect soil fauna is not so well known. There are some results showing effects on soil fauna at uranium mines and near Chernobyl from relatively high levels of anthropogenic radionuclides. We hypothesize that naturally occurring radionuclides affect soil fauna and thus litter decomposition, which will covary with radionuclide levels when accounting for important soil parameters. We have therefore used standardised litterbags with two different mesh sizes filled with birch leaves (Betula pubescens) to assess litter decomposition in an area with enhanced levels of naturally occurring radionuclides in the thorium (232Th) and uranium (238U) decay chains while controlling for variation in important soil parameters like pH, organic matter content, moisture and large grain size. We show that decomposition rate is higher in litterbags with large mesh size compared to litterbags with a fine mesh size that excludes soil fauna. We also find that litter dried at room temperature is decomposed at a faster rate than litter dried in oven (60⁰C). This was surprising given the associated denaturation of proteins and anticipated increased nutritional level but may be explained by the increased stiffness of oven-dried litter. This result is important since different studies often use either oven-dried or room temperature-dried litter. Taking the above into account, we explore statistical models to show large and expected effects of soil parameters but also significant effects on litter decomposition of the naturally occurring radionuclide levels. We use the ERICA tool to estimate total dose rate per coarse litterbag for four different model organisms, and in subsequent different statistical models we identify that the model including the dose rates of a small tube-shape is the best statistical model. In another statistical model including soil parameters and radionuclide distributions, 226Ra (or uranium precursory radionuclides) explain variation in litter decomposition while 228Ra (and precursors) do not. This may hint to chemical toxicity effects of uranium. However, when combining this model with the best model, the resulting simplified model is equal to the tube-shape dose-rate model. There is thus a need for more research on how naturally occurring radionuclides affect soil fauna, but the study at hand show the importance of an ecosystem approach and the ecosystem parameter soil decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallvard Haanes
- Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Østerås, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, Ås, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Runhild Gjelsvik
- Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Østerås, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, Ås, Norway
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6
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Wang X, Li FY, Tang K, Wang Y, Suri G, Bai Z, Baoyin T. Land use alters relationships of grassland productivity with plant and arthropod diversity in Inner Mongolian grassland. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02052. [PMID: 31837065 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The threats of land-use intensification to biodiversity have motivated considerable research directed toward understanding the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF). Functional diversity is deemed a better indicator than species diversity to clarify the BEF relationships. However, most tests of the BEF relationship have been conducted in highly controlled plant communities, with terrestrial animal communities largely unexplored. Additionally, most BEF studies examined the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functions, with the effects of ecosystem functioning strength on biodiversity hardly considered. Based on a 6-yr grassland experiment in the typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia, we examined the variation of taxonomic diversity (TD) and functional diversity (FD) of both plant and arthropod communities, and their relations with grassland productivity, across three land management types (moderate grazing, mowing, and enclosure). We aimed to clarify the interrelations among plant FD, arthropod FD, grassland productivity, and soil factors. We found the following: (1) Grassland under mowing performed best in terms of sustaining a high TD and FD of plants and arthropods compared to that under grazing and enclosure. (2) The relationships between plant and arthropod diversity and productivity varied with management types. Plant TD and FD were negatively related, whereas arthropod FD was positively related with productivity under enclosure; plant FD, but not arthropod FD, was positively related with productivity under grazing; arthropod FD, but not plant FD, was negatively related with productivity under mowing. (3) Grassland productivity was positively interrelated with plant FD, but not plant TD; and was negatively interrelated with arthropod TD, but not arthropod FD across different management types. The respective positive vs. negative bidirectional relationships of productivity with plant diversity vs. arthropod diversity, were majorly a consequence of divergent grazing/mowing effects on plant vs. arthropod diversity. The results indicate that grazing increases plant diversity, but decreases arthropod diversity, whereas fall mowing provides a management strategy for conservation of both trophic levels. These results also provide new insights into the effects of land-use changes on biodiversity and ecosystem processes, and indicate the importance of incorporating the functional interrelations among different trophic groups in sustainable grassland management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Frank Yonghong Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Kuanyan Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Guga Suri
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Zheng Bai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Taogetao Baoyin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
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7
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Willmert HM, Osso JD, Twiss MR, Langen TA. Winter road management effects on roadside soil and vegetation along a mountain pass in the Adirondack Park, New York, USA. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 225:215-223. [PMID: 30092548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2003-2005, we resurveyed and expanded plots surveyed in 1985 to examine the cumulative impact of road salt (sodium chloride) and sand along a two-lane highway in the Adirondack State Park in New York State (USA). Annual salt applications in the period 1985-2005 ranged from 50 tonnes per centerline-km (1985) to 140 tonnes (2005) and sand applications ranged from nearly zero tonnes (2005) to 325 tonnes (1985). Roadside soils and vegetation were significantly impacted by salt deposition compared to soils and vegetation 30 m and 150 m from the road. Roadside soil contained more sand, less organic matter, had a lower cation exchange capacity, was denser, and retained less water than soils 30 m and 150 m from the road. The concentration of sodium in roadside soils was elevated (103 vs. 44 ppm in soil 150 m from the roadside), and roadside concentrations of plant-nutritive cations were lower than 150 m from the road (roadside Mg, Ca and K concentrations were 0.2, 5, and 1 ppm respectively vs. 23,168, and 30 ppm at 150 m from the road). Along the roadside, paper birch trees (Betula papyrifera) and other woody vegetation present in 1980 were absent in 2004, suggesting that survival and recruitment of paper birch trees was impacted by degradation of soil fertility, deposition of road salt and aerosolization of salt from the roadway. Roadside environmental degradation caused by winter road management has worsened since 1980; revegetation with native salt-tolerant plants may provide some mitigation of the most severe effects. Overall, we conclude that the full extent of roadside environmental degradation caused by winter road management can take decades to manifest, and this may be the case more generally along cold-climate montane roadways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Willmert
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam NY 13699, USA
| | - Joseph D Osso
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam NY 13699, USA
| | - Michael R Twiss
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam NY 13699, USA
| | - Tom A Langen
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam NY 13699, USA.
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8
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Kuťáková E, Cesarz S, Münzbergová Z, Eisenhauer N. Soil microarthropods alter the outcome of plant-soil feedback experiments. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11898. [PMID: 30093622 PMCID: PMC6085370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback (PSF) effects are studied as plant growth responses to soil previously conditioned by another plant. These studies usually exclude effects of soil fauna, such as nematodes, soil arthropods, and earthworms, although these organisms are known to influence plant performance. Here, we aimed to explore effects of a model microarthropod community on PSFs. We performed a PSF experiment in microcosms with two plant species, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis. We added a model microarthropod community consisting of three fungivorous springtail species (Proisotoma minuta, Folsomia candida, and Sinella curviseta) and a predatory mite (Hypoaspis aculeifer) to half of the microcosms. We measured seedling establishment and plant biomass, nematode and microbial community composition, microbial biomass, and mycorrhizal colonization of roots. Microarthropods caused changes in the composition of nematode and microbial communities. Their effect was particularly strong in Phleum plants where they altered the composition of bacterial communities. Microarthropods also generally influenced plant performance, and their effects depended on previous soil conditioning and the identity of plant species. Microarthropods did not affect soil microbial biomass and mycorrhizal colonization of roots. We conclude that the role of soil microarthropods should be considered in future PSF experiments, especially as their effects are plant species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Kuťáková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01, Praha 2, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
| | - Simone Cesarz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Institute of Ecology, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01, Praha 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Institute of Ecology, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
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9
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Koltz AM, Schmidt NM, Høye TT. Differential arthropod responses to warming are altering the structure of Arctic communities. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171503. [PMID: 29765633 PMCID: PMC5936898 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is experiencing some of the fastest rates of warming on the planet. Although many studies have documented responses to such warming by individual species, the idiosyncratic nature of these findings has prevented us from extrapolating them to community-level predictions. Here, we leverage the availability of a long-term dataset from Zackenberg, Greenland (593 700 specimens collected between 1996 and 2014), to investigate how climate parameters influence the abundance of different arthropod groups and overall community composition. We find that variation in mean seasonal temperatures, winter duration and winter freeze-thaw events is correlated with taxon-specific and habitat-dependent changes in arthropod abundances. In addition, we find that arthropod communities have exhibited compositional changes consistent with the expected effects of recent shifts towards warmer active seasons and fewer freeze-thaw events in NE Greenland. Changes in community composition are up to five times more extreme in drier than wet habitats, with herbivores and parasitoids generally increasing in abundance, while the opposite is true for surface detritivores. These results suggest that species interactions and food web dynamics are changing in the Arctic, with potential implications for key ecosystem processes such as decomposition, nutrient cycling and primary productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Koltz
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 30338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, Box 1137, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Author for correspondence: Amanda M. Koltz e-mail:
| | - Niels M. Schmidt
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8000 AarhusC, Denmark
| | - Toke T. Høye
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8000 AarhusC, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, DK-8000 AarhusC, Denmark
- Department of Bioscience Kalø, Aarhus University, DK-8410 Rønde, Denmark
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10
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Decomposition of Leaves and Fine Roots in Three Subtropical Plantations in China Affected by Litter Substrate Quality and Soil Microbial Community. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8110412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Corral-Hernández E, Balanzategui I, Iturrondobeitia JC. Ecosystemic, climatic and temporal differences in oribatid communities (Acari: Oribatida) from forest soils. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2016; 69:389-401. [PMID: 27193341 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oribatid mite communities from 18 natural autochthonous forest soils in the Basque Country, belonging to five forest types, distributed along an ombrothermic gradient of five climatic regions were broadly studied. Forest type and climatic region together (45 % of the total variability) were important factors influencing the oribatid community. The local scale variable (forest type, 28 %) was about as determinant a factor as the regional scale (climatic region, 26 %), though together they accounted for just 9 %. By contrast, the influence of spatial distribution (geography) was not significant by itself but played an important role as a co-variable. Differences in community indices were detected only for species abundances, with holm oak showing the highest oribatid density and beech the lowest. The effect of the passage of time on oribatid communities was also analyzed by comparing recent communities to those of 19-26 years ago in the same forests. The community indices are influenced by the course of time when separate periods of time are compared. Although the recently studied forests apparently show the same conservational conditions as those studied in the past, they are less diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Corral-Hernández
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
| | - I Balanzategui
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - J C Iturrondobeitia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, 48940, Leioa, Spain
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Mehring AS, Levin LA. REVIEW: Potential roles of soil fauna in improving the efficiency of rain gardens used as natural stormwater treatment systems. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Mehring
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0218 USA
| | - Lisa A. Levin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0218 USA
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13
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Selonen S, Setälä H. Soil processes and tree growth at shooting ranges in a boreal forest reflect contamination history and lead-induced changes in soil food webs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:320-327. [PMID: 25770944 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of shooting-derived lead (Pb) on the structure and functioning of a forest ecosystem, and the recovery of the ecosystem after range abandonment were studied at an active shotgun shooting range, an abandoned shooting range where shooting ceased 20 years earlier and an uncontaminated control site. Despite numerous lead-induced changes in the soil food web, soil processes were only weakly related to soil food web composition. However, decomposition of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needle litter was retarded at the active shooting range, and microbial activity, microbial biomass and the rate of decomposition of Pb-contaminated grass litter decreased with increasing soil Pb concentrations. Tree (P. sylvestris) radial growth was suppressed at the active shooting range right after shooting activities started. In contrast, the growth of pines improved at the abandoned shooting range after the cessation of shooting, despite reduced nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the needles. Higher litter degradation rates and lower Pb concentrations in the topmost soil layer at the abandoned shooting range suggest gradual recovery after range abandonment. Our findings suggest that functions in lead-contaminated coniferous forest ecosystems depend on the successional stage of the forest as well as the time since the contamination source has been eliminated, which affects, e.g., the vertical distribution of the contaminant in the soil. However, despite multiple lead-induced changes throughout the ecosystem, the effects were rather weak, indicating high resistance of coniferous forest ecosystems to this type of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Selonen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland.
| | - Heikki Setälä
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland.
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Bender SF, van der Heijden MG. Soil biota enhance agricultural sustainability by improving crop yield, nutrient uptake and reducing nitrogen leaching losses. J Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Franz Bender
- Plant-Soil Interactions; Institute for Sustainability Sciences; Agroscope; 8046 Zürich Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zürich; 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Marcel G.A. van der Heijden
- Plant-Soil Interactions; Institute for Sustainability Sciences; Agroscope; 8046 Zürich Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zürich; 8057 Zürich Switzerland
- Plant-microbe Interactions; Institute of Environmental Biology; Faculty of Science; Utrecht University; 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
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Selonen S, Liiri M, Setälä H. Can the soil fauna of boreal forests recover from lead-derived stress in a shooting range area? ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:437-448. [PMID: 24553833 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The responses of soil faunal communities to lead (Pb) contamination in a shooting range area and the recovery of these fauna after range abandonment were studied by comparing the communities at an active shotgun shooting range, an abandoned shooting range, and a control site, locating in the same forest. Despite the similar overall Pb pellet load at the shooting ranges, reaching up to 4 kg m(-2), Pb concentrations in the top soil of the abandoned range has decreased due to the accumulation of detritus on the soil surface. As a consequence, soil animal communities were shown to recover from Pb-related disturbances by utilizing the less contaminated soil layer. Microarthropods showed the clearest signs of recovery, their numbers and community composition being close to those detected at the control site. However, in the deepest organic soil layer, the negative effects of Pb were more pronounced at the abandoned than at the active shooting range, which was detected as altered microarthropod and nematode community structures, reduced abundances of several microarthropod taxa, and the total absence of enchytraeid worms. Thus, although the accumulation of fresh litter on soil surface can promote the recovery of decomposer communities in the top soil, the gradual release of Pb from corroding pellets may pose a long-lasting risk for decomposer taxa deeper in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Selonen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland,
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Soil food web properties explain ecosystem services across European land use systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:14296-301. [PMID: 23940339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305198110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive land use reduces the diversity and abundance of many soil biota, with consequences for the processes that they govern and the ecosystem services that these processes underpin. Relationships between soil biota and ecosystem processes have mostly been found in laboratory experiments and rarely are found in the field. Here, we quantified, across four countries of contrasting climatic and soil conditions in Europe, how differences in soil food web composition resulting from land use systems (intensive wheat rotation, extensive rotation, and permanent grassland) influence the functioning of soils and the ecosystem services that they deliver. Intensive wheat rotation consistently reduced the biomass of all components of the soil food web across all countries. Soil food web properties strongly and consistently predicted processes of C and N cycling across land use systems and geographic locations, and they were a better predictor of these processes than land use. Processes of carbon loss increased with soil food web properties that correlated with soil C content, such as earthworm biomass and fungal/bacterial energy channel ratio, and were greatest in permanent grassland. In contrast, processes of N cycling were explained by soil food web properties independent of land use, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacterial channel biomass. Our quantification of the contribution of soil organisms to processes of C and N cycling across land use systems and geographic locations shows that soil biota need to be included in C and N cycling models and highlights the need to map and conserve soil biodiversity across the world.
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Wilkinson A, Solan M, Alexander I, Johnson D. Species richness and nitrogen supply regulate the productivity and respiration of ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture. FUNGAL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang S, Ruan H, Han Y. Effects of microclimate, litter type, and mesh size on leaf litter decomposition along an elevation gradient in the Wuyi Mountains, China. Ecol Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-010-0736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Neher DA. Ecology of plant and free-living nematodes in natural and agricultural soil. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2010; 48:371-394. [PMID: 20455699 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes are aquatic organisms that depend on thin water films to live and move within existing pathways of soil pores of 25-100 mum diameter. Soil nematodes can be a tool for testing ecological hypotheses and understanding biological mechanisms in soil because of their central role in the soil food web and linkage to ecological processes. Ecological succession is one of the most tested community ecology concepts, and a variety of nematode community indices have been proposed for purposes of environmental monitoring. In contrast, theories of biogeography, colonization, optimal foraging, and niche partitioning by nematodes are poorly understood. Ecological hypotheses related to strategies of coexistence of nematode species sharing the same resource have potential uses for more effective biological control and use of organic amendments to foster disease suppression. Essential research is needed on nematodes in natural and agricultural soils to synchronize nutrient release and availability relative to plant needs, to test ecological hypotheses, to apply optimal foraging and niche partitioning strategies for more effective biological control, to blend organic amendments to foster disease suppression, to monitor environmental and restoration status, and to develop better predictive models for land-use decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Neher
- Department of Plant & Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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Ilmarinen K, Mikola J, Nissinen K, Vestberg M. Role of Soil Organisms in the Maintenance of Species-Rich Seminatural Grasslands through Mowing. Restor Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2007.00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Butler JL, Gotelli NJ, Ellison AM. Linking the brown and green: nutrient transformation and fate in the Sarracenia microecosystem. Ecology 2008; 89:898-904. [PMID: 18481512 DOI: 10.1890/07-1314.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Linkages between detritus-based ("brown") food webs and producer-based ("green") food webs are critical components of ecosystem functionality, but these linkages are hard to study because it is difficult to measure release of nutrients by brown food webs and their subsequent uptake by plants. In a three-month greenhouse experiment, we examined how the detritus-based food web inhabiting rain-filled leaves of the pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea affects nitrogen transformation and its subsequent uptake by the plant itself. We used isotopically enriched prey (detritus) and soluble inorganic nitrogen, and manipulated food web structure to determine whether the presence of a complete brown web influences uptake efficiency of nitrogen by the plant. Uptake efficiency of soluble inorganic nitrogen was greater than that of nitrogen derived from mineralized prey. Contrary to expectation, there was no effect of the presence in the food web of macroinvertebrates on uptake efficiency of either form of nitrogen. Further, uptake efficiency of prey-derived nitrogen did not differ significantly among S. purpurea and two congeneric species (S. flava and S. alata) that lack associated food webs. Although upper trophic levels of this brown food web actively process detritus, it is the activity of the microbial component of this web that ultimately determines nitrogen availability for S. purpurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Butler
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 North Main Street, Petersham, Massachusetts 01366, USA
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WARDLE DAVIDA, NILSSON MARIECHARLOTTE, GALLET CHRISTIANE, ZACKRISSON OLLE. An ecosystem-level perspective of allelopathy. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1998.tb00033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Blouin M, Zuily-Fodil Y, Pham-Thi AT, Laffray D, Reversat G, Pando A, Tondoh J, Lavelle P. Belowground organism activities affect plant aboveground phenotype, inducing plant tolerance to parasites. Ecol Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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COLE L, STADDON PL, SLEEP D, BARDGETT RD. Soil animals influence microbial abundance, but not plant-microbial competition for soil organic nitrogen. Funct Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Phillips DA, Fox TC, King MD, Bhuvaneswari TV, Teuber LR. Microbial products trigger amino acid exudation from plant roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 136:2887-94. [PMID: 15347793 PMCID: PMC523350 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.044222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Revised: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants naturally cycle amino acids across root cell plasma membranes, and any net efflux is termed exudation. The dominant ecological view is that microorganisms and roots passively compete for amino acids in the soil solution, yet the innate capacity of roots to recover amino acids present in ecologically relevant concentrations is unknown. We find that, in the absence of culturable microorganisms, the influx rates of 16 amino acids (each supplied at 2.5 microm) exceed efflux rates by 5% to 545% in roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Medicago truncatula, maize (Zea mays), and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Several microbial products, which are produced by common soil microorganisms such as Pseudomonas bacteria and Fusarium fungi, significantly enhanced the net efflux (i.e. exudation) of amino acids from roots of these four plant species. In alfalfa, treating roots with 200 microm phenazine, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, or zearalenone increased total net efflux of 16 amino acids 200% to 2,600% in 3 h. Data from (15)N tests suggest that 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol blocks amino acid uptake, whereas zearalenone enhances efflux. Thus, amino acid exudation under normal conditions is a phenomenon that probably reflects both active manipulation and passive uptake by microorganisms, as well as diffusion and adsorption to soil, all of which help overcome the innate capacity of plant roots to reabsorb amino acids. The importance of identifying potential enhancers of root exudation lies in understanding that such compounds may represent regulatory linkages between the larger soil food web and the internal carbon metabolism of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Phillips
- Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Wardle DA, Bardgett RD, Klironomos JN, Setälä H, van der Putten WH, Wall DH. Ecological Linkages Between Aboveground and Belowground Biota. Science 2004; 304:1629-33. [PMID: 15192218 DOI: 10.1126/science.1094875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1474] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
All terrestrial ecosystems consist of aboveground and belowground components that interact to influence community- and ecosystem-level processes and properties. Here we show how these components are closely interlinked at the community level, reinforced by a greater degree of specificity between plants and soil organisms than has been previously supposed. As such, aboveground and belowground communities can be powerful mutual drivers, with both positive and negative feedbacks. A combined aboveground-belowground approach to community and ecosystem ecology is enhancing our understanding of the regulation and functional significance of biodiversity and of the environmental impacts of human-induced global change phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wardle
- Landcare Research, Post Office Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand.
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Moore JC, Berlow EL, Coleman DC, Ruiter PC, Dong Q, Hastings A, Johnson NC, McCann KS, Melville K, Morin PJ, Nadelhoffer K, Rosemond AD, Post DM, Sabo JL, Scow KM, Vanni MJ, Wall DH. Detritus, trophic dynamics and biodiversity. Ecol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Brown DH, Ferris H, Fu S, Plant R. Modeling direct positive feedback between predators and prey. Theor Popul Biol 2004; 65:143-52. [PMID: 14766188 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Predators can have positive impacts on their prey through such mechanisms as nutrient mineralization and prey transport. These positive feedbacks have the potential to change predictions based on food web theory, such as the assertion that enrichment is destabilizing. We present a model of a simple food web, consisting of a resource, a consumer, and its predator. We assume that the predator has a direct positive effect on the consumer, by increasing the rate at which the consumer acquires resources. We consider two cases: the feedback strength is a saturating function of predator density, or it is proportional to the encounter rate between predators and prey. In both cases, the positive feedback is stabilizing, delaying or preventing the onset of oscillations due to enrichment. Positive feedback can introduce an Allee effect for the predator population, yielding multiple stable equilibria. Strong positive feedback can yield counterintuitive results such as a transient increase in consumer density following the introduction of predators, and a decrease in the resource pool following enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Brown
- Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8633, USA.
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Lindberg N, Engtsson JB, Persson T. Effects of experimental irrigation and drought on the composition and diversity of soil fauna in a coniferous stand. J Appl Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bradford MA, Jones TH, Bardgett RD, Black HIJ, Boag B, Bonkowski M, Cook R, Eggers T, Gange AC, Grayston SJ, Kandeler E, McCaig AE, Newington JE, Prosser JI, Setälä H, Staddon PL, Tordoff GM, Tscherko D, Lawton JH. Impacts of soil faunal community composition on model grassland ecosystems. Science 2002; 298:615-8. [PMID: 12386334 DOI: 10.1126/science.1075805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Human impacts, including global change, may alter the composition of soil faunal communities, but consequences for ecosystem functioning are poorly understood. We constructed model grassland systems in the Ecotron controlled environment facility and manipulated soil community composition through assemblages of different animal body sizes. Plant community composition, microbial and root biomass, decomposition rate, and mycorrhizal colonization were all markedly affected. However, two key ecosystem processes, aboveground net primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity, were surprisingly resistant to these changes. We hypothesize that positive and negative faunal-mediated effects in soil communities cancel each other out, causing no net ecosystem effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bradford
- Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK.
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Setälä H. Sensitivity of ecosystem functioning to changes in trophic structure, functional group composition and species diversity in belowground food webs. Ecol Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liiri M, Setälä H, Haimi J, Pennanen T, Fritze H. Relationship between soil microarthropod species diversity and plant growth does not change when the system is disturbed. OIKOS 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.960115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wardle DA, Barker GM, Yeates GW, Bonner KI, Ghani A. INTRODUCED BROWSING MAMMALS IN NEW ZEALAND NATURAL FORESTS: ABOVEGROUND AND BELOWGROUND CONSEQUENCES. ECOL MONOGR 2001. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(2001)071[0587:ibminz]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Heneghan L, Coleman DC, Zou X, Crossley DA, Haines BL. SOIL MICROARTHROPOD CONTRIBUTIONS TO DECOMPOSITION DYNAMICS: TROPICAL–TEMPERATE COMPARISONS OF A SINGLE SUBSTRATE. Ecology 1999. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1873:smctdd]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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