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Sedrakyan S. Kidney Endothelial Cell Biology in Health and Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:522-524. [PMID: 38588513 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sargis Sedrakyan
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Division of Urology, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, California, and Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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2
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Jiang Z, Waterbury QT, Malagola E, Fu N, Kim W, Ochiai Y, Wu F, Guha C, Shawber CJ, Yan KS, Wang TC. Microbial-Dependent Recruitment of Immature Myeloid Cells Promotes Intestinal Regeneration. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:321-346. [PMID: 37898454 PMCID: PMC10821484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal epithelium functions both in nutrient absorption and as a barrier, separating the luminal contents from a network of vascular, fibroblastic, and immune cells underneath. After injury to the intestine, multiple cell populations cooperate to drive regeneration of the mucosal barrier, including lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). A population of granulocytic immature myeloid cells (IMCs), marked by Hdc, participate in regeneration of multiple organs such as the colon and central nervous system, and their contribution to intestinal regeneration was investigated. METHODS By using male and female histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) green fluorescent reporter (GFP) mice, we investigated the role of Hdc+ IMCs in intestinal regeneration after exposure to 12 Gy whole-body irradiation. The movement of IMCs was analyzed using flow cytometry and immunostaining. Ablation of Hdc+ cells using the HdcCreERT2 tamoxifen-inducible recombinase Cre system, conditional knockout of Prostaglandin-endoperoxidase synthase 2 (Ptgs2) in Hdc+ cells using HdcCre; Ptgs2 floxed mice, and visualization of LECs using Prox1tdTomato mice also was performed. The role of microbial signals was investigated by knocking down mice gut microbiomes using antibiotic cocktail gavages. RESULTS We found that Hdc+ IMCs infiltrate the injured intestine after irradiation injury and promote epithelial regeneration in part by modulating LEC activity. Hdc+ IMCs express Ptgs2 (encoding cyclooxygenase-2/COX-2), and enables them to produce prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandin E2 acts on the prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 receptor (EP4) on LECs to promote lymphangiogenesis and induce the expression of proregenerative factors including R-spondin 3. Depletion of gut microbes leads to reduced intestinal regeneration by impaired recruitment of IMCs. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results unveil a critical role for IMCs in intestinal repair by modulating LEC activity and implicate gut microbes as mediators of intestinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Jiang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Quin T Waterbury
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ermanno Malagola
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Na Fu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Woosook Kim
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yosuke Ochiai
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Feijing Wu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York; Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Carrie J Shawber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Kelley S Yan
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
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3
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Laaker C, Baenen C, Kovács KG, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Immune cells as messengers from the CNS to the periphery: the role of the meningeal lymphatic system in immune cell migration from the CNS. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233908. [PMID: 37662908 PMCID: PMC10471710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades there has been a large focus on understanding the mechanisms of peripheral immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) in neuroinflammatory diseases. This intense research led to several immunomodulatory therapies to attempt to regulate immune cell infiltration at the blood brain barrier (BBB), the choroid plexus (ChP) epithelium, and the glial barrier. The fate of these infiltrating immune cells depends on both the neuroinflammatory environment and their type-specific interactions with innate cells of the CNS. Although the fate of the majority of tissue infiltrating immune cells is death, a percentage of these cells could become tissue resident immune cells. Additionally, key populations of immune cells can possess the ability to "drain" out of the CNS and act as messengers reporting signals from the CNS toward peripheral lymphatics. Recent data supports that the meningeal lymphatic system is involved not just in fluid homeostatic functions in the CNS but also in facilitating immune cell migration, most notably dendritic cell migration from the CNS to the meningeal borders and to the draining cervical lymph nodes. Similar to the peripheral sites, draining immune cells from the CNS during neuroinflammation have the potential to coordinate immunity in the lymph nodes and thus influence disease. Here in this review, we will evaluate evidence of immune cell drainage from the brain via the meningeal lymphatics and establish the importance of this in animal models and humans. We will discuss how targeting immune cells at sites like the meningeal lymphatics could provide a new mechanism to better provide treatment for a variety of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Laaker
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Cameron Baenen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kristóf G. Kovács
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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4
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He Y, Kim J, Tacconi C, Moody J, Dieterich LC, Anzengruber F, Maul JT, Gousopoulos E, Restivo G, Levesque MP, Lindenblatt N, Shin JW, Hon CC, Detmar M. Mediators of Capillary-to-Venule Conversion in the Chronic Inflammatory Skin Disease Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3313-3326.e13. [PMID: 35777499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis, immune cell infiltration and vascular remodeling. Despite the emerging recognition of vascular normalization as a potential strategy for managing psoriasis, an in-depth delineation of the remodeled dermal vasculature has been missing. In this study, we exploited 5' single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate the transcriptomic alterations in different subpopulations of blood vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells directly isolated from psoriatic and healthy human skin. Individual subtypes of endothelial cells underwent specific molecular repatterning associated with cell adhesion and extracellular matrix organization. Blood capillaries, in particular, showed upregulation of the melanoma cell adhesion molecule as well as its binding partners and adopted postcapillary venule‒like characteristics during chronic inflammation that are more permissive to leukocyte transmigration. We also identified psoriasis-specific interactions between cis-regulatory enhancers and promoters for each endothelial cell subtype, revealing the dysregulated gene regulatory networks in psoriasis. Together, our results provide more insights into the specific transcriptional responses and epigenetic signatures of endothelial cells lining different vessel compartments in chronic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang He
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jihye Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Tacconi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jonathan Moody
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Lothar C Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Anzengruber
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine - Dermatology, Cantonal Hospital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Julia-Tatjana Maul
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gaetana Restivo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicole Lindenblatt
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jay W Shin
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chung-Chau Hon
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Pappolla MA, Carare RO, Poeggeler B, Wisniewski T, Sambamurti K. The Lymphatic System in Neurological Disease and Alzheimer's Disease. A Brief Editorial. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:689-693. [PMID: 36306458 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221028111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Pappolla
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Burkhand Poeggeler
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach- Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Am Türmchen 3, Gütersloh 33332, Germany
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kumar Sambamurti
- Department of Neurosciences, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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6
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Zhang Z, Zhang N, Yu J, Xu W, Gao J, Lv X, Wen Z. The Role of Podoplanin in the Immune System and Inflammation. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3561-3572. [PMID: 35747250 PMCID: PMC9212786 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s366620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin is a small cell-surface mucin-like glycoprotein that participates in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Podoplanin exerts an important function in the immune response and is upregulated in fibroblasts, macrophages, T helper cells, and epithelial cells during inflammation. Herein, we summarize the latest knowledge on the functional expression of podoplanin in the immune system and review the contribution of podoplanin to several inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we discuss podoplanin as a novel therapeutic target for various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiameng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongmei Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
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7
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Davila ML, Xu M, Huang C, Gaddes ER, Winter L, Cantorna MT, Wang Y, Xiong N. CCL27 is a crucial regulator of immune homeostasis of the skin and mucosal tissues. iScience 2022; 25:104426. [PMID: 35663027 PMCID: PMC9157018 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant immune cells reside in barrier tissues. Understanding the regulation of these cells can yield insights on their roles in tissue homeostasis and inflammation. Here, we report that the chemokine CCL27 is critical for establishment of resident lymphocytes and immune homeostasis in barrier tissues. CCL27 expression is associated with normal skin and hair follicle development independent of commensal bacterial stimulation, indicative of a homeostatic role for the chemokine. Accordingly, in the skin of CCL27-knockout mice, there is a reduced presence and dysregulated localization of T cells that express CCR10, the cognate receptor to CCL27. Besides, CCL27-knockout mice have overreactive skin inflammatory responses in an imiquimod-induced model of psoriasis. Beyond the skin, CCL27-knockout mice have increased infiltration of CCR10+ T cells into lungs and reproductive tracts, the latter of which also exhibit spontaneous inflammation. Our findings demonstrate that CCL27 is critical for immune homeostasis across barrier tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha L Davila
- Immunology and Infectious Disease Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Joe R. & Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Code 7758, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Joe R. & Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Code 7758, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Chengyu Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Joe R. & Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Code 7758, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Erin R Gaddes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 526 CBEB, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Levi Winter
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Margherita T Cantorna
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 526 CBEB, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Na Xiong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Joe R. & Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Code 7758, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,Department of Medicine-Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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8
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Singla B, Aithabathula RV, Kiran S, Kapil S, Kumar S, Singh UP. Reactive Oxygen Species in Regulating Lymphangiogenesis and Lymphatic Function. Cells 2022; 11:1750. [PMID: 35681445 PMCID: PMC9179518 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is pivotal for immunosurveillance and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing vessels, has both physiological and pathological roles. Recent advances in the molecular mechanisms regulating lymphangiogenesis have opened a new area of research on reparative lymphangiogenesis for the treatment of various pathological disorders comprising neurological disorders, cardiac repair, autoimmune disease, obesity, atherosclerosis, etc. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the various cell types serve as signaling molecules in several cellular mechanisms and regulate various aspects of growth-factor-mediated responses, including lymphangiogenesis. The ROS, including superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, play both beneficial and detrimental roles depending upon their levels and cellular microenvironment. Low ROS levels are essential for lymphangiogenesis. On the contrary, oxidative stress due to enhanced ROS generation and/or reduced levels of antioxidants suppresses lymphangiogenesis via promoting lymphatic endothelial cell apoptosis and death. In this review article, we provide an overview of types and sources of ROS, discuss the role of ROS in governing lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic function, and summarize the role of lymphatics in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Singla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Ravi Varma Aithabathula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Sonia Kiran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Shweta Kapil
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children′s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Udai P. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
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9
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Michalak-Micka K, Rütsche D, Johner L, Moehrlen U, Biedermann T, Klar AS. Expression Profile of CD157 Reveals Functional Heterogeneity of Capillaries in Human Dermal Skin. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030676. [PMID: 35327478 PMCID: PMC8945771 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD157 acts as a receptor, regulating leukocyte trafficking and the binding of extracellular matrix components. However, the expression pattern and the role of CD157 in human blood (BEC) and the lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) of human dermal microvascular cells (HDMEC), remain elusive. We demonstrated constitutive expression of CD157 on BEC and LEC, in fetal and juvenile/adult skin, in situ, as well as in isolated HDMEC. Interestingly, CD157 epitopes were mostly localized on BEC, co-expressing high levels of CD31 (CD31High), as compared to CD31Low BEC, whereas the podoplanin expression level on LEC did not affect CD157. Cultured HDMEC exhibited significantly higher numbers of CD157-positive LEC, as compared to BEC. Interestingly, separated CD157− and CD157+ HDMEC demonstrated no significant differences in clonal expansion in vitro, but they showed distinct expression levels of cell adhesion molecules, before and after cytokine stimulation in vitro. In particular, we proved the enhanced and specific adherence of CD11b-expressing human blood myeloid cells to CD157+ HDMEC fraction, using an in vitro immune-binding assay. Indeed, CD157 was also involved in chemotaxis and adhesion of CD11b/c monocytes/neutrophils in prevascularized dermo–epidermal skin substitutes (vascDESS) in vivo. Thus, our data attribute specific roles to endothelial CD157, in the regulation of innate immunity during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Michalak-Micka
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.M.-M.); (D.R.); (L.J.); (U.M.); (T.B.)
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Rütsche
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.M.-M.); (D.R.); (L.J.); (U.M.); (T.B.)
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Johner
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.M.-M.); (D.R.); (L.J.); (U.M.); (T.B.)
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Moehrlen
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.M.-M.); (D.R.); (L.J.); (U.M.); (T.B.)
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Biedermann
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.M.-M.); (D.R.); (L.J.); (U.M.); (T.B.)
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agnes S. Klar
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.M.-M.); (D.R.); (L.J.); (U.M.); (T.B.)
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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10
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das Neves SP, Delivanoglou N, Da Mesquita S. CNS-Draining Meningeal Lymphatic Vasculature: Roles, Conundrums and Future Challenges. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:655052. [PMID: 33995074 PMCID: PMC8113819 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.655052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A genuine and functional lymphatic vascular system is found in the meninges that sheath the central nervous system (CNS). This unexpected (re)discovery led to a reevaluation of CNS fluid and solute drainage mechanisms, neuroimmune interactions and the involvement of meningeal lymphatics in the initiation and progression of neurological disorders. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the development, morphology and unique functional features of meningeal lymphatics. An outline of the different factors that affect meningeal lymphatic function, such as growth factor signaling and aging, and their impact on the continuous drainage of brain-derived molecules and meningeal immune cells into the cervical lymph nodes is also provided. We also highlight the most recent discoveries about the roles of the CNS-draining lymphatic vasculature in different pathologies that have a strong neuroinflammatory component, including brain trauma, tumors, and aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Lastly, we provide a critical appraisal of the conundrums, challenges and exciting questions involving the meningeal lymphatic system that ought to be investigated in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandro Da Mesquita
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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11
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Martínez-Rodríguez M, Monteagudo C. CCL27 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1302:113-132. [PMID: 34286445 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-62658-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a group of small proteins which play an important role in leukocyte migration and invasion. They are also involved in the cellular proliferation and migration of tumor cells.Chemokine CCL27 (cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine, CTACK) is mainly expressed by keratinocytes of the normal epidermis. It is well known that this chemokine plays an important role in several inflammatory diseases of the skin, such as atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, and psoriasis. Moreover, several studies have shown an association between CCL27 expression and a variety of neoplasms including skin cancer.In this chapter, we address the role of chemokine CCL27 in the tumor microenvironment in the most relevant cancers of the skin and other anatomical locations. We also make a brief comment on future perspectives and the potential relation of CCL27 with different immunotherapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Monteagudo
- Department of Pathology, University Clinic Hospital-INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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12
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Takeda A, Hollmén M, Dermadi D, Pan J, Brulois KF, Kaukonen R, Lönnberg T, Boström P, Koskivuo I, Irjala H, Miyasaka M, Salmi M, Butcher EC, Jalkanen S. Single-Cell Survey of Human Lymphatics Unveils Marked Endothelial Cell Heterogeneity and Mechanisms of Homing for Neutrophils. Immunity 2019; 51:561-572.e5. [PMID: 31402260 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels form a critical component in the regulation of human health and disease. While their functional significance is increasingly being recognized, the comprehensive heterogeneity of lymphatics remains uncharacterized. Here, we report the profiling of 33,000 lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in human lymph nodes (LNs) by single-cell RNA sequencing. Unbiased clustering revealed six major types of human LECs. LECs lining the subcapsular sinus (SCS) of LNs abundantly expressed neutrophil chemoattractants, whereas LECs lining the medullary sinus (MS) expressed a C-type lectin CD209. Binding of a carbohydrate Lewis X (CD15) to CD209 mediated neutrophil binding to the MS. The neutrophil-selective homing by MS LECs may retain neutrophils in the LN medulla and allow lymph-borne pathogens to clear, preventing their spread through LNs in humans. Our study provides a comprehensive characterization of LEC heterogeneity and unveils a previously undefined role for medullary LECs in human immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Takeda
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maija Hollmén
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Denis Dermadi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Junliang Pan
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and The Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Francis Brulois
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Riina Kaukonen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tapio Lönnberg
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Boström
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Koskivuo
- Department of Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Irjala
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland
| | - Masayuki Miyasaka
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Interdisciplinary Program for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Marko Salmi
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and The Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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13
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Farnsworth RH, Karnezis T, Maciburko SJ, Mueller SN, Stacker SA. The Interplay Between Lymphatic Vessels and Chemokines. Front Immunol 2019; 10:518. [PMID: 31105685 PMCID: PMC6499173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of small protein cytokines that act as chemoattractants to migrating cells, in particular those of the immune system. They are categorized functionally as either homeostatic, constitutively produced by tissues for basal levels of cell migration, or inflammatory, where they are generated in association with a pathological inflammatory response. While the extravasation of leukocytes via blood vessels is a key step in cells entering the tissues, the lymphatic vessels also serve as a conduit for cells that are recruited and localized through chemoattractant gradients. Furthermore, the growth and remodeling of lymphatic vessels in pathologies is influenced by chemokines and their receptors expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in and around the pathological tissue. In this review we summarize the diverse role played by specific chemokines and their receptors in shaping the interaction of lymphatic vessels, immune cells, and other pathological cell types in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae H Farnsworth
- Tumor Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara Karnezis
- Lymphatic and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon J Maciburko
- Lymphatic and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Tumor Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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14
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Podoplanin in Inflammation and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030707. [PMID: 30736372 PMCID: PMC6386838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin is a small cell-surface mucin-like glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in the development of the alveoli, heart, and lymphatic vascular system. Emerging evidence indicates that it is also involved in the control of mammary stem-cell activity and biogenesis of platelets in the bone marrow, and exerts an important function in the immune response. Podoplanin expression is upregulated in different cell types, including fibroblasts, macrophages, T helper cells, and epithelial cells, during inflammation and cancer, where it plays important roles. Podoplanin is implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, promotes inflammation-driven and cancer-associated thrombosis, and stimulates cancer cell invasion and metastasis through a variety of strategies. To accomplish its biological functions, podoplanin must interact with other proteins located in the same cell or in neighbor cells. The binding of podoplanin to its ligands leads to modulation of signaling pathways that regulate proliferation, contractility, migration, epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. In this review, we describe the diverse roles of podoplanin in inflammation and cancer, depict the protein ligands of podoplanin identified so far, and discuss the mechanistic basis for the involvement of podoplanin in all these processes.
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15
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Karnezis T, Farnsworth RH, Harris NC, Williams SP, Caesar C, Byrne DJ, Herle P, Macheda ML, Shayan R, Zhang YF, Yazar S, Takouridis SJ, Gerard C, Fox SB, Achen MG, Stacker SA. CCL27/CCL28-CCR10 Chemokine Signaling Mediates Migration of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1558-1572. [PMID: 30709930 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis via the lymphatic vasculature is an important step in cancer progression. The formation of new lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis), or remodeling of existing lymphatics, is thought to facilitate the entry and transport of tumor cells into lymphatic vessels and on to distant organs. The migration of lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) toward guidance cues is critical for lymphangiogenesis. While chemokines are known to provide directional navigation for migrating immune cells, their role in mediating LEC migration during tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis is not well defined. Here, we undertook gene profiling studies to identify chemokine-chemokine receptor pairs that are involved in tumor lymphangiogenesis associated with lymph node metastasis. CCL27 and CCL28 were expressed in tumor cells with metastatic potential, while their cognate receptor, CCR10, was expressed by LECs and upregulated by the lymphangiogenic growth factor VEGFD and the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα. Migration assays demonstrated that LECs are attracted to both CCL27 and CCL28 in a CCR10-dependent manner, while abnormal lymphatic vessel patterning in CCR10-deficient mice confirmed the significant role of CCR10 in lymphatic patterning. In vivo analyses showed that LECs are recruited to a CCL27 or CCL28 source, while VEGFD was required in combination with these chemokines to enable formation of coherent lymphatic vessels. Moreover, tumor xenograft experiments demonstrated that even though CCL27 expression by tumors enhanced LEC recruitment, the ability to metastasize was dependent on the expression of VEGFD. These studies demonstrate that CCL27 and CCL28 signaling through CCR10 may cooperate with inflammatory mediators and VEGFD during tumor lymphangiogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE: The study shows that the remodeling of lymphatic vessels in cancer is influenced by CCL27 and CCL28 chemokines, which may provide a future target to modulate metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Karnezis
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Nicole C Harris
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven P Williams
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carol Caesar
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Byrne
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prad Herle
- O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria L Macheda
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ramin Shayan
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - You-Fang Zhang
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sezer Yazar
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon J Takouridis
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig Gerard
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marc G Achen
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Richard S Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Tampa, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shaquria P Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Walter L Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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17
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Hu X, Luo J. Heterogeneity of tumor lymphangiogenesis: Progress and prospects. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3005-3012. [PMID: 30007095 PMCID: PMC6172057 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis and increased expression of lymphangiogenic growth factors are associated with high rates of lymph node (LN) metastasis and with poor prognosis in some, but not all, solid tumors. In addition to its involvement in metastasis, lymphangiogenesis has been shown to have other roles in tumor pathogenesis, such as the niche function of tumor stem cells and regulatory functions of antitumor immune responses. In contrast, evidence has accumulated that tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis displays the heterogeneity in gene signature, structure, cellular origins and functional plasticity. This review summarizes the advances in the research on the heterogeneity of tumor lymphangiogenesis and discusses how it may contribute to functional complexity and multiplicity of lymphangiogenesis in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jincai Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
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18
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Lymphatics in Neurological Disorders: A Neuro-Lympho-Vascular Component of Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease? Neuron 2017; 91:957-973. [PMID: 27608759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature drains interstitial fluids, which contain the tissue's waste products, and ensures immune surveillance of the tissues, allowing immune cell recirculation. Until recently, the CNS was considered to be devoid of a conventional lymphatic vasculature. The recent discovery in the meninges of a lymphatic network that drains the CNS calls into question classic models for the drainage of macromolecules and immune cells from the CNS. In the context of neurological disorders, the presence of a lymphatic system draining the CNS potentially offers a new player and a new avenue for therapy. In this review, we will attempt to integrate the known primary functions of the tissue lymphatic vasculature that exists in peripheral organs with the proposed function of meningeal lymphatic vessels in neurological disorders, specifically multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. We propose that these (and potentially other) neurological afflictions can be viewed as diseases with a neuro-lympho-vascular component and should be therapeutically targeted as such.
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19
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Thiriot A, Perdomo C, Cheng G, Novitzky-Basso I, McArdle S, Kishimoto JK, Barreiro O, Mazo I, Triboulet R, Ley K, Rot A, von Andrian UH. Differential DARC/ACKR1 expression distinguishes venular from non-venular endothelial cells in murine tissues. BMC Biol 2017; 15:45. [PMID: 28526034 PMCID: PMC5438556 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravascular leukocyte recruitment in most vertebrate tissues is restricted to postcapillary and collecting venules, whereas capillaries and arterioles usually support little or no leukocyte adhesion. This segmental restriction is thought to be mediated by endothelial, rather than hemodynamic, differences. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown, in part because effective tools to distinguish, isolate, and analyze venular endothelial cells (V-ECs) and non-venular endothelial cells (NV-ECs) have been unavailable. We hypothesized that the atypical chemokine receptor DARC (Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines, a.k.a. ACKR1 or CD234) may distinguish V-ECs versus NV-ECs in mice. METHODS We generated a rat-anti-mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb) that specifically recognizes the erythroid and endothelial forms of native, surface-expressed DARC. Using this reagent, we characterized DARC expression and distribution in the microvasculature of murine tissues. RESULTS DARC was exquisitely restricted to post-capillary and small collecting venules and completely absent from arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, and most lymphatics in every tissue analyzed. Accordingly, intravital microscopy showed that adhesive leukocyte-endothelial interactions were restricted to DARC+ venules. DARC was detectable over the entire circumference of V-ECs, but was more concentrated at cell-cell junctions. Analysis of single-cell suspensions suggested that the frequency of V-ECs among the total microvascular EC pool varies considerably between different tissues. CONCLUSIONS Immunostaining of endothelial DARC allows the identification and isolation of intact V-ECs from multiple murine tissues. This strategy may be useful to dissect the mechanisms underlying segmental microvascular specialization in healthy and diseased tissues and to characterize the role of EC subsets in tissue-homeostasis, immune surveillance, infection, inflammation, and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Thiriot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology & HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Carolina Perdomo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology & HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Guiying Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology & HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Igor Novitzky-Basso
- Center for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD, Heslington, York, UK
- Present address: Blood and Marrow Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sara McArdle
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jamie K Kishimoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology & HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Olga Barreiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology & HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Irina Mazo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology & HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Antal Rot
- Center for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology & HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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20
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Bonavita O, Mollica Poeta V, Setten E, Massara M, Bonecchi R. ACKR2: An Atypical Chemokine Receptor Regulating Lymphatic Biology. Front Immunol 2017; 7:691. [PMID: 28123388 PMCID: PMC5225091 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays an important role in the induction of the immune response by transporting antigens, inflammatory mediators, and leukocytes from peripheral tissues to draining lymph nodes. It is emerging that lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are playing an active role in this context via the expression of chemokines, inflammatory mediators promoting cell migration, and chemokine receptors. Particularly, LECs express atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs), which are unable to promote conventional signaling and cell migration while they are involved in the regulation of chemokine availability. Here, we provide a summary of the data on the role of ACKR2 expressed by lymphatics, indicating an essential role for this ACKRs in the regulation of the inflammation and the immune response in different pathological conditions, including infection, allergy, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Bonavita
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Valeria Mollica Poeta
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Elisa Setten
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Massara
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Bonecchi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
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21
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Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is not considered a formal part of the immune system, but it is critical to immunity. One of its major roles is in the coordination of the trafficking of antigen and immune cells. However, other roles in immunity are emerging. Lymphatic endothelial cells, for example, directly present antigen or express factors that greatly influence the local environment. We cover these topics herein and discuss how other properties of the lymphatic vasculature, such as mechanisms of lymphatic contraction (which immunologists traditionally do not take into account), are nonetheless integral in the immune system. Much is yet unknown, and this nascent subject is ripe for exploration. We argue that to consider the impact of lymphatic biology in any given immunological interaction is a key step toward integrating immunology with organ physiology and ultimately many complex pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Stoyan Ivanov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
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22
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Yu ZY, Sun D, Luo Y, Liu NF. Abnormal mural cell recruitment in lymphatic capillaries: a common pathological feature in chronic lymphedematous skin? Microcirculation 2016; 23:495-502. [PMID: 27455448 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-You Yu
- Lymphology Centre of Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Di Sun
- Lymphology Centre of Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yi Luo
- Lymphology Centre of Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Ning-Fei Liu
- Lymphology Centre of Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
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23
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Ulvmar MH, Mäkinen T. Heterogeneity in the lymphatic vascular system and its origin. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:310-21. [PMID: 27357637 PMCID: PMC4996263 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have historically been viewed as passive conduits for fluid and immune cells, but this perspective is increasingly being revised as new functions of lymphatic vessels are revealed. Emerging evidence shows that lymphatic endothelium takes an active part in immune regulation both by antigen presentation and expression of immunomodulatory genes. In addition, lymphatic vessels play an important role in uptake of dietary fat and clearance of cholesterol from peripheral tissues, and they have been implicated in obesity and arteriosclerosis. Lymphatic vessels within different organs and in different physiological and pathological processes show a remarkable plasticity and heterogeneity, reflecting their functional specialization. In addition, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) of different organs were recently shown to have alternative developmental origins, which may contribute to the development of the diverse lymphatic vessel and endothelial functions seen in the adult. Here, we discuss recent developments in the understanding of heterogeneity within the lymphatic system considering the organ-specific functional and molecular specialization of LECs and their developmental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Ulvmar
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 752 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 752 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Henri O, Pouehe C, Houssari M, Galas L, Nicol L, Edwards-Lévy F, Henry JP, Dumesnil A, Boukhalfa I, Banquet S, Schapman D, Thuillez C, Richard V, Mulder P, Brakenhielm E. Selective Stimulation of Cardiac Lymphangiogenesis Reduces Myocardial Edema and Fibrosis Leading to Improved Cardiac Function Following Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 2016; 133:1484-97; discussion 1497. [PMID: 26933083 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lymphatic system regulates interstitial tissue fluid balance, and lymphatic malfunction causes edema. The heart has an extensive lymphatic network displaying a dynamic range of lymph flow in physiology. Myocardial edema occurs in many cardiovascular diseases, eg, myocardial infarction (MI) and chronic heart failure, suggesting that cardiac lymphatic transport may be insufficient in pathology. Here, we investigate in rats the impact of MI and subsequent chronic heart failure on the cardiac lymphatic network. Further, we evaluate for the first time the functional effects of selective therapeutic stimulation of cardiac lymphangiogenesis post-MI. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated cardiac lymphatic structure and function in rats with MI induced by either temporary occlusion (n=160) or permanent ligation (n=100) of the left coronary artery. Although MI induced robust, intramyocardial capillary lymphangiogenesis, adverse remodeling of epicardial precollector and collector lymphatics occurred, leading to reduced cardiac lymphatic transport capacity. Consequently, myocardial edema persisted for several months post-MI, extending from the infarct to noninfarcted myocardium. Intramyocardial-targeted delivery of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3-selective designer protein VEGF-CC152S, using albumin-alginate microparticles, accelerated cardiac lymphangiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner and limited precollector remodeling post-MI. As a result, myocardial fluid balance was improved, and cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, and dysfunction were attenuated. CONCLUSIONS We show that, despite the endogenous cardiac lymphangiogenic response post-MI, the remodeling and dysfunction of collecting ducts contribute to the development of chronic myocardial edema and inflammation-aggravating cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction. Moreover, our data reveal that therapeutic lymphangiogenesis may be a promising new approach for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orianne Henri
- From Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Rouen, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); Normandy University & University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.G., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., D.S., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (L.G., D.S.); PICTUR, In Vivo Imaging Platform, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (L.N., C.T., P.M.); Reims Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France (F.E.-L,); and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, France (C.T.)
| | - Chris Pouehe
- From Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Rouen, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); Normandy University & University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.G., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., D.S., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (L.G., D.S.); PICTUR, In Vivo Imaging Platform, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (L.N., C.T., P.M.); Reims Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France (F.E.-L,); and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, France (C.T.)
| | - Mahmoud Houssari
- From Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Rouen, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); Normandy University & University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.G., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., D.S., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (L.G., D.S.); PICTUR, In Vivo Imaging Platform, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (L.N., C.T., P.M.); Reims Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France (F.E.-L,); and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, France (C.T.)
| | - Ludovic Galas
- From Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Rouen, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); Normandy University & University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.G., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., D.S., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (L.G., D.S.); PICTUR, In Vivo Imaging Platform, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (L.N., C.T., P.M.); Reims Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France (F.E.-L,); and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, France (C.T.)
| | - Lionel Nicol
- From Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Rouen, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); Normandy University & University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.G., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., D.S., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (L.G., D.S.); PICTUR, In Vivo Imaging Platform, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (L.N., C.T., P.M.); Reims Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France (F.E.-L,); and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, France (C.T.)
| | - Florence Edwards-Lévy
- From Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Rouen, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); Normandy University & University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.G., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., D.S., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (L.G., D.S.); PICTUR, In Vivo Imaging Platform, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (L.N., C.T., P.M.); Reims Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France (F.E.-L,); and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, France (C.T.)
| | - Jean-Paul Henry
- From Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Rouen, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); Normandy University & University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.G., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., D.S., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (L.G., D.S.); PICTUR, In Vivo Imaging Platform, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (L.N., C.T., P.M.); Reims Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France (F.E.-L,); and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, France (C.T.)
| | - Anais Dumesnil
- From Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Rouen, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); Normandy University & University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.G., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., D.S., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (L.G., D.S.); PICTUR, In Vivo Imaging Platform, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (L.N., C.T., P.M.); Reims Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France (F.E.-L,); and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, France (C.T.)
| | - Inès Boukhalfa
- From Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Rouen, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); Normandy University & University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.G., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., D.S., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (L.G., D.S.); PICTUR, In Vivo Imaging Platform, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (L.N., C.T., P.M.); Reims Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France (F.E.-L,); and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, France (C.T.)
| | - Sébastien Banquet
- From Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Rouen, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); Normandy University & University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.G., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., D.S., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (L.G., D.S.); PICTUR, In Vivo Imaging Platform, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (L.N., C.T., P.M.); Reims Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France (F.E.-L,); and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, France (C.T.)
| | - Damien Schapman
- From Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Rouen, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); Normandy University & University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.G., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., D.S., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (L.G., D.S.); PICTUR, In Vivo Imaging Platform, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (L.N., C.T., P.M.); Reims Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France (F.E.-L,); and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, France (C.T.)
| | - Christian Thuillez
- From Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Rouen, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); Normandy University & University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.G., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., D.S., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (L.G., D.S.); PICTUR, In Vivo Imaging Platform, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (L.N., C.T., P.M.); Reims Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France (F.E.-L,); and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, France (C.T.)
| | - Vincent Richard
- From Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Rouen, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); Normandy University & University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.G., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., D.S., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (L.G., D.S.); PICTUR, In Vivo Imaging Platform, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (L.N., C.T., P.M.); Reims Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France (F.E.-L,); and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, France (C.T.)
| | - Paul Mulder
- From Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Rouen, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); Normandy University & University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.G., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., D.S., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (L.G., D.S.); PICTUR, In Vivo Imaging Platform, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (L.N., C.T., P.M.); Reims Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France (F.E.-L,); and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, France (C.T.)
| | - Ebba Brakenhielm
- From Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Rouen, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); Normandy University & University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (O.H., C.P., M.H., L.G., L.N., J.-P.H., A.D., I.B., S.B., D.S., C.T., V.R., P.M., E.B.); PRIMACEN, Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Inserm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (L.G., D.S.); PICTUR, In Vivo Imaging Platform, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, France (L.N., C.T., P.M.); Reims Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 7312 CNRS-URCA, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France (F.E.-L,); and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, France (C.T.)
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Russo E, Teijeira A, Vaahtomeri K, Willrodt AH, Bloch JS, Nitschké M, Santambrogio L, Kerjaschki D, Sixt M, Halin C. Intralymphatic CCL21 Promotes Tissue Egress of Dendritic Cells through Afferent Lymphatic Vessels. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1723-1734. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Ogata F, Fujiu K, Matsumoto S, Nakayama Y, Shibata M, Oike Y, Koshima I, Watabe T, Nagai R, Manabe I. Excess Lymphangiogenesis Cooperatively Induced by Macrophages and CD4(+) T Cells Drives the Pathogenesis of Lymphedema. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 136:706-714. [PMID: 27015456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphedema is a debilitating progressive condition that severely restricts quality of life and is frequently observed after cancer surgery. The mechanism underlying lymphedema development remains poorly understood, and no effective pharmacological means to prevent or alleviate the ailment is currently available. Using a mouse model of lymphedema, we show here that excessive generation of immature lymphatic vessels is essential for initial edema development and that this early process is also important for later development of lymphedema pathology. We found that CD4(+) T cells interact with macrophages to promote lymphangiogenesis, and that both lymphangiogenesis and edema were greatly reduced in macrophage-depleted mice, lymphocyte-deficient Rag2(?/?) mice or CD4(+) T-cell-deficient mice. Mechanistically, T helper type 1 and T helper type 17 cells activate lesional macrophages to produce vascular endothelial growth factor-C, which promotes lymphangiogenesis, and inhibition of this mechanism suppressed not only early lymphangiogenesis, but also later development of lymphedema. Finally, we show that atorvastatin suppresses excessive lymphangiogenesis and lymphedema by inhibiting T helper type 1 and T helper type 17 cell activation. These results demonstrate that the interaction between CD4(+) T cells and macrophages is a potential therapeutic target for prevention of lymphedema after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusa Ogata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Fujiu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative, Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sahohime Matsumoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative, Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiteru Nakayama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Munehiko Shibata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oike
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Isao Koshima
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Watabe
- Section of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Bio-matrix, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Aging Research, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
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Norman S, Riley PR. Anatomy and development of the cardiac lymphatic vasculature: Its role in injury and disease. Clin Anat 2015; 29:305-15. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Norman
- Department of Physiology; Anatomy and Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Riley
- Department of Physiology; Anatomy and Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford United Kingdom
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Nassiri N, Rootman J, Rootman DB, Goldberg RA. Orbital lymphaticovenous malformations: Current and future treatments. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 60:383-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mężyk-Kopeć R, Wyroba B, Stalińska K, Próchnicki T, Wiatrowska K, Kilarski WW, Swartz MA, Bereta J. ADAM17 Promotes Motility, Invasion, and Sprouting of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132661. [PMID: 26176220 PMCID: PMC4503755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated lymphatic vessels actively participate in tumor progression and dissemination. ADAM17, a sheddase for numerous growth factors, cytokines, receptors, and cell adhesion molecules, is believed to promote tumor development, facilitating both tumor cell proliferation and migration, as well as tumor angiogenesis. In this work we addressed the issue of whether ADAM17 may also promote tumor lymphangiogenesis. First, we found that ADAM17 is important for the migratory potential of immortalized human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC). When ADAM17 was stably silenced in LEC, their proliferation was not affected, but: (i) single-cell motility, (ii) cell migration through a 3D Matrigel/collagen type I matrix, and (iii) their ability to form sprouts in a 3D matrix were significantly diminished. The differences in the cell motility between ADAM17-proficient and ADAM17-silenced cells were eliminated by inhibitors of EGFR and HER2, indicating that ADAM17-mediated shedding of growth factors accounts for LEC migratory potential. Interestingly, ADAM17 depletion affected the integrin surface expression/functionality in LEC. ADAM17-silenced cells adhered to plastic, type I collagen, and fibronectin faster than their ADAM17-proficient counterparts. The difference in adhesion to fibronectin was abolished by a cyclic RGD peptide, emphasizing the involvement of integrins in the process. Using a soluble receptor array, we identified BIG-H3 among several candidate proteins involved in the phenotypic and behavioral changes of LEC upon ADAM17 silencing. In additional assays, we confirmed the increased expression of BIG-H3, as well as TGFβ2 in ADAM17-silenced LEC. The antilymphangiogenic effects of ADAM17 silencing in lymphatic endothelial cells suggest further relevance of ADAM17 as a potential target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Mężyk-Kopeć
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Barbara Wyroba
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krystyna Stalińska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Próchnicki
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Wiatrowska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Witold W. Kilarski
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joanna Bereta
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Keller T, Kalt R, Raab I, Schachner H, Mayrhofer C, Kerjaschki D, Hantusch B. Selection of scFv Antibody Fragments Binding to Human Blood versus Lymphatic Endothelial Surface Antigens by Direct Cell Phage Display. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127169. [PMID: 25993332 PMCID: PMC4439027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of marker molecules specific for blood and lymphatic endothelium may provide new diagnostic tools and identify new targets for therapy of immune, microvascular and cancerous diseases. Here, we used a phage display library expressing human randomized single-chain Fv (scFv) antibodies for direct panning against live cultures of blood (BECs) and lymphatic (LECs) endothelial cells in solution. After six panning rounds, out of 944 sequenced antibody clones, we retrieved 166 unique/diverse scFv fragments, as indicated by the V-region sequences. Specificities of these phage clone antibodies for respective compartments were individually tested by direct cell ELISA, indicating that mainly pan-endothelial cell (EC) binders had been selected, but also revealing a subset of BEC-specific scFv antibodies. The specific staining pattern was recapitulated by twelve phage-independently expressed scFv antibodies. Binding capacity to BECs and LECs and differential staining of BEC versus LEC by a subset of eight scFv antibodies was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. As one antigen, CD146 was identified by immunoprecipitation with phage-independent scFv fragment. This antibody, B6-11, specifically bound to recombinant CD146, and to native CD146 expressed by BECs, melanoma cells and blood vessels. Further, binding capacity of B6-11 to CD146 was fully retained after fusion to a mouse Fc portion, which enabled eukaryotic cell expression. Beyond visualization and diagnosis, this antibody might be used as a functional tool. Overall, our approach provided a method to select antibodies specific for endothelial surface determinants in their native configuration. We successfully selected antibodies that bind to antigens expressed on the human endothelial cell surfaces in situ, showing that BECs and LECs share a majority of surface antigens, which is complemented by cell-type specific, unique markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Keller
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Kalt
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Raab
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Schachner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Corina Mayrhofer
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschki
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Hantusch
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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[Researcher of the month]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2015; 127:316-7. [PMID: 25906162 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-015-0791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rohringer S, Holnthoner W, Hackl M, Weihs AM, Rünzler D, Skalicky S, Karbiener M, Scheideler M, Pröll J, Gabriel C, Schweighofer B, Gröger M, Spittler A, Grillari J, Redl H. Molecular and cellular effects of in vitro shockwave treatment on lymphatic endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114806. [PMID: 25502694 PMCID: PMC4263473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal shockwave treatment was shown to improve orthopaedic diseases and wound healing and to stimulate lymphangiogenesis in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro shockwave treatment (IVSWT) effects on lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) behavior and lymphangiogenesis. We analyzed migration, proliferation, vascular tube forming capability and marker expression changes of LECs after IVSWT compared with HUVECs. Finally, transcriptome- and miRNA analyses were conducted to gain deeper insight into the IVSWT-induced molecular mechanisms in LECs. The results indicate that IVSWT-mediated proliferation changes of LECs are highly energy flux density-dependent and LEC 2D as well as 3D migration was enhanced through IVSWT. IVSWT suppressed HUVEC 3D migration but enhanced vasculogenesis. Furthermore, we identified podoplaninhigh and podoplaninlow cell subpopulations, whose ratios changed upon IVSWT treatment. Transcriptome- and miRNA analyses on these populations showed differences in genes specific for signaling and vascular tissue. Our findings help to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying shockwave-induced lymphangiogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rohringer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holnthoner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthias Hackl
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- TAmiRNA GmbH, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna M. Weihs
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Hoechstaedtplatz 6, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Rünzler
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Hoechstaedtplatz 6, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanna Skalicky
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- TAmiRNA GmbH, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Karbiener
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, Graz, Austria
| | - Marcel Scheideler
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Pröll
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Krankenhausstrasse 7, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian Gabriel
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Krankenhausstrasse 7, Linz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schweighofer
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Gröger
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Core Facility Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry & Surgical Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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Berendam SJ, Fallert Junecko BA, Murphey-Corb MA, Fuller DH, Reinhart TA. Isolation, characterization, and functional analysis of ferret lymphatic endothelial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 163:134-45. [PMID: 25540877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic endothelium (LE) serves as a conduit for transport of immune cells and soluble antigens from peripheral tissues to draining lymph nodes (LNs), contributing to development of host immune responses and possibly dissemination of microbes. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are major constituents of the lymphatic endothelium. These specialized cells could play important roles in initiation of host innate immune responses through sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including toll-like receptors (TLRs). LECs secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to create local inflammatory conditions for recruitment of naïve antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs) to sites of infection and/or vaccine administration. In this study, we examined the innate immune potential of primary LEC populations derived from multiple tissues of an animal model for human infectious diseases - the ferret. We generated a total of six primary LEC populations from lung, tracheal, and mesenteric LN tissues from three different ferrets. Standard RT-PCR characterization of these primary LECs showed that they varied in their expression of LEC markers. The ferret LECs were examined for their ability to respond to poly I:C (TLR3 and RIG-I ligand) and other known TLR ligands as measured by production of proinflammatory cytokine (IFNα, IL6, IL10, Mx1, and TNFα) and chemokine (CCL5, CCL20, and CXCL10) mRNAs using real time RT-PCR. Poly I:C exposure induced robust proinflammatory responses by all of the primary ferret LECs. Chemotaxis was performed to determine the functional activity of CCL20 produced by the primary lung LECs and showed that the LEC-derived CCL20 was abundant and functional. Taken together, our results continue to reveal the innate immune potential of primary LECs during pathogen-host interactions and expand our understanding of the roles LECs might play in health and disease in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella J Berendam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Beth A Fallert Junecko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Michael A Murphey-Corb
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Deborah H Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Todd A Reinhart
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Abstract
Lymphatic vessels (LVs) are involved in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes such as fluid homoeostasis, immune surveillance, and resolution of inflammation and wound healing. Lymphangiogenesis, the outgrowth of existing LVs and the formation of new ones, has received increasing attention over the past decade on account of its prominence in organ physiology and pathology, which has been enabled by the development of specific tools to study lymph vessel functions. Several studies have been devoted to renal lymphatic vasculature and lymphangiogenesis in kidney diseases, such as chronic renal transplant dysfunction, primary renal fibrotic disorders, proteinuria, diabetic nephropathy and renal inflammation. This review describes the most recent findings on lymphangiogenesis, with a specific focus on renal lymphangiogenesis and its impact on renal diseases. We suggest renal lymphatics as a possible target for therapeutic interventions in renal medicine to dampen tubulointerstitial tissue remodelling and improve renal functioning.
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Breslin JW. Mechanical forces and lymphatic transport. Microvasc Res 2014; 96:46-54. [PMID: 25107458 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the current understanding of how the lymphatic vessel network can optimize lymph flow in response to various mechanical forces. Lymphatics are organized as a vascular tree, with blind-ended initial lymphatics, precollectors, prenodal collecting lymphatics, lymph nodes, postnodal collecting lymphatics and the larger trunks (thoracic duct and right lymph duct) that connect to the subclavian veins. The formation of lymph from interstitial fluid depends heavily on oscillating pressure gradients to drive fluid into initial lymphatics. Collecting lymphatics are segmented vessels with unidirectional valves, with each segment, called a lymphangion, possessing an intrinsic pumping mechanism. The lymphangions propel lymph forward against a hydrostatic pressure gradient. Fluid is returned to the central circulation both at lymph nodes and via the larger lymphatic trunks. Several recent developments are discussed, including evidence for the active role of endothelial cells in lymph formation; recent developments on how inflow pressure, outflow pressure, and shear stress affect the pump function of the lymphangion; lymphatic valve gating mechanisms; collecting lymphatic permeability; and current interpretations of the molecular mechanisms within lymphatic endothelial cells and smooth muscle. An improved understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which lymphatic vessels sense mechanical stimuli, integrate the information, and generate the appropriate response is key for determining the pathogenesis of lymphatic insufficiency and developing treatments for lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Park DY, Lee J, Park I, Choi D, Lee S, Song S, Hwang Y, Hong KY, Nakaoka Y, Makinen T, Kim P, Alitalo K, Hong YK, Koh GY. Lymphatic regulator PROX1 determines Schlemm's canal integrity and identity. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3960-74. [PMID: 25061877 DOI: 10.1172/jci75392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Schlemm's canal (SC) is a specialized vascular structure in the eye that functions to drain aqueous humor from the intraocular chamber into systemic circulation. Dysfunction of SC has been proposed to underlie increased aqueous humor outflow (AHO) resistance, which leads to elevated ocular pressure, a factor for glaucoma development in humans. Here, using lymphatic and blood vasculature reporter mice, we determined that SC, which originates from blood vessels during the postnatal period, acquires lymphatic identity through upregulation of prospero homeobox protein 1 (PROX1), the master regulator of lymphatic development. SC expressed lymphatic valve markers FOXC2 and integrin α9 and exhibited continuous vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) junctions and basement membrane, similar to collecting lymphatics. SC notably lacked luminal valves and expression of the lymphatic endothelial cell markers podoplanin and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1). Using an ocular puncture model, we determined that reduced AHO altered the fate of SC both during development and under pathologic conditions; however, alteration of VEGF-C/VEGFR3 signaling did not modulate SC integrity and identity. Intriguingly, PROX1 expression levels linearly correlated with SC functionality. For example, PROX1 expression was reduced or undetectable under pathogenic conditions and in deteriorated SCs. Collectively, our data indicate that PROX1 is an accurate and reliable biosensor of SC integrity and identity.
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Abstract
Lymphatic vessels constitute a ubiquitous countercurrent system to the blood vasculature that returns interstitial fluid, salts, small molecules, resorbed fat, and cells to the bloodstream. They serve as conduits to lymph nodes and are essential for multiple physiologic activities. However, they are also hijacked by cancer cells to establish initial lymph node metastases, as well as by infectious agents and parasites. Despite these obvious important functions in human pathologies, a more detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the lymphatic vasculature has trailed that of the blood vasculature for many years, mainly because critical specific characteristics of lymphatic endothelial cells were discovered only recently. In this Review series, several major aspects of the active and passive involvement of the lymphatic vasculature in human disease and physiology are presented, with a focus on translational findings.
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Abstract
Chemokines have fundamental roles in regulating immune and inflammatory responses, primarily through their control of leukocyte migration and localization. The biological functions of chemokines are typically mediated by signalling through G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, but chemokines are also bound by a small family of atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs), the members of which are unified by their inability to initiate classical signalling pathways after ligand binding. These ACKRs are emerging as crucial regulatory components of chemokine networks in a wide range of developmental, physiological and pathological contexts. In this Review, we discuss the biochemical and immunological properties of ACKRs and the potential unifying themes in this family, and we highlight recent studies that identify novel roles for these molecules in development , homeostasis, inflammatory disease, infection and cancer.
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Dieterich LC, Seidel CD, Detmar M. Lymphatic vessels: new targets for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Angiogenesis 2013; 17:359-71. [PMID: 24212981 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays an important role in the physiological control of the tissue fluid balance and in the initiation of immune responses. Recent studies have shown that lymphangiogenesis, the growth of new lymphatic vessels and/or the expansion of existing lymphatic vessels, is a characteristic feature of acute inflammatory reactions and of chronic inflammatory diseases. In these conditions, lymphatic vessel expansion occurs at the tissue level but also within the draining lymph nodes. Surprisingly, activation of lymphatic vessel function by delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor-C exerts anti-inflammatory effects in several models of cutaneous and joint inflammation. These effects are likely mediated by enhanced drainage of extravasated fluid and inflammatory cells, but also by lymphatic vessel-mediated modulation of immune responses. Although some of the underlying mechanisms are just beginning to be identified, lymphatic vessels have emerged as important targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat inflammatory conditions. In this context, it is of great interest that some of the currently used anti-inflammatory drugs also potently activate lymphatic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar C Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI H 303, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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Haemmerle M, Keller T, Egger G, Schachner H, Steiner CW, Stokic D, Neumayer C, Brown MK, Kerjaschki D, Hantusch B. Enhanced lymph vessel density, remodeling, and inflammation are reflected by gene expression signatures in dermal lymphatic endothelial cells in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2013; 62:2509-29. [PMID: 23423575 PMCID: PMC3712036 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is associated with microvascular damage that causes frequent infections in the skin and chronic ulcers as a result of impaired wound healing. To trace the pathological changes, we performed a comprehensive analysis of lymphatic vessels in the skin of type 2 diabetic versus nondiabetic patients. The dermis revealed enhanced lymphatic vessel density, and transcriptional profiling of ex vivo isolated lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) identified 160 genes differentially expressed between type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic LECs. Bioinformatic analysis of deregulated genes uncovered sets functionally related to inflammation, lymphatic vessel remodeling, lymphangiogenesis, and lipid and small molecule transport. Furthermore, we traced CD68(+) macrophage accumulation and concomitant upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in type 2 diabetic skin. TNF-α treatment of LECs and its specific blockade in vitro reproduced differential regulation of a gene set that led to enhanced LEC mobility and macrophage attachment, which was mediated by the LEC-derived chemokine CXCL10. This study identifies lymph vessel gene signatures directly correlated with type 2 diabetes skin manifestations. In addition, we provide evidence for paracrine cross-talk fostering macrophage recruitment to LECs as one pathophysiological process that might contribute to aberrant lymphangiogenesis and persistent inflammation in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Haemmerle
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Keller
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerda Egger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Schachner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carl Walter Steiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dejan Stokic
- Section for Science of Complex Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Neumayer
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus K. Brown
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschki
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Hantusch
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author: Brigitte Hantusch,
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Choi I, Lee S, Hong YK. The new era of the lymphatic system: no longer secondary to the blood vascular system. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a006445. [PMID: 22474611 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The blood and lymphatic systems are the two major circulatory systems in our body. Although the blood system has been studied extensively, the lymphatic system has received much less scientific and medical attention because of its elusive morphology and mysterious pathophysiology. However, a series of landmark discoveries made in the past decade has begun to change the previous misconception of the lymphatic system to be secondary to the more essential blood vascular system. In this article, we review the current understanding of the development and pathology of the lymphatic system. We hope to convince readers that the lymphatic system is no less essential than the blood circulatory system for human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Graham GJ, Locati M, Mantovani A, Rot A, Thelen M. The biochemistry and biology of the atypical chemokine receptors. Immunol Lett 2012; 145:30-8. [PMID: 22698181 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A subset of chemokine receptors, initially called "silent" on the basis of their apparent failure to activate conventional signalling events, has recently attracted growing interest due to their ability to internalize, degrade, or transport ligands and thus modify gradients and create functional chemokine patterns in tissues. These receptors recognize distinct and complementary sets of ligands with high affinity, are strategically expressed in different cellular contexts, and lack structural determinants supporting Gα(i) activation, a key signalling event in cell migration. This is in keeping with the hypothesis that they have evolved to fulfil fundamentally different functions to the classical signalling chemokine receptors. Based on these considerations, these receptors (D6, Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), CCX-CKR1 and CXCR7) are now collectively considered as an emerging class of 'atypical' chemokine receptors. In this article, we review the biochemistry and biology of this emerging chemokine receptor subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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Radillo O, Norcio A, Addobbati R, Zauli G. Presence of CTAK/CCL27, MCP-3/CCL7 and LIF in human colostrum and breast milk. Cytokine 2012; 61:26-8. [PMID: 23040056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human colostrum and breast milk are known to contain high levels of cytokines and chemokines, which are thought to contribute to the development of the newborn. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in the presence and levels of 21 soluble cytokines and chemokines in paired samples of human colostrum (day 2 after delivery) and breast milk (day 4-5 after delivery) by using the multiplex technology. Of the 21 cytokine investigated in 10 pairs of samples, only β-NGF was absent in both colostrum and milk, while INF-α2, SCF and TNF-β were present in colostrum but not in human milk. As a general rule, colostrum contained higher concentrations of cytokines and chemokines with respect to breast milk. The majority of cytokines, detected in colostrum alone or in colostrum and human milk (IL-1α, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-16, IL-18, GRO-α, HGF, IFN-α2, M-CSF, MIF, MIG, TNF-β, SDF-1α, TRAIL) have been described in previous studies, while for the first time we describe the presence of additional cytokines either in colostrum alone (SCF) or in both colostrum and breast milk (CTAK/CCL27, MCP-3/CCL7, LIF). Our data confirm and expand previous studies showing that some cytokines/chemokines, which might contribute to the development of the gastro-intestinal and nervous systems, are overexpressed in human colostrum and breast milk, and might contribute to the development of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriano Radillo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
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Novitzky-Basso I, Rot A. Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines and its involvement in patterning and control of inflammatory chemokines. Front Immunol 2012; 3:266. [PMID: 22912641 PMCID: PMC3421148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte functions are linked to their migratory responses, which, in turn, are largely determined by the expression profile of classical chemokine receptors. Upon binding their cognate chemokines, these G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) initiate signaling cascades and downstream molecular and cellular responses, including integrin activation and cell locomotion. Chemokines also bind to an alternative subset of chemokine receptors, which have serpentine structure characteristic for GPCRs but lack DRYLAIV consensus motive required for coupling to G-proteins. Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) is a member of this atypical receptor subfamily. DARC binds a broad range of inflammatory CXC and CC chemokines and is expressed by erythrocytes, venular endothelial cells, and cerebellar neurons. Erythrocyte DARC serves as blood reservoir of cognate chemokines but also as a chemokine sink, buffering potential surges in plasma chemokine levels. Endothelial cell DARC internalizes chemokines on the basolateral cell surface resulting in subsequent transcytosis of chemokines and their immobilization on the tips of apical microvilli. These DARC-mediated endothelial cell interactions allow chemokines produced in the extravascular tissues to optimally function as arrest chemokines on the luminal endothelial cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antal Rot
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Infection and Immunity, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
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Wiig H, Swartz MA. Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Formation and Transport: Physiological Regulation and Roles in Inflammation and Cancer. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1005-60. [PMID: 22811424 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The interstitium describes the fluid, proteins, solutes, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) that comprise the cellular microenvironment in tissues. Its alterations are fundamental to changes in cell function in inflammation, pathogenesis, and cancer. Interstitial fluid (IF) is created by transcapillary filtration and cleared by lymphatic vessels. Herein we discuss the biophysical, biomechanical, and functional implications of IF in normal and pathological tissue states from both fluid balance and cell function perspectives. We also discuss analysis methods to access IF, which enables quantification of the cellular microenvironment; such methods have demonstrated, for example, that there can be dramatic gradients from tissue to plasma during inflammation and that tumor IF is hypoxic and acidic compared with subcutaneous IF and plasma. Accumulated recent data show that IF and its convection through the interstitium and delivery to the lymph nodes have many and diverse biological effects, including in ECM reorganization, cell migration, and capillary morphogenesis as well as in immunity and peripheral tolerance. This review integrates the biophysical, biomechanical, and biological aspects of interstitial and lymph fluid and its transport in tissue physiology, pathophysiology, and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Wiig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; and Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; and Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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46
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Seeger H, Bonani M, Segerer S. The role of lymphatics in renal inflammation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:2634-41. [PMID: 22622451 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive renal diseases are characterized by tubulointerstitial inflammatory cell recruitment, tubular atrophy and fibrosis. Various aspects of the recruitment of leukocytes have been extensively studied, but the exit routes (i.e. the lymphatic vessels and their biology) have only recently found attention. Similar to the recruitment of inflammatory cells, the exit is coordinated by an orchestrated interaction of chemotactic cytokines and adhesion molecules. During inflammatory injury, new routes are created by the de novo formation of lymphatic vessels, i.e. neolymphangiogenesis. These newly formed lymphatic vessels help to cope with the increase in interstitial fluid related to inflammation. Here, we review some aspects of lymphatic biology and the current knowledge about lymphatic vessels in renal inflammation.
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Wu X, Yu Z, Liu N. Comparison of approaches for microscopic imaging of skin lymphatic vessels. SCANNING 2012; 34:174-180. [PMID: 21898460 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of skin lymphatic vessels is of great significance in understanding their roles in many pathological conditions. Our aim was to identify the optimal approach for investigation of cutaneous lymphatic system. We performed comparative studies on skin lymphatic vessels using immunohistochemistry of tissue sections, computer graphic reconstruction method together with immunohistochemically stained serial sections and whole mount fluorescence in human lower limb. Lymphatic vessels were identified with podoplanin antibody. The relative merits and drawbacks of each method in evaluation of structure, spatial organization, and distribution of cutaneous lymphatic vessels were described. Immunohistology of tissue sections enabled the investigation of the structure and distribution of the whole cutaneous lymphatic system in two-dimensional slices, whereas three-dimensional morphology of only the most superficial lymph capillary network immediately under the epidermis could be evaluated with the whole mount technique. Meanwhile, only little segmentation of skin lymphatic vessel from five immunohistochemically stained serial sections was reconstructed and evaluated due to expense and special skills required using computer graphic three-dimensional reconstruction. Furthermore, a great number of artifacts and special skills required in its processes leaded to less accurate structure of skin lymphatic vessels. Our findings demonstrated that the use of either of the proposed techniques alone could not allow a comprehensive analysis of the skin lymphatic system due to their relative drawbacks. Combination of immunohistology of tissue sections and three-dimensional whole-mount preparations appears to be the best candidate for comprehensive evaluation of skin lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Wu
- Lymphology Center of Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Sozio F, Rossi A, Weber E, Abraham DJ, Nicholson AG, Wells AU, Renzoni EA, Sestini P. Morphometric analysis of intralobular, interlobular and pleural lymphatics in normal human lung. J Anat 2012; 220:396-404. [PMID: 22283705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of their presumed relevance in maintaining interalveolar septal fluid homeostasis, the knowledge of the anatomy of human lung lymphatics is still incomplete. The recent discovery of reliable markers specific for lymphatic endothelium has led to the observation that, contrary to previous assumptions, human lymphatic vessels extend deep inside the pulmonary lobule in association with bronchioles, intralobular arterioles or small pulmonary veins. The aim of this study was to provide a morphometric characterization of lymphatic vessels in the periphery of the human lung. Human lung sections were immunolabelled with the lymphatic marker D2-40, followed by blood vessel staining with von Willebrand Factor. Lymphatic vessels were classified into: intralobular (including those associated with bronchovascular bundles, perivascular, peribronchiolar and interalveolar), pleural (in the connective tissue of the visceral pleura), and interlobular (in interlobular septa). The percentage area occupied by the lymphatic lumen was much greater in the interlobular septa and in the subpleural space than in the lobule. Most of the intralobular lymphatic vessels were in close contact with a blood vessel, either alone or within a bronchovascular bundle, whereas 7% were associated with a bronchiole and < 1% were not connected to blood vessels or bronchioles (interalveolar). Intralobular lymphatic size progressively decreased from bronchovascular through to peribronchiolar, perivascular and interalveolar lymphatics. Lymphatics associated with bronchovascular bundles had similar morphometric characteristics to pleural and interlobular lymphatics. Shape factors were similar across lymphatic populations, except that peribronchiolar lymphatics had a marginally increased roundness and circularity, suggesting a more regular shape due to increased filling, and interlobular lymphatics had greater elongation, due to a greater proportion of conducting lymphatics cut longitudinally. Unsupervised cluster analysis confirmed a marked heterogeneity of lymphatic vessels both within and between groups, with a cluster of smaller vessels specifically represented in perivascular and interalveolar lymphatics within the alveolar interstitium. Our data indicate that intralobular lymphatics are a heterogeneous population, including vessels surrounding the bronchovascular bundle analogous to the conducting vessels present in the pleural and interlobular septa, many small perivascular lymphatics responsible for maintaining fluid balance in the alveolar interstitium, and a minority of intermediate lymphatics draining the peripheral airways. These lymphatic populations could be differentially involved in the pathogenesis of diseases preferentially involving distinct lung compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sozio
- Department of Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Alitalo A, Detmar M. Interaction of tumor cells and lymphatic vessels in cancer progression. Oncogene 2011; 31:4499-508. [PMID: 22179834 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic spread of cancer through the lymphatic system affects hundreds of thousands of patients yearly. Growth of new lymphatic vessels, lymphangiogenesis, is activated in cancer and inflammation, but is largely inactive in normal physiology, and therefore offers therapeutic potential. Key mediators of lymphangiogenesis have been identified in developmental studies. During embryonic development, lymphatic endothelial cells derive from the blood vascular endothelium and differentiate under the guidance of lymphatic-specific regulators, such as the prospero homeobox 1 transcription factor. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and VEGF receptor 3 signaling are essential for the further development of lymphatic vessels and therefore they provide a promising target for inhibition of tumor lymphangiogenesis. Lymphangiogenesis is important for the progression of solid tumors as shown for melanoma and breast cancer. Tumor cells may use chemokine gradients as guidance cues and enter lymphatic vessels through intercellular openings between endothelial cell junctions or, possibly, by inducing larger discontinuities in the endothelial cell layer. Tumor-draining sentinel lymph nodes show enhanced lymphangiogenesis even before cancer metastasis and they may function as a permissive 'lymphovascular niche' for the survival of metastatic cells. Although our current knowledge indicates that the development of anti-lymphangiogenic therapies may be beneficial for the treatment of cancer patients, several open questions remain with regard to the frequency, mechanisms and biological importance of lymphatic metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alitalo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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