1
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Yang F, Suo M, Weli H, Wong M, Junidi A, Cummings C, Johnson R, Mallory K, Liu AY, Greenberg ZJ, Schuettpelz LG, Miller MJ, Luke CJ, Randolph GJ, Zinselmeyer BH, Wardenburg JB, Clemens RA. Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin impairs early neutrophil localization via electrogenic disruption of store-operated calcium entry. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113394. [PMID: 37950870 PMCID: PMC10731421 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The pore-forming S. aureus α-toxin (Hla) contributes to virulence and disease pathogenesis. While high concentrations of toxin induce cell death, neutrophils exhibit relative resistance to lysis, suggesting that the action of Hla may not be solely conferred by lytic susceptibility. Using intravital microscopy, we observed that Hla disrupts neutrophil localization and clustering early in infection. Hla forms a narrow, ion-selective pore, suggesting that Hla may dysregulate calcium or other ions to impair neutrophil function. We found that sub-lytic Hla did not permit calcium influx but caused rapid membrane depolarization. Depolarization decreases the electrogenic driving force for calcium, and concordantly, Hla suppressed calcium signaling in vitro and in vivo and calcium-dependent leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production, a key mediator of neutrophil clustering. Thus, Hla disrupts the early patterning of the neutrophil response to infection, in part through direct impairment of neutrophil calcium signaling. This early mis-localization of neutrophils may contribute to establishment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mingyi Suo
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Homayemem Weli
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mason Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alex Junidi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Celeste Cummings
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ryan Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kiara Mallory
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Annie Y Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zev J Greenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura G Schuettpelz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mark J Miller
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cliff J Luke
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Regina A Clemens
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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2
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Barisas DAG, Kabir AU, Wu J, Krchma K, Kim M, Subramanian M, Zinselmeyer BH, Stewart CL, Choi K. Tumor-derived interleukin-1α and leukemia inhibitory factor promote extramedullary hematopoiesis. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001746. [PMID: 37134077 PMCID: PMC10155962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) expands hematopoietic capacity outside of the bone marrow in response to inflammatory conditions, including infections and cancer. Because of its inducible nature, EMH offers a unique opportunity to study the interaction between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and their niche. In cancer patients, the spleen frequently serves as an EMH organ and provides myeloid cells that may worsen pathology. Here, we examined the relationship between HSPCs and their splenic niche in EMH in a mouse breast cancer model. We identify tumor produced IL-1α and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) acting on splenic HSPCs and splenic niche cells, respectively. IL-1α induced TNFα expression in splenic HSPCs, which then activated splenic niche activity, while LIF induced proliferation of splenic niche cells. IL-1α and LIF display cooperative effects in activating EMH and are both up-regulated in some human cancers. Together, these data expand avenues for developing niche-directed therapies and further exploring EMH accompanying inflammatory pathologies like cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A. G. Barisas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Immunology Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ashraf Ul Kabir
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Karen Krchma
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Minseo Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Madhav Subramanian
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bernd H. Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Colin L. Stewart
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, A*STAR Skin Research Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Immunology Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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3
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Bowman-Kirigin JA, Desai R, Saunders BT, Wang AZ, Schaettler MO, Liu CJ, Livingstone AJ, Kobayashi DK, Durai V, Kretzer NM, Zipfel GJ, Leuthardt EC, Osbun JW, Chicoine MR, Kim AH, Murphy KM, Johanns TM, Zinselmeyer BH, Dunn GP. The Conventional Dendritic Cell 1 Subset Primes CD8+ T Cells and Traffics Tumor Antigen to Drive Antitumor Immunity in the Brain. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:20-37. [PMID: 36409838 PMCID: PMC10725570 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) antigen-presenting cell (APC) that primes antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses remains undefined. Elsewhere in the body, the conventional dendritic cell 1 (cDC1) performs this role. However, steady-state brain parenchyma cDC1 are extremely rare; cDCs localize to the choroid plexus and dura. Thus, whether the cDC1 play a function in presenting antigen derived from parenchymal sources in the tumor setting remains unknown. Using preclinical glioblastoma (GBM) models and cDC1-deficient mice, we explored the presently unknown role of cDC1 in CNS antitumor immunity. We determined that, in addition to infiltrating the brain tumor parenchyma itself, cDC1 prime neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells against brain tumors and mediate checkpoint blockade-induced survival benefit. We observed that cDC, including cDC1, isolated from the tumor, the dura, and the CNS-draining cervical lymph nodes harbored a traceable fluorescent tumor antigen. In patient samples, we observed several APC subsets (including the CD141+ cDC1 equivalent) infiltrating glioblastomas, meningiomas, and dura. In these same APC subsets, we identified a tumor-specific fluorescent metabolite of 5-aminolevulinic acid, which fluorescently labeled tumor cells during fluorescence-guided GBM resection. Together, these data elucidate the specialized behavior of cDC1 and suggest that cDC1 play a significant role in CNS antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A. Bowman-Kirigin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rupen Desai
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian T. Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anthony Z. Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maximilian O. Schaettler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Connor J. Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Dale K. Kobayashi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicole M. Kretzer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory J. Zipfel
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric C. Leuthardt
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua W. Osbun
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael R. Chicoine
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Albert H. Kim
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tanner M. Johanns
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bernd H. Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gavin P. Dunn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
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4
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Thowsen IM, Karlsen TV, Nikpey E, Haslene‐Hox H, Skogstrand T, Randolph GJ, Zinselmeyer BH, Tenstad O, Wiig H. Na + is shifted from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment and is not inactivated by glycosaminoglycans during high salt conditions in rats. J Physiol 2022; 600:2293-2309. [PMID: 35377950 PMCID: PMC9324226 DOI: 10.1113/jp282715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, studies have emerged suggesting that the skin plays a role as major Na+ reservoir via regulation of the content of glycosaminoglycans and osmotic gradients. We investigated whether there were electrolyte gradients in skin and where Na+ could be stored to be inactivated from a fluid balance viewpoint. Na+ accumulation was induced in rats by a high salt diet (HSD) (8% NaCl and 1% saline to drink) or by implantation of a deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) tablet (1% saline to drink) using rats on a low salt diet (LSD) (0.1% NaCl) on tap water as control. Na+ and K+ were assessed by ion chromatography in tissue eluates, and the extracellular volume by equilibration of 51 Cr-EDTA. By tangential sectioning of the skin, we found a low Na+ content and extracellular volume in epidermis, both parameters rising by ∼30% and 100%, respectively, in LSD and even more in HSD and DOCA when entering dermis. We found evidence for an extracellular Na+ gradient from epidermis to dermis shown by an estimated concentration in epidermis ∼2 and 4-5 times that of dermis in HSD and DOCA-salt. There was intracellular storage of Na+ in skin, muscle, and myocardium without a concomitant increase in hydration. Our data suggest that there is a hydration-dependent high interstitial fluid Na+ concentration that will contribute to the skin barrier and thus be a mechanism for limiting water loss. Salt stress results in intracellular storage of Na+ in exchange with K+ in skeletal muscle and myocardium that may have electromechanical consequences. KEY POINTS: Studies have suggested that Na+ can be retained or removed without commensurate water retention or loss, and that the skin plays a role as major Na+ reservoir via regulation of the content of glycosaminoglycans and osmotic gradients. In the present study, we investigated whether there were electrolyte gradients in skin and where Na+ could be stored to be inactivated from a fluid balance viewpoint. We used two common models for salt-sensitive hypertension: high salt and a deoxycorticosterone salt diet. We found a hydration-dependent high interstitial fluid Na+ concentration that will contribute to the skin barrier and thus be a mechanism for limiting water loss. There was intracellular Na+ storage in muscle and myocardium without a concomitant increase in hydration, comprising storage that may have electromechanical consequences in salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elham Nikpey
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway,Department of MedicineHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Hanne Haslene‐Hox
- Department of Biotechnology and NanomedicineSINTEF IndustryTrondheimNorway
| | | | - Gwendalyn J. Randolph
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyDivision of ImmunobiologyWashington UniversitySt LouisMOUSA
| | - Bernd H. Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology & ImmunologyDivision of ImmunobiologyWashington UniversitySt LouisMOUSA
| | - Olav Tenstad
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Helge Wiig
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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5
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Czepielewski RS, Erlich EC, Onufer EJ, Young S, Saunders BT, Han YH, Wohltmann M, Wang PL, Kim KW, Kumar S, Hsieh CS, Scallan JP, Yang Y, Zinselmeyer BH, Davis MJ, Randolph GJ. Ileitis-associated tertiary lymphoid organs arise at lymphatic valves and impede mesenteric lymph flow in response to tumor necrosis factor. Immunity 2021; 54:2795-2811.e9. [PMID: 34788601 PMCID: PMC8678349 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangitis and the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) in the mesentery are features of Crohn's disease. Here, we examined the genesis of these TLOs and their impact on disease progression. Whole-mount and intravital imaging of the ileum and ileum-draining collecting lymphatic vessels (CLVs) draining to mesenteric lymph nodes from TNFΔARE mice, a model of ileitis, revealed TLO formation at valves of CLVs. TLOs obstructed cellular and molecular outflow from the gut and were sites of lymph leakage and backflow. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) neutralization begun at early stages of TLO formation restored lymph transport. However, robustly developed, chronic TLOs resisted regression and restoration of flow after TNF neutralization. TNF stimulation of cultured lymphatic endothelial cells reprogrammed responses to oscillatory shear stress, preventing the induction of valve-associated genes. Disrupted transport of immune cells, driven by loss of valve integrity and TLO formation, may contribute to the pathology of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael S Czepielewski
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emma C Erlich
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emily J Onufer
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shannon Young
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian T Saunders
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yong-Hyun Han
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mary Wohltmann
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Peter L Wang
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shashi Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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6
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Zhang N, Kim SH, Gainullina A, Erlich EC, Onufer EJ, Kim J, Czepielewski RS, Helmink BA, Dominguez JR, Saunders BT, Ding J, Williams JW, Jiang JX, Segal BH, Zinselmeyer BH, Randolph GJ, Kim KW. LYVE1+ macrophages of murine peritoneal mesothelium promote omentum-independent ovarian tumor growth. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210924. [PMID: 34714329 PMCID: PMC8575007 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two resident macrophage subsets reside in peritoneal fluid. Macrophages also reside within mesothelial membranes lining the peritoneal cavity, but they remain poorly characterized. Here, we identified two macrophage populations (LYVE1hi MHC IIlo-hi CX3CR1gfplo/- and LYVE1lo/- MHC IIhi CX3CR1gfphi subsets) in the mesenteric and parietal mesothelial linings of the peritoneum. These macrophages resembled LYVE1+ macrophages within surface membranes of numerous organs. Fate-mapping approaches and analysis of newborn mice showed that LYVE1hi macrophages predominantly originated from embryonic-derived progenitors and were controlled by CSF1 made by Wt1+ stromal cells. Their gene expression profile closely overlapped with ovarian tumor-associated macrophages previously described in the omentum. Indeed, syngeneic epithelial ovarian tumor growth was strongly reduced following in vivo ablation of LYVE1hi macrophages, including in mice that received omentectomy to dissociate the role from omental macrophages. These data reveal that the peritoneal compartment contains at least four resident macrophage populations and that LYVE1hi mesothelial macrophages drive tumor growth independently of the omentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Seung Hyeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Anastasiia Gainullina
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Computer Technologies Department, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Emma C. Erlich
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Emily J. Onufer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jiseon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Rafael S. Czepielewski
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Beth A. Helmink
- Department of Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Joseph R. Dominguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Brian T. Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jesse W. Williams
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jean X. Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Brahm H. Segal
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Bernd H. Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gwendalyn J. Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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7
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Russler-Germain EV, Jung J, Miller AT, Young S, Yi J, Wehmeier A, Fox LE, Monte KJ, Chai JN, Kulkarni DH, Funkhouser-Jones LJ, Wilke G, Durai V, Zinselmeyer BH, Czepielewski RS, Greco S, Murphy KM, Newberry RD, Sibley LD, Hsieh CS. Commensal Cryptosporidium colonization elicits a cDC1-dependent Th1 response that promotes intestinal homeostasis and limits other infections. Immunity 2021; 54:2547-2564.e7. [PMID: 34715017 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium can cause severe diarrhea and morbidity, but many infections are asymptomatic. Here, we studied the immune response to a commensal strain of Cryptosporidium tyzzeri (Ct-STL) serendipitously discovered when conventional type 1 dendritic cell (cDC1)-deficient mice developed cryptosporidiosis. Ct-STL was vertically transmitted without negative health effects in wild-type mice. Yet, Ct-STL provoked profound changes in the intestinal immune system, including induction of an IFN-γ-producing Th1 response. TCR sequencing coupled with in vitro and in vivo analysis of common Th1 TCRs revealed that Ct-STL elicited a dominant antigen-specific Th1 response. In contrast, deficiency in cDC1s skewed the Ct-STL CD4 T cell response toward Th17 and regulatory T cells. Although Ct-STL predominantly colonized the small intestine, colon Th1 responses were enhanced and associated with protection against Citrobacter rodentium infection and exacerbation of dextran sodium sulfate and anti-IL10R-triggered colitis. Thus, Ct-STL represents a commensal pathobiont that elicits Th1-mediated intestinal homeostasis that may reflect asymptomatic human Cryptosporidium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie V Russler-Germain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jisun Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aidan T Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shannon Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jaeu Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alec Wehmeier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lindsey E Fox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kristen J Monte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jiani N Chai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Devesha H Kulkarni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lisa J Funkhouser-Jones
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Georgia Wilke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rafael S Czepielewski
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Suellen Greco
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rodney D Newberry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - L David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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8
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Brestoff JR, Wilen CB, Moley JR, Li Y, Zou W, Malvin NP, Rowen MN, Saunders BT, Ma H, Mack MR, Hykes BL, Balce DR, Orvedahl A, Williams JW, Rohatgi N, Wang X, McAllaster MR, Handley SA, Kim BS, Doench JG, Zinselmeyer BH, Diamond MS, Virgin HW, Gelman AE, Teitelbaum SL. Intercellular Mitochondria Transfer to Macrophages Regulates White Adipose Tissue Homeostasis and Is Impaired in Obesity. Cell Metab 2021; 33:270-282.e8. [PMID: 33278339 PMCID: PMC7858234 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that mitochondria can be transferred between cells to support the survival of metabolically compromised cells. However, whether intercellular mitochondria transfer occurs in white adipose tissue (WAT) or regulates metabolic homeostasis in vivo remains unknown. We found that macrophages acquire mitochondria from neighboring adipocytes in vivo and that this process defines a transcriptionally distinct macrophage subpopulation. A genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screen revealed that mitochondria uptake depends on heparan sulfates (HS). High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice exhibit lower HS levels on WAT macrophages and decreased intercellular mitochondria transfer from adipocytes to macrophages. Deletion of the HS biosynthetic gene Ext1 in myeloid cells decreases mitochondria uptake by WAT macrophages, increases WAT mass, lowers energy expenditure, and exacerbates HFD-induced obesity in vivo. Collectively, this study suggests that adipocytes and macrophages employ intercellular mitochondria transfer as a mechanism of immunometabolic crosstalk that regulates metabolic homeostasis and is impaired in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Brestoff
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John R Moley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yongjia Li
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicole P Malvin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marina N Rowen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian T Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hongming Ma
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Madison R Mack
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Barry L Hykes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dale R Balce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anthony Orvedahl
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jesse W Williams
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nidhi Rohatgi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael R McAllaster
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Scott A Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian S Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Andrew E Gelman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven L Teitelbaum
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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9
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Williams JW, Zaitsev K, Kim KW, Ivanov S, Saunders BT, Schrank PR, Kim K, Elvington A, Kim SH, Tucker CG, Wohltmann M, Fife BT, Epelman S, Artyomov MN, Lavine KJ, Zinselmeyer BH, Choi JH, Randolph GJ. Limited proliferation capacity of aortic intima resident macrophages requires monocyte recruitment for atherosclerotic plaque progression. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1194-1204. [PMID: 32895539 PMCID: PMC7502558 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early atherosclerosis depends upon responses by immune cells resident in the intimal aortic wall. Specifically, the healthy intima is thought to be populated by vascular dendritic cells (DCs) that, during hypercholesterolemia, initiate atherosclerosis by being the first to accumulate cholesterol. Whether these cells remain key players in later stages of disease is unknown. Using murine lineage-tracing models and gene expression profiling, we reveal that myeloid cells present in the intima of the aortic arch are not DCs but instead specialized aortic intima resident macrophages (MacAIR) that depend upon colony-stimulating factor 1 and are sustained by local proliferation. Although MacAIR comprise the earliest foam cells in plaques, their proliferation during plaque progression is limited. After months of hypercholesterolemia, their presence in plaques is overtaken by recruited monocytes, which induce MacAIR-defining genes. These data redefine the lineage of intimal phagocytes and suggest that proliferation is insufficient to sustain generations of macrophages during plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Konstantin Zaitsev
- Computer Technologies Department, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stoyan Ivanov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.,INSERM U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Brian T Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patricia R Schrank
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kyeongdae Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Elvington
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Seung Hyeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher G Tucker
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mary Wohltmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Slava Epelman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kory J Lavine
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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10
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Davis MJ, Kim HJ, Zawieja SD, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Gui P, Li M, Saunders BT, Zinselmeyer BH, Randolph GJ, Remedi MS, Nichols CG. Kir6.1-dependent K ATP channels in lymphatic smooth muscle and vessel dysfunction in mice with Kir6.1 gain-of-function. J Physiol 2020; 598:3107-3127. [PMID: 32372450 DOI: 10.1113/jp279612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Spontaneous contractions are essential for normal lymph transport and these contractions are exquisitely sensitive to the KATP channel activator pinacidil. KATP channel Kir6.1 and SUR2B subunits are expressed in mouse lymphatic smooth muscle (LSM) and form functional KATP channels as verified by electrophysiological techniques. Global deletion of Kir6.1 or SUR2 subunits results in severely impaired lymphatic contractile responses to pinacidil. Smooth muscle-specific expression of Kir6.1 gain-of-function mutant (GoF) subunits results in profound lymphatic contractile dysfunction and LSM hyperpolarization that is partially rescued by the KATP inhibitor glibenclamide. In contrast, lymphatic endothelial-specific expression of Kir6.1 GoF has essentially no effect on lymphatic contractile function. The high sensitivity of LSM to KATP channel GoF offers an explanation for the lymphoedema observed in patients with Cantú syndrome, a disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding Kir6.1 or SUR2, and suggests that glibenclamide may be an appropriate therapeutic agent. ABSTRACT This study aimed to understand the functional expression of KATP channel subunits in distinct lymphatic cell types, and assess the consequences of altered KATP channel activity on lymphatic pump function. KATP channel subunits Kir6.1 and SUR2B were expressed in mouse lymphatic muscle by PCR, but only Kir6.1 was expressed in lymphatic endothelium. Spontaneous contractions of popliteal lymphatics from wild-type (WT) (C57BL/6J) mice, assessed by pressure myography, were very sensitive to inhibition by the SUR2-specific KATP channel activator pinacidil, which hyperpolarized both mouse and human lymphatic smooth muscle (LSM). In vessels from mice with deletion of Kir6.1 (Kir6.1-/- ) or SUR2 (SUR2[STOP]) subunits, contractile parameters were not significantly different from those of WT vessels, suggesting that basal KATP channel activity in LSM is not an essential component of the lymphatic pacemaker, and does not exert a strong influence over contractile strength. However, these vessels were >100-fold less sensitive than WT vessels to pinacidil. Smooth muscle-specific expression of a Kir6.1 gain-of-function (GoF) subunit resulted in severely impaired lymphatic contractions and hyperpolarized LSM. Membrane potential and contractile activity was partially restored by the KATP channel inhibitor glibenclamide. In contrast, lymphatic endothelium-specific expression of Kir6.1 GoF subunits had negligible effects on lymphatic contraction frequency or amplitude. Our results demonstrate a high sensitivity of lymphatic contractility to KATP channel activators through activation of Kir6.1/SUR2-dependent channels in LSM. In addition, they offer an explanation for the lymphoedema observed in patients with Cantú syndrome, a disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding Kir6.1/SUR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Jorge A Castorena-Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Peichun Gui
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Brian T Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Maria S Remedi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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11
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Williams JW, Martel C, Potteaux S, Esaulova E, Ingersoll MA, Elvington A, Saunders BT, Huang LH, Habenicht AJ, Zinselmeyer BH, Randolph GJ. Limited Macrophage Positional Dynamics in Progressing or Regressing Murine Atherosclerotic Plaques-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:1702-1710. [PMID: 29903736 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective- Macrophages play important roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, but their dynamics within plaques remain obscure. We aimed to quantify macrophage positional dynamics within progressing and regressing atherosclerotic plaques. Approach and Results- In a stable intravital preparation, large asymmetrical foamy macrophages in the intima of carotid artery plaques were sessile, but smaller rounded cells nearer plaque margins, possibly newly recruited monocytes, mobilized laterally along plaque borders. Thus, to test macrophage dynamics in plaques over a longer period of time in progressing and regressing disease, we quantified displacement of nondegradable phagocytic particles within macrophages for up to 6 weeks. In progressing plaques, macrophage-associated particles appeared to mobilize to deeper layers in plaque, whereas in regressing plaques, the label was persistently located near the lumen. By measuring the distance of the particles from the floor of the plaque, we discovered that particles remained at the same distance from the floor regardless of plaque progression or regression. The apparent deeper penetration of labeled cells in progressing conditions could be attributed to monocyte recruitment that generated new superficial layers of macrophages over the labeled phagocytes. Conclusions- Although there may be individual exceptions, as a population, newly differentiated macrophages fail to penetrate significantly deeper than the limited depth they reside on initial entry, regardless of plaque progression, or regression. These limited dynamics may prevent macrophages from escaping areas with unfavorable conditions (such as hypoxia) and pose a challenge for newly recruited macrophages to clear debris through efferocytosis deep within plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Williams
- From the Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO (J.W.W., C.M., E.E., A.E., B.T.S., L.-H.H., B.H.Z., G.J.R.)
| | - Catherine Martel
- From the Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO (J.W.W., C.M., E.E., A.E., B.T.S., L.-H.H., B.H.Z., G.J.R.)
| | - Stephane Potteaux
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (S.P., M.A.I., G.J.R.)
| | - Ekaterina Esaulova
- From the Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO (J.W.W., C.M., E.E., A.E., B.T.S., L.-H.H., B.H.Z., G.J.R.)
| | - Molly A Ingersoll
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (S.P., M.A.I., G.J.R.)
| | - Andrew Elvington
- From the Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO (J.W.W., C.M., E.E., A.E., B.T.S., L.-H.H., B.H.Z., G.J.R.)
| | - Brian T Saunders
- From the Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO (J.W.W., C.M., E.E., A.E., B.T.S., L.-H.H., B.H.Z., G.J.R.)
| | - Li-Hao Huang
- From the Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO (J.W.W., C.M., E.E., A.E., B.T.S., L.-H.H., B.H.Z., G.J.R.)
| | - Andreas J Habenicht
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Germany (A.J.H.)
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- From the Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO (J.W.W., C.M., E.E., A.E., B.T.S., L.-H.H., B.H.Z., G.J.R.)
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- From the Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO (J.W.W., C.M., E.E., A.E., B.T.S., L.-H.H., B.H.Z., G.J.R.).,Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (S.P., M.A.I., G.J.R.)
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Williams
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO.
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO
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13
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Zhang N, Czepielewski RS, Jarjour NN, Erlich EC, Esaulova E, Saunders BT, Grover SP, Cleuren AC, Broze GJ, Edelson BT, Mackman N, Zinselmeyer BH, Randolph GJ. Expression of factor V by resident macrophages boosts host defense in the peritoneal cavity. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1291-1300. [PMID: 31048328 PMCID: PMC6547866 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages resident in different organs express distinct genes, but understanding how this diversity fits into tissue-specific features is limited. Here, we show that selective expression of coagulation factor V (FV) by resident peritoneal macrophages in mice promotes bacterial clearance in the peritoneal cavity and serves to facilitate the well-known but poorly understood "macrophage disappearance reaction." Intravital imaging revealed that resident macrophages were nonadherent in peritoneal fluid during homeostasis. Bacterial entry into the peritoneum acutely induced macrophage adherence and associated bacterial phagocytosis. However, optimal control of bacterial expansion in the peritoneum also required expression of FV by the macrophages to form local clots that effectively brought macrophages and bacteria in proximity and out of the fluid phase. Thus, acute cellular adhesion and resident macrophage-induced coagulation operate independently and cooperatively to meet the challenges of a unique, open tissue environment. These events collectively account for the macrophage disappearance reaction in the peritoneal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rafael S Czepielewski
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nicholas N Jarjour
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Emma C Erlich
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ekaterina Esaulova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Brian T Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Steven P Grover
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - George J Broze
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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14
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Huang LH, Zinselmeyer BH, Chang CH, Saunders BT, Elvington A, Baba O, Broekelmann TJ, Qi L, Rueve JS, Swartz MA, Kim BS, Mecham RP, Wiig H, Thomas MJ, Sorci-Thomas MG, Randolph GJ. Interleukin-17 Drives Interstitial Entrapment of Tissue Lipoproteins in Experimental Psoriasis. Cell Metab 2019; 29:475-487.e7. [PMID: 30415924 PMCID: PMC6365189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipoproteins trapped in arteries drive atherosclerosis. Extravascular low-density lipoprotein undergoes receptor uptake, whereas high-density lipoprotein (HDL) interacts with cells to acquire cholesterol and then recirculates to plasma. We developed photoactivatable apoA-I to understand how HDL passage through tissue is regulated. We focused on skin and arteries of healthy mice versus those with psoriasis, which carries cardiovascular risk in man. Our findings suggest that psoriasis-affected skin lesions program interleukin-17-producing T cells in draining lymph nodes to home to distal skin and later to arteries. There, these cells mediate thickening of the collagenous matrix, such that larger molecules including lipoproteins become entrapped. HDL transit was rescued by depleting CD4+ T cells, neutralizing interleukin-17, or inhibiting lysyl oxidase that crosslinks collagen. Experimental psoriasis also increased vascular stiffness and atherosclerosis via this common pathway. Thus, interleukin-17 can reduce lipoprotein trafficking and increase vascular stiffness by, at least in part, remodeling collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Huang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian T Saunders
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew Elvington
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Osamu Baba
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Lina Qi
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph S Rueve
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian S Kim
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Helge Wiig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, Bergen 5009, Norway
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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15
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Zinselmeyer BH, Vomund AN, Saunders BT, Johnson MW, Carrero JA, Unanue ER. The resident macrophages in murine pancreatic islets are constantly probing their local environment, capturing beta cell granules and blood particles. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1374-1383. [PMID: 29589072 PMCID: PMC5938291 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We studied here the interactions between the resident macrophages of pancreatic islets with beta cells and the blood vasculature. We also examined the immunological consequences of such interactions. METHODS Islets were isolated from C57BL/6 mice expressing CX3C motif chemokine receptor 1-green fluorescent protein (CX3CR-GFP) and examined live by two-photon microscopy. Islets were also examined by electron microscopy to study the relationship of the intra-islet macrophages with the beta cells. In NOD.Rag1-/- mice and young (non-diabetic) male mice, the acquisition of beta cell granules was tested functionally by probing with CD4+ T cells directed against insulin epitopes. RESULTS Two-photon microscopy showed that the islet resident macrophages were in close contact with blood vessels and had extensive filopodial activity. Some filopodia had direct access to the vessel lumen and captured microparticles. Addition of glucose at high concentration reduced the degree of filopodia sampling of islets. This finding applied to in vivo injection of glucose or to in vitro cultures. Ultrastructural examination showed the close contacts of macrophages with beta cells. Such macrophages contained intact dense core granules. Functional studies in NOD mice indicated that the macrophages presented insulin peptides to insulin-reactive T cells. Presentation was increased after glucose challenge either ex vivo or after an in vivo pulse. In agreement with the morphological findings, presentation was not affected by insulin receptor blockade. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Islet resident macrophages are highly active, sampling large areas of the islets and blood contents and capturing beta cell granules. After such interactions, macrophages present immunogenic insulin to specific autoreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Anthony N Vomund
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Brian T Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael W Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Javier A Carrero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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16
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Brähler S, Zinselmeyer BH, Raju S, Nitschke M, Suleiman H, Saunders BT, Johnson MW, Böhner AMC, Viehmann SF, Theisen DJ, Kretzer NM, Briseño CG, Zaitsev K, Ornatsky O, Chang Q, Carrero JA, Kopp JB, Artyomov MN, Kurts C, Murphy KM, Miner JH, Shaw AS. Opposing Roles of Dendritic Cell Subsets in Experimental GN. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:138-154. [PMID: 29217759 PMCID: PMC5748909 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017030270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to form a dendritic network across barrier surfaces and throughout organs, including the kidney, to perform an important sentinel function. However, previous studies of DC function used markers, such as CD11c or CX3CR1, that are not unique to DCs. Here, we evaluated the role of DCs in renal inflammation using a CD11c reporter mouse line and two mouse lines with DC-specific reporters, Zbtb46-GFP and Snx22-GFP. Multiphoton microscopy of kidney sections confirmed that most of the dendritically shaped CD11c+ cells forming a network throughout the renal interstitium expressed macrophage-specific markers. In contrast, DCs marked by Zbtb46-GFP or Snx22-GFP were less abundant, concentrated around blood vessels, and round in shape. We confirmed this pattern of localization using imaging mass cytometry. Motility measurements showed that resident macrophages were sessile, whereas DCs were motile before and after inflammation. Although uninflamed glomeruli rarely contained DCs, injury with nephrotoxic antibodies resulted in accumulation of ZBTB46 + cells in the periglomerular region. ZBTB46 identifies all classic DCs, which can be categorized into two functional subsets that express either CD103 or CD11b. Depletion of ZBTB46 + cells attenuated the antibody-induced kidney injury, whereas deficiency of the CD103+ subset accelerated injury through a mechanism that involved increased neutrophil infiltration. RNA sequencing 7 days after nephrotoxic antibody injection showed that CD11b+ DCs expressed the neutrophil-attracting cytokine CXCL2, whereas CD103+ DCs expressed high levels of several anti-inflammatory genes. These results provide new insights into the distinct functions of the two major DC subsets in glomerular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brähler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and
- Department II of Internal Medicine and
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander M C Böhner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne F Viehmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Konstantin Zaitsev
- Computer Technologies Department, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Qing Chang
- Fluidigm Inc., Markham, Ontario, Canada; and
| | | | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Computer Technologies Department, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Andrey S Shaw
- Research Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California;
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17
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Williams JW, Elvington A, Ivanov S, Kessler S, Luehmann H, Baba O, Saunders BT, Kim KW, Johnson MW, Craft CS, Choi JH, Sorci-Thomas MG, Zinselmeyer BH, Brestoff JR, Liu Y, Randolph GJ. Thermoneutrality but Not UCP1 Deficiency Suppresses Monocyte Mobilization Into Blood. Circ Res 2017; 121:662-676. [PMID: 28696252 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ambient temperature is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cold weather increases cardiovascular events, but paradoxically, cold exposure is metabolically protective because of UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1)-dependent thermogenesis. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the differential effects of ambient environmental temperature challenge and UCP1 activation in relation to cardiovascular disease progression. METHODS AND RESULTS Using mouse models of atherosclerosis housed at 3 different ambient temperatures, we observed that cold temperature enhanced, whereas thermoneutral housing temperature inhibited atherosclerotic plaque growth, as did deficiency in UCP1. However, whereas UCP1 deficiency promoted poor glucose tolerance, thermoneutral housing enhanced glucose tolerance, and this effect held even in the context of UCP1 deficiency. In conditions of thermoneutrality, but not UCP1 deficiency, circulating monocyte counts were reduced, likely accounting for fewer monocytes entering plaques. Reductions in circulating blood monocytes were also found in a large human cohort in correlation with environmental temperature. By contrast, reduced plaque growth in mice lacking UCP1 was linked to lower cholesterol. Through application of a positron emission tomographic tracer to track CCR2+ cell localization and intravital 2-photon imaging of bone marrow, we associated thermoneutrality with an increased monocyte retention in bone marrow. Pharmacological activation of β3-adrenergic receptors applied to mice housed at thermoneutrality induced UCP1 in beige fat pads but failed to promote monocyte egress from the marrow. CONCLUSIONS Warm ambient temperature is, like UCP1 deficiency, atheroprotective, but the mechanisms of action differ. Thermoneutrality associates with reduced monocyte egress from the bone marrow in a UCP1-dependent manner in mice and likewise may also suppress blood monocyte counts in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Williams
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.)
| | - Andrew Elvington
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.)
| | - Stoyan Ivanov
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.)
| | - Skyler Kessler
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.)
| | - Hannah Luehmann
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.)
| | - Osamu Baba
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.)
| | - Brian T Saunders
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.)
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.)
| | - Michael W Johnson
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.)
| | - Clarissa S Craft
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.)
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.)
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.)
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.)
| | - Jonathan R Brestoff
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.)
| | - Yongjian Liu
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.)
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (J.W.W., A.E., S.I., S.K., O.B., B.T.S., K.-W.K., M.W.J., J.-H.C., B.H.Z., J.R.B., G.J.R.), Department of Radiology (H.L., Y.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases (C.S.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis (A.E.); Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G.S.-T.).
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18
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Huang LH, Zinselmeyer BH, Chang CH, Saunders BT, Kim BS, Wiig H, Thomas MJ, Sorci-Thomas MG, Randolph GJ. Abstract 201: Generation of Photoactivatable apoA I to Study HDL Transport in vivo Reveals Impaired HDL Recirculation in a Murine Model of Psoriasis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.37.suppl_1.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HDL is cardioprotective, but plasma HDL levels do not necessarily predict cardiovascular outcomes. The major HDL-associated protein apoA-I picks up its cholesterol from cells within extravascular compartments to return it to plasma and then bile. Yet, tools are lacking to quantify the important step of HDL transit through extravascular spaces. Here, we developed recombinant photoactivatable apoA-I to quantify endogenous HDL recirculation. Using the tool, we studied HDL passage through skin in healthy mice versus those with experimental psoriasis, wherein collagen density increased in the skin in a CD4
+
T cell-dependent manner. In control mice, photoactivated HDL mobilized to plasma within 2 h but was retained in collagen-enriched skin of mice with psoriasis. These data suggest that cardiovascular comorbidity in psoriasis might be linked to T cell-mediated structural changes in skin that impedes systemic recirculation of HDL. This new tool is likely to find wide application in HDL research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brian S Kim
- Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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19
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Williams JW, Saunders BT, Kim KW, Epelman S, Lavine K, Zinselmeyer BH, Randolph GJ. Abstract 2: Aorta Intima-Resident Macrophages Contribute to Atherosclerotic Lesion Initiation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.37.suppl_1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an underlying cause of cardiovascular disease and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic plaque, their uptake of cholesterol, and subsequent local death drive disease progression. Lipid-laden plaque macrophages are thought to be exclusively derived from blood monocyte progenitors that are recruited following endothelial damage induced by cholesterol exposure. In our current study, we focused on characterization of resident vascular macrophages that reside in the aortic intima in plaque-prone areas, previously identified as ‘vascular dendritic cells’. Using en face whole-mount confocal microscopy of aortas, we confirm a uniform resident CD64
+
CD11c
+
CX3CR1
+
MHCII
+
macrophage population, which is present in C57/BL6 mice resistant to atherosclerosis. Importantly, they do not express dendritic cell restricted genes zBTB46 or L-myc. We find aortic macrophages require M-CSF and Flt3 signaling for survival, but are independent of CCR2, CCR7, and GM-CSF receptor signaling, making them a distinct myeloid population. Lineage-tracing and parabiosis approaches suggest these cells derive from definitive hematopoiesis and are then self-maintained independent of blood-progenitors. Using these characterization data, we developed a labeling strategy to identify resident from recruited macrophages during kinetic studies of lesion progression. We find that resident aortic macrophages are the first cells to take up lipid following high fat diet exposure and expand within the arterial wall to form the initial lesion bed. In the absence of resident macrophages early lipid deposition in the aortic arch is ablated. Finally, utilizing an intravital carotid artery imaging approach, we identify resident aortic macrophages to be potential mediators of monocyte recruitment through direct interactions with rolling monocytes on the endothelial surface under diseased and steady-states. Overall, these results shift our understanding of the cellular mechanisms responsible for plaque construction and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Washington Univ in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO
| | | | - Kory Lavine
- Washington Univ in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO
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20
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Saunders BT, Williams JW, Randolph GJ, Zinselmeyer BH. Intravital 2 photon imaging approach to monitor monocyte rolling in experimental atherosclerosis. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.143.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of heart disease, which is the largest contributor to deaths across the world. This disease involves the development of inflammation and plaque formation within the lumen of mid- and large-sized arteries following cholesterol-enriched diet. Our current study uses intravital two photon imaging to examine the initiating and propagating factors of this disease. Atherogenesis occurs at sites of endothelial damage most commonly near branching points and areas of high sheering stress in vasculature, including the aortic arch and carotid bifurcation. A minimally invasive technique was developed allowing us to monitor the movement of cells inside the vasculature. This technique involves isolating the right common carotid artery near the bifurcation and positioning it to monitor monocyte dynamics on the endothelium without disrupting the flow. Using a variety of fluorescent proteins on myeloid backgrounds crossed with LDLR−/− mice, we measure the monocyte dynamics on both normal diet and cholesterol diet at multiple different time points. We can trace the movement of monocytes in the blood and measure the interaction with resident cells in the luminal wall, finding that monocyte rolling is influenced by localization to plaque-areas and treatment with high cholesterol diet. Defining these differences in interactions and determining mechanisms of monocyte recruitment are key to understanding the initiation and growth of atherosclerotic plaque over time.
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Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is not considered a formal part of the immune system, but it is critical to immunity. One of its major roles is in the coordination of the trafficking of antigen and immune cells. However, other roles in immunity are emerging. Lymphatic endothelial cells, for example, directly present antigen or express factors that greatly influence the local environment. We cover these topics herein and discuss how other properties of the lymphatic vasculature, such as mechanisms of lymphatic contraction (which immunologists traditionally do not take into account), are nonetheless integral in the immune system. Much is yet unknown, and this nascent subject is ripe for exploration. We argue that to consider the impact of lymphatic biology in any given immunological interaction is a key step toward integrating immunology with organ physiology and ultimately many complex pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Stoyan Ivanov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
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22
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Cifarelli V, Ivanov S, Xie Y, Son NH, Saunders BT, Pietka TA, Shew TM, Yoshino J, Sundaresan S, Davidson NO, Goldberg IJ, Gelman AE, Zinselmeyer BH, Randolph GJ, Abumrad NA. CD36 deficiency impairs the small intestinal barrier and induces subclinical inflammation in mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 3:82-98. [PMID: 28066800 PMCID: PMC5217470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CD36 has immuno-metabolic actions and is abundant in the small intestine on epithelial, endothelial and immune cells. We examined the role of CD36 in gut homeostasis using mice null for CD36 (CD36KO) and with CD36 deletion specific to enterocytes (Ent-CD36KO) or endothelial cells (EC-CD36KO). METHODS Intestinal morphology was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy (EM). Intestinal inflammation was determined from neutrophil infiltration and expression of cytokines, toll-like receptors and COX-2. Barrier integrity was assessed from circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and dextran administered intragastrically. Epithelial permeability to luminal dextran was visualized using two photon microscopy. RESULTS The small intestines of CD36KO mice fed a chow diet showed several abnormalities including extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation with increased expression of ECM proteins, evidence of neutrophil infiltration, inflammation and compromised barrier function. EM showed shortened desmosomes with decreased desmocollin 2 expression. Systemically, leukocytosis and neutrophilia were present together with 80% reduction of anti-inflammatory Ly6Clow monocytes. Bone marrow transplants supported the primary contribution of non-hematopoietic cells to the inflammatory phenotype. Specific deletion of endothelial but not of enterocyte CD36 reproduced many of the gut phenotypes of germline CD36KO mice including fibronectin deposition, increased interleukin 6, neutrophil infiltration, desmosome shortening and impaired epithelial barrier function. CONCLUSIONS CD36 loss results in chronic neutrophil infiltration of the gut, impairs barrier integrity and systemically causes subclinical inflammation. Endothelial cell CD36 deletion reproduces the major intestinal phenotypes. The findings suggest an important role of the endothelium in etiology of gut inflammation and loss of epithelial barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Cifarelli
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri,Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Nada A. Abumrad, PhD, or Vincenza Cifarelli, PhD, Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8031, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. fax: (314) 362-8230.Department of MedicineCenter for Human NutritionWashington University School of MedicineCampus Box 8031St. LouisMissouri 63110
| | - Stoyan Ivanov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Yan Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Ni-Huiping Son
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Brian T. Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Terri A. Pietka
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Trevor M. Shew
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jun Yoshino
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Sinju Sundaresan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Nicholas O. Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Ira J. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Andrew E. Gelman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Bernd H. Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Gwendalyn J. Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Nada A. Abumrad
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri,Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Nada A. Abumrad, PhD, or Vincenza Cifarelli, PhD, Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8031, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. fax: (314) 362-8230.Department of MedicineCenter for Human NutritionWashington University School of MedicineCampus Box 8031St. LouisMissouri 63110
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23
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Saunders BT, Li W, Williams JW, Kim KW, Randolph GJ, Zinselmeyer BH. Increasing the palette of fluorophores for intravital 2P-imaging of the vascular and immune system in mice. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.69.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Disruption in the movement of blood or lymph leads to potentially fatal diseases, most commonly atherosclerosis in the blood and lymphedema/lymphangitis in the lymph. There have been an enormous amount of studies done on blood vasculature in the past few decades, but our understanding of lymphatics in health and disease remains poor. Lymphatics interact systemically and locally with the blood vasculature and we have recently proven that dendritic cells are an important regulator in lymphatic function. Some of these processes can only be proven in a living animal as the interactions and impact of immune cells on vascular flow dynamics and vice versa cannot been mimicked in vitro. Our most recent intravital imaging studies allow the visualization of resident macrophage dynamics within a plaque. Due to the fast movement of cells in the vasculature and the sensitivity of cells to phototoxicity it was challenging to generate a palette of dyes which are low in cytotoxicity able to label the structures and cell populations of interest. It is possible by using fluorophores (Fluorescent proteins and conventional dyes) efficient enough to be excited with low laser power and an emission sufficient enough for being detected. Recently, a femtosecond pulsed Titanium Sapphire (Ti:sap) laser with averaged power ≥ 1W above 1200 nm became available. We have coupled a laser of this type (InSight DS+) together with an conventional Ti:sap-laser (Mai Tai DeepSee) to an customized ultra fast and sensitive scanning Microscope. Using these settings we can image up to five fluorophores in intravital settings. This approach enables us to visualize lymphatics and blood vessels together with myeloid cells and lymphocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenjun Li
- 1Washington Univ. Sch. of Med. in St. Louis
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24
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Williams JW, Kim KW, Ivanov S, Epelman S, Lavine K, Zinselmeyer BH, Randolph GJ. Abstract 162: Resident Aortic Intimal Mononuclear Phagocytes (MNPs) in the Promotion of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.36.suppl_1.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis promotes CVD through plaque formation, restricted blood flow, and thrombotic events. Macrophage accumulation in plaques, their uptake of cholesterol, and subsequent local death drive disease progression, however, there is growing appreciation for more diverse roles of myeloid cells during disease progression. Here, we focused on characterization of so-called vascular dendritic cells (DCs), which we refer to as aortic mononuclear phagocytes (MNP), that reside under the endothelium in plaque-prone areas. Using en face whole-mount confocal microscopy of aortas, we confirm a uniform resident CD11c+ CX3CR1+ MHCII+ MNP population, even in C57/BL6 mice resistant to atherosclerosis. We find aortic MNPs require M-CSF and Flt3 signaling for survival, but are independent of CCR2 and GM-CSF receptor signaling, making them a distinct myeloid population. They express macrophage-restricted genes LysM and CD64, but not dendritic cell specific genes zBTB46 or L-myc. Lineage-tracing analysis using CD115creER and Flt3cre reporter mice indicate that aortic MNPs likely differentiate from definitive hematopoiesis and not early yolk sac progenitors. Parabiosis experiments show that aortic MNPs are self-maintained independent of blood-born progenitors, failing to exchange with blood progenitors for up to 5 months. Aortic MNPs are different from either typical DCs or macrophages and instead appear to blend distinguishing features of each, more closely resembling macrophages. Using our characterization data, we hope to develop an inducible cell-tracking and a cell-depletion model to differentiate the function of aortic MNPs during the progression of atherosclerosis. Overall, we anticipate these functional analyses will reveal, for the first time, the role of resident aortic MNPs in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Williams
- Pathology/Immunology, Washington Univ in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Pathology/Immunology, Washington Univ in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Stoyan Ivanov
- Pathology/Immunology, Washington Univ in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Slava Epelman
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Univ of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Kory Lavine
- Medicine, Washington Univ in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO
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25
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Lin CC, Bradstreet TR, Schwarzkopf EA, Jarjour NN, Chou CJ, Archambault AS, Sim J, Zinselmeyer BH, Carrero J, Wu GF, Taneja R, Artyomov M, Russell JH, Edelson BT. IL-1-induced Bhlhe40 identifies pathogenic TH cells in a model of autoimmune neuroinflammation. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.186.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The features that define autoreactive TH cell pathogenicity remain obscure. We have previously shown that TH cells require the transcription factor Bhlhe40 to mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Here, using Bhlhe40-EGFP reporter mice and analyzing both polyclonal and TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells, we found that Bhlhe40 expression was heterogeneous after EAE induction. Bhlhe40-expressing CD4+ T cells displayed marked production of IFN-γ, IL-17A, and GM-CSF, while exhibiting reduced expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the regulatory T cell transcription factor Foxp3. In adoptive transfer EAE models Bhlhe40-deficient TH1 and TH17 cells were both nonencephalitogenic. Pertussis toxin (PTX), a classical coadjuvant for actively induced EAE, promoted IL-1β production by myeloid cells in the draining lymph node and served as a strong stimulus for Bhlhe40 expression in TH cells. Furthermore, PTX coadjuvanticity was Bhlhe40 dependent. IL-1β induced Bhlhe40 expression in polarized TH17 cells, and Bhlhe40-expressing cells exhibited an encephalitogenic transcriptional signature. In vivo, IL-1R signaling was required for full Bhlhe40 expression by TH cells after immunization. Overall, we demonstrate that Bhlhe40 expression identifies encephalitogenic TH cells and define a PTX-IL-1-Bhlhe40 pathway active in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Sim
- 1Washington Univ. Sch. of Med. in St. Louis
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26
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Hollins AJ, Benboubetra M, Omidi Y, Zinselmeyer BH, Schatzlein AG, Uchegbu IF, Akhtar S. Evaluation of generation 2 and 3 poly(propylenimine) dendrimers for the potential cellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor. Pharm Res 2016; 21:458-66. [PMID: 15070097 DOI: 10.1023/b:pham.0000019300.04836.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate low generation, G2 and G3, poly(propylenimine) dendrimers for the potential cellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs) targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. METHODS Cell cytotoxicity of the dendrimers was evaluated using trypan blue exclusion assays. Cellular uptake studies of fluorescently labeled ODNs were performed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Intracellular fate of dendrimer-delivered ODNs was assessed in both fixed and live cells using fluorescent microscopy. Antisense ODN activity was assessed in terms of cancer cell growth, inhibition of target EGFR protein, and reduction in mRNA levels. RESULTS G2 dendrimer (DAB-8) was less toxic than G3 (DAB-16) dendrimer in A431 cells, with IC50 of >175 and approximately 30 microg/ml, respectively. Uptake of fluorescently labeled ODN:dendrimer complexes was increased by up to 100-fold compared to a marker of fluid-phase endocytosis and up to 9-fold over free ODN at the optimal dendrimer:ODN (w/w) ratio of 5:1. Uptake of dendrimer:ODN complexes was significantly reduced at 4 degrees C (p < 0.05). Live cell fluorescent microscopy resulted in an intracellular distribution of dendrimer:ODN complexes that was suggestive of endocytic uptake; in contrast, cell fixation resulted in an artefactual nuclear localization. Treatment of A431 cells with anti-EGFR antisense ODN:dendrimer complexes inhibited cell growth, protein, and mRNA expression to levels comparable to Oligofectamine-mediated delivery. CONCLUSIONS G2 and G3 poly(propylenimine) dendrimers markedly improved the delivery and activity of ODNs and thus may represent general reagents for the delivery of ODNs to cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hollins
- Centre for Genome-based Therapeutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, Wales, UK
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27
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Brähler S, Yu H, Suleiman H, Krishnan GM, Saunders BT, Kopp JB, Miner JH, Zinselmeyer BH, Shaw AS. Intravital and Kidney Slice Imaging of Podocyte Membrane Dynamics. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3285-3290. [PMID: 27036737 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015121303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In glomerular disease, podocyte injury results in a dramatic change in cell morphology known as foot process effacement. Remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton through the activity of small GTPases was identified as a key mechanism in effacement, with increased membrane activity and motility in vitro However, whether podocytes are stationary or actively moving cells in vivo remains debated. Using intravital and kidney slice two-photon imaging of the three-dimensional structure of mouse podocytes, we found that uninjured podocytes remained nonmotile and maintained a canopy-shaped structure over time. On expression of constitutively active Rac1, however, podocytes changed shape by retracting processes and clearly exhibited domains of increased membrane activity. Constitutive activation of Rac1 also led to podocyte detachment from the glomerular basement membrane, and we detected detached podocytes crawling on the surface of the tubular epithelium and occasionally, in contact with peritubular capillaries. Podocyte membrane activity also increased in the inflammatory environment of immune complex-mediated GN. Our results provide evidence that podocytes transition from a static to a dynamic state in vivo, shedding new light on mechanisms in foot process effacement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
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28
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Ivanov S, Scallan JP, Kim KW, Werth K, Johnson MW, Saunders BT, Wang PL, Kuan EL, Straub AC, Ouhachi M, Weinstein EG, Williams JW, Briseño C, Colonna M, Isakson BE, Gautier EL, Förster R, Davis MJ, Zinselmeyer BH, Randolph GJ. CCR7 and IRF4-dependent dendritic cells regulate lymphatic collecting vessel permeability. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1581-91. [PMID: 26999610 DOI: 10.1172/jci84518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic collecting vessels direct lymph into and from lymph nodes (LNs) and can become hyperpermeable as the result of a previous infection. Enhanced permeability has been implicated in compromised immunity due to reduced flow of lymph and immune cells to LNs, which are the primary site of antigen presentation to T cells. Presently, very little is known about the molecular signals that affect lymphatic collecting vessel permeability. Here, we have shown that lymphatic collecting vessel permeability is controlled by CCR7 and that the chronic hyperpermeability of collecting vessels observed in Ccr7-/- mice is followed by vessel fibrosis. Reexpression of CCR7 in DCs, however, was sufficient to reverse the development of such fibrosis. IFN regulatory factor 4-positive (IRF4+) DCs constitutively interacted with collecting lymphatics, and selective ablation of this DC subset in Cd11c-Cre Irf4fl/fl mice also rendered lymphatic collecting vessels hyperpermeable and fibrotic. Together, our data reveal that CCR7 plays multifaceted roles in regulating collecting vessel permeability and fibrosis, with one of the key players being IRF4-dependent DCs.
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29
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Lin CC, Bradstreet TR, Schwarzkopf EA, Jarjour NN, Chou C, Archambault AS, Sim J, Zinselmeyer BH, Carrero JA, Wu GF, Taneja R, Artyomov MN, Russell JH, Edelson BT. IL-1-induced Bhlhe40 identifies pathogenic T helper cells in a model of autoimmune neuroinflammation. J Exp Med 2016; 213:251-71. [PMID: 26834156 PMCID: PMC4749922 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lin et al. show that Bhlhe40 expression identifies encephalitogenic CD4+ T helper cells and define a pertussis toxin–IL-1–Bhlhe40 pathway active in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. The features that define autoreactive T helper (Th) cell pathogenicity remain obscure. We have previously shown that Th cells require the transcription factor Bhlhe40 to mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Here, using Bhlhe40 reporter mice and analyzing both polyclonal and TCR transgenic Th cells, we found that Bhlhe40 expression was heterogeneous after EAE induction, with Bhlhe40-expressing cells displaying marked production of IFN-γ, IL-17A, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. In adoptive transfer EAE models, Bhlhe40-deficient Th1 and Th17 cells were both nonencephalitogenic. Pertussis toxin (PTX), a classical co-adjuvant for actively induced EAE, promoted IL-1β production by myeloid cells in the draining lymph node and served as a strong stimulus for Bhlhe40 expression in Th cells. Furthermore, PTX co-adjuvanticity was Bhlhe40 dependent. IL-1β induced Bhlhe40 expression in polarized Th17 cells, and Bhlhe40-expressing cells exhibited an encephalitogenic transcriptional signature. In vivo, IL-1R signaling was required for full Bhlhe40 expression by Th cells after immunization. Overall, we demonstrate that Bhlhe40 expression identifies encephalitogenic Th cells and defines a PTX–IL-1–Bhlhe40 pathway active in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Tara R Bradstreet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Elizabeth A Schwarzkopf
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nicholas N Jarjour
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Chun Chou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Angela S Archambault
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Julia Sim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Javier A Carrero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - John H Russell
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Le Borgne M, Raju S, Zinselmeyer BH, Le VT, Li J, Wang Y, Miller MJ, Shaw AS. Real-Time Analysis of Calcium Signals during the Early Phase of T Cell Activation Using a Genetically Encoded Calcium Biosensor. J Immunol 2016; 196:1471-9. [PMID: 26746192 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proper T cell activation is promoted by sustained calcium signaling downstream of the TCR. However, the dynamics of calcium flux after stimulation with an APC in vivo remain to be fully understood. Previous studies focusing on T cell motility suggested that the activation of naive T cells in the lymph node occurs in distinct phases. In phase I, T cells make multiple transient contacts with dendritic cells before entering a phase II, where they exist in stable clusters with dendritic cells. It has been suggested that T cells signal during transient contacts of phase I, but this has never been shown directly. Because time-dependent loss of calcium dyes from cells hampers long-term imaging of cells in vivo after antigenic stimulation, we generated a knock-in mouse expressing a modified form of the Cameleon fluorescence resonance energy transfer reporter for intracellular calcium and examined calcium flux both in vitro and in situ. In vitro, we observed transient, oscillatory, and sustained calcium flux after contact with APC, but these behaviors were not affected by the type of APC or Ag quantity, but were, however, moderately dependent on Ag quality. In vivo, we found that during phase I, T cells exhibit weak calcium fluxes and detectable changes in cell motility. This demonstrates that naive T cells signal during phase I and support the hypothesis that accumulated calcium signals are required to signal the beginning of phase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Le Borgne
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Viet T Le
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - JiaJia Li
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Mark J Miller
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Andrey S Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
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31
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Spahn JH, Li W, Bribriesco AC, Liu J, Shen H, Ibricevic A, Pan JH, Zinselmeyer BH, Brody SL, Goldstein DR, Krupnick AS, Gelman AE, Miller MJ, Kreisel D. DAP12 expression in lung macrophages mediates ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting neutrophil extravasation. J Immunol 2015; 194:4039-48. [PMID: 25762783 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are critical mediators of innate immune responses and contribute to tissue injury. However, immune pathways that regulate neutrophil recruitment to injured tissues during noninfectious inflammation remain poorly understood. DAP12 is a cell membrane-associated protein that is expressed in myeloid cells and can either augment or dampen innate inflammatory responses during infections. To elucidate the role of DAP12 in pulmonary ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), we took advantage of a clinically relevant mouse model of transplant-mediated lung IRI. This technique allowed us to dissect the importance of DAP12 in tissue-resident cells and those that infiltrate injured tissue from the periphery during noninfectious inflammation. Macrophages in both mouse and human lungs that have been subjected to cold ischemic storage express DAP12. We found that donor, but not recipient, deficiency in DAP12 protected against pulmonary IRI. Analysis of the immune response showed that DAP12 promotes the survival of tissue-resident alveolar macrophages and contributes to local production of neutrophil chemoattractants. Intravital imaging demonstrated a transendothelial migration defect into DAP12-deficient lungs, which can be rescued by local administration of the neutrophil chemokine CXCL2. We have uncovered a previously unrecognized role for DAP12 expression in tissue-resident alveolar macrophages in mediating acute noninfectious tissue injury through regulation of neutrophil trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Spahn
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | - Jie Liu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hua Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Aida Ibricevic
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Jie-Hong Pan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Steven L Brody
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Daniel R Goldstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | | | - Andrew E Gelman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Mark J Miller
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
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32
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Krupnick AS, Lin X, Li W, Higashikubo R, Zinselmeyer BH, Hartzler H, Toth K, Ritter JH, Berezin MY, Wang ST, Miller MJ, Gelman AE, Kreisel D. Central memory CD8+ T lymphocytes mediate lung allograft acceptance. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1130-43. [PMID: 24569377 PMCID: PMC3938255 DOI: 10.1172/jci71359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T lymphocytes are commonly viewed as a major barrier for long-term survival of organ allografts and are thought to accelerate rejection responses due to their rapid infiltration into allografts, low threshold for activation, and ability to produce inflammatory mediators. Because memory T cells are usually associated with rejection, preclinical protocols have been developed to target this population in transplant recipients. Here, using a murine model, we found that costimulatory blockade-mediated lung allograft acceptance depended on the rapid infiltration of the graft by central memory CD8+ T cells (CD44(hi)CD62L(hi)CCR7+). Chemokine receptor signaling and alloantigen recognition were required for trafficking of these memory T cells to lung allografts. Intravital 2-photon imaging revealed that CCR7 expression on CD8+ T cells was critical for formation of stable synapses with antigen-presenting cells, resulting in IFN-γ production, which induced NO and downregulated alloimmune responses. Thus, we describe a critical role for CD8+ central memory T cells in lung allograft acceptance and highlight the need for tailored approaches for tolerance induction in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sasha Krupnick
- Department of Surgery and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Radiology and
Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Surgery and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Radiology and
Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Surgery and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Radiology and
Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ryuiji Higashikubo
- Department of Surgery and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Radiology and
Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bernd H. Zinselmeyer
- Department of Surgery and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Radiology and
Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hollyce Hartzler
- Department of Surgery and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Radiology and
Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kelsey Toth
- Department of Surgery and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Radiology and
Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jon H. Ritter
- Department of Surgery and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Radiology and
Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mikhail Y. Berezin
- Department of Surgery and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Radiology and
Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Steven T. Wang
- Department of Surgery and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Radiology and
Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark J. Miller
- Department of Surgery and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Radiology and
Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew E. Gelman
- Department of Surgery and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Radiology and
Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Department of Radiology and
Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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33
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Angiari S, Rossi B, Piccio L, Zinselmeyer BH, Budui S, Zenaro E, Della Bianca V, Bach SD, Scarpini E, Bolomini-Vittori M, Piacentino G, Dusi S, Laudanna C, Cross AH, Miller MJ, Constantin G. Regulatory T cells suppress the late phase of the immune response in lymph nodes through P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1. J Immunol 2013; 191:5489-500. [PMID: 24174617 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain tolerance toward self-antigens and suppress autoimmune diseases, although the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we show that mice deficient for P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) develop a more severe form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis than wild type animals do, suggesting that PSGL-1 has a role in the negative regulation of autoimmunity. We found that Tregs lacking PSGL-1 were unable to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and failed to inhibit T cell proliferation in vivo in the lymph nodes. Using two-photon laser-scanning microscopy in the lymph node, we found that PSGL-1 expression on Tregs had no role in the suppression of early T cell priming after immunization with Ag. Instead, PSGL-1-deficient Tregs lost the ability to modulate T cell movement and failed to inhibit the T cell-dendritic cell contacts and T cell clustering essential for sustained T cell activation during the late phase of the immune response. Notably, PSGL-1 expression on myelin-specific effector T cells had no role in T cell locomotion in the lymph node. Our data show that PSGL-1 represents a previously unknown, phase-specific mechanism for Treg-mediated suppression of the persistence of immune responses and autoimmunity induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Angiari
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
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34
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Abstract
The innate immune system is comprised of cellular sentinels that often serve as the first responders to injury and invading pathogens. Our basic understanding of innate immunity is derived from research conducted in peripheral lymphoid tissues. However, it is now recognized that most non-lymphoid tissues throughout the body are equipped with specialized innate immune cells that are uniquely adapted to the niches in which they reside. The central nervous system (CNS) is a particularly interesting compartment because it contains a population of post-mitotic cells (neurons) that are intolerant of robust, cytopathic inflammatory responses observed in many peripheral tissues. Thus, evolutionary adaptations have fitted the CNS with a unique array of innate immune sentinels that facilitate the development of local inflammatory responses but attempt to do so in a manner that preserves the integrity of its post-mitotic residents. Interestingly, studies have even suggested that CNS resident innate immune cells contribute to the homeostasis of this compartment and promote neural activity. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of CNS innate immune sentinels and how novel imaging approaches such as intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) have shed light on these cells during states of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasis Nayak
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
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35
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Nayak D, Johnson KR, Heydari S, Roth TL, Zinselmeyer BH, McGavern DB. Type I interferon programs innate myeloid dynamics and gene expression in the virally infected nervous system. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003395. [PMID: 23737750 PMCID: PMC3667771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections of central nervous system (CNS) often trigger inflammatory responses that give rise to a wide range of pathological outcomes. The CNS is equipped with an elaborate network of innate immune sentinels (e.g. microglia, macrophages, dendritic cells) that routinely serve as first responders to these infections. The mechanisms that underlie the dynamic programming of these cells following CNS viral infection remain undefined. To gain insights into this programming, we utilized a combination of genomic and two-photon imaging approaches to study a pure innate immune response to a noncytopathic virus (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) as it established persistence in the brain. This enabled us to evaluate how global gene expression patterns were translated into myeloid cell dynamics following infection. Two-photon imaging studies revealed that innate myeloid cells mounted a vigorous early response to viral infection characterized by enhanced vascular patrolling and a complete morphological transformation. Interestingly, innate immune activity subsided over time and returned to a quasi-normal state as the virus established widespread persistence in the brain. At the genomic level, early myeloid cell dynamics were associated with massive changes in CNS gene expression, most of which declined over time and were linked to type I interferon signaling (IFN-I). Surprisingly, in the absence of IFN-I signaling, almost no differential gene expression was observed in the nervous system despite increased viral loads. In addition, two-photon imaging studies revealed that IFN-I receptor deficient myeloid cells were unresponsive to viral infection and remained in a naïve state. These data demonstrate that IFN-I engages non-redundant programming responsible for nearly all innate immune activity in the brain following a noncytopathic viral infection. This Achilles' heel could explain why so many neurotropic viruses have acquired strategies to suppress IFN-I. The central nervous system is equipped with innate immune cells that serve as first responders to sterile injuries and infections. The mechanisms that program the movement and morphological transformations of these cells following infection remain undefined. Here, we utilized a combination of genomic and in vivo imaging approaches to define pathways that program the motion of innate immune cells responding to a noncytopathic virus as it established persistence in the brain. In vivo imaging studies performed in the living brain revealed that innate myeloid cells mounted a vigorous early response that returned to a “naïve” state during persistence. This was associated at the genomic level with robust changes in gene expression that were mostly quenched over time. Analysis of the gene expression pattern revealed a prominent type I interferon (IFN-I) signature only at the early stage of infection. Surprisingly, in the absence of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling, almost no genes were differentially expressed in the virally infected nervous system and all innate myeloid cells were unresponsive. These data indicate IFN-I programs all innate myeloid activity in the nervous system following a noncytopathic viral infection. This non-redundant anti-viral program represents an Achilles' heel that can be exploited by neurotropic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasis Nayak
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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36
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Zinselmeyer BH, Heydari S, Sacristán C, Nayak D, Cammer M, Herz J, Cheng X, Davis SJ, Dustin ML, McGavern DB. PD-1 promotes immune exhaustion by inducing antiviral T cell motility paralysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:757-74. [PMID: 23530125 PMCID: PMC3620347 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses to persistent viral infections and cancer often fail because of intense regulation of antigen-specific T cells-a process referred to as immune exhaustion. The mechanisms that underlie the induction of exhaustion are not completely understood. To gain novel insights into this process, we simultaneously examined the dynamics of virus-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells in the living spleen by two-photon microscopy (TPM) during the establishment of an acute or persistent viral infection. We demonstrate that immune exhaustion during viral persistence maps anatomically to the splenic marginal zone/red pulp and is defined by prolonged motility paralysis of virus-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. Unexpectedly, therapeutic blockade of PD-1-PD-L1 restored CD8(+) T cell motility within 30 min, despite the presence of high viral loads. This result was supported by planar bilayer data showing that PD-L1 localizes to the central supramolecular activation cluster, decreases antiviral CD8(+) T cell motility, and promotes stable immunological synapse formation. Restoration of T cell motility in vivo was followed by recovery of cell signaling and effector functions, which gave rise to a fatal disease mediated by IFN-γ. We conclude that motility paralysis is a manifestation of immune exhaustion induced by PD-1 that prevents antiviral CD8(+) T cells from performing their effector functions and subjects them to prolonged states of negative immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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37
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Wang B, Zinselmeyer BH, Runnels HA, LaBranche TP, Morton PA, Kreisel D, Mack M, Nickerson-Nutter C, Allen PM, Miller MJ. In vivo imaging implicates CCR2(+) monocytes as regulators of neutrophil recruitment during arthritis. Cell Immunol 2012; 278:103-12. [PMID: 23121982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes is a prominent feature of inflammatory diseases including human rheumatoid arthritis. Understanding how neutrophil recruitment is regulated during pathogenesis is crucial for developing anti-inflammatory therapies. We optimized the K/B×N serum-induced mouse arthritis model to study neutrophil trafficking dynamics in vivo using two-photon microscopy. Arthritogenic serum was injected subcutaneously into one hind footpad to induce a local arthritis with robust neutrophil recruitment. Using this approach, we showed that the depletion of monocytes with clodronate liposomes impaired neutrophil recruitment specifically at the transendothelial migration step. The depletion of CCR2(+) monocytes with the monoclonal antibody MC-21 reproduced these effects, implicating CCR2(+) monocytes as key regulators of neutrophil extravasation during arthritis initiation. However, monocyte depletion did not prevent neutrophil extravasation in response to bacterial challenge. These findings suggest that anti-inflammatory therapies targeting monocytes may act in part through antagonizing neutrophil extravasation at sites of aseptic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baomei Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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38
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Abstract
The immune system is highly evolved and can respond to infection throughout the body. Pathogenspecific immune cells are usually generated in secondary lymphoid tissues (e.g., spleen, lymph nodes) and then migrate to sites of infection where their functionality is shaped by the local milieu. Because immune cells are so heavily influenced by the infected tissue in which they reside, it is important that their interactions and dynamics be studied in vivo. Two-photon microscopy is a powerful approach to study host-immune interactions in living tissues, and recent technical advances in the field have enabled researchers to capture movies of immune cells and infectious agents operating in real time. These studies have shed light on pathogen entry and spread through intact tissues as well as the mechanisms by which innate and adaptive immune cells participate in thwarting infections. This review focuses on how two-photon microscopy can be used to study tissue-specific immune responses in vivo, and how this approach has advanced our understanding of host-immune interactions following infection.
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39
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Li W, Nava RG, Bribriesco AC, Zinselmeyer BH, Spahn JH, Gelman AE, Krupnick AS, Miller MJ, Kreisel D. Intravital 2-photon imaging of leukocyte trafficking in beating heart. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2499-508. [PMID: 22706307 DOI: 10.1172/jci62970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon intravital microscopy has substantially broadened our understanding of tissue- and organ-specific differences in the regulation of inflammatory responses. However, little is known about the dynamic regulation of leukocyte recruitment into inflamed heart tissue, largely due to technical difficulties inherent in imaging moving tissue. Here, we report a method for imaging beating murine hearts using intravital 2-photon microscopy. Using this method, we visualized neutrophil trafficking at baseline and during inflammation. Ischemia reperfusion injury induced by transplantation or transient coronary artery ligation led to recruitment of neutrophils to the heart, their extravasation from coronary veins, and infiltration of the myocardium where they formed large clusters. Grafting hearts containing mutant ICAM-1, a ligand important for neutrophil recruitment, reduced the crawling velocities of neutrophils within vessels, and markedly inhibited their extravasation. Similar impairment was seen with the inhibition of Mac-1, a receptor for ICAM-1. Blockade of LFA-1, another ICAM-1 receptor, prevented neutrophil adherence to endothelium and extravasation in heart grafts. As inflammatory responses in the heart are of great relevance to public health, this imaging approach holds promise for studying cardiac-specific mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment and identifying novel therapeutic targets for treating heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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40
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Divekar RD, Haymaker CL, Cascio JA, Guloglu BF, Ellis JS, Tartar DM, Hoeman CM, Franklin CL, Zinselmeyer BH, Lynch JN, Miller MJ, Zaghouani H. T cell dynamics during induction of tolerance and suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2011; 187:3979-86. [PMID: 21911603 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cell dynamics associated with induction of peripheral T cell tolerance remain largely undefined. In this study, an in vivo model was adapted to two-photon microscopy imaging, and T cell behavior was analyzed on tolerogen-induced modulation. FcγR-deficient (FcγR(-/-)) mice were unable to resist or alleviate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis when treated with Ig-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) tolerogen, an Ig carrying the MOG35-55 peptide. However, when FcγR(+/+) dendritic cells (DCs) are adoptively transferred into FcγR(-/-) mice, uptake and presentation of Ig-MOG occurs and the animals were able to overcome experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. We then fluorescently labeled FcγR(+/+) DCs and 2D2 MOG-specific TCR-transgenic T cells, transferred them into FcγR(-/-) mice, administered Ig-MOG, and analyzed both T cell-DC contact events and T cell motility. The results indicate that tolerance takes place in lymphoid organs, and surprisingly, the T cells do not become anergic but instead have a Th2 phenotype. The tolerant Th2 cells displayed reduced motility after tolerogen exposure similar to Th1 cells after immunization. However, the Th2 cells had higher migration speeds and took longer to exhibit changes in motility. Therefore, both Th1 immunity and Th2 tolerance alter T cell migration on Ag recognition, but the kinetics of this effect differ among the subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit D Divekar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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41
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Abstract
Two-photon (2P) microscopy is a high resolution imaging technique that has been broadly adapted by biologists. The value of 2P microscopy is that it provides rich spatiotemporal information regarding cell behaviors within intact tissues and in live mice. Leukocyte recruitment plays a significant role in host defense against infection and when unchecked, can contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Studying leukocyte recruitment in vivo is technically challenging since cells are moving rapidly within vessels located deep within light scattering tissues. To date, most intravital imaging studies require surgical preparation to expose the blood vessels and tissues. To avoid the tissue damage and inflammation induced by surgery itself, here, we describe a non-invasive single-cell imaging approach that can be used to study leukocyte trafficking in the mouse footpad and phalanges. We discuss the technical aspects of our 2P imaging preparation and walk the reader through a typical experiment from initial set up to execution and data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baomei Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
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42
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Morley SC, Wang C, Lo WL, Lio CWJ, Zinselmeyer BH, Miller MJ, Brown EJ, Allen PM. The actin-bundling protein L-plastin dissociates CCR7 proximal signaling from CCR7-induced motility. J Immunol 2010; 184:3628-38. [PMID: 20194718 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines promote lymphocyte motility by triggering F-actin rearrangements and inducing cellular polarization. Chemokines can also enhance cell-cell adhesion and costimulate T cells. In this study, we establish a requirement for the actin-bundling protein L-plastin (LPL) in CCR7- and sphingosine-1-phosphate-mediated T cell chemotaxis using LPL(-/-) mice. Disrupted motility of mature LPL(-/-) thymocytes manifested in vivo as diminished thymic egress. Two-photon microscopy of LPL(-/-) lymphocytes revealed reduced velocity and motility in lymph nodes. Defective migration resulted from defective cellular polarization following CCR7 ligation, as CCR7 did not polarize to the leading edge in chemokine-stimulated LPL(-/-) T cells. However, CCR7 signaling to F-actin polymerization and CCR7-mediated costimulation was intact in LPL(-/-) lymphocytes. The differential requirement for LPL in CCR7-induced cellular adhesion and CCR7-induced motility allowed assessment of the contribution of CCR7-mediated motility to positive selection of thymocytes and lineage commitment. Results suggest that normal motility is not required for CCR7 to function in positive selection and lineage commitment. We thus identify LPL as a molecule critical for CCR7-mediated motility but dispensable for early CCR7 signaling. The requirement for actin bundling by LPL for polarization reveals a novel mechanism of regulating actin dynamics during T cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Celeste Morley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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43
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Lin A, Loughman JA, Zinselmeyer BH, Miller MJ, Caparon MG. Streptolysin S inhibits neutrophil recruitment during the early stages of Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Infect Immun 2009; 77:5190-201. [PMID: 19687200 PMCID: PMC2772533 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00420-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to infection of superficial tissues, Streptococcus pyogenes infection of deeper tissue can be associated with a significantly diminished inflammatory response, suggesting that this bacterium has the ability to both promote and suppress inflammation. To examine this, we analyzed the behavior of an S. pyogenes mutant deficient in expression of the cytolytic toxin streptolysin S (SLS-) and evaluated events that occur during the first few hours of infection by using several models including injection of zebrafish (adults, larvae, and embryos), a transepithelial polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) migration assay, and two-photon microscopy of mice in vivo. In contrast to wild-type S. pyogenes, the SLS- mutant was associated with the robust recruitment of neutrophils and significantly reduced lethal myositis in adult zebrafish. Similarly, the mutant was attenuated in embryos in its ability to cause lethality. Infection of larva muscle allowed an analysis of inflammation in real time, which revealed that the mutant had recruited PMNs to the infection site. Analysis of transepithelial migration in vitro suggested that SLS inhibited the host cells' production of signals chemotactic for neutrophils, which contrasted with the proinflammatory effect of an unrelated cytolytic toxin, streptolysin O. Using two-photon microscopy of mice in vivo, we showed that the extravasation of neutrophils during infection with SLS- mutant bacteria was significantly accelerated compared to infection with wild-type S. pyogenes. Taken together, these data support a role for SLS in the inhibition of neutrophil recruitment during the early stages of S. pyogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1093
| | - Jennifer A. Loughman
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1093
| | - Bernd H. Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1093
| | - Mark J. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1093
| | - Michael G. Caparon
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1093
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44
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Gelman AE, Li W, Richardson SB, Zinselmeyer BH, Lai J, Okazaki M, Kornfeld CG, Kreisel FH, Sugimoto S, Tietjens JR, Dempster J, Patterson GA, Krupnick AS, Miller MJ, Kreisel D. Cutting edge: Acute lung allograft rejection is independent of secondary lymphoid organs. J Immunol 2009; 182:3969-73. [PMID: 19299693 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is the prevailing view that adaptive immune responses are initiated in secondary lymphoid organs. Studies using alymphoplastic mice have shown that secondary lymphoid organs are essential to initiate allograft rejection of skin, heart, and small bowel. The high immunogenicity of lungs is well recognized and allograft rejection remains a major contributing factor to poor outcomes after lung transplantation. We show in this study that alloreactive T cells are initially primed within lung allografts and not in secondary lymphoid organs following transplantation. In contrast to other organs, lungs are acutely rejected in the absence of secondary lymphoid organs. Two-photon microscopy revealed that recipient T cells cluster predominantly around lung-resident, donor-derived CD11c(+) cells early after engraftment. These findings demonstrate for the first time that alloimmune responses following lung transplantation are initiated in the graft itself and therefore identify a novel, potentially clinically relevant mechanism of lung allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Gelman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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45
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Graham DB, Zinselmeyer BH, Mascarenhas F, Delgado R, Miller MJ, Swat W. ITAM signaling by Vav family Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors regulates interstitial transit rates of neutrophils in vivo. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4652. [PMID: 19247495 PMCID: PMC2645696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In response to infection, neutrophils are quickly recruited from the blood into inflamed tissues. The interstitial migration of neutrophils is crucial for the efficient capture and control of rapidly proliferating microbes before microbial growth can overwhelm the host's defenses. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate interstitial migration are incompletely understood. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we use two-photon microscopy (2PM) to study discrete steps of neutrophil responses during subcutaneous infection with bacteria. Our study demonstrates that signals emanating from ITAM-containing receptors mediated by Vav family Rho GEFs control the velocity, but not the directionality, of neutrophil migration towards sites of bacterial infection. Conclusions/Significance Here we show that during neutrophil migration towards sites of bacterial infection, signals emanating from ITAM-containing receptors specifically control interstitial neutrophil velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Graham
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bernd H. Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Francesca Mascarenhas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ryan Delgado
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Miller
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJM); (WS)
| | - Wojciech Swat
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJM); (WS)
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Zinselmeyer BH, Dempster J, Wokosin DL, Cannon JJ, Pless R, Parker I, Miller MJ. Chapter 16. Two-photon microscopy and multidimensional analysis of cell dynamics. Methods Enzymol 2009; 461:349-78. [PMID: 19480927 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)05416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon (2P) microscopy is a high-resolution imaging technique that was initially applied by neurobiologists and developmental cell biologists but has subsequently been broadly adapted by immunologists. The value of 2P microscopy is that it affords an unparalleled view of single-cell spatiotemporal dynamics deep within intact tissues and organs. As the technology develops and new transgenic mice and fluorescent probes become available, 2P microscopy will serve as an increasingly valuable tool for assessing cell function and probing molecular mechanisms. Here we discuss the technical aspects related to 2P microscope design, explain in detail various tissue imaging preparations, and walk the reader through the often daunting process of analyzing multidimensional data sets and presenting the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Bredemeyer AJ, Geahlen JH, Weis VG, Huh WJ, Zinselmeyer BH, Srivatsan S, Miller MJ, Shaw AS, Mills JC. The gastric epithelial progenitor cell niche and differentiation of the zymogenic (chief) cell lineage. Dev Biol 2008; 325:211-24. [PMID: 19013146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, the cell fate decisions that specify the development of multiple, diverse lineages are governed in large part by interactions of stem and early lineage progenitor cells with their microenvironment, or niche. Here, we show that the gastric parietal cell (PC) is a key cellular component of the previously undescribed niche for the gastric epithelial neck cell, the progenitor of the digestive enzyme secreting zymogenic (chief) cell (ZC). Genetic ablation of PCs led to failed patterning of the entire zymogenic lineage: progenitors showed premature expression of differentiated cell markers, and fully differentiated ZCs failed to develop. We developed a separate mouse model in which PCs localized not only to the progenitor niche, but also ectopically to the gastric unit base, which is normally occupied by terminally differentiated ZCs. Surprisingly, these mislocalized PCs did not maintain adjacent zymogenic lineage cells in the progenitor state, demonstrating that PCs, though necessary, are not sufficient to define the progenitor niche. We induced this PC mislocalization by knocking out the cytoskeleton-regulating gene Cd2ap in Mist1(-/-) mice, which led to aberrant E-cadherin localization in ZCs, irregular ZC-ZC junctions, and disruption of the ZC monolayer by PCs. Thus, the characteristic histology of the gastric unit, with PCs in the middle and ZCs in the base, may depend on establishment of an ordered adherens junction network in ZCs as they migrate into the base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bredemeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Aoshi T, Zinselmeyer BH, Konjufca V, Lynch JN, Zhang X, Koide Y, Miller MJ. Bacterial entry to the splenic white pulp initiates antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells. Immunity 2008; 29:476-86. [PMID: 18760639 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The spleen plays an important role in host-protective responses to bacteria. However, the cellular dynamics that lead to pathogen-specific immunity remain poorly understood. Here we examined Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection in the mouse spleen via in situ fluorescence microscopy. We found that the redistribution of Lm from the marginal zone (MZ) to the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) was inhibited by pertussis toxin and required the presence of CD11c(+) cells. As early as 9 hr after infection, we detected infected dendritic cells in the peripheral regions of the PALS and clustering of Lm-specific T cells by two-photon microscopy. Pertussis toxin inhibited both Lm entry into the PALS and antigen presentation to CD8(+) T cells. Our study suggests that splenic dendritic cells rapidly deliver intracellular bacteria to the T cell areas of the white pulp to initiate CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Aoshi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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49
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Millington OR, Gibson VB, Rush CM, Zinselmeyer BH, Phillips RS, Garside P, Brewer JM. Malaria impairs T cell clustering and immune priming despite normal signal 1 from dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:1380-7. [PMID: 17937497 PMCID: PMC2014797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells are essential for the induction of an immune response. However, during malaria infection, DC function is compromised and immune responses against parasite and heterologous antigens are reduced. Here, we demonstrate that malaria infection or the parasite pigment hemozoin inhibits T cell and DC interactions both in vitro and in vivo, while signal 1 intensity remains unaltered. This altered cellular behaviour is associated with the suppression of DC costimulatory activity and functional T cell responses, potentially explaining why immunity is reduced during malaria infection. Malaria is a major infectious disease, affecting 500 million people and causing 2.7 million deaths each year. The severity of malaria is, in part, due to the failure of the host immune system to effectively clear an infection and generate protective immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are central to the immune system; by presenting components of pathogens to circulating T cells, they are able to initiate a highly specific immune response to clear an infection. Importantly, the quality of the interaction between T cell and DCs can affect the functional outcome of the immune response. However, previous work has demonstrated that DCs are modified by malaria parasites, resulting in inefficient priming of the adaptive immune system. Here, we have visualised the interactions between DCs and T cells in the context of malaria and demonstrate that infection is able to prevent priming of immune responses by antagonising these cell–cell contacts. Importantly, the failure to form long-lasting interactions is not due to reduced presentation of antigens by the DC, suggesting that other mechanisms may be involved. These studies provide a visual insight into the mechanism by which parasites may suppress immunity and highlight the importance of early cellular interactions in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owain R Millington
- Centre for Biophotonics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vivienne B Gibson
- Centre for Biophotonics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine M Rush
- Centre for Biophotonics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - R. Stephen Phillips
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garside
- Centre for Biophotonics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James M Brewer
- Centre for Biophotonics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Maffia P, Zinselmeyer BH, Ialenti A, Kennedy S, Baker AH, McInnes IB, Brewer JM, Garside P. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Multiphoton microscopy for 3-dimensional imaging of lymphocyte recruitment into apolipoprotein-E-deficient mouse carotid artery. Circulation 2007; 115:e326-8. [PMID: 17372180 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.658492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Maffia
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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