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Wahb AMSE, Elsaid NBA, Abouzouna ZS, Habieb MSE, Arafat ESE. Vascular endothelial growth factor C gene expression and its serum level as potential biomarkers for obesity in Egyptian children. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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2
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Gabler-Smith MK, Berger AJ, Gay DM, Kinsey ST, Westgate AJ, Koopman HN. Microvascular anatomy suggests varying aerobic activity levels in the adipose tissues of diving tetrapods. J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:623-645. [PMID: 35779114 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue has many important functions including metabolic energy storage, endocrine functions, thermoregulation and structural support. Given these varied functions, the microvascular characteristics within the tissue will have important roles in determining rates/limits of exchange of nutrients, waste, gases and molecular signaling molecules between adipose tissue and blood. Studies on skeletal muscle have suggested that tissues with higher aerobic capacity contain higher microvascular density (MVD) with lower diffusion distances (DD) than less aerobically active tissues. However, little is known about MVD in adipose tissue of most vertebrates; therefore, we measured microvascular characteristics (MVD, DD, diameter and branching) and cell size to explore the comparative aerobic activity in the adipose tissue across diving tetrapods, a group of animals facing additional physiological and metabolic stresses associated with diving. Adipose tissues of 33 animals were examined, including seabirds, sea turtles, pinnipeds, baleen whales and toothed whales. MVD and DD varied significantly (P < 0.001) among the groups, with seabirds generally having high MVD, low DD and small adipocytes. These characteristics suggest that microvessel arrangement in short duration divers (seabirds) reflects rapid lipid turnover, compared to longer duration divers (beaked whales) which have relatively lower MVD and greater DD, perhaps reflecting the requirement for tissue with lower metabolic activity, minimizing energetic costs during diving. Across all groups, predictable scaling patterns in MVD and DD such as those observed in skeletal muscle did not emerge, likely reflecting the fact that unlike skeletal muscle, adipose tissue performs many different functions in marine organisms, often within the same tissue compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly K Gabler-Smith
- Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA. .,Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Amy J Berger
- Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - D Mark Gay
- Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Stephen T Kinsey
- Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J Westgate
- Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Heather N Koopman
- Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
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Becker-Greene D, Li H, Perez-Cremades D, Wu W, Bestepe F, Ozdemir D, Niosi CE, Aydogan C, Orgill DP, Feinberg MW, Icli B. MiR-409-3p targets a MAP4K3-ZEB1-PLGF signaling axis and controls brown adipose tissue angiogenesis and insulin resistance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7663-7679. [PMID: 34698882 PMCID: PMC8655847 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) within the microvasculature of brown adipose tissue (BAT) are important in regulating the plasticity of adipocytes in response to increased metabolic demand by modulating the angiogenic response. However, the mechanism of EC-adipocyte crosstalk during this process is not completely understood. We used RNA sequencing to profile microRNAs derived from BAT ECs of obese mice and identified an anti-angiogenic microRNA, miR-409-3p. MiR-409-3p overexpression inhibited EC angiogenic properties; whereas, its inhibition had the opposite effects. Mechanistic studies revealed that miR-409-3p targets ZEB1 and MAP4K3. Knockdown of ZEB1/MAP4K3 phenocopied the angiogenic effects of miR-409-3p. Adipocytes co-cultured with conditioned media from ECs deficient in miR-409-3p showed increased expression of BAT markers, UCP1 and CIDEA. We identified a pro-angiogenic growth factor, placental growth factor (PLGF), released from ECs in response to miR-409-3p inhibition. Deficiency of ZEB1 or MAP4K3 blocked the release of PLGF from ECs and PLGF stimulation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes increased UCP1 expression in a miR-409-3p dependent manner. MiR-409-3p neutralization improved BAT angiogenesis, glucose and insulin tolerance, and energy expenditure in mice with diet-induced obesity. These findings establish miR-409-3p as a critical regulator of EC-BAT crosstalk by modulating a ZEB1-MAP4K3-PLGF signaling axis, providing new insights for therapeutic intervention in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota Becker-Greene
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Louis Pasteur Avenue 77, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Louis Pasteur Avenue 77, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Perez-Cremades
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Louis Pasteur Avenue 77, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia and INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Winona Wu
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Louis Pasteur Avenue 77, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Furkan Bestepe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Denizhan Ozdemir
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Louis Pasteur Avenue 77, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Carolyn E Niosi
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Ceren Aydogan
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Louis Pasteur Avenue 77, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dennis P Orgill
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Louis Pasteur Avenue 77, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Basak Icli
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Louis Pasteur Avenue 77, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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4
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Sissaoui S, Egginton S, Ting L, Ahmed A, Hewett PW. Hyperglycaemia up-regulates placental growth factor (PlGF) expression and secretion in endothelial cells via suppression of PI3 kinase-Akt signalling and activation of FOXO1. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16344. [PMID: 34381074 PMCID: PMC8357836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Placenta growth factor (PlGF) is a pro-inflammatory angiogenic mediator that promotes many pathologies including diabetic complications and atherosclerosis. Widespread endothelial dysfunction precedes the onset of these conditions. As very little is known of the mechanism(s) controlling PlGF expression in pathology we investigated the role of hyperglycaemia in the regulation of PlGF production in endothelial cells. Hyperglycaemia stimulated PlGF secretion in cultured primary endothelial cells, which was suppressed by IGF-1-mediated PI3K/Akt activation. Inhibition of PI3K activity resulted in significant PlGF mRNA up-regulation and protein secretion. Similarly, loss or inhibition of Akt activity significantly increased basal PlGF expression and prevented any further PlGF secretion in hyperglycaemia. Conversely, constitutive Akt activation blocked PlGF secretion irrespective of upstream PI3K activity demonstrating that Akt is a central regulator of PlGF expression. Knock-down of the Forkhead box O-1 (FOXO1) transcription factor, which is negatively regulated by Akt, suppressed both basal and hyperglycaemia-induced PlGF secretion, whilst FOXO1 gain-of-function up-regulated PlGF in vitro and in vivo. FOXO1 association to a FOXO binding sequence identified in the PlGF promoter also increased in hyperglycaemia. This study identifies the PI3K/Akt/FOXO1 signalling axis as a key regulator of PlGF expression and unifying pathway by which PlGF may contribute to common disorders characterised by endothelial dysfunction, providing a target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Sissaoui
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Arima Genomics, 6404 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Stuart Egginton
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ling Ting
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Asif Ahmed
- MyrZyme Therapeutics Ltd, Faraday Wharf, Innovation Birmingham Campus, Holt Street, Birmingham, B4 4BB, UK
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Peter W Hewett
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Capillary Rarefaction in Obesity and Metabolic Diseases-Organ-Specificity and Possible Mechanisms. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122683. [PMID: 33327460 PMCID: PMC7764934 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its comorbidities like diabetes, hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Metabolic diseases cause vascular dysfunction and loss of capillaries termed capillary rarefaction. Interestingly, obesity seems to affect capillary beds in an organ-specific manner, causing morphological and functional changes in some tissues but not in others. Accordingly, treatment strategies targeting capillary rarefaction result in distinct outcomes depending on the organ. In recent years, organ-specific vasculature and endothelial heterogeneity have been in the spotlight in the field of vascular biology since specialized vascular systems have been shown to contribute to organ function by secreting varying autocrine and paracrine factors and by providing niches for stem cells. This review summarizes the recent literature covering studies on organ-specific capillary rarefaction observed in obesity and metabolic diseases and explores the underlying mechanisms, with multiple modes of action proposed. It also provides a glimpse of the reported therapeutic perspectives targeting capillary rarefaction. Further studies should address the reasons for such organ-specificity of capillary rarefaction, investigate strategies for its prevention and reversibility and examine potential signaling pathways that can be exploited to target it.
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Shin SS, Yoon M. Regulation of Obesity by Antiangiogenic Herbal Medicines. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194549. [PMID: 33020443 PMCID: PMC7582783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the result of an energy imbalance caused by an increased ratio of caloric intake to energy expenditure. In conjunction with obesity, related metabolic disorders, such as dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes, have become global health problems. Obesity progression is thought to be associated with angiogenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Angiogenesis occurs in growing adult adipose tissues, which are similar to neoplastic tissues. Adipose tissue is highly vascularized, and each adipocyte is nourished by an extensive capillary network. Adipocytes produce proangiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor A and fibroblast growth factor 2, which promote neovascularization within the adipose tissue. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP-2 and MMP-9, play important roles in adipose tissue development and microvessel maturation by modifying the ECM. Thus, modulation of angiogenesis and MMP activity provides a promising therapeutic approach for controlling human obesity and its related disorders. Over the past decade, there has been a great increase in the use of alternative treatments, such as herbal remedies, for these diseases. This review will focus on the role of angiogenesis in adipose tissue growth and the regulation of obesity by antiangiogenic herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Shik Shin
- Department of Formula Sciences, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea;
| | - Michung Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +8242-829-7581; Fax: 8242-829-7580
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Gabler-Smith MK, Westgate AJ, Koopman HN. Fatty acid composition and N 2 solubility in triacylglycerol-rich adipose tissue: the likely importance of intact molecular structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:jeb.216770. [PMID: 32001545 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.216770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diving tetrapods (sea turtles, seabirds and marine mammals) are a biologically diverse group, yet all are under similar constraints: oxygen limitation and increased hydrostatic pressure at depth. Adipose tissue is important in the context of diving because nitrogen gas (N2) is five times more soluble in fat than in blood, creating a potential N2 sink in diving animals. Previous research demonstrates that unusual lipid composition [waxes and short-chained fatty acids (FA)] in adipose tissue of some whales leads to increased N2 solubility. We evaluated the N2 solubility of adipose tissue from 12 species of diving tetrapods lacking these unusual lipids to explore whether solubility in this tissue can be linked to lipid structure. Across all taxonomic groups, the same eight FA accounted for 70-80% of the entire lipid profile; almost all adipose tissues were dominated by monounsaturated FA (40.2-67.4 mol%). However, even with consistent FA profiles, there was considerable variability in N2 solubility, ranging from 0.051±0.003 to 0.073±0.004 ml N2 ml-1 oil. Interestingly, differences in N2 solubility could not be attributed to taxonomic group (P=0.06) or FA composition (P>0.10). These results lead to two main conclusions: (1) in triacylglycerol-only adipose tissues, the FA pool itself may not have a strong influence on N2 solubility; and (2) samples with similar FA profiles can have different N2 solubility values, suggesting that 3D arrangement of individual FA within a triacylglycerol molecule may have important roles in determining N2 solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly K Gabler-Smith
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA .,Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Andrew J Westgate
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Heather N Koopman
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
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Shepel RN, Drapkina OM. New directions in metabolic syndrome diagnosis: assessment of vascular endothelial growth factor, pentraxin-3 and transforming growth factor beta levels. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2019. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2019-6-57-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. N. Shepel
- National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine
| | - O. M. Drapkina
- National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine
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Maller SM, Cagnoni AJ, Bannoud N, Sigaut L, Pérez Sáez JM, Pietrasanta LI, Yang RY, Liu FT, Croci DO, Di Lella S, Sundblad V, Rabinovich GA, Mariño KV. An adipose tissue galectin controls endothelial cell function via preferential recognition of 3-fucosylated glycans. FASEB J 2019; 34:735-753. [PMID: 31914594 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901817r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Upon overnutrition, adipocytes activate a homeostatic program to adjust anabolic pressure. An inflammatory response enables adipose tissue (AT) expansion with concomitant enlargement of its capillary network, and reduces energy storage by increasing insulin resistance. Galectin-12 (Gal-12), an endogenous lectin preferentially expressed in AT, plays a key role in adipocyte differentiation, lipolysis, and glucose homeostasis. Here, we reveal biochemical and biophysical determinants of Gal-12 structure, including its preferential recognition of 3-fucosylated structures, a unique feature among members of the galectin family. Furthermore, we identify a previously unanticipated role for this lectin in the regulation of angiogenesis within AT. Gal-12 showed preferential localization within the inner side of lipid droplets, and its expression was upregulated under hypoxic conditions. Through glycosylation-dependent binding to endothelial cells, Gal-12 promoted in vitro angiogenesis. Moreover, analysis of in vivo AT vasculature showed reduced vascular networks in Gal-12-deficient (Lgals12-/-) compared to wild-type mice, supporting a role for this lectin in AT angiogenesis. In conclusion, this study unveils biochemical, topological, and functional features of a hypoxia-regulated galectin in AT, which modulates endothelial cell function through recognition of 3-fucosylated glycans. Thus, glycosylation-dependent programs may control AT homeostasis by modulating endothelial cell biology with critical implications in metabolic disorders and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián M Maller
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro J Cagnoni
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia Bannoud
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Lorena Sigaut
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M Pérez Sáez
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lía I Pietrasanta
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Microscopías Avanzadas (CMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ri-Yao Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Diego O Croci
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Santiago Di Lella
- Instituto de Química Biológica, Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Sundblad
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina V Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Duran EK, Cook NR, Bobadilla M, Kim E, Manson JE, Buring JE, Ridker PM, Pradhan AD. Plasma Placental Growth Factor Concentrations Are Elevated Well in Advance of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Onset: Prospective Data From the WHS. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012790. [PMID: 31322059 PMCID: PMC6761678 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Pathologic angiogenesis is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) microvascular complications and may modulate adipogenesis and precede the onset of clinical diabetes mellitus; however, longitudinal data are unavailable. Placental growth factor is a potent proangiogenic factor that stimulates the formation of mature and durable vessels but is understudied in human diseases. Methods and Results We conducted a prospective case‐cohort study of baseline placental growth factor and incident T2DM within the WHS (Women's Health Study). A random sample of incident T2DM cases (n=491) occurring over a 15‐year follow‐up period was selected and compared with a reference subcohort (n=561). Case subjects were matched to the reference risk set on 5‐year age groups and race. All subjects in this analysis were required to have a hemoglobin A1c <6.5% at WHS enrollment. Median baseline levels of placental growth factor were higher in case subjects compare to the reference subcohort (18.0 pg/mL versus 17.2 pg/mL) but were only weakly correlated with glycemic measures and not associated with obesity. The risk of diabetes mellitus increased across placental growth factor quartile in the base model (hazard ratios, 1.00, 1.14, 1.46, and 2.14; P‐trend<0.001) and in multivariable‐adjusted models accounting for clinical T2DM risk factors (hazard ratios, 1.00, 1.17, 1.45, and 2.61; P‐trend<0.001). These findings were not substantially altered by further adjustment for high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, hemoglobin A1c, or fasting insulin and remained robust in sensitivity analyses excluding those diagnosed within 2 years of enrollment and those with baseline hemoglobin A1c ≥6.0%. Conclusions Elevated placental growth factor levels are associated with future T2DM independent of traditional risk factors, measures of glycemia, insulin resistance, and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein. These prospective data suggest that pathologic angiogenesis may occur well before the clinical onset of T2DM and thus may have relevance to vascular complications of this disease. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00000479.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward K Duran
- Division of Preventive Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Nancy R Cook
- Division of Preventive Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | | | - Eunjung Kim
- Division of Preventive Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Julie E Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Aruna D Pradhan
- Division of Preventive Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine VA Boston Medical Center Boston MA
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11
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Kang M, Jeong J, Lee J, Park S, Sung Y, Choi M, Kwon W, Jang S, Choi KS, Choo YS, Yoon D, Kim MO, Ryoo ZY. Placental growth factor (PlGF) is linked to inflammation and metabolic disorders in mice with diet-induced obesity. Endocr J 2018; 65:437-447. [PMID: 29434073 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej17-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental growth factor (PlGF), a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) sub-family, plays a major role in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Previous study demonstrated that PlGF-overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mice had gestational loss. In addition, PlGF secretion was up-regulated in isolated T lymphocytes (T-cell) upon CD3/CD28 stimulation, suggesting that PlGF could be a regulator of T-cell differentiation and development. T-cells are well known to play a critical role in obesity-induced inflammation. Therefore, to verify the possible link of diet-induced obesity (DIO) with inflammation and related metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, we fed high-fat diet (HFD) to Tg mice for 16 weeks. Adiposity and glucose intolerance significantly increase in Tg mice fed a HFD (Tg HFD) compared to wild-type (WT) mice fed HFD (WT HFD). In addition, macrophage infiltrations were significantly higher in the epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT), liver, and pancreatic islets of Tg HFD mice compared to WT HFD mice. In the in vitro study, we showed that isolated CD4+ T-cells from Tg mice further differentiate into type 1 (Th1) and type 17 (Th17) helper T-cells via CD3/CD28 stimulation. Furthermore, we observed that the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-17, and TNFα, are remarkably increased in Tg mice compared to WT mice. These findings demonstrate that PlGF overexpression in T-cells might lead to inflammatory T-cell differentiation and accumulation in adipose tissue (AT) or metabolism-related tissues, contributing to the development of systemic metabolic disorders. Thus, PlGF may provide an effective therapeutic target in the management of obesity-induced inflammation and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincheol Kang
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jain Jeong
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Park
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghun Sung
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjee Choi
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookbong Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Jang
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Shik Choi
- College of Natural Science, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Sik Choo
- College of Natural Science, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Duhak Yoon
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ok Kim
- School of Animal Biotechnology (BT) Science, Kyungpook National University, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Zae Young Ryoo
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Republic of Korea
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12
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Lemoine AY, Ledoux S, Larger E. Adipose tissue angiogenesis in obesity. Thromb Haemost 2017; 110:661-8. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-01-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
summaryAdipose tissue is the most plastic tissue in all multicellular organisms, being constantly remodelled along with weight gain and weight loss. Expansion of adipose tissue must be accompanied by that of its vascularisation, through processes of angiogenesis, whereas weight loss is associated with the regression of blood vessels. Adipose tissue is thus among the tissues that have the highest angiogenic capacities. These changes of the vascular bed occur through close interactions of adipocytes with blood vessels, and involve several angiogenic factors. This review presents studies that are the basis of our understanding of the regulation of adipose tissue angiogenesis. The growth factors that are involved in the processes of angiogenesis and vascular regression are discussed with a focus on their potential modulation for the treatment of obesity. The hypothesis that inflammation of adipose tissue and insulin resistance could be related to altered angiogenesis in adipose tissue is presented, as well as the beneficial or deleterious effect of inhibition of adipose tissue angiogenesis on metabolic diseases.
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13
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Ward J, Strawbridge RJ, Bailey MES, Graham N, Ferguson A, Lyall DM, Cullen B, Pidgeon LM, Cavanagh J, Mackay DF, Pell JP, O'Donovan M, Escott-Price V, Smith DJ. Genome-wide analysis in UK Biobank identifies four loci associated with mood instability and genetic correlation with major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder and schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:1264. [PMID: 29187730 PMCID: PMC5802589 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood instability is a core clinical feature of affective and psychotic disorders. In keeping with the Research Domain Criteria approach, it may be a useful construct for identifying biology that cuts across psychiatric categories. We aimed to investigate the biological validity of a simple measure of mood instability and evaluate its genetic relationship with several psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of mood instability in 53,525 cases and 60,443 controls from UK Biobank, identifying four independently associated loci (on chromosomes 8, 9, 14 and 18), and a common single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability estimate of ~8%. We found a strong genetic correlation between mood instability and MDD (r g = 0.60, SE = 0.07, p = 8.95 × 10-17) and a small but significant genetic correlation with both schizophrenia (r g = 0.11, SE = 0.04, p = 0.01) and anxiety disorders (r g = 0.28, SE = 0.14, p = 0.04), although no genetic correlation with BD, ADHD or PTSD was observed. Several genes at the associated loci may have a role in mood instability, including the DCC netrin 1 receptor (DCC) gene, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B subunit beta (eIF2B2), placental growth factor (PGF) and protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type D (PTPRD). Strengths of this study include the very large sample size, but our measure of mood instability may be limited by the use of a single question. Overall, this work suggests a polygenic basis for mood instability. This simple measure can be obtained in very large samples; our findings suggest that doing so may offer the opportunity to illuminate the fundamental biology of mood regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark E S Bailey
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicholas Graham
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Amy Ferguson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Donald M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Breda Cullen
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura M Pidgeon
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel F Mackay
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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14
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Gabler MK, Gay DM, Westgate AJ, Koopman HN. Microvascular characteristics of the acoustic fats: Novel data suggesting taxonomic differences between deep and shallow-diving odontocetes. J Morphol 2017; 279:458-471. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly K. Gabler
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology; University of North Carolina Wilmington; Wilmington North Carolina 28403
| | - D. Mark Gay
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology; University of North Carolina Wilmington; Wilmington North Carolina 28403
| | - Andrew J. Westgate
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology; University of North Carolina Wilmington; Wilmington North Carolina 28403
| | - Heather N. Koopman
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology; University of North Carolina Wilmington; Wilmington North Carolina 28403
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15
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The Spleen: A Hub Connecting Nervous and Immune Systems in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061216. [PMID: 28590409 PMCID: PMC5486039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders have been identified as major health problems affecting a large portion of the world population. In addition, obesity and insulin resistance are principal risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Altered immune responses are common features of both hypertension and obesity and, moreover, the involvement of the nervous system in the modulation of immune system is gaining even more attention in both pathophysiological contexts. For these reasons, during the last decades, researches focused their efforts on the comprehension of the molecular mechanisms connecting immune system to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. On the other hand, it has been reported that in these pathological conditions, central neural pathways modulate the activity of the peripheral nervous system, which is strongly involved in onset and progression of the disease. It is interesting to notice that neural reflex can also participate in the modulation of immune functions. In this scenario, the spleen becomes the crucial hub allowing the interaction of different systems differently involved in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we summarize the major findings that dissect the role of the immune system in disorders related to metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunctions, and how this could also be influenced by neural reflexes.
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16
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Tsuji T, Yamaguchi K, Kikuchi R, Nakamura H, Misaka R, Nagai A, Aoshiba K. Improvement of metabolic disorders by an EP 2 receptor agonist via restoration of the subcutaneous adipose tissue in pulmonary emphysema. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 130:16-22. [PMID: 28263859 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often associated with co-morbidities. Metabolic disorders like hyperlipidemia and diabetes occur also in underweight COPD patients, although the mechanism is uncertain. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) plays an important role in energy homeostasis, since restricted capacity to increase fat cell number with increase in fat cell size occurring instead, is associated with lipotoxicity and metabolic disorders. The aim of this study is to show the protective role of SAT for the metabolic disorders in pulmonary emphysema of a murine model. We found ectopic fat accumulation and impaired glucose homeostasis with wasting of SAT in a murine model of elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema (EIE mice) reared on a high-fat diet. ONO-AE1-259, a selective E-prostanoid (EP) 2 receptor agonist, improved angiogenesis and subsequently adipogenesis, and finally improved ectopic fat accumulation and glucose homeostasis with restoration of the capacity for storage of surplus energy in SAT. These results suggest that metabolic disorders like hyperlipidemia and diabetes occured in underweight COPD is partially due to the less capacity for storage of surplus energy in SAT, though the precise mechanism is uncertained. Our data pave the way for the development of therapeutic interventions for metabolic disorders in emphysema patients, e.g., use of pro-angiogenic agents targeting the capacity for storage of surplus energy in the subcutaneous adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Tsuji
- Institute of Geriatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 2-15-1 Shibuya, Shibuya, Tokyo 150-0002, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Comprehensive Sleep Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1,Kawada-cho, Sinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Ryota Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Misaka
- Institute of Geriatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 2-15-1 Shibuya, Shibuya, Tokyo 150-0002, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Reserch Institute for Respiratory Diseases, Shin-yurigaoka GeneralHospital, 255 Asou, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 215-0026, Japan.
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan.
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17
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Crewe C, An YA, Scherer PE. The ominous triad of adipose tissue dysfunction: inflammation, fibrosis, and impaired angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:74-82. [PMID: 28045400 DOI: 10.1172/jci88883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are three dominant contributors to the pathogenesis of dysfunctional adipose tissue (AT) in obesity: unresolved inflammation, inappropriate extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and insufficient angiogenic potential. The interactions of these processes during AT expansion reflect both a linear progression as well as feed-forward mechanisms. For example, both inflammation and inadequate angiogenic remodeling can drive fibrosis, which can in turn promote migration of immune cells into adipose depots and impede further angiogenesis. Therefore, the relationship between the members of this triad is complex but important for our understanding of the pathogenesis of obesity. Here we untangle some of these intricacies to highlight the contributions of inflammation, angiogenesis, and the ECM to both "healthy" and "unhealthy" AT expansion.
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18
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Fukumura D, Incio J, Shankaraiah RC, Jain RK. Obesity and Cancer: An Angiogenic and Inflammatory Link. Microcirculation 2016; 23:191-206. [PMID: 26808917 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the current epidemic of obesity, a large number of patients diagnosed with cancer are overweight or obese. Importantly, this excess body weight is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. The mechanisms for this worse outcome, however, remain poorly understood. We review here the epidemiological evidence for the association between obesity and cancer, and discuss potential mechanisms focusing on angiogenesis and inflammation. In particular, we will discuss how the dysfunctional angiogenesis and inflammation occurring in adipose tissue in obesity may promote tumor progression, resistance to chemotherapy, and targeted therapies such as anti-angiogenic and immune therapies. Better understanding of how obesity fuels tumor progression and therapy resistance is essential to improve the current standard of care and the clinical outcome of cancer patients. To this end, we will discuss how an anti-diabetic drug such as metformin can overcome these adverse effects of obesity on the progression and treatment resistance of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joao Incio
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,I3S, Institute for Innovation and Research in Heath, Metabolism, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ram C Shankaraiah
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Sato Y, Sakurai Y, Kajimoto K, Nakamura T, Yamada Y, Akita H, Harashima H. Innovative Technologies in Nanomedicines: From Passive Targeting to Active Targeting/From Controlled Pharmacokinetics to Controlled Intracellular Pharmacokinetics. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hokkaido University; Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 Japan
| | - Yu Sakurai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hokkaido University; Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kajimoto
- Health Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); 2217-14 Hayashi-cho Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395 Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hokkaido University; Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 Japan
| | - Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hokkaido University; Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hokkaido University; Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 Japan
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20
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Liu L, Li Q, Xiao X, Wu C, Gao R, Peng C, Li D, Zhang W, Du T, Wang Y, Yang S, Zhen Q, Ge Q. miR-1934, downregulated in obesity, protects against low-grade inflammation in adipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 428:109-17. [PMID: 27013351 PMCID: PMC5511692 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously demonstrated that miR-1934 was specially regulated by adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory adipokine, in adipose tissue (AT) in vivo. Herein we investigated the role of miR1934 in the regulation of inflammatory response. Compared with chow-diet fed mice, miR1934 expression was down-regulated in epididymal AT of high-fat diet-induced obese mice. miR1934 expression was down-regulated as well in omental AT of obese subjects in comparison with lean subjects. The circulating miR-1934 was also lower in obese subjects and its levels were correlated negatively with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), insulin resistance and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). The down-regulation of miR1934 in obesity was mimicked by TNF-α treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, overexpression of miR1934 suppressed the TNF-α-induced gene expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. De novo formed AT in nude mice transplanted with 3T3-L1 preadipocytes overexpressing miR1934 displayed a reduction in IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and an enhancement in IL-10 gene expression when compared with transplant with 3T3-L1 preadipocytes overexpressing miR1934 scrambled control sequence. These results suggest that miR1934 is an important anti-inflammatory factor and may represent a novel mechanism for controlling AT inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Xiao
- Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rufei Gao
- Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Peng
- Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Danting Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Du
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Shumin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Qianna Zhen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Ge
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China.
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21
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Abstract
Unraveling the mechanism VEGF-receptors modulating metabolism has therapeutic implications. In this issue, Robciuc et al. (2016) demonstrate that VEGF-B, by displacing VEGF-A from VEGFR1 and activating VEGFR2, increases adipose tissue vascularity, improves insulin sensitivity, diminishes obesity, and alleviates metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Rafii
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Centre (VRC), 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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22
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Zhang J, Ma J, Long K, Jin L, Liu Y, Zhou C, Tian S, Chen L, Luo Z, Tang Q, Jiang A, Wang X, Wang D, Jiang Z, Wang J, Li X, Li M. Dynamic gene expression profiles during postnatal development of porcine subcutaneous adipose. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1768. [PMID: 26989614 PMCID: PMC4793310 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the control of lipogenesis is of critical importance for both human and animal physiology. This requires a better knowledge of the changes of gene expression during the process of adipose tissue development. Thus, the objective of the current study was to determine the effects of development on subcutaneous adipose tissue gene expression in growing and adult pigs. Here, we present a comprehensive investigation of mRNA transcriptomes in porcine subcutaneous adipose tissue across four developmental stages using digital gene expression profiling. We identified 3,274 differential expressed genes associated with oxidative stress, immune processes, apoptosis, energy metabolism, insulin stimulus, cell cycle, angiogenesis and translation. A set of universally abundant genes (ATP8, COX2, COX3, ND1, ND2, SCD and TUBA1B) was found across all four developmental stages. This set of genes may play important roles in lipogenesis and development. We also identified development-related gene expression patterns that are linked to the different adipose phenotypes. We showed that genes enriched in significantly up-regulated profiles were associated with phosphorylation and angiogenesis. In contrast, genes enriched in significantly down-regulated profiles were related to cell cycle and cytoskeleton organization, suggesting an important role for these biological processes in adipose growth and development. These results provide a resource for studying adipose development and promote the pig as a model organism for researching the development of human obesity, as well as being used in the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China.,Department of Animal Science, Southwest University at Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Jideng Ma
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Keren Long
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Long Jin
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Yihui Liu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Chaowei Zhou
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China.,Department of Aquaculture, Southwest University at Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Shilin Tian
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Zonggang Luo
- Department of Animal Science, Southwest University at Rongchang, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianzi Tang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - An'an Jiang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Jiang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
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23
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Incio J, Tam J, Rahbari NN, Suboj P, McManus DT, Chin SM, Vardam TD, Batista A, Babykutty S, Jung K, Khachatryan A, Hato T, Ligibel JA, Krop IE, Puchner SB, Schlett CL, Hoffmman U, Ancukiewicz M, Shibuya M, Carmeliet P, Soares R, Duda DG, Jain RK, Fukumura D. PlGF/VEGFR-1 Signaling Promotes Macrophage Polarization and Accelerated Tumor Progression in Obesity. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:2993-3004. [PMID: 26861455 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity promotes pancreatic and breast cancer progression via mechanisms that are poorly understood. Although obesity is associated with increased systemic levels of placental growth factor (PlGF), the role of PlGF in obesity-induced tumor progression is not known. PlGF and its receptor VEGFR-1 have been shown to modulate tumor angiogenesis and promote tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) recruitment and activity. Here, we hypothesized that increased activity of PlGF/VEGFR-1 signaling mediates obesity-induced tumor progression by augmenting tumor angiogenesis and TAM recruitment/activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We established diet-induced obese mouse models of wild-type C57BL/6, VEGFR-1 tyrosine kinase (TK)-null, or PlGF-null mice, and evaluated the role of PlGF/VEGFR-1 signaling in pancreatic and breast cancer mouse models and in human samples. RESULTS We found that obesity increased TAM infiltration, tumor growth, and metastasis in pancreatic cancers, without affecting vessel density. Ablation of VEGFR-1 signaling prevented obesity-induced tumor progression and shifted the tumor immune environment toward an antitumor phenotype. Similar findings were observed in a breast cancer model. Obesity was associated with increased systemic PlGF, but not VEGF-A or VEGF-B, in pancreatic and breast cancer patients and in various mouse models of these cancers. Ablation of PlGF phenocopied the effects of VEGFR-1-TK deletion on tumors in obese mice. PlGF/VEGFR-1-TK deletion prevented weight gain in mice fed a high-fat diet, but exacerbated hyperinsulinemia. Addition of metformin not only normalized insulin levels but also enhanced antitumor immunity. CONCLUSIONS Targeting PlGF/VEGFR-1 signaling reprograms the tumor immune microenvironment and inhibits obesity-induced acceleration of tumor progression. Clin Cancer Res; 22(12); 2993-3004. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Incio
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. I3S, Institute for Innovation and Research in Heath, Metabolism, Nutrition and Endocrinology group, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University, Porto, Portugal. Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Josh Tam
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nuh N Rahbari
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Surgery, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Priya Suboj
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Botany and Biotechnology, St. Xaviers College, Thumba, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Dan T McManus
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shan M Chin
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Trupti D Vardam
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Ana Batista
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suboj Babykutty
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Zoology, Mar Ivanios College, Nalanchira, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Keehoon Jung
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Khachatryan
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tai Hato
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Surgery, KeioUniversity School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jennifer A Ligibel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ian E Krop
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stefan B Puchner
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher L Schlett
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Udo Hoffmman
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marek Ancukiewicz
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. PAREXEL International, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Masabumi Shibuya
- Institute of Physiology and Medicine, Jobu University, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, K.U. Leuven and VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raquel Soares
- I3S, Institute for Innovation and Research in Heath, Metabolism, Nutrition and Endocrinology group, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dan G Duda
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Amor S, Iglesias-de la Cruz MC, Ferrero E, García-Villar O, Barrios V, Fernandez N, Monge L, García-Villalón AL, Granado M. Peritumoral adipose tissue as a source of inflammatory and angiogenic factors in colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2016; 31:365-75. [PMID: 26493186 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-015-2420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is a risk factor for the development of human colorectal cancer (CC). The aim of this work is to report the inflammatory and angiogenic scenario in lean (BMI < 25 kg/m2) and obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) patients with and without CC and to assess the role of peritumoral adipose tissue in CC-induced inflammation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients were divided in four experimental groups: obese patients with CC (OB-CC), lean patients with CC (LEAN-CC), obese patients without CC (OB), and lean patients without CC (LEAN). RESULTS Plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-4, IL-8) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were increased in OB-CC patients. Peritumoral adipose tissue (TF) explants and cultured mature adipocytes secreted higher amounts of nitrites and nitrates than did control and non-tumoral (NTF) adipose tissue both alone and in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nitrite and nitrate secretion was also increased in TF explants from OB-CC patients compared with that from LEAN-CC patients. Gene expression of adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) was increased in TF explants from CC patients. LPS increased the gene expression of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and COX-2 in OB and in TF explants from OB-CC patients. COX-2 and PPAR-γ inhibition further increased LPS-induced release of nitrites and nitrates in TF explants and adipocytes from OB-CC patients. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, OB-CC patients have increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory and angiogenic factors. TF from OB-CC patients shows an increased secretion of inflammatory markers compared with both TF from LEAN-CC and non-tumoral adipose tissue (AT) through a COX-2- and PPAR-γ-independent mechanism.
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Mahdaviani K, Chess D, Wu Y, Shirihai O, Aprahamian TR. Autocrine effect of vascular endothelial growth factor-A is essential for mitochondrial function in brown adipocytes. Metabolism 2016; 65:26-35. [PMID: 26683794 PMCID: PMC4684900 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The obesity epidemic in the United States, as well as the accompanying condition of type 2 diabetes, puts a majority of the population at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease, stroke, and myocardial infarction. In contrast to white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT) is well vascularized, rich in mitochondria, and highly oxidative. While it is known that the angiogenic factor VEGF-A is required for brown adipocyte development, the functional consequences and exact mechanism remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that VEGF-A plays an essential autocrine role in the function of BAT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse models were generated with an adipose-specific and macrophage-specific ablation of VEGF-A. Adipose tissue characteristics and thermogenic response were analyzed in vivo, and mitochondrial morphology and oxidative respiration were analyzed in vitro to assess effects of endogenous VEGF-A ablation. RESULTS VEGF-A expression levels are highest in adipocyte precursors compared to immune or endothelial cell populations within both WAT and BAT. Loss of VEGF-A in adipocytes, but not macrophages, results in decreased adipose tissue vascularization, with remarkably diminished thermogenic capacity in vivo. Complete ablation of endogenous VEGF-A decreases oxidative capacity of mitochondria in brown adipocytes. Further, acute ablation of VEGF-A in brown adipocytes in vitro impairs mitochondrial respiration, despite similar mitochondrial mass compared to controls. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that VEGF-A serves to orchestrate the acquisition of thermogenic capacity of brown adipocytes through mitochondrial function in conjunction with the recruitment of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Mahdaviani
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - David Chess
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Orian Shirihai
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tamar R Aprahamian
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Blois SM, Conrad ML, Freitag N, Barrientos G. Galectins in angiogenesis: consequences for gestation. J Reprod Immunol 2014; 108:33-41. [PMID: 25622880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the galectin family have been shown to exert several roles in the context of reproduction. They contribute to placentation, maternal immune regulation and facilitate angiogenesis encompassing decidualisation and placenta formation during pregnancy. In the context of neo-vascularisation, galectins have been shown to augment signalling pathways that lead to endothelial cell activation, cell proliferation, migration and tube formation in vitro in addition to angiogenesis in vivo. Angiogenesis during gestation ensures not only proper foetal growth and development, but also maternal health. Consequently, restriction of placental blood flow has major consequences for both foetus and mother, leading to pregnancy diseases. In this review we summarise both the established and the emerging roles of galectin in angiogenesis and discuss the possible implications during healthy and pathological gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Blois
- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité-Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Psychosomatik, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Melanie L Conrad
- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité-Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Psychosomatik, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nancy Freitag
- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité-Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Psychosomatik, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sakurai Y, Kajimoto K, Hatakeyama H, Harashima H. Advances in an active and passive targeting to tumor and adipose tissues. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:41-52. [PMID: 25376864 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.955847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Data reported during the last decade of the twentieth century indicate that passive targeting is an efficient strategy for delivering nanocarrier systems to tumor tissues. The focus of this review is on active targeting as a next-generation strategy for extending the capacity of a drug delivery system (DDS). AREAS COVERED Tumor vasculature targeting was achieved using arginine- glycine-aspartic acid, asparagine-glycine-arginine and other peptides, which are well-known peptides, as ligand against tumor vasculature. An efficient system for delivering small interfering RNA to the tumor vasculature involved the use of a multifunctional envelope-type nanodevice based on a pH-modified cationic lipid and targeting ligands. The active-targeting system was extended from tumor delivery to adipose tissue delivery, where endothelial cells are tightly linked and are impermeable to nanocarriers. In mice, prohibitin-targeted nanoparticles can be used to successfully deliver macromolecules to induce anti-obese effects. Finally, the successful delivery of nanocarriers to adipose tissue in obese mice via the enhanced permeability and retention-effect is reported, which can be achieved in tumor tissue. EXPERT OPINION Unlike tumor tissues, only a few reports have appeared on how liposomal carriers accumulate in adipose tissues after systemic injection. This finding, as well as active targeting to the adipose vasculature, promises to extend the capacity of DDS to adipose tissue. Since the site of action of nucleic acids is the cytosol, the intracellular trafficking of carriers and their cargoes as well as cellular uptake must be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sakurai
- Hokkaido University, Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812 , Japan
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Odle AK, Haney A, Allensworth-James M, Akhter N, Childs GV. Adipocyte versus pituitary leptin in the regulation of pituitary hormones: somatotropes develop normally in the absence of circulating leptin. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4316-28. [PMID: 25116704 PMCID: PMC4197982 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a cytokine produced by white fat cells, skeletal muscle, the placenta, and the pituitary gland among other tissues. Best known for its role in regulating appetite and energy expenditure, leptin is produced largely by and in proportion to white fat cells. Leptin is also important to the maintenance and function of the GH cells of the pituitary. This was shown when the deletion of leptin receptors on somatotropes caused decreased numbers of GH cells, decreased circulating GH, and adult-onset obesity. To determine the source of leptin most vital to GH cells and other pituitary cell types, we compared two different leptin knockout models with Cre-lox technology. The global Lep-null model is like the ob/ob mouse, whereby only the entire exon 3 is deleted. The selective adipocyte-Lep-null model lacks adipocyte leptin but retains pituitary leptin, allowing us to investigate the pituitary as a potential source of circulating leptin. Male and female mice lacking adipocyte leptin (Adipocyte-lep-null) did not produce any detectable circulating leptin and were infertile, suggesting that the pituitary does not contribute to serum levels. In the presence of only pituitary leptin, however, these same mutants were able to maintain somatotrope numbers and GH mRNA levels. Serum GH trended low, but values were not significant. However, hypothalamic GHRH mRNA was significantly reduced in these animals. Other serum hormone and pituitary mRNA differences were observed, some of which varied from previous results reported in ob/ob animals. Whereas pituitary leptin is capable of maintaining somatotrope numbers and GH mRNA production, the decreased hypothalamic GHRH mRNA and low (but not significant) serum GH levels indicate an important role for adipocyte leptin in the regulation of GH secretion in the mouse. Thus, normal GH secretion may require the coordinated actions of both adipocyte and pituitary leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Odle
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine, Center for Translational Neurosciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
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Characterization of adipose-derived stem cells of anatomical region from mice. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:552. [PMID: 25138545 PMCID: PMC4156637 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cells constitute a group of great capacity for self-renewal, long-term viability, and multi-lineage potential. Several studies have provided evidence that adipose tissue represents an alternative source of stem cells, with the main benefit of adipose-derived stem cells being that they can be easily harvested from patients by a simple minimally invasive method and can be easily cultured. The aim of this study was to establish a culture protocol for obtaining and characterizing adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) from C57BL/6 J mice. Results The results showed that the yield, viability, and cell morphology obtained differ according to the age of isolated anatomic regions of the adipose tissue from ovarian and epididymis. The results of determination of cyclin D1 showed uniformity in the expression between different populations of ADSCs. A significant increase in the expression of caspase-3 active, was also observed in large cell populations from mice after 120 days. ADSCs were positive for mesenchymal markers CD90 and CD105, Nanog, SSEA-1, CD106, and VEGFR-1, and negative for hematopoietic markers CD34 and CD45. A large number of cells in S + G2/M phases was also observed for both sexes, demonstrating high proliferative capacity of ADSCs. Conclusions We observed that the adipose tissue of C57BL/6 J mice, isolated from the studied anatomic regions, is a promising source for obtaining pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells with high viability and proliferative response.
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Tsuji T, Yamaguchi K, Kikuchi R, Itoh M, Nakamura H, Nagai A, Aoshiba K. Promotion of adipogenesis by an EP2 receptor agonist via stimulation of angiogenesis in pulmonary emphysema. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2014; 112:9-15. [PMID: 24911647 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Body weight loss is a common manifestation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly those with severe emphysema. Adipose angiogenesis is a key mediator of adipogenesis and use of pro-angiogenic agents may serve as a therapeutic option for lean COPD patients. Since angiogenesis is stimulated by PGE2, we examined whether ONO-AE1-259, a selective E-prostanoid (EP) 2 receptor agonist, might promote adipose angiogenesis and adipogenesis in a murine model of elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema (EIE mice). Mice were intratracheally instilled with elastase or saline, followed after 4 weeks by intraperitoneal administration of ONO-AE1-259 for 4 weeks. The subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) weight decreased in the EIE mice, whereas in the EIE mice treated with ONO-AE1-259, the SAT weight was largely restored, which was associated with significant increases in SAT adipogenesis, angiogenesis, and VEGF protein production. In contrast, ONO-AE1-259 administration induced no alteration in the weight of the visceral adipose tissue. These results suggest that in EIE mice, ONO-AE1-259 stimulated adipose angiogenesis possibly via VEGF production, and thence, adipogenesis. Our data pave the way for the development of therapeutic interventions for weight loss in emphysema patients, e.g., use of pro-angiogenic agents targeting the adipose tissue vascular component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Tsuji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Comprehensive and Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, 2-1-10 Nishi-ogu, Arakawa-ku 116-8567, Japan.
| | - Ryota Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- The First Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawata-cho, Shinjyuku-ku 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan.
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Bry M, Kivelä R, Leppänen VM, Alitalo K. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-B in Physiology and Disease. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:779-94. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B), discovered over 15 years ago, has long been seen as one of the more ambiguous members of the VEGF family. VEGF-B is produced as two isoforms: one that binds strongly to heparan sulfate in the pericellular matrix and a soluble form that can acquire binding via proteolytic processing. Both forms of VEGF-B bind to VEGF-receptor 1 (VEGFR-1) and the neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) coreceptor, which are expressed mainly in blood vascular endothelial cells. VEGF-B-deficient mice and rats are viable without any overt phenotype, and the ability of VEGF-B to induce angiogenesis in most tissues is weak. This has been a puzzle, as the related placenta growth factor (PlGF) binds to the same receptors and induces angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in a variety of tissues. However, it seems that VEGF-B is a vascular growth factor that is more tissue specific and can have trophic and metabolic effects, and its binding to VEGFR-1 shows subtle but important differences compared with that of PlGF. VEGF-B has the potential to induce coronary vessel growth and cardiac hypertrophy, which can protect the heart from ischemic damage as well as heart failure. In addition, VEGF-B is abundantly expressed in tissues with highly active energy metabolism, where it could support significant metabolic functions. VEGF-B also has a role in neuroprotection, but unlike other members of the VEGF family, it does not have a clear role in tumor progression. Here we review what is hitherto known about the functions of this growth factor in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Bry
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Kivelä
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Leppänen
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Shimizu I, Aprahamian T, Kikuchi R, Shimizu A, Papanicolaou KN, MacLauchlan S, Maruyama S, Walsh K. Vascular rarefaction mediates whitening of brown fat in obesity. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2099-112. [PMID: 24713652 DOI: 10.1172/jci71643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a highly vascularized organ with abundant mitochondria that produce heat through uncoupled respiration. Obesity is associated with a reduction of BAT function; however, it is unknown how obesity promotes dysfunctional BAT. Here, using a murine model of diet-induced obesity, we determined that obesity causes capillary rarefaction and functional hypoxia in BAT, leading to a BAT "whitening" phenotype that is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid droplet accumulation, and decreased expression of Vegfa. Targeted deletion of Vegfa in adipose tissue of nonobese mice resulted in BAT whitening, supporting a role for decreased vascularity in obesity-associated BAT. Conversely, introduction of VEGF-A specifically into BAT of obese mice restored vascularity, ameliorated brown adipocyte dysfunction, and improved insulin sensitivity. The capillary rarefaction in BAT that was brought about by obesity or Vegfa ablation diminished β-adrenergic signaling, increased mitochondrial ROS production, and promoted mitophagy. These data indicate that overnutrition leads to the development of a hypoxic state in BAT, causing it to whiten through mitochondrial dysfunction and loss. Furthermore, these results link obesity-associated BAT whitening to impaired systemic glucose metabolism.
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Aprahamian TR. Elevated adiponectin expression promotes adipose tissue vascularity under conditions of diet-induced obesity. Metabolism 2013; 62:1730-8. [PMID: 23993424 PMCID: PMC3834157 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the clinical prevalence of obesity, only recently has the importance of adipose tissue microenvironment been addressed at a molecular level. Here, I focused on the fat-derived cytokine adiponectin as a model system to understand the mechanism underlying adipose tissue vascularity, perfusion, inflammation, and systemic metabolic function. MATERIALS/METHODS Wild type, adiponectin-deficient, and adiponectin transgenic-overexpressing mice were maintained on chow diet or high fat/high sucrose diet for 32weeks. Vascularization of adipose tissue was examined by confocal microscopy and perfusion was determined by recovery of injected microspheres. Adipose tissue inflammation and systemic metabolic function were also assessed. RESULTS Modest over-expression of adiponectin led to a marked increase in adipose tissue vascularity and perfusion, and this was associated with diminished hypoxia and an increase in vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) expression in the obese mice. Adiponectin over-expression in diet-induced obese mice also led to the virtual absence of macrophage infiltration and the elimination of crown-like structures. Adiponectin transgenic mice also displayed a remarkable sensitivity to insulin and diminished hepatic steatosis. Under the conditions of these experiments, adiponectin deficiency did not diminish adipose tissue perfusion or worsen metabolic function compared to wild type mice fed the high fat/high sucrose diet. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that increased circulating adiponectin levels, and the obese environment, are associated with increased adipose tissue vascularization and perfusion, and improved metabolic function under conditions of long term diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar R Aprahamian
- Department of Medicine-Renal Section, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, X536, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Clerte M, Baron DM, Brouckaert P, Ernande L, Raher MJ, Flynn AW, Picard MH, Bloch KD, Buys ES, Scherrer-Crosbie M. Brown adipose tissue blood flow and mass in obesity: a contrast ultrasound study in mice. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013; 26:1465-73. [PMID: 23993691 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When activated by the sympathetic nervous system, brown adipose tissue (BAT) increases energy expenditure to produce heat. Augmenting BAT mass or increasing BAT activation could potentially be used to decrease obesity. Noninvasive methods to detect and monitor BAT mass are needed. Contrast ultrasound can estimate BAT blood flow and is able to measure the perfused volume of an organ and thus its mass. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether contrast ultrasound could characterize BAT mass in two mouse models of obesity: wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet and mutant db/db mice. METHODS Contrast ultrasound of BAT (Definity 2 μL/min; 14-MHz linear probe) was performed before and after stimulation of BAT with norepinephrine (NE). BAT replenishment curves were obtained, and blood flow was estimated by the product of the curve's plateau and slope. Additionally, consecutive two-dimensional images of perfused BAT were acquired at 1-mm intervals after stimulation with NE and used to assess BAT volume and mass. RESULTS BAT blood flow increased after NE infusion in all mice studied. Blood flow response to NE was similar in wild-type mice fed either a low-fat diet or a high-fat diet. BAT blood flow was lower in db/db mice than in wild-type mice (P = .02). Contrast ultrasound-derived BAT mass was correlated with BAT mass obtained at necropsy (R(2) = 0.83, P < .001). BAT mass was higher in mice fed a high-fat diet than in those fed a low-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS Contrast ultrasound can be used to estimate BAT mass in mice when BAT vascularization is not significantly impaired. This noninvasive technique may potentially allow the serial evaluation of therapies designed to augment BAT mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva Clerte
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Corvera S, Gealekman O. Adipose tissue angiogenesis: impact on obesity and type-2 diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:463-72. [PMID: 23770388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The growth and function of tissues are critically dependent on their vascularization. Adipose tissue is capable of expanding many-fold during adulthood, therefore requiring the formation of new vasculature to supply growing and proliferating adipocytes. The expansion of the vasculature in adipose tissue occurs through angiogenesis, where new blood vessels develop from those pre-existing within the tissue. Inappropriate angiogenesis may underlie adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, which in turn increases type-2 diabetes risk. In addition, genetic and developmental factors involved in vascular patterning may define the size and expandability of diverse adipose tissue depots, which are also associated with type-2 diabetes risk. Moreover, the adipose tissue vasculature appears to be the niche for pre-adipocyte precursors, and factors that affect angiogenesis may directly impact the generation of new adipocytes. Here we review recent advances on the basic mechanisms of angiogenesis, and on the role of angiogenesis in adipose tissue development and obesity. A substantial amount of data points to a deficit in adipose tissue angiogenesis as a contributing factor to insulin resistance and metabolic disease in obesity. These emerging findings support the concept of the adipose tissue vasculature as a source of new targets for metabolic disease therapies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Corvera
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Olga Gealekman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Quintens R, Singh S, Lemaire K, De Bock K, Granvik M, Schraenen A, Vroegrijk IOCM, Costa V, Van Noten P, Lambrechts D, Lehnert S, Van Lommel L, Thorrez L, De Faudeur G, Romijn JA, Shelton JM, Scorrano L, Lijnen HR, Voshol PJ, Carmeliet P, Mammen PPA, Schuit F. Mice deficient in the respiratory chain gene Cox6a2 are protected against high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56719. [PMID: 23460811 PMCID: PMC3584060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria is responsible for 90% of ATP synthesis in most cells. This essential housekeeping function is mediated by nuclear and mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of complex I to V of the respiratory chain. Although complex IV is the best studied of these complexes, the exact function of the striated muscle-specific subunit COX6A2 is still poorly understood. In this study, we show that Cox6a2-deficient mice are protected against high-fat diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. This phenotype results from elevated energy expenditure and a skeletal muscle fiber type switch towards more oxidative fibers. At the molecular level we observe increased formation of reactive oxygen species, constitutive activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, and enhanced expression of uncoupling proteins. Our data indicate that COX6A2 is a regulator of respiratory uncoupling in muscle and we demonstrate that a novel and direct link exists between muscle respiratory chain activity and diet-induced obesity/insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Quintens
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarvjeet Singh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Katleen Lemaire
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Vesalius Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mikaela Granvik
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anica Schraenen
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Veronica Costa
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Pieter Van Noten
- Physical Activity and Health Laboratory, Biomedical Kinesiology Department, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dennis Lambrechts
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Lehnert
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leentje Van Lommel
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Thorrez
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geoffroy De Faudeur
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes Anthonius Romijn
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John Michael Shelton
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Henri Roger Lijnen
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Jacobus Voshol
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Vesalius Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pradeep Puthenveetil Abraham Mammen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Frans Schuit
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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37
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Shen W, Tian C, Chen H, Yang Y, Zhu D, Gao P, Liu J. Oxidative stress mediates chemerin-induced autophagy in endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2013. [PMID: 23195684 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemerin is a novel adipokine associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Previous studies indicate that chemerin may also function as a stimulator of angiogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism of its regulatory role in angiogenesis remains largely unknown. In this study, we determined the role of autophagy in chemerin-induced angiogenesis. Treatment of human aorta endothelial cells (HAECs) with chemerin increased the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) concurrent with the induced, time-dependent expression of LC3II and upregulation of the autophagy-related genes beclin-1, Atg7, and Atg12-Atg5 . Knockdown of chemerin receptor 23 (ChemR23) by shRNA or treatment with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant Mito-TEMPO decreased the chemerin-associated ROS generation and abolished the upregulation of autophagy-related genes. Furthermore, chemerin treatment of HAECs augmented AMP-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα) activity and acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation and reduced phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin, ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1, and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, which were blocked by coadministration of Mito-TEMPO or shRNA-mediated knockdown of AMPKα. Analysis of the HAECs revealed that inhibition of autophagy by Mito-TEMPO or shRNA against ChemR23, AMPKα, and beclin-1 impaired chemerin-induced tube formation and cell proliferation. These studies show that mitochondrial ROS are important for autophagy in chemerin-induced angiogenesis and that targeting autophagy may provide an important new tool for treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People s Republic of China.
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38
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Sung HK, Doh KO, Son JE, Park JG, Bae Y, Choi S, Nelson SML, Cowling R, Nagy K, Michael IP, Koh GY, Adamson SL, Pawson T, Nagy A. Adipose vascular endothelial growth factor regulates metabolic homeostasis through angiogenesis. Cell Metab 2013; 17:61-72. [PMID: 23312284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) is highly expressed in adipose tissue. Its role, however, has not been fully elucidated. Here, we reveal the metabolic role of adipose-VEGF by studying mice with deletion (VEGF(AdΔ)) or doxycycline-inducible overexpression of a VEGF transgene (VEGF(AdTg)) in the adipose tissue. VEGF(AdΔ) mice have reduced adipose vascular density and show adipose hypoxia, apoptosis, inflammation, and metabolic defects on a high-fat diet. In contrast, induction of VEGF expression in VEGF(AdTg) mice leads to increased adipose vasculature and reduced hypoxia. The latter changes are sufficient to counteract an established compromising effect of high-fat diet on the metabolism, indicating that metabolic misbalance is reversible by adipose vessel density increase. Our data clearly show the essential role of VEGF signaling for adequate adipose function. Besides revealing insights into the molecular mechanisms of obesity-related metabolic diseases, this study points to the therapeutic potential of increased adipose angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Ki Sung
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
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39
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Ge Q, Gérard J, Noël L, Scroyen I, Brichard SM. MicroRNAs regulated by adiponectin as novel targets for controlling adipose tissue inflammation. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5285-96. [PMID: 23015294 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A low-grade proinflammatory state contributes to the metabolic syndrome (MS). Adiponectin (ApN), which is reduced in the MS, has emerged as a master regulator of inflammation/immunity. We wanted to identify whether microRNAs (miRNAs) may mediate the antiinflammatory action of ApN on adipose tissue (AT). miRNA expression profiling was performed in mice overexpressing ApN specifically in AT and in wild-type controls. The role of specific miRNAs was analyzed by gain- or loss-of function approaches in 3T3-F442A (pre)-adipocytes and in de novo AT formed from engineered 3T3-F442A preadipocytes transplanted in nude mice. miRNA expression was compared in the omental AT of lean and obese subjects. The expression of miR532-5p and miR1983 was down-regulated, whereas that of miR883b-5p and miR1934 was up-regulated in AT of mice overexpressing ApN specifically in AT. We focused on miR883b-5p identified by computational analysis as being involved in inflammatory pathways. miR883b-5p overexpression down-regulated the lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) in 3T3-F442A cells, whereas miR883b-5p blockade had reverse effects. LBP aids in lipopolysaccharide binding to Toll-like receptor-4. miR883b-5p blockade also abolished the protective effects of ApN on proinflammatory adipokine induction. These data were recapitulated in the de novo AT in which miR883b-5p silencing induced LBP production and tissue inflammation. Eventually miR883b-5p expression was down-regulated in AT of obese subjects. We identified several novel miRNAs that are regulated by ApN in AT in vivo. miR883b-5p, which is up-regulated by ApN represses LBP and Toll-like receptor-4 signaling, acting therefore as a major mediator of the antiinflammatory action of ApN. These novel miRNAs may open new therapeutic perspectives for the MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ge
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Dewerchin M, Carmeliet P. PlGF: a multitasking cytokine with disease-restricted activity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:cshperspect.a011056. [PMID: 22908198 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Placental growth factor (PlGF) is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family that also comprises VEGF-A (VEGF), VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D. Unlike VEGF, PlGF is dispensable for development and health but has diverse nonredundant roles in tissue ischemia, malignancy, inflammation, and multiple other diseases. Genetic and pharmacological gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies have identified molecular mechanisms of this multitasking cytokine and characterized the therapeutic potential of delivering or blocking PlGF for various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Dewerchin
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, VIB Vesalius Research Center, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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41
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De Falco S. The discovery of placenta growth factor and its biological activity. Exp Mol Med 2012; 44:1-9. [PMID: 22228176 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2012.44.1.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a complex biological phenomenon crucial for a correct embryonic development and for post-natal growth. In adult life, it is a tightly regulated process confined to the uterus and ovary during the different phases of the menstrual cycle and to the heart and skeletal muscles after prolonged and sustained physical exercise. Conversly, angiogenesis is one of the major pathological changes associated with several complex diseases like cancer, atherosclerosis, arthritis, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Among the several molecular players involved in angiogenesis, some members of VEGF family, VEGF-A, VEGF-B and placenta growth factor (PlGF), and the related receptors VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR-1, also known as Flt-1) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2, also known as Flk-1 in mice and KDR in human) have a decisive role. In this review, we describe the discovery and molecular characteristics of PlGF, and discuss the biological role of this growth factor in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro De Falco
- Angiogenesis Laboratory and Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics 'Adriano Buzzati-Traverso', Napoli, Italy.
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42
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McClelland SJ, Gay M, Pabst DA, Dillaman R, Westgate AJ, Koopman HN. Microvascular patterns in the blubber of shallow and deep diving odontocetes. J Morphol 2012; 273:932-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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43
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Han J, Lee JE, Jin J, Lim JS, Oh N, Kim K, Chang SI, Shibuya M, Kim H, Koh GY. The spatiotemporal development of adipose tissue. Development 2011; 138:5027-37. [PMID: 22028034 DOI: 10.1242/dev.067686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a structure highly specialized in energy storage. The adipocyte is the parenchymal component of adipose tissue and is known to be mesoderm or neuroectoderm in origin; however, adipocyte development remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the development of adipose tissue by analyzing postnatal epididymal adipose tissue (EAT) in mouse. EAT was found to be generated from non-adipose structure during the first 14 postnatal days. From postnatal day 1 (P1) to P4, EAT is composed of multipotent progenitor cells that lack adipogenic differentiation capacity in vitro, and can be regarded as being in the 'undetermined' state. However, the progenitor cells isolated from P4 EAT obtain their adipogenic differentiation capacity by physical interaction generated by cell-to-matrix and cell-to-cell contact both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we show that impaired angiogenesis caused by either VEGFA blockade or macrophage depletion in postnatal mice interferes with adipose tissue development. We conclude that appropriate interaction between the cellular and matrix components along with proper angiogenesis are mandatory for the development of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinah Han
- National Research Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Stem Cells, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
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44
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Aprahamian TR, Sam F. Adiponectin in cardiovascular inflammation and obesity. Int J Inflam 2011; 2011:376909. [PMID: 21941676 PMCID: PMC3175407 DOI: 10.4061/2011/376909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is
widely known to play a key role in the
development and progression of cardiovascular
diseases. It is becoming increasingly evident
that obesity is linked to many proinflammatory
and obesity-associated cardiovascular conditions
(e.g., metabolic syndrome, acute coronary
syndrome, and congestive heart failure). It has
been observed that adipokines play an
increasingly large role in systemic and local
inflammation. Therefore, adipose tissue may have
a more important role than previously thought in
the pathogenesis of several disease types. This
review explores the recently described role of
adiponectin as an immunomodulatory factor and
how it intersects with the inflammation
associated with both cardiovascular and
autoimmune pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar R Aprahamian
- Renal Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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45
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Disentangling prenatal and postnatal maternal genetic effects reveals persistent prenatal effects on offspring growth in mice. Genetics 2011; 189:1069-82. [PMID: 21890739 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.130591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mothers are often the most important determinant of traits expressed by their offspring. These "maternal effects" (MEs) are especially crucial in early development, but can also persist into adulthood. They have been shown to play a role in a diversity of evolutionary and ecological processes, especially when genetically based. Although the importance of MEs is becoming widely appreciated, we know little about their underlying genetic basis. We address the dearth of genetic data by providing a simple approach, using combined genotype information from parents and offspring, to identify "maternal genetic effects" (MGEs) contributing to natural variation in complex traits. Combined with experimental cross-fostering, our approach also allows for the separation of pre- and postnatal MGEs, providing rare insights into prenatal effects. Applying this approach to an experimental mouse population, we identified 13 ME loci affecting body weight, most of which (12/13) exhibited prenatal effects, and nearly half (6/13) exhibiting postnatal effects. MGEs contributed more to variation in body weight than the direct effects of the offsprings' own genotypes until mice reached adulthood, but continued to represent a major component of variation through adulthood. Prenatal effects always contributed more variation than postnatal effects, especially for those effects that persisted into adulthood. These results suggest that MGEs may be an important component of genetic architecture that is generally overlooked in studies focused on direct mapping from genotype to phenotype. Our approach can be used in both experimental and natural populations, providing a widely practicable means of expanding our understanding of MGEs.
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46
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Ge Q, Ryken L, Noel L, Maury E, Brichard SM. Adipokines identified as new downstream targets for adiponectin: lessons from adiponectin-overexpressing or -deficient mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E326-35. [PMID: 21540448 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00153.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adipokines play a central role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Among them, adiponectin (ApN), a master regulator of immune and fuel homeostasis, is decreased. Identifying downstream adipokines targeted by ApN may help in deciphering this syndrome. We have generated transgenic mice, allowing persistent and moderate overexpression of ApN (ApN-Overex) specifically in white adipose tissue (AT). We took advantage of this model to unravel the adipokine secretion profile triggered by ApN. AT was fractionated into adipocytes and stromal-vascular cells (SVC), which were cultured for 8 h. Profiling of secretory products by antibody arrays and subsequent ELISAs showed that the secretion of three proinflammatory factors (IL-17B, IL-21, TNFα) and three hematopoietic growth factors [GF; thrombopoietin and granulocyte (macrophage) colony-stimulating-factors] was reduced in adipocytes of ApN-Overex mice compared with wild-type mice. In the SVC of these mice, besides the hematopoietic GFs, the secretion of another GF (vascular endothelial GF receptor 1), two chemokines (RANTES and ICAM-1), and two proinflammatory factors (IL-6 and IL-12p70) was reduced as well. Only one cytokine, IL-1 receptor 4, was oversecreted by SVC of ApN-Overex mice, which may exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. Most of these changes in secretion were due to corresponding changes in mRNAs. A reverse profile of adipokine expression was observed in ApN-KO mice. In conclusion, ApN regulates in vivo the secretion of downstream adipokines, thereby inducing a shift of the immune balance in both adipocytes and SVC toward a less inflammatory phenotype. These downstream adipokines may be new therapeutic targets for the management of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ge
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 55, Brussels, Belgium
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47
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Lin JA, Chen JH, Lee YW, Lin CS, Hsieh MH, Chang CC, Wong CS, Chen JJY, Yeh GC, Lin FY, Chen TL. Biphasic effect of curcumin on morphine tolerance: a preliminary evidence from cytokine/chemokine protein array analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:452153. [PMID: 21826185 PMCID: PMC3150782 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of curcumin on morphine tolerance and the corresponding cytokine/chemokine changes. Male ICR mice were made tolerant to morphine by daily subcutaneous injection for 7 days. Intraperitoneal injections of vehicle, low-dose or high-dose curcumin were administered 15 min after morphine injection, either acutely or chronically for 7 days to test the effect of curcumin on morphine-induced antinociception and development of morphine tolerance. On day 8, cumulative dose-response curves were generated and the 50% of maximal analgesic dose values were calculated and compared among groups. Corresponding set of mice were used for analyzing the cytokine responses by antibody-based cytokine protein array. Acute, high-dose curcumin enhanced morphine-induced antinociception. While morphine tolerance was attenuated by administration of low-dose curcumin following morphine injections for 7 days, it was aggravated by chronic high-dose curcumin following morphine injection, suggesting a biphasic effect of curcumin on morphine-induced tolerance. Of the 96 cytokine/chemokines analyzed by mouse cytokine protein array, 14 cytokines exhibited significant changes after the different 7-day treatments. Mechanisms for the modulatory effects of low-dose and high-dose curcumin on morphine tolerance were discussed. Even though curcumin itself is a neuroprotectant and low doses of the compound serve to attenuate morphine tolerance, high-doses of curcumin might cause neurotoxicity and aggravate morphine tolerance by inhibiting the expression of antiapoptotic cytokines and neuroprotective factors. Our results indicate that the effect of curcumin on morphine tolerance may be biphasic, and therefore curcumin should be used cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-An Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
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48
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Abstract
Obesity is a common disorder, and related diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cancer are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Westerntype societies. Development of obesity is associated with extensive modifications in adipose tissue involving adipogenesis, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix proteolysis. The fibrinolytic (plasminogen/plasmin) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) systems cooperate in these processes. Adipogenesis is tightly associated with angiogenesis, as shown by the findings that adipose tissue expiants trigger blood vessel formation, whereas in turn adipose tissue endothelial cells promote preadipocyte differentiation. A nutritionally induced obesity model in transgenic mice has been used extensively to study the role of the fibrinolytic and MMP systems and of angiogenesis in the development of obesity. Most studies support a role of these systems in adipogenesis and obesity, and suggest that their modulation may affect development of adipose tissue. Such models have also shown that treatment of obese female mice with estrogens has the potential to improve obesity, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, via decreased expression of lipogenic genes. Thus, murine models of obesity have been very useful tools to study mechanisms of adipose tissue development, as well as effects of hormonal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Lijnen
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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49
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Aoki N, Yokoyama R, Asai N, Ohki M, Ohki Y, Kusubata K, Heissig B, Hattori K, Nakagawa Y, Matsuda T. Adipocyte-derived microvesicles are associated with multiple angiogenic factors and induce angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology 2010; 151:2567-76. [PMID: 20382694 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that 3T3-L1 and rat primary adipocytes secreted microvesicles, known as adipocyte-derived microvesicles (ADMs). In the present study, we further characterized the 3T3-L1 ADMs and found that they exhibited angiogenic activity in vivo. Antibody arrays and gelatin zymography analyses revealed that several angiogenic and antiangiogenic proteins, including leptin, TNFalpha, acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGFa), interferon-gamma, and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, were present in the ADMs. Gene expression of most of these angiogenic factors was induced in the adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice. Furthermore, leptin, TNFalpha, and MMP-2 were up-regulated at the protein level in the adipocyte fractions prepared from epididymal adipose tissues of high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. ADMs induced cell migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which were partially suppressed by neutralizing antibodies to leptin, TNFalpha, or FGFa but not to interferon-gamma. Supporting these data, a mixture of leptin, TNFalpha, and FGFa induced tube formation. ADMs also promoted cell invasion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells through Matrigel, which was suppressed by the addition of the MMP inhibitor 1,10'-phenanthroline and a neutralizing antibody to MMP-2 but not to MMP-9. These results suggest that ADMs are associated with multiple angiogenic factors and play a role in angiogenesis in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohito Aoki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.
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50
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Christiaens V, Lijnen HR. Angiogenesis and development of adipose tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 318:2-9. [PMID: 19686803 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a common disorder and related diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cancer, are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Western-type societies. Development of obesity is associated with substantial modulation of adipose tissue structure. The plasticity of the adipose tissue is reflected by its remarkable ability to expand or to reduce in size throughout adult lifespan. The expansion of adipose tissue is linked to the development of its vasculature. Indeed, adipogenesis is tightly associated with angiogenesis, as shown by the findings that adipose tissue explants trigger blood vessel formation, whereas in turn adipose tissue endothelial cells promote preadipocyte differentiation. Different components have been identified that play a role in adipose tissue associated angiogenesis. Modulation of angiogenesis may have the potential to impair adipose tissue development and thus may provide a novel therapeutic approach for prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Christiaens
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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