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Kim Y, Oh YK, Lee J, Kim E. Could nutrient supplements provide additional glycemic control in diabetes management? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of as an add-on nutritional supplementation therapy. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:185-204. [PMID: 35304727 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the antidiabetic effect of pharmaconutrients as an add-on in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients by pooling data from currently available randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Data sources included the PubMed and EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. RCTs reporting changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels following add-on pharmaconutritional therapies for T2DM patients consuming antidiabetic drugs were targeted. Using random-effects meta-analyses, we identified pharmaconutrients with effects on glycemic outcomes. Heterogeneity among studies was presented using I2 values. Among 9537 articles, 119 RCTs with nine pharmaconutrients (chromium; coenzyme Q10; omega-3 fatty acids; vitamins C, D, and E; alpha-lipoic acid; selenium; and zinc) were included. Chromium (HbA1c, FBG, and HOMA-IR), coenzyme Q10 (HbA1c and FBG), vitamin C (HbA1c and FBG), and vitamin E (HbA1c and HOMA-IR) significantly improved glycemic control. Baseline HbA1c level and study duration influenced the effects of chromium and vitamin E on HbA1c level. Sensitivity analyses did not modify the pooled effects of pharmaconutrients on glycemic control. Administration of chromium, coenzyme Q10, and vitamins C and E for T2DM significantly improved glycemic control. This study has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018115229).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhye Kim
- Evidence-Based and Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Health, Social and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyoung Oh
- Evidence-Based and Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Health, Social and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhee Lee
- The Graduate School for Pharmaceutical Industry Management, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Evidence-Based and Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Health, Social and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,The Graduate School for Pharmaceutical Industry Management, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Iron reduces the anti-inflammatory effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the heart of STZ- and HFD-induced diabetic rats. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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3
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Delarue J. Are marine n-3 fatty acids protective towards insulin resistance? From cell to human. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 79:1-11. [PMID: 32138806 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine n-3 fatty acids improve most of the biochemical alterations associated with insulin resistance (IR). Experimental models of dietary-induced IR in rodents have shown their ability (often at a very high dose) to prevent IR, but with sometimes a tissue specific effect. However, in a high sucrose diet-induced IR rat model, they are unable to reverse IR once installed; in other rodent models (dexamethasone, Zucker rats), they are inefficacious perhaps because of the severity of IR. The very low incidence of type-2 diabetes (T2D) in Inuits in the 1960s, which largely increased over the following decades in parallel to the replacement of their traditional marine food for a western diet strongly suggests a protective effect of marine n-3 towards the risk of T2D; this was confirmed by reversal of its incidence in intervention studies reintroducing their traditional food. In healthy subjects and insulin-resistant non-diabetic patients, most trials and meta-analyses conclude to an insulin-sensitising effect and to a very probable preventive or alleviating effect towards IR. Concerning the risk of T2D, concordant data allow us to conclude the protective effect of marine n-3 in Asians while suspicion exists of an aggravation of risk in Westerners, but with the possibility that it could be explained by a high heterogeneity of studies performed in this population. Some longitudinal cohorts in US/European people showed no association or a decreased risk. Further studies using more homogeneous doses, sources of n-3 and assessment of insulin sensitivity methods are required to better delineate their effects in Westerners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Delarue
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Laboratory of Human Nutrition, University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine/University of Brest, Brittany, France
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4
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Raygan F, Taghizadeh M, Mirhosseini N, Akbari E, Bahmani F, Memarzadeh MR, Sharifi N, Jafarnejad S, Banikazemi Z, Asemi Z. A comparison between the effects of flaxseed oil and fish oil supplementation on cardiovascular health in type 2 diabetic patients with coronary heart disease: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1943-1951. [PMID: 31190359 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of flaxseed and fish oil supplementation on cardiovascular risk parameters in diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. Participants were randomly allocated into three intervention groups to receive either 1,000 mg of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil or 1,000 mg of omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil or placebo (n = 30 each group) twice a day for 12 weeks. A significant reduction in insulin levels (.04) was observed following flaxseed oil and fish oil supplementation compared with the placebo. In addition, a significant reduction in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (.02) was seen after flaxseed oil supplementation compared with the placebo and a significant increase in total nitrite (.001) was seen after flaxseed oil and fish oil intake compared with placebo. Additionally, a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (p < .001) after consuming flaxseed oil and fish oil compared with placebo and glutathione levels (.001) after consuming fish oil compared with flaxseed oil and placebo was observed. Overall, our study revealed the beneficial effects of flaxseed oil and fish oil supplementation on few metabolic profiles. This study suggests that the effect of flaxseed oil in reducing insulin and increasing total nitrite and total antioxidant capacity is similar to fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Raygan
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Mirhosseini
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Elmira Akbari
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Bahmani
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Memarzadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Sharifi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sadegh Jafarnejad
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zarrin Banikazemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Telle-Hansen VH, Gaundal L, Myhrstad MCW. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051067. [PMID: 31091649 PMCID: PMC6566834 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of dietary fat on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been extensively studied in recent decades. Solid evidence indicates that replacing saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) decreases blood cholesterol levels and prevents CVD and CVD mortality. Studies indicate that fat quality also may affect insulin sensitivity and hence, the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). A high intake of SFAs has shown to increase the risk of T2D in prospective studies, while a high intake of PUFAs reduces the risk. Whether PUFAs from marine or vegetable sources affect glycemic regulation differently in T2D remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present review was therefore to summarize research on human randomized, controlled intervention studies investigating the effect of dietary PUFAs on glycemic regulation in T2D. About half of the studies investigating the effect of fish, fish oils, vegetable oils, or nuts found changes related to glycemic control in people with T2D, while the other half found no effects. Even though some of the studies used SFA as controls, the majority of the included studies compared PUFAs of different quality. Considering that both marine and vegetable oils are high in PUFAs and hence both oils may affect glycemic regulation, the lack of effect in several of the included studies may be explained by the use of an inappropriate control group. It is therefore not possible to draw a firm conclusion, and more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke H Telle-Hansen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Postbox 4, St. Olavsplass, 0130 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Line Gaundal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Postbox 4, St. Olavsplass, 0130 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Mari C W Myhrstad
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Postbox 4, St. Olavsplass, 0130 Oslo, Norway.
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Golzari MH, Javanbakht MH, Ghaedi E, Mohammadi H, Djalali M. Effect of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Supplementation on Paraoxonase 2 Gene Expression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial. Clin Nutr Res 2019; 8:17-27. [PMID: 30746344 PMCID: PMC6355950 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2019.8.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is recognized as one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases, and it is mostly associated with oxidative stress, atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia. Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) due to its antioxidant properties may play a role in the atherosclerosis development. Although long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, the exact mechanism of action is still unknown. Our goal in this study was to determine the effect of EPA administration on gene expression of PON2 in patients with T2DM. Present study was a randomized, controlled double-blind trial. Thirty-six patients with T2DM were randomly allocated to receive 2 g/day EPA (n = 18) or placebo (n = 18) for 8 weeks. There were no significant differences between 2 groups concerning demographic or biochemical variables, and dietary intakes as well (p > 0.05). However, patients received EPA showed a significant increase in the gene expression of PON2 compared with placebo group (p = 0.027). In addition, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased and fasting blood sugar decreased significantly after EPA supplementation compared with control group. Taken together, supplementation with 2 g/day EPA could be atheroprotective via the upregulation of PON2 in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Golzari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Javanbakht
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Djalali
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6446, Iran
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Fayh APT, Borges K, Cunha GS, Krause M, Rocha R, de Bittencourt PIH, Moreira JCF, Friedman R, da Silva Rossato J, Fernandes JR, Reischak-Oliveira A. Effects of n-3 fatty acids and exercise on oxidative stress parameters in type 2 diabetic: a randomized clinical trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:18. [PMID: 29713249 PMCID: PMC5914016 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between diabetes and oxidative stress has been previously reported. Exercise represents a useful non-pharmacological strategy for the treatment in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients, but high intensity exercise can induce a transient inflammatory state and increase oxidative stress. Nutritional strategies that may contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress induced by acute exercise are necessary. The aim of this study was to examine if n-3 PUFA supplementation intervention can attenuate the inflammatory response and oxidative stress associated with high intensity exercise in this population. As a primary outcome, lipoperoxidation measurements (TBARS and F2-isoprostanes) were selected. Methods Thirty T2DM patients, without chronic complications, were randomly allocated into two groups: placebo (gelatin capsules) or n-3 PUFA (capsules containing 180 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg of docosahexaenoic acid). Blood samples were collected fasting before and after 8 weeks supplementation. In the beginning and at the end of protocol, an acute exercise was performed (treadmill), and new blood samples were collected before and immediately after the exercise for measurements of oxidative stress and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Results After the supplementation period, a decrease in triglycerides levels was observed only in n-3 PUFA supplementation group (mean difference and 95% CI of 0.002 (0.000–0.004), p = 0.005). Supplementation also significantly reduced TRAP levels after exercise (mean difference and 95% CI to 9641 (− 20,068–39,351) for − 33,884 (− 56,976 - -10,793), p = 0.004, Cohen’s d effect size = 1.12), but no significant difference was observed in n-3 PUFA supplementation group in lipoperoxidation parameters as TBARS (mean difference and 95% CI to − 3.8 (− 10–2.4) for − 2.9 (− 1.6–7.4) or F2-isoprostanes (mean difference and 95% CI -0.05 (− 0.19–0.10) for − 0.02 (− 0.19–0.16), p > 0.05 for both. Conclusion PUFA n-3 supplementation reduced triglycerides as well as TRAP levels after exercise, without a significant effect on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the registration number of NCT03182712.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Trussardi Fayh
- Departament of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, n° 3000, Natal, RN 59078-970 Brazil
| | - Katiuce Borges
- 2Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90690-200 Brazil
| | - Giovani Santos Cunha
- 2Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90690-200 Brazil
| | - Mauricio Krause
- 3Laboratory of Inflammation, Metabolism and Exercise Research (LAPIMEX) and Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170 Brazil
| | - Ricardo Rocha
- 4Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-000 Brazil
| | - Paulo Ivo Homem de Bittencourt
- 3Laboratory of Inflammation, Metabolism and Exercise Research (LAPIMEX) and Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170 Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- 4Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-000 Brazil
| | - Rogério Friedman
- 5Endocrine Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-000 Brazil
| | - Juliane da Silva Rossato
- 3Laboratory of Inflammation, Metabolism and Exercise Research (LAPIMEX) and Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170 Brazil
| | - Jõao Roberto Fernandes
- 2Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90690-200 Brazil
| | - Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira
- 2Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90690-200 Brazil
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AbuMweis S, Jew S, Tayyem R, Agraib L. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid containing supplements modulate risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomised placebo-control human clinical trials. J Hum Nutr Diet 2017; 31:67-84. [PMID: 28675488 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 200 clinical trials have examined the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplements on risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. However, an updated analysis of the evidence is lacking. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to quantify the effect of supplements containing EPA and DHA on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. METHODS An analysis was carried on 171 clinical trials with acceptable quality (Jadad score ≥3) that were identified from a comprehensive electronic search strategy of two databases (Pubmed and Cochrane Library). A random effect model was used to obtain an overall estimate on outcomes of interest. Heterogeneity between trial results was tested for using a standard chi-squared test. RESULTS Compared with control, EPA and DHA supplements produced significant reductions of triglycerides of 0.368 mmol L-1 [95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.427 to -0.309], systolic blood pressure of 2.195 mmHg (95% CI = -3.172 to -1.217), diastolic blood pressure of 1.08 mmHg (95% CI = -1.716 to -0.444), heart rate of 1.37 bpm (95% CI = -2.41 to -0.325) and C-reactive protein of 0.343 mg L-1 (95% CI = -0.454 to -0.232). This analysis indicates an increase in both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean difference = 0.150 mmol L-1 ; 95% CI = 0.058-0.243) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean difference = 0.039 mmol L-1 ; 95% CI = 0.024-0.054). The triglyceride-lowering effect was dose-dependent. CONCLUSIONS The lipid-lowering, hypotensive, anti-arrhythmic and anti-inflammatory actions of EPA and DHA supplements were confirmed in this analysis of randomised placebo-control blinded clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S AbuMweis
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - S Jew
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - R Tayyem
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - L Agraib
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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Thorseng T, Witte DR, Vistisen D, Borch-Johnsen K, Bjerregaard P, Jørgensen ME. The association between n-3 fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes and insulin resistance: The inuit health in transition study. Int J Circumpolar Health 2016; 68:327-36. [DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v68i4.17373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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10
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Wang F, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Liu X, Xia H, Yang X, Sun G. Treatment for 6 months with fish oil-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has neutral effects on glycemic control but improves dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients with abdominal obesity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:2415-2422. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abbott KA, Burrows TL, Thota RN, Acharya S, Garg ML. Do ω-3 PUFAs affect insulin resistance in a sex-specific manner? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:1470-1484. [PMID: 27680989 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.138172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence has suggested that omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) improve obesity-induced insulin resistance (IR); however, results from human intervention trials have been equivocal. Recently it has been reported that n-3 PUFA status is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes in women but not in men, suggesting a sex-dependent effect. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether n-3 PUFA interventions affect IR in a sex-dependent manner. DESIGN Five databases were searched (Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Pre-Medline) for randomized controlled trials. Searches were limited to the English language and to studies with adults aged >18 y. When possible, studies were pooled for a meta-analysis. The principle summary measure was the standardized mean difference (SMD) between groups. RESULTS Thirty-one eligible trials were identified with a total of 1848 participants [men: 45.1%; weighted mean ± SD age: 52.5 ± 8.2 y; weighted body mass index (in kg/m2): 28.8 ± 3.0]. Seven studies were conducted in women, 4 studies were conducted in men, and the remaining studies pooled men and women together. Twenty-six trials were pooled for the meta-analysis (men: n = 2; women: n = 6). With all studies (n = 26) pooled, there was no effect of n-3 PUFA on IR at the group level (SMD: 0.089; 95% CI: -0.105, 0.283; P = 0.367). In trials of ≥6 wk, a significant improvement in IR was seen in women (SMD: -0.266; 95% CI: -0.524, -0.007; P = 0.045) but not in men (SMD: 0.619; 95% CI: -0.583, 1.820; P = 0.313). CONCLUSIONS With this analysis, we provide preliminary evidence of a sex-dependent response of IR to an n-3 PUFA intervention. Additional studies are needed to confirm sex-dependent associations and to elucidate the potential mechanisms that are involved. This trial was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ as CRD42015017940.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia; and
| | | | - Shamasunder Acharya
- Department of Endocrinology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, Australia
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Kurt A, Andican G, Siva ZO, Andican A, Burcak G. The effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on AGEs and sRAGE in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 72:679-687. [PMID: 27448155 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In diabetes mellitus, chronic hyperglycemia leads to formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Binding of AGEs to receptors of AGE (RAGE) causes deleterious effects. In populations with a high consumption of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, a lower prevalence of diabetes mellitus has been reported. We aimed to investigate the effects of n-3 fatty acid (EPA and DHA) supplementation on the levels of AGEs (carboxymethyl lysine (CML) and pentosidine), sRAGE, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM patients (n = 38) treated with oral hypoglycemic agents, without insulin were supplemented with n-3 fatty acids (1.2 g/day) for 2 months. Plasma CML, pentosidine, sRAGE, and NF-kB levels were measured by ELISA both before and after the supplementation. n-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly reduced fasting glucose (p < 0.01), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (p < 0.05), and pentosidine (p < 0.05) levels. The supplementation induced percentage changes in pentosidine and HbA1c and in pentosidine and creatinine were observed to be correlated (r = 0.349, p < 0.05) and (r = 0.377, p < 0.05), respectively. Waist circumference and systolic and diastolic pressures were significantly decreased due to n-3 supplementation (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.01), respectively. Our results show that supplementation with n-3 fatty acid has beneficial effects on waist circumference; systolic and diastolic blood pressures; and the levels of glucose, HbA1c, and pentosidine in T2DM patients. However, the supplementation failed to decrease these parameters to the reference ranges for healthy subjects. In addition, the supplementation did not appear to induce any significant differences in CML, sRAGE, or NF-kB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuman Kurt
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Andican
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Oşar Siva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahat Andican
- Department of General Surgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülden Burcak
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Hwang WM, Bak DH, Kim DH, Hong JY, Han SY, Park KY, Lim K, Lim DM, Kang JG. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids May Attenuate Streptozotocin-Induced Pancreatic β-Cell Death via Autophagy Activation in Fat1 Transgenic Mice. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015; 30:569-75. [PMID: 26790385 PMCID: PMC4722413 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2015.30.4.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory factors and β-cell dysfunction due to high-fat diets aggravate chronic diseases and their complications. However, omega-3 dietary fats have anti-inflammatory effects, and the involvement of autophagy in the etiology of diabetes has been reported. Therefore, we examined the protective effects of autophagy on diabetes using fat-1 transgenic mice with omega-3 self-synthesis capability. METHODS Streptozotocin (STZ) administration induced β-cell dysfunction in mice; blood glucose levels and water consumption were subsequently measured. Using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining, we quantitatively assessed STZ-induced changes in the number, mass, and fibrosis of pancreatic islets in fat-1 and control mice. We identified the microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3-immunoreactive puncta in β-cells and quantified p62 levels in the pancreas of fat-1 and control mice. RESULTS STZ-induced diabetic phenotypes, including hyperglycemia and polydipsia, were attenuated in fat-1 mice. Histological determination using H&E and Masson's trichrome staining revealed the protective effects of the fat-1 expression on cell death and the scarring of pancreatic islets after STZ injection. In the β-cells of control mice, autophagy was abruptly activated after STZ treatment. Basal autophagy levels were elevated in fat-1 mice β-cells, and this persisted after STZ treatment. Together with autophagosome detection, these results revealed that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) enrichment might partly prevent the STZ-related pancreatic islet damage by upregulating the basal activity of autophagy and improving autophagic flux disturbance. CONCLUSION Fat-1 transgenic mice with a n-3 PUFA self-synthesis capability exert protective effects against STZ-induced β-cell death by activating autophagy in β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Min Hwang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Myunggok Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Bak
- Myunggok Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ju Young Hong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung Yun Han
- Myunggok Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Keun Young Park
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyu Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong Mee Lim
- Myunggok Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Jae Gu Kang
- Myunggok Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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de Camargo Talon L, de Oliveira EP, Moreto F, Portero-McLellan KC, Burini RC. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation decreases metabolic syndrome prevalence after lifestyle modification program. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Fish oil supplemented for 9 months does not improve glycaemic control or insulin sensitivity in subjects with impaired glucose regulation: a parallel randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2015; 115:75-86. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515004274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe effects of fish oil (FO) supplementation on glycaemic control are unclear, and positive effects may occur only when the phospholipid content of tissue membranes exceeds 14 % asn-3 PUFA. Subjects (n36, thirty-three completed) were paired based on metabolic parameters and allocated into a parallel double-blind randomised trial with one of each pair offered daily either 6 g of FO (3·9 gn-3 PUFA) or 6 g of maize oil (MO) for 9 months. Hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic–euaminoacidaemic (HIEGEAA) clamps (with [6,62H2glucose]) were performed at the start and end of the intervention. Endogenous glucose production (EGP) and whole-body protein turnover (WBPT) were each measured after an overnight fast. The primary outcome involved the effect of oil type on insulin sensitivity related to glycaemic control. The secondary outcome involved the effect of oil type on WBPT. Subjects on FO (n16) had increased erythrocyten-3 PUFA concentrations >14 %, whereas subjects on MO (n17) had unalteredn-3 PUFA concentrations at 9 %. Type of oil had no effect on fasting EGP, insulin sensitivity or total glucose disposal during the HIEGEAA clamp. In contrast, under insulin-stimulated conditions, total protein disposal (P=0·007) and endogenous WBPT (P=0·001) were both increased with FO. In an associated pilot study (n4, three completed), althoughn-3 PUFA in erythrocyte membranes increased to >14 % with the FO supplement, the enrichment in muscle membranes remained lower (8 %;P<0·001). In conclusion, long-term supplementation with FO, at amounts near the safety limits set by regulatory authorities in Europe and the USA, did not alter glycaemic control but did have an impact on WBPT.
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Chen C, Yu X, Shao S. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Glucose Control and Lipid Levels in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139565. [PMID: 26431431 PMCID: PMC4591987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies assessed the impact of marine omega-3 fatty acids on glycemic homeostasis and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but reported controversial results. Our goal was to systematically evaluate the effects of omega-3 on glucose control and lipid levels. Methods Medline, Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Embase, the National Research Register, and SIGLE were searched to identify eligible randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Extracted data from RCTs were analyzed using STATA 11.0 statistical software with fixed or random effects model. Effect sizes were presented as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Heterogeneity was assessed using the Chi-square test with significance level set at p < 0.1. Results 20 RCT trials were included into this meta-analysis. Among patients with omega-3 supplementation, triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly decreased by 0.24 mmol/L. No marked change in total cholesterol (TC), HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose, BMI or body weight was observed. High ratio of EPA/DHA contributed to a greater decreasing tendency in plasma insulin, HbAc1, TC, TG, and BMI measures, although no statistical significance was identified (except TG). FPG levels were increased by 0.42 mmol/L in Asians. No evidence of publication bias was observed in this meta-analysis. Conclusions The ratio of EPA/DHA and early intervention with omega 3 fatty acids may affect their effects on glucose control and lipid levels, which may serve as a dietary reference for clinicians or nutritionists who manage diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China, 430030
- The center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China, 430030
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China, 430030
| | - Shiying Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China, 430030
- * E-mail:
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Gannon NP, Conn CA, Vaughan RA. Dietary stimulators of GLUT4 expression and translocation in skeletal muscle: a mini-review. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 59:48-64. [PMID: 25215442 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic insulin resistance can lead to type II diabetes mellitus, which is also directly influenced by an individual's genetics as well as their lifestyle. Under normal circumstances, insulin facilitates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue by stimulating glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation and activity. GLUT4 activity is directly correlated with the ability to clear elevated blood glucose and insulin sensitivity. In diabetes, energy excess and prolonged hyperinsulinemia suppress muscle and adipose response to insulin, in part through reduced GLUT4 membrane levels. This work uniquely describes much of the experimental data demonstrating the effects of various dietary components on GLUT4 expression and translocation in skeletal muscle. These observations implicate several individual dietary chemicals as potential adjuvant therapies in the maintenance of diabetes and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Gannon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Liu P, Li C, Huang J, Ji H. Regulation of adipocytes lipolysis by n-3 HUFA in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) in vitro and in vivo. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:1447-1460. [PMID: 24737494 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
N-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) have been shown to inhibit body fat accumulation in animals. To clarify the mechanism of this fat-lowering effect of n-3 HUFA in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, isolated grass carp mature adipocytes were incubated with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at different concentrations for 6 h. The release of glycerol to the medium was detected, and the expression of the lipolysis-related genes was analyzed. In experiment 2, a 95-day feeding trial was conducted with two diets formulated with either lard oil (as control) or fish oil (supplying n-3 HUFA as treatment) as the main lipid source. The glycerol and free fatty acid (FFA) released from the isolated adipocytes of both groups were detected after the feeding period. The expression of select lipolysis-related genes in adipose tissue was also analyzed. The results from experiment 1 showed that the release of glycerol was significantly increased by DHA and EPA (P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression of lipolysis-related genes, such as adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and leptin, was also significantly elevated in the treatment group (P < 0.05). Experiment 2 demonstrated that glycerol and FFA release from the isolated adipocytes were significantly higher in the treatment group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The expression level of ATGL, HSL, TNFα and leptin in the treatment group was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). The present results provide novel evidence that n-3 HUFAs could regulate grass carp adipocyte lipolysis in vitro or in vivo, and the effect might be in part associated with their influence on the expression of lipolysis-related genes and lipolysis-related adipokines genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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Zheng T, Zhao J, Wang Y, Liu W, Wang Z, Shang Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhong M. The limited effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular risk in patients with impaired glucose metabolism: A meta-analysis. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:369-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Omega 3 fatty acids can be obtained from several sources, and should be added to the daily diet to enjoy a good health and to prevent many diseases. Worldwide, general population use omega-3 fatty acid supplements and enriched foods to get and maintain adequate amounts of these fatty acids. The aim of this paper was to review main scientific evidence regarding the public health risks and benefits of the dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids. A systematic literature search was performed, and one hundred and forty-five articles were included in the results for their methodological quality. The literature described benefits and risks of algal, fish oil, plant, enriched dairy products, animal-derived food, krill oil, and seal oil omega-3 fatty acids.
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Akinkuolie AO, Ngwa JS, Meigs JB, Djoussé L. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr 2011; 30:702-7. [PMID: 21959352 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND &AIM: n-3 PUFA has been shown to decrease the risk of several components of the metabolic syndrome; however, the role of n-3 PUFA on glucose metabolism is not clear. Our aim was to systematically review the effect of n-3 PUFA on IS by conducting a meta-analysis of available RCTs. METHODS We followed the guidelines of Cochrane's review of systematic interventions. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and clinicaltrials.gov from the beginning of each database until October 2010. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model to estimate a pooled SMD and the corresponding 95% CI. RESULTS From 303 screened citations, 11 RCTs (n = 618) were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. In a pooled estimate, n-3 PUFA intervention had no effects on IS compared to placebo (SMD 0.08, 95% CI -0.11-0.28). Similarly, n-3 PUFA had no effects on IS in sub-group analyses (Type 2 diabetes vs. other population; QUICKI and other test subgroups). In the HOMA subgroup, n-3 PUFA was associated with a statistically significant increase in IS (SMD 0.30, CI 0.03-0.58) when compared to placebo. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis is consistent with a lack of n-3 PUFA effects on IS.
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Magbanua MJM, Roy R, Sosa EV, Weinberg V, Federman S, Mattie MD, Hughes-Fulford M, Simko J, Shinohara K, Haqq CM, Carroll PR, Chan JM. Gene expression and biological pathways in tissue of men with prostate cancer in a randomized clinical trial of lycopene and fish oil supplementation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24004. [PMID: 21912659 PMCID: PMC3164676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies suggest that micronutrients may modify the risk or delay progression of prostate cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. We examined the effects of lycopene and fish oil on prostate gene expression in a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Methods Eighty-four men with low risk prostate cancer were stratified based on self-reported dietary consumption of fish and tomatoes and then randomly assigned to a 3-month intervention of lycopene (n = 29) or fish oil (n = 27) supplementation or placebo (n = 28). Gene expression in morphologically normal prostate tissue was studied at baseline and at 3 months via cDNA microarray analysis. Differential gene expression and pathway analyses were performed to identify genes and pathways modulated by these micronutrients. Results Global gene expression analysis revealed no significant individual genes that were associated with high intake of fish or tomato at baseline or after 3 months of supplementation with lycopene or fish oil. However, exploratory pathway analyses of rank-ordered genes (based on p-values not corrected for multiple comparisons) revealed the modulation of androgen and estrogen metabolism in men who routinely consumed more fish (p = 0.029) and tomato (p = 0.008) compared to men who ate less. In addition, modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism (p = 0.01) was observed after 3 months of fish oil supplementation compared with the placebo group; and modulation of nuclear factor (erythroid derived-2) factor 2 or Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response for either supplement versus placebo (fish oil: p = 0.01, lycopene: p = 0.001). Conclusions We did not detect significant individual genes associated with dietary intake and supplementation of lycopene and fish oil. However, exploratory analyses revealed candidate in vivo pathways that may be modulated by these micronutrients. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00402285
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jesus M. Magbanua
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ritu Roy
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center Biostatistics and Computational Biology Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eduardo V. Sosa
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vivian Weinberg
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center Biostatistics and Computational Biology Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Scott Federman
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Mattie
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Millie Hughes-Fulford
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeff Simko
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Katsuto Shinohara
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Haqq
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter R. Carroll
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - June M. Chan
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Makni M, Fetoui H, Gargouri NK, Garoui EM, Zeghal N. Antidiabetic effect of flax and pumpkin seed mixture powder: effect on hyperlipidemia and antioxidant status in alloxan diabetic rats. J Diabetes Complications 2011; 25:339-45. [PMID: 21106396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. This study aims to examine the effects of flax and pumpkin powder seed mixture on alloxan induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Animals were allocated into three groups of six rats each: a control group (CD), diabetic group (DD) and diabetic rats fed with flax and pumpkin seed mixture (DMS) group. The diabetic rats (DD) presented a significant increase in glycemia, plasma and liver lipid parameters such as total lipid, total cholesterol and triglycerides compared to the control group (CD). In addition, plasma and liver malonaldialdehyde levels (MDA, an index of lipid peroxidation) significantly increased compared to (CD). Antioxidant enzymes activities such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels significantly decreased in the plasma and liver of diabetic rats compared to controls. Diet supplemented with flax and pumpkin seed mixture in the DMS group ameliorated antioxidant enzymes activities and level of GSH in diabetic rats and significantly decreased MDA levels. The present study revealed a significant increase in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase on diabetic status, indicating considerable hepatocellular injury. The administration of flax and pumpkin seed mixture attenuated the increased levels of the plasma enzymes produced by the induction of diabetes and caused a subsequent recovery towards normalization comparable to the control group animals. Our results thus suggest that flax and pumpkin seed mixture supplemented to diet may be helpful in preventing diabetic complications in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Makni
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
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Neff LM, Culiner J, Cunningham‐Rundles S, Seidman C, Meehan D, Maturi J, Wittkowski KM, Levine B, Breslow JL. Algal docosahexaenoic acid affects plasma lipoprotein particle size distribution in overweight and obese adults. J Nutr 2011; 141:207-13. [PMID: 21178084 PMCID: PMC3021440 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.130021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish oils containing both EPA and DHA have been shown to have beneficial cardiovascular effects, but less is known about the independent effects of DHA. This study was designed to examine the effects of DHA on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and other biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in the absence of weight loss. In this randomized, controlled, double-blind trial, 36 overweight or obese adults were treated with 2 g/d of algal DHA or placebo for 4.5 mo. Markers of cardiovascular risk were assessed before and after treatment. In the DHA-supplemented group, the decrease in mean VLDL particle size (P ≤ 0.001) and increases in mean LDL (P ≤ 0.001) and HDL (P ≤ 0.001) particle sizes were significantly greater than changes in the placebo group. DHA supplementation also increased the concentrations of large LDL (P ≤ 0.001) and large HDL particles (P = 0.001) and decreased the concentrations of small LDL (P = 0.009) and medium HDL particles (P = 0.001). As calculated using NMR-derived data, DHA supplementation reduced VLDL TG (P = 0.009) and total TG concentrations (P = 0.006). Plasma IL-10 increased with DHA supplementation to a greater extent than placebo (P = 0.021), but no other significant changes were observed in glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, or markers of inflammation with DHA. In summary, DHA supplementation resulted in potentially beneficial changes in some markers of cardiometabolic risk, whereas other markers were unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Neff
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolism, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jill Culiner
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolism, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Susanna Cunningham‐Rundles
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Cynthia Seidman
- Bionutrition Department, Rockefeller University Hospital, New York, NY 10065
| | - Diane Meehan
- Bionutrition Department, Rockefeller University Hospital, New York, NY 10065
| | - Janet Maturi
- Bionutrition Department, Rockefeller University Hospital, New York, NY 10065
| | - Knut M. Wittkowski
- Research Design and Biostatistics Core, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Barbara Levine
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolism, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jan L. Breslow
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolism, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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25
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Rudkowska I. Fish oils for cardiovascular disease: Impact on diabetes. Maturitas 2010; 67:25-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Foltran F, Verduci E, Ghidina M, Campoy C, Jany KD, Widhalm K, Biasucci G, Vögele C, Halpern GM, Gregori D. Nutritional profiles in a public health perspective: a critical review. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:318-85. [PMID: 20515553 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional profiling is defined as 'the science of categorizing foods according to their nutritional composition' and it is useful for food labelling and regulation of health claims. The evidence for the link between nutrients and health outcomes was reviewed. A reduced salt intake reduces blood pressure, but only a few randomized controlled trials have verified the effect of salt on overall and cardiovascular mortality. Evidence linking a reduced fat intake with cardiovascular mortality and obesity is generally non-significant. Studies that have examined the relationship between obesity and diet have produced contrasting results. A simulation exercise that demonstrated that the impact of a reduced salt and fat intake on overall mortality would be negligible in the European population was carried out. Consideration of the literature and the results of this simulation exercise suggest that the introduction of nutritional profiles in Europe would be expected to have a very limited impact on health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Foltran
- Department of Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Makhoul Z, Kristal AR, Gulati R, Luick B, Bersamin A, Boyer B, Mohatt GV. Associations of very high intakes of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids with biomarkers of chronic disease risk among Yup'ik Eskimos. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:777-85. [PMID: 20089728 PMCID: PMC2824158 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the associations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with biomarkers of chronic disease risk in populations with high intakes. OBJECTIVE We examined the associations of red blood cell (RBC) EPA and DHA, as percentages of total fatty acids, with biomarkers of chronic disease risk across a wide range of EPA and DHA intakes. DESIGN In a cross-sectional study of 357 Yup'ik Eskimos, generalized additive models were used to plot covariate-adjusted associations of EPA and DHA with chronic disease biomarkers. Linear regression models were used to test for the statistical significance of these associations. RESULTS Means (5th-95th percentiles) for RBC EPA and DHA were 2.8% (0.5-5.9%) and 6.8% (3.3-9.0%), respectively. Associations of EPA and DHA were inverse and linear for triglycerides (beta +/- SE = -0.10 +/- 0.01 and -0.05 +/- 0.01, respectively) and positive and linear for HDL cholesterol (beta +/- SE = 2.0 +/- 0.5 and 0.9 +/- 0.6, respectively) and apolipoprotein A-I (beta +/- SE = 2.6 +/- 0.8 and 1.7 +/- 0.8, respectively). Positive linear associations of DHA with LDL and total cholesterol (beta +/- SE = 7.5 +/- 1.4 and 6.80 +/- 1.57, respectively) were observed; for EPA, these associations were nonlinear and restricted to concentrations approximately <5% of total fatty acids. Associations of EPA and DHA with C-reactive protein were inverse and nonlinear: for EPA, the association appeared stronger at concentrations approximately >3% of total fatty acids; for DHA, it was observed only at concentrations approximately >7% of total fatty acids. CONCLUSION Increasing EPA and DHA intakes to amounts well above those consumed by the general US population may have strong beneficial effects on chronic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Makhoul
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Tai CC, Ding ST. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate lipid metabolism through several inflammation mediators: mechanisms and implications for obesity prevention. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21:357-63. [PMID: 20149625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing problem that threatens the health and welfare of a large proportion of the human population. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are dietary factors that have potential to facilitate reduction in body fat deposition and improve obesity-induced metabolic syndromes. The n-3 PUFA up-regulate several inflammation molecules including serum amyloid A (SAA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in hepatocytes and adipocytes. Actions of these inflammation mediators resemble those of n-3 PUFA in the modulation of many lipid metabolism-related genes. For instance, they both suppress expressions of perilipin, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to induce lipolysis and reduce lipogenesis. This review will connect these direct or indirect regulating pathways between n-3 PUFA, inflammation mediators, lipid metabolism-related genes and body fat reduction. A thorough knowledge of these regulatory mechanisms will lead us to better utilization of n-3 PUFA to reduce lipid deposition in the liver and other tissues, therefore presenting an opportunity for developing new strategies to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen C Tai
- Department of Animal Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sartorelli DS, Damião R, Chaim R, Hirai A, Gimeno SGA, Ferreira SRG. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid and omega-3: omega-6 fatty acid ratio predict improvement in glucose disturbances in Japanese Brazilians. Nutrition 2009; 26:184-91. [PMID: 19647413 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether lifestyle-induced changes in dietary fat quality are related to improvements on glucose metabolism disturbances in Japanese Brazilians at high risk of type 2 diabetes. METHODS One hundred forty-eight first- and second-generation subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glycemia who attended a lifestyle intervention program for 12 mo were studied in the city of Bauru, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Dietary fatty acid intakes at baseline and after 12 mo were estimated using three 24-h recalls. The effect of dietary fat intake on glucose metabolism was investigated by multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS At baseline, mean +/- standard deviation age and body mass index were 60+/-11 y and 25.5+/-4.2kg/m(2), respectively. After 12 mo, 92 subjects had normal plasma glucose levels and 56 remained in prediabetic conditions. Using logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, generation, basal intake of explanatory nutrient, energy intake, physical activity, and waist circumference, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for reversion to normoglycemia were 3.14 (1.22-8.10) in the second tertile of total omega-3 fatty acid, 4.26 (1.34-13.57) in the second tertile of eicosapentaenoic acid, and 2.80 (1.10-7.10) in the second tertile of linolenic acid. Similarly, subjects in the highest tertile of omega-3:omega-6 fatty acid ratio showed a higher chance of improving glucose disturbances (2.51, 1.01-6.37). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the evidence of an independent protective effect of omega-3 fatty acid and of a higher omega-3:omega-6 fatty acid ratio on the glucose metabolism of high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Sartorelli
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Sebbagh N, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Ouali F, Berthault MF, Rouch C, Sari DC, Magnan C. Comparative effects of Citrullus colocynthis, sunflower and olive oil-enriched diet in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2009; 35:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Functional foods for health: focus on diabetes. Maturitas 2009; 62:263-9. [PMID: 19233576 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is one of the fastest growing public health problems worldwide. Menopause may present additional challenges for women who have diabetes by increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and making blood glucose control more difficult. Functional foods may have the potential to improve glycemic control, but little evidence is known about the efficacy of these foods. The purpose of this literature review is to establish a recommendation for the intake of functional foods in a healthy diet - such as nuts, omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) and cinnamon - for the glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Nuts and omega-3 FAs appear to have an overall beneficial effect on CVD; however, their effect on glucose homeostasis is uncertain. In addition, cinnamon appears to inconsistently improve glycemic parameters in diabetic patients. Overall, more research on the potential effect of all of these functional foods on patients with type 2 diabetes is needed to able to make specific recommendations. In conclusion, there is reason to consider the inclusion of nuts and fish, as a source of omega-3 FAs, in the diets of individuals with diabetes in view of their potential to reduce CVD risk, even though their ability to influence overall glycemic control remains to be established.
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Yates A, Norwig J, Maroon JC, Bost J, Bradley JP, Duca M, Wecht DA, Grove R, Iso A, Cobb I, Ross N, Borden M. Evaluation of lipid profiles and the use of omega-3 essential Fatty Acid in professional football players. Sports Health 2009; 1:21-30. [PMID: 23015851 PMCID: PMC3445114 DOI: 10.1177/1941738108326978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research showed 82% of 233 retired National Football League players under age 50 had abnormal narrowing and blockages in arteries compared to the general population of the same age. It has been suggested that early screening and intervention in this at-risk population be a priority. HYPOTHESIS Omega-3 essential fatty acid has been shown to improve cardiovascular lipid risk factors and should improve lipid profiles in professional football players to help reduce their recently shown accelerated risk of developing cardiovascular disease. METHODS A total of 36 active national football players were randomly assigned to 2 groups: the first group (n = 20) was provided fish oil capsules (2200 mg of mixed docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid and 360 mg of other omega-3s), and the second group (n = 16) served as controls during a 60-day trial. Vertical Auto Profile cholesterol tests directly measuring serum low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and other subfractions were performed. Compliance, side effects, and seafood consumption data were also collected. Baseline, midpoint, and poststudy blood work measured plasma docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. RESULTS Treatment increased high-density lipoprotein (average percent change: +25.96, control +14.16), decreased triglycerides treatment (-8.06, control +43.98), very low-density lipoprotein treatment (-13.98, control +23.18), intermediate density lipoprotein (-27.58, control +12.07), remnant lipoproteins (-23.86, control +8.33), and very low-density lipoprotein-3 (-17.10, control +7.77). An average increase of 106.67% for docosahexaenoic acid and 365.82% for eicosapentaenoic acid compared to control was also shown. CONCLUSION Omega-3 supplementation significantly improved the lipid profile of active players randomized to treatment. These results suggest that fish oil supplementation is an effective way to increase eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid levels in plasma and should be considered as a method to improve modifiable cardiovascular risk lipid factors in professional football players. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A prospective study examining the effects of 60 days of a highly purified fish oil supplementation in professional football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Yates
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John Norwig
- Pittsburgh Steelers Football Club, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph C. Maroon
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey Bost
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James P. Bradley
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark Duca
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel A. Wecht
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan Grove
- Pittsburgh Steelers Football Club, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ariko Iso
- Pittsburgh Steelers Football Club, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ingrid Cobb
- Case Western Reserve Medical University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nathan Ross
- University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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Peripartal feeding strategy with different n-6:n-3 ratios in sows: effect on gene expression in backfat white adipose tissue postpartum. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:197-205. [PMID: 18498673 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508994782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the effects of two diets differing in n-6:n-3 ratio and prepartal feeding regime on gene expression of PPARgamma1a/1b, PPARgamma1c/1d, PPARgamma2, PPARgamma coactivator 1A (PPARGC1A), GLUT4, TNFalpha, adiponectin, leptin, leptin receptor (LEPR), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in sows' white adipose tissue on the first day of lactation. The relationship between mRNA expression of these genes and circulating insulin, leptin and thyroid hormones was also considered. Diets contained a low (supplemented with fish oil; f group) or a high (supplemented with sunflower oil; s group) n-6:n-3 ratio and were provided from 8 (f8, s8) or 3d (f3, s3) before parturition (onset day 8 or 3). A low n-6:n-3 ratio reduced the 1d postpartum expression of PPARgamma2 and PPARGC1A but only when applied from 3 d before parturition. Circulating leptin was negatively correlated with mRNA expression of adiponectin, LEPR and LPL, whereas thyroxine was positively correlated with levels of PPARGC1A. In conclusion, the effect of dietary treatments, e.g. altering the n-6:n-3 ratio, around parturition on the expression of crucial genes in nutrient metabolism can be modulated by the duration of application before parturition.
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Robinson LE, Buchholz AC, Mazurak VC. Inflammation, obesity, and fatty acid metabolism: influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on factors contributing to metabolic syndrome. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 32:1008-24. [PMID: 18059573 DOI: 10.1139/h07-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises an array of metabolic risk factors including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance. Individuals with MetS are at elevated risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Central to the etiology of MetS is an interrelated triad comprising inflammation, abdominal obesity, and aberrations in fatty acid metabolism, coupled with the more recently recognized changes in metabolism during the postprandial period. We review herein preliminary evidence regarding the role of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in modulating each of the components of the triad of adiposity, inflammation, and fatty acid metabolism, with particular attention to the role of the postprandial period as a contributor to the pathophysiology of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Room 336-B Animal Science and Nutrition Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Backes JM, Howard PA. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Emerging Role for Cardioprotection. Hosp Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.1310/hpj4303-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This continuing feature will update readers on recent developments in cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. Cardiovascular disease remains the number one killer in the United States and more clinical outcome trials have been conducted in cardiology than in any other field of medicine. Given this rapidly expanding knowledge base, pharmacists can have a significant impact on prevention and treatment—if they keep current with developments in drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Backes
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Lipid, Atherosclerosis and LDL Apheresis Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Patricia A. Howard
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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Hartweg J, Perera R, Montori V, Dinneen S, Neil HAW, Farmer A. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 2008:CD003205. [PMID: 18254017 PMCID: PMC9006221 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003205.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk from cardiovascular disease. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known to reduce triglyceride levels, but their impact on cholesterol levels, glycemic control and vascular outcomes are not well known. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of omega-3 PUFA supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes, cholesterol levels and glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. SEARCH STRATEGY We carried out a comprehensive search of The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, bibliographies of relevant papers and contacted experts for identifying additional trials. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials were included where omega-3 PUFA supplementation or dietary intake was randomly allocated and unconfounded in people with type 2 diabetes. Authors of large trials were contacted for missing information. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Trials were assessed for inclusion. Authors were contacted for missing information. Data was extracted and quality assessed independently in duplicate. Fixed-effect meta-analysis was carried out. MAIN RESULTS Twenty three randomised controlled trials (1075 participants) were included with a mean treatment duration of 8.9 weeks. The mean dose of omega-3 PUFA used in the trials was 3.5 g/d. No trials with vascular events or mortality endpoints were identified. Among those taking omega-3 PUFA triglyceride levels were significantly lowered by 0.45 mmol/L (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.58 to -0.32, P < 0.00001) and VLDL cholesterol lowered by -0.07 mmol/L (95% CI -0.13 to 0.00, P = 0.04). LDL cholesterol levels were raised by 0.11 mmol/L (95% CI 0.00 to 0.22, P = 0.05). No significant change in or total or HDL cholesterol, HbA1c, fasting glucose, fasting insulin or body weight was observed. The increase in VLDL remained significant only in trials of longer duration and in hypertriglyceridemic patients. The elevation in LDL cholesterol was non-significant in subgroup analyses. No adverse effects of the intervention were reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 PUFA supplementation in type 2 diabetes lowers triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol, but may raise LDL cholesterol (although results were non-significant in subgroups) and has no statistically significant effect on glycemic control or fasting insulin. Trials with vascular events or mortality defined endpoints are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hartweg
- University of Oxford, Division of Public Health & Primary Care, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK OX3 7LF.
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Kabir M, Skurnik G, Naour N, Pechtner V, Meugnier E, Rome S, Quignard-Boulangé A, Vidal H, Slama G, Clément K, Guerre-Millo M, Rizkalla SW. Treatment for 2 mo with n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces adiposity and some atherogenic factors but does not improve insulin sensitivity in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:1670-9. [PMID: 18065585 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information is lacking on the potential effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether n-3 PUFAs have additional effects on adiposity, insulin sensitivity, adipose tissue function (production of adipokines and inflammatory and atherogenic factors), and gene expression in type 2 diabetes. DESIGN Twenty-seven women with type 2 diabetes without hypertriglyceridemia were randomly allocated in a double-blind parallel design to 2 mo of 3 g/d of either fish oil (1.8 g n-3 PUFAs) or placebo (paraffin oil). RESULTS Although body weight and energy intake measured by use of a food diary were unchanged, total fat mass (P < 0.019) and subcutaneous adipocyte diameter (P < 0.0018) were lower in the fish oil group than in the placebo group. Insulin sensitivity was not significantly different between the 2 groups (measured by homeostasis model assessment in all patients and by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp in a subgroup of 5 patients per group). By contrast, atherogenic risk factors, including plasma triacylglycerol (P < 0.03), the ratio of triacylglycerol to HDL cholesterol (atherogenic index, P < 0.03), and plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (P < 0.01), were lower in the fish oil group than in the placebo group. In addition, a subset of inflammation-related genes was reduced in subcutaneous adipose tissue after the fish oil, but not the placebo, treatment. CONCLUSIONS A moderate dose of n-3 PUFAs for 2 mo reduced adiposity and atherogenic markers without deterioration of insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Some adipose tissue inflammation-related genes were also reduced. These beneficial effects could be linked to morphologic and inflammatory changes in adipose tissue. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT0037.
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Hartweg J, Farmer AJ, Perera R, Holman RR, Neil HAW. Meta-analysis of the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipoproteins and other emerging lipid cardiovascular risk markers in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1593-602. [PMID: 17541540 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS To determine the effects of marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on established and emerging lipid and lipoprotein cardiovascular risk markers in patients with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing dietary or non-dietary intake of n-3 PUFA with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes by searching databases from 1966 to December 2006. Changes in the following variables were recorded triacylglycerol; total cholesterol; HDL, LDL and VLDL and their subfractions; lipid ratios; apolipoproteins; and cholesterol particle sizes. RESULTS There were 23 trials on non-dietary supplementation, involving 1,075 subjects with a mean treatment duration of 8.9 weeks, with sufficient data to permit pooling. Compared with placebo, n-3 PUFA had a statistically significant effect on four outcomes, reducing levels of (1) triacylglycerol (18 trials, 969 subjects) by 25% (mean 0.45 mmol/l; 95% CI -0.58 to -0.32; p < 0.00001); (2) VLDL-cholesterol (7 trials, 238 subjects) by 36% (0.07 mmol/l; 95% CI -0.13 to 0.00; p = 0.04); and (3) VLDL-triacylglycerol (6 trials, 178 subjects) by 39.7% (0.44 mmol/l; 95% CI -0.83 to -0.05; p = 0.03); while slightly increasing LDL (16 trials, 565 subjects) by 5.7% (0.11 mmol/l; 95% CI 0.00 to 0.22; p = 0.05). There were no significant effects on total cholesterol, apolipoproteins, lipid subfractions or ratios. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In addition to recognised triacylglycerol-lowering effects, n-3 PUFA supplementation decreases VLDL-cholesterol and VLDL-triacylglycerol, but may have an adverse effect on LDL-cholesterol. Larger and longer term clinical trials are required to conclusively establish the effect of n-3 PUFA on cardiovascular risk markers and outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hartweg
- Division of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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De Caterina R, Madonna R, Bertolotto A, Schmidt EB. n-3 fatty acids in the treatment of diabetic patients: biological rationale and clinical data. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:1012-26. [PMID: 17251279 DOI: 10.2337/dc06-1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Mostad IL, Bjerve KS, Lydersen S, Grill V. Effects of marine n-3 fatty acid supplementation on lipoprotein subclasses measured by nuclear magnetic resonance in subjects with type II diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 62:419-29. [PMID: 17327864 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure effects of fish oil supplements on lipoprotein subclasses by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in subjects with type II diabetes and relate them to insulin sensitivity. DESIGN Two-armed, parallel, placebo-controlled, randomized. SUBJECTS Normotriglyceridemic subjects with type II diabetes without insulin treatment were given either fish oil (n=12, median intake 5.9 g/day total n-3 fatty acids (FA) (1.8 g 20:5n-3, 3.0 g 22:6n-3)) or corn oil (n=14, 8.5 g/day 18:2n-6 FA). METHODS Size and concentration of lipoproteins subclasses were measured by NMR, insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic, isoglycemic clamps. RESULTS After 9 weeks, there were differences between those treated with fish and corn oil with respect to very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) size (median -15 vs +0.6%, P=0.001), particle concentrations of large VLDL (-99 vs -4.1%, P=0.041) and small high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (-12 vs +10%, P=0.051). Compared with corn oil fish oil tended to increase HDL size and small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration (P=0.063 and 0.068, respectively, for differences between groups). There was no effect on oxidized LDL. Insulin sensitivity (glucose utilization) decreased in the fish oil group compared with the corn oil group (P=0.049). The decrease in insulin sensitivity did not correlate with the effects on lipoprotein subclasses. CONCLUSIONS A high intake of n-3 FA exerts effects on several lipoprotein subclasses without obvious influence from changes in insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Mostad
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Hartweg J, Farmer AJ, Holman RR, Neil HAW. Meta-analysis of the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on haematological and thrombogenic factors in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2007; 50:250-8. [PMID: 17119918 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS To determine whether marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) (also known as omega-3 fatty acids) have beneficial effects on haematological and thrombogenic risk markers in addition to dyslipidaemia, in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing dietary or non-dietary intake of n-3 PUFA with placebo in type 2 diabetes was conducted by systematically searching databases from 1966 to February 2006. Changes in C-reactive protein, IL-6, TNF-alpha, platelet function, fibrinogen, factor VII, von Willebrand factor, endothelial function, heart rate and blood pressure were recorded. Inclusion of studies, data extraction and quality were assessed independently in duplicate. RESULTS Twelve trials involving 847 subjects with a mean treatment duration of 8.5 weeks included sufficient data to permit pooling. Compared with placebo, n-3 PUFA supplementation had a significant effect on two outcomes: reducing the level of diastolic blood pressure (five trials, 248 subjects) by a mean of 1.8 mm Hg (95% CI 0.0-3.6, p = 0.05) and increasing factor VII (two trials, 116 subjects) by 24.9% (95% CI 7.2-42.6, p = 0.006). There were no significant effects on systolic blood pressure, fibrinogen or heart rate. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results suggest that, in addition to the recognised effects on dyslipidaemia, n-3 PUFA decreases diastolic blood pressure, and appears to increase factor VII. Larger and more rigorously conducted clinical trials are required to establish conclusively the role of n-3 PUFA in cardiovascular risk markers and clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hartweg
- Division of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Balk EM, Lichtenstein AH, Chung M, Kupelnick B, Chew P, Lau J. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk: A systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2006; 189:19-30. [PMID: 16530201 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Greater fish oil consumption has been associated with reduced CVD risk, although the mechanisms are unclear. Plant-source oil omega-3 fatty acids (ALA) have also been studied regarding their cardiovascular effect. We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effect of consumption of fish oil and ALA on commonly measured serum CVD risk factors, performing meta-analyses when appropriate. Combining 21 trials evaluating lipid outcomes, fish oil consumption resulted in a summary net change in triglycerides of -27 (95% CI -33, -20)mg/dL, in HDL cholesterol of +1.6 (95% CI +0.8, +2.3)mg/dL, and in LDL cholesterol of +6 (95% CI +3, +8)mg/dL. There was no effect of fish oil on total cholesterol. Across studies, higher fish oil dose and higher baseline levels were associated with greater reductions in serum triglycerides. Overall, the 27 fish oil trials evaluating Hgb A(1c) or FBS found small non-significant net increases compared to control oils. Five studies of ALA were inconsistent in their effects on lipids, Hgb A(1c) or FBS. Four studies investigating the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on hs-CRP were also inconsistent and non-significant. The evidence supports a dose-dependent beneficial effect of fish oil on serum triglycerides, particularly among people with more elevated levels. Fish oil consumption also modestly improves HDL cholesterol, increases LDL cholesterol levels, but does not appear to adversely affect glucose homeostasis. The evidence regarding the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on hs-CRP is inconclusive, as are data on ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Balk
- Tufts-New England Medical Center Evidence-based Practice Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts-New England Medical Center, NEMC #63, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Mostad IL, Bjerve KS, Bjorgaas MR, Lydersen S, Grill V. Effects of n-3 fatty acids in subjects with type 2 diabetes: reduction of insulin sensitivity and time-dependent alteration from carbohydrate to fat oxidation. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84:540-50. [PMID: 16960167 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.3.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of fish oil supplements on metabolic variables are insufficiently clarified in type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate short-term (1 wk) and longer-term (9 wk) effects of n-3 fatty acids. DESIGN Twenty-six subjects with type 2 diabetes without hypertriacylglycerolemia participated in a double-blind controlled study. Median intake in the intervention group was 17.6 mL fish oil/d (1.8 g 20:5n-3, 3.0 g 22:6n-3, and 5.9 g total n-3 fatty acids). The control group received 17.8 mL corn oil/d (8.5 g 18:2n-6). RESULTS Plasma phospholipid 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 increased, whereas 18:2n-6 decreased, in the fish oil group compared with the corn oil group after 1 wk. The two n-3 fatty acids also increased in adipose tissue biopsy samples taken after 9 wk in the fish oil group. Glucose concentrations (home-monitored) were approximately 1 mmol/L higher in the fish oil group than in the corn oil group at the end of the intervention (P = 0.035). Glucose utilization measured by using an isoglycemic clamp was lowered in the fish oil group compared with that in the corn oil group at the end of the intervention (P = 0.049), whereas glucagon-stimulated C-peptide tended to increase (P = 0.078). The fish oil group utilized less fat for oxidation after 1 wk, with a change to more fat and less carbohydrate oxidation after 9 wk (P = 0.040), than did the corn oil group. CONCLUSION A high intake of fish oil moderately increases blood glucose and decreases insulin sensitivity in persons with type 2 diabetes without hypertriacylglycerolemia and alters carbohydrate and fat utilization in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid L Mostad
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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Abstract
It is now established that dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved in health promotion and disease prevention, particularly those traditionally derived from marine sources (e.g., eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid). A number of organizations have made specific recommendations for the general population to increase their intakes of these nutrients. In response to and along with these recommendations, n-3 PUFAs are being incorporated into nontraditional food sources because of advances in the technology to safely enrich/fortify our food supply. Fatty acid compositions of traditional oils (e.g., canola and soybean) are being genetically modified to deliver more highly concentrated sources of n-3 PUFA. The advent of algal sources of docosahexaenoic acid provides one of the few terrestrial sources of this fatty acid in a concentrated form. All of this is possible because of newer technologies (microencapsulation) and improved processing techniques that ensure stability and preserve the integrity of these unstable fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Whelan
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA.
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Levy E, Spahis S, Ziv E, Marette A, Elchebly M, Lambert M, Delvin E. Overproduction of intestinal lipoprotein containing apolipoprotein B-48 in Psammomys obesus: impact of dietary n-3 fatty acids. Diabetologia 2006; 49:1937-45. [PMID: 16788801 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Emerging evidence underscores the important role of the small intestine in the pathogenesis of dyslipidaemia in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. We therefore tested the hypothesis that n-3 fatty acids improve the various events governing intra-enterocyte lipid transport in Psammomys obesus gerbils, a model of nutritionally induced metabolic syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were carried out on Psammomys obesus gerbils that were assigned to an isocaloric control diet and a diet rich in fish oil for 6 weeks. RESULTS Increased dietary intake of fish oil lowered body weight and improved hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. It simultaneously decreased de novo intestinal lipogenesis and lipid esterification of the major lipid classes, e.g. triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesteryl esters, particularly in insulin-resistant and diabetic animals. Accordingly, lessened activity of monoacylglycerol and diacylglycerol acyltransferase was recorded. As assessed in cultured jejunal explants incubated with either [(14)C]-oleic acid or [(35)S]-methionine, fish oil feeding resulted in diminished triglyceride-rich lipoprotein assembly and apolipoprotein (apo) B-48 biogenesis, respectively. The mechanisms did not involve apo B-48 transcription or alter the gene expression and activity of the critical microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. Rather, the suppressed production of apo B-48 by n-3 fatty acids was associated with intracellular proteasome-mediated posttranslational downregulation in insulin-resistant and diabetic animals. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data highlight the beneficial impact of n-3 fatty acids on adverse effects of the metabolic syndrome and emphasise their influence on intestinal lipid transport, an effect which may limit postprandial lipaemia and the risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Levy
- Department of Nutrition, Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital and University of Montréal, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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McAuley K, Mann J. Thematic review series: Patient-Oriented Research. Nutritional determinants of insulin resistance. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1668-76. [PMID: 16720893 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r600015-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpreting the literature relating to the nutritional determinants of insulin resistance is complicated by the wide range of methods used to determine insulin sensitivity. Excess adiposity is unquestionably the most important determinant of insulin resistance, although the effect may be tempered by a relatively high proportion of lean body mass. Weight loss is associated with improved insulin sensitivity. Thus, diet-related factors that promote excessive energy intake may be regarded as promoters of insulin resistance. In the context of energy balance, diets characterized by high intakes of saturated fat and low intakes of dietary fiber are associated with reduced insulin sensitivity. Total fat intakes greater than the usually consumed range appear to promote insulin resistance, although the relative proportions of total fat and carbohydrate within the usual range appear unimportant. Monounsaturated fatty acids with a cis configuration and fiber-rich carbohydrate foods appear to be appropriate substitutes for saturated fatty acids and rapidly digested glycemic carbohydrates. In animal studies, n-3 unsaturated fatty acids have been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity and fructose and sucrose to increase insulin resistance. However, human data are limited. Large prospective studies currently being conducted should confirm the most appropriate macronutrient composition of diets for preventing and treating insulin resistance as well as establishing whether a range of candidate genes explains the variation in response to dietary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten McAuley
- Edgar National Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Saldeen P, Saldeen T. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Structure, Function, and Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome, Infertility, and Pregnancy. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2006; 4:138-48. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2006.4.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Saldeen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Malmö University Hospital, University of Lund, and IVF Clinic Cura, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tom Saldeen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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Tappy L, Berger MM, Schwarz JM, Schneiter P, Kim S, Revelly JP, Chioléro R. Metabolic effects of parenteral nutrition enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in critically ill patients. Clin Nutr 2006; 25:588-95. [PMID: 16697496 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS n-3 fatty acids are expected to downregulate the inflammatory responses, and hence may decrease insulin resistance. On the other hand, n-3 fatty acid supplementation has been reported to increase glycemia in type 2 diabetes. We therefore assessed the effect of n-3 fatty acids delivered with parenteral nutrition on glucose metabolism in surgical intensive care patients. METHODS Twenty-four surgical intensive care patients were randomized to receive parenteral nutrition providing 1.25 times their fasting energy expenditure, with 0.25 g of either an n-3 fatty acid enriched-or a soy bean-lipid emulsion. Energy metabolism, glucose production, gluconeogenesis and hepatic de novo lipogenesis were evaluated after 4 days. RESULTS Total energy expenditure was significantly lower in patients receiving n-3 fatty acids (0.015+/-0.001 vs. 0.019+/-0.001 kcal/kg/min with soy bean lipids (P<0.05)). Glucose oxidation, lipid oxidation, glucose production, gluconeogenesis, hepatic de novo lipogenesis, plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon concentrations did not differ (all P>0.05) in the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS n-3 fatty acids were well tolerated in this group of severely ill patients. They decreased total energy expenditure without adverse metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Tappy
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Fletcher B, Berra K, Ades P, Braun LT, Burke LE, Durstine JL, Fair JM, Fletcher GF, Goff D, Hayman LL, Hiatt WR, Miller NH, Krauss R, Kris-Etherton P, Stone N, Wilterdink J, Winston M. Managing abnormal blood lipids: a collaborative approach. Circulation 2006; 112:3184-209. [PMID: 16286609 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.169180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Current data and guidelines recommend treating abnormal blood lipids (ABL) to goal. This is a complex process and requires involvement from various healthcare professionals with a wide range of expertise. The model of a multidisciplinary case management approach for patients with ABL is well documented and described. This collaborative approach encompasses primary and secondary prevention across the lifespan, incorporates nutritional and exercise management as a significant component, defines the importance and indications for pharmacological therapy, and emphasizes the importance of adherence. Use of this collaborative approach for the treatment of ABL ultimately will improve cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality.
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