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Lewin AC, Ineck NE, Mironovich MA, Marino ME, Liu CC, Emelogu U, Mills EP, Camacho-Luna P, Carter RT. Surveillance for feline herpesvirus type 1 mutation and development of resistance in cats treated with antiviral medications. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1197249. [PMID: 37275610 PMCID: PMC10232796 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1197249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) commonly causes ocular surface disease in cats and is treated with antiviral medications targeting viral DNA polymerase (UL30/42). Herein, we describe a method to assess the FHV-1 genome for mutation development and to assess the functional impact of mutations, if present. Fourteen shelter-housed domestic cats with FHV-1 ocular surface disease were assigned to one of four treatment groups: placebo (n = 3), cidofovir 0.5% ophthalmic solution (n = 3), famciclovir oral solution (n = 5), or ganciclovir 0.15% ophthalmic solution (n = 3). Swabs were collected before (day 1) and after (day 8) 1 week of twice-daily treatments to isolate viable FHV-1. Viral DNA was extracted for sequencing using Illumina MiSeq with subsequent genomic variant detection between paired day 1 and day 8 isolates. Plaque reduction assay was performed on paired isolates demonstrating non-synonymous variants. A total of 171 synonymous and 3 non-synonymous variants were identified in day 8 isolates. No variants were detected in viral UL23, UL30, or UL42 genes. Variant totals were not statistically different in animals receiving antiviral or placebo (p = 0.4997). A day 8 isolate from each antiviral treatment group contained a single non-synonymous variant in ICP4 (transcriptional regulator). These 3 isolates demonstrated no evidence of functional antiviral resistance when IC50 was assessed. Most (10/14 pairs) day 1 and 8 viral isolate pairs from the same host animal were near-identical. While functional variants were not detected in this small sample, these techniques can be replicated to assess FHV-1 isolates suspected of having developed resistance to antiviral medications.
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Lewin AC, Hicks SK, Carter RT. A review of evidence-based management of infectious ocular surface disease in shelter-housed domestic cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26 Suppl 1:47-58. [PMID: 36749144 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious ocular surface disease (IOSD) is a common problem in shelter-housed domestic cats and has a widespread negative impact on animal welfare. While the common etiological agents are well-described, addressing IOSD in large groups of animals presents a management challenge to the clinician and logistical challenges to shelter employees. Treatments, diagnostics, and prevention strategies that are effective in privately owned or experimental animals may be impractical or ineffective in the shelter environment. This review article focuses on the relative prevalence of etiological agents in feline IOSD, practical diagnostic testing protocols, prevention strategies, and treatment of IOSD in shelter-housed cats. Discrepancies between experimental laboratory-based studies and clinical trials assessing therapeutics for treatment of feline herpes virus are highlighted. Further high-quality clinical trials are necessary to determine optimal preventative and therapeutic protocols for IOSD in shelter-housed cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sarah K Hicks
- Shelter Medicine Program University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Mironovich MA, Yoon A, Marino ME, Ineck NE, Liu CC, Carter RT, Lewin AC. Evaluation of compounded cidofovir, famciclovir, and ganciclovir for the treatment of feline herpesvirus ocular surface disease in shelter-housed cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 26 Suppl 1:143-153. [PMID: 36261852 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of compounded cidofovir, famciclovir, and ganciclovir for the treatment of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) ocular surface disease. ANIMALS STUDIED 132 shelter-housed cats qPCR positive for FHV-1. PROCEDURES A masked placebo-controlled study design was utilized. Animals were enrolled in one of four treatment groups: topical ocular placebo + oral placebo (n = 32), compounded cidofovir 0.5% ophthalmic solution + oral placebo (n = 32), compounded famciclovir oral solution (90 mg/kg) + topical ocular placebo (n = 32), and compounded ganciclovir 0.15% ophthalmic solution + oral placebo (n = 36). Cats were treated with each medication twice daily for 7 days and were evaluated on Day 1 and Day 8 using an ocular scoring system, body weight, and qPCR for FHV-1 viral load. RESULTS Cidofovir significantly decreased viral load from Day 1 to Day 8 compared with placebo (p = .024). Neither famciclovir nor ganciclovir decreased viral load compared with placebo (p = .14, p = .41). There was no significant improvement of ocular scores for any drug group compared with placebo (p = .62). In all groups, 65%-75% of cats improved from Day 1 to Day 8. Juvenile cats had a significant increase in weight gain compared with placebo for cidofovir (p = .025) and ganciclovir (p = .023). All corneal ulcers in placebo animals failed to heal whereas 77% of ulcers in antiviral group animals healed. CONCLUSIONS Topical ophthalmic cidofovir significantly decreased ocular FHV-1 viral shedding and increased weight gain in juvenile cats. Ganciclovir increased weight gain in juvenile cats. Compounded famciclovir demonstrated limited efficacy for the treatment of FHV-1 ocular surface disease in shelter-housed cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Mironovich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Angela Yoon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Morgan E Marino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nikole E Ineck
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Ledbetter EC, Badanes ZI, Chan RX, Donohue LK, Hayot NL, Harman RM, Van de Walle GR, Mohammed HO. Comparative Efficacy of Topical Ophthalmic Ganciclovir and Oral Famciclovir in Cats with Experimental Ocular Feline Herpesvirus-1 Epithelial Infection. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2022; 38:339-347. [PMID: 35613418 PMCID: PMC9242719 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the comparative efficacy of ganciclovir ophthalmic gel and famciclovir oral tablets in cats with experimentally induced ocular feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) epithelial infection. Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial was performed using 16 nonvaccinated, specific pathogen-free cats with experimental FHV-1 infection induced by topical ocular inoculation. Cats received topical ganciclovir 0.15% ophthalmic gel (1 drop 3 times daily, n = 6 cats), oral famciclovir (90 mg/kg twice daily, n = 6), or topical artificial tear gel (1 drop 3 times daily, n = 4) for 14 days. Cats were monitored after inoculation for 30 days. Ophthalmic examinations were performed every 2 days and ocular disease scores calculated. In vivo confocal microscopy was performed, and corneal leukocyte infiltrates quantified. Ocular samples for FHV-1 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and virus isolation assays were collected every 3 days. Hemograms and serum biochemistry panels were performed at intervals. Results: Clinical ocular disease scores and corneal leukocyte infiltrates were significantly lower in the ganciclovir and famciclovir groups compared with placebo, but no significant differences were detected between the antiviral treatment groups. Ocular viral loads determined by qPCR were significantly lower in the ganciclovir group compared with the placebo group, but there were no significant differences between the other study groups. Hemograms and biochemistry panels were unremarkable. Conclusion: Topical application of ganciclovir gel 3 times daily was well-tolerated and displayed similar efficacy at reducing clinical ocular disease scores and corneal inflammation as twice daily oral famciclovir treatment in cats with experimental ocular FHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences and College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Zachary I. Badanes
- Department of Clinical Sciences and College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Remington X. Chan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Laura K. Donohue
- Department of Clinical Sciences and College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Nathalie L. Hayot
- Department of Clinical Sciences and College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Hussni O. Mohammed
- Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Farger MV, Eule JC. [Availability of drugs for the treatment of cats with ocular diseases in Germany - Discrepancy between theory and reality]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2022; 50:82-91. [PMID: 35523162 DOI: 10.1055/a-1789-2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Only a few ophthalmologics specifically approved for cats are available on the market leading to frequent use of drugs approved for humans. In Germany, the administration, dispense or prescription of pharmaceuticals is regulated by the pharmaceuticals law ('Arzneimittelgesetz' (AMG)) as well as the regulation concerning pharmacies in veterinary practice ('Verordnung über tierärztliche Hausapotheken' (TÄHAV)). The aim of this study was to collect data concerning the occurrence and frequency of feline eye diseases and to evaluate the frequency of the necessity for extra-label drug use. Evidence-based, optimal treatment schemes were generated and reviewed with regard to their feasibility in Germany. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data from 876 cats with ocular problems of the "Small Animal Clinic", Freie Universität Berlin as well as a small animal practice in Southern Germany were evaluated (01.01.2015-31.12.2018). Subsequently, the theoretical accessibility for approved agents and/or extra-label drug use in Germany was analyzed. RESULTS 1198 diagnoses were based on 925 ophthalmic examinations. The most common diseases include conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, hypertensive retinopathy and glaucoma. 885/1198 (73.9 %) of these diseases required treatment, which equates to 722/925 (78.1 %) cases. For all patients, treatment would have been possible according to evidence-based data. In 225/722 (31.2 %) cases, treatment with the pertaining, specifically approved agents would have been possible. Extra-label drug use would have been necessary in 497/722 cases (68.8 %). Of the 497 cases necessitating extra-label use, pharmaceuticals approved for humans would have been available for 481 cases (96.8 %), extra-label use of other veterinary pharmaceuticals would have been possible in 28 cases (5.6 %) and in 60 cases (12.2 %) especially manufactured drugs could have been employed. In a total of 36/722 cases (5 %), optimal care would not have been possible in the context of the current regulatory framework. CONCLUSION Based on regulations concerning therapeutic necessity, the ophthalmologic therapy of cats in Germany is possible within the regulatory framework. In the present study, 5 % of the patients could not receive optimal medical care. The closure of this gap demands additional approval of veterinary ophthalmic drugs as well as the research and development of novel active agents and veterinary pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Veronika Farger
- Klinik für kleine Haustiere, Ophthalmologie, Freie Universität Berlin
- Kleintierpraxis am Aischbach
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Alling CR, Liu CC, Langohr IM, Haque M, Carter RT, Baker RE, Lewin AC. Assessment of Cidofovir for Treatment of Ocular Bovine Herpesvirus-1 Infection in Cattle Using an Ex-Vivo Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102102. [PMID: 34696532 PMCID: PMC8540818 DOI: 10.3390/v13102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) infection contributes to keratoconjunctivitis, respiratory disease, and reproductive losses in cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the most appropriate ophthalmic antiviral agent for BoHV-1 inhibition using in-vitro culture and novel ex-vivo bovine corneal modeling. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of BoHV-1 were determined for cidofovir, ganciclovir, idoxuridine, and trifluridine via in-vitro plaque reduction assays. In-vitro cytotoxicity was compared amongst these compounds via luciferase assays. Trifluridine and cidofovir were the most potent BoHV-1 inhibitors in vitro, while trifluridine and idoxuridine were the most cytotoxic agents. Therefore, cidofovir was the most potent non-cytotoxic agent and was employed in the ex-vivo corneal assay. Corneoscleral rings (n = 36) from fresh cadaver bovine globes were harvested and equally divided into an uninfected, untreated control group; a BoHV-1-infected, untreated group; and a BoHV-1-infected, cidofovir-treated group. Virus isolation for BoHV-1 titers was performed from corneal tissue and liquid media. Histologic measurements of corneal thickness, epithelial cell density, and tissue organization were compared between groups. Substantial BoHV-1 replication was observed in infected, untreated corneas, but BoHV-1 titer was significantly reduced in cidofovir-treated (1.69 ± 0.08 × 103 PFU/mL) versus untreated (8.25 ± 0.25 × 105 PFU/mL, p < 0.0001) tissues by day 2 of culture. No significant differences in histologic criteria were observed between groups. In conclusion, cidofovir warrants further investigation as treatment for BoHV-1 keratoconjunctivitis, with future studies needed to assess in-vivo tolerability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Alling
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.R.A.); (C.-C.L.); (R.T.C.); (R.E.B.)
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.R.A.); (C.-C.L.); (R.T.C.); (R.E.B.)
| | - Ingeborg M. Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (I.M.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Muzammel Haque
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (I.M.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Renee T. Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.R.A.); (C.-C.L.); (R.T.C.); (R.E.B.)
| | - Rose E. Baker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.R.A.); (C.-C.L.); (R.T.C.); (R.E.B.)
| | - Andrew C. Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.R.A.); (C.-C.L.); (R.T.C.); (R.E.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Lewin AC, Liu CC, Alling C, Camacho-Luna P, Miessler B, Carter RT. In vitro efficacy of ganciclovir against feline herpesvirus type 1 and assessment of ocular tolerability in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:400-404. [PMID: 32749191 PMCID: PMC10812217 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20944363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) is a prevalent cause of ocular disease in cats and limited topical options for treatment currently exist. The first objective of this study was to confirm the efficacy of ganciclovir against FHV-1 in vitro. The second objective was to assess the safety and ocular tolerability of topically applied ganciclovir eye gel (GEG) in healthy cats. METHODS FHV-1 was used to infect tissue culture wells covered in maximally confluent Crandall-Rees feline kidney cells prior to the addition of three molarities of ganciclovir (8.9 µM, 17.8 µM and 89 µM) before being incubated for 48 h. Ganciclovir efficacy in vitro was then assessed using standard plaque reduction assay. Commercially available GEG (0.15%) was applied q8h to one randomly chosen eye of four healthy cats for 7 days. Commercially available lubricating eye gel (LEG) was applied to the opposite eye q8h. Complete blood counts (CBCs), blood chemistry panels (CHEM) and urinalysis (UA) were performed on all cats before and after the study period. Ocular lesions were assessed daily using a standardized scheme. RESULTS Ganciclovir led to a significant reduction in FHV-1 plaque number, area and diameter at all tested molarities in vitro. The highest molarity assessed (89 µM) caused a 100% reduction in viral plaque number. There was no significant difference in ocular lesion scores between eyes receiving GEG and LEG. Animals remained healthy throughout the study period with CBC, CHEM and UA showing no clinically significant alterations. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Based on the in vitro results, ganciclovir appears to be effective against FHV-1 in vitro. When applied q8h as a commercial 0.15% gel to a small group of cats with normal eyes, this medication was well tolerated. Taken together, these data suggest this medication warrants further investigation in cats with ocular disease caused by FHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Christopher Alling
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Pilar Camacho-Luna
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Bruna Miessler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Lewin AC, Coghill LM, McLellan GJ, Bentley E, Kousoulas KG. Genomic analysis for virulence determinants in feline herpesvirus type-1 isolates. Virus Genes 2019; 56:49-57. [PMID: 31776852 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) is a widespread cause of respiratory and ocular disease in domestic cats. A spectrum of disease severity is observed in host animals, but there has been limited prior investigation into viral genome factors which could be responsible. Stocks of FHV-1 were established from oropharyngeal swabs obtained from twenty-five cats with signs of infection housed in eight animal shelters around the USA. A standardized numerical host clinical disease severity scoring scheme was used for each cat from which an isolate was obtained. Illumina MiSeq was used to sequence the genome of each isolate. Genomic homogeneity among isolates was relatively high. A general linear model for fixed effects determined that only two synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms across two genes (UL37/39) in the same isolate (from one host animal with a low disease severity score) were significantly associated (p ≤ 0.05) with assigned host respiratory and total disease severity score. No variants in any isolate were found to be significantly associated with assigned host ocular disease severity score. A concurrent analysis of missense mutations among the viral isolates identified three genes as being primarily involved in the observed genomic variation, but none were significantly associated with host disease severity scores. An ancestral state likelihood reconstruction was performed and determined that there was no evidence of a connection between host disease severity score and viral evolutionary state. We conclude from our results that the spectrum of host disease severity observed with FHV-1 is unlikely to be primarily related to viral genomic variations, and is instead due to host response and/or other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Lyndon M Coghill
- Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, 340 E Parker Boulevard, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ellison Bentley
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Konstantin G Kousoulas
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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Spertus CB, Pennington MR, Van de Walle GR, Badanes ZI, Judd BE, Mohammed HO, Ledbetter EC. Effects of orally administered raltegravir in cats with experimentally induced ocular and respiratory feline herpesvirus-1 infection. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:490-497. [PMID: 31034270 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.5.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of orally administered raltegravir in cats with experimentally induced ocular and respiratory feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) infection. ANIMALS 14 healthy 6-month-old unvaccinated specific pathogen-free cats. PROCEDURES On day 0, all cats were experimentally inoculated by topical application of 0.1 mL of a solution containing 106 plaque-forming units of FHV-1 strain FH2CS to the inferior conjunctival fornix of each eye. Cats were randomly assigned to receive either raltegravir (80 mg; n = 7) or lactose (250 mg; vehicle; 7), PO, every 12 hours for 14 days beginning on day 1. Cats were assigned clinical ocular and respiratory disease scores every other day from days 0 to 30. Conjunctival swab specimens were collected for detection of FHV-1 by virus isolation and real-time PCR assay at 3-day intervals from days 0 to 30. Confocal microscopy was performed on days 0 and 10 to assess corneal epithelial leukocyte infiltration. The assessed variables and duration of FHV-1 shedding were compared between the 2 treatment groups. RESULTS Cats in both groups developed moderate to severe conjunctivitis and ulcerative keratitis characteristic of FHV-1 infection. Median duration of FHV-1 shedding was shorter and signs of ocular and respiratory disease were less severe for raltegravir-treated cats than for vehicle-treated cats. However, the mean conjunctival FHV-1 titer and corneal epithelial leukocyte count did not differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested orally administered raltegravir might be effective for alleviation of ocular and respiratory signs of FHV-1 infection in cats. (Am J Vet Res 2019;80:490-497).
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Contreras ET, Olea-Popelka F, Wheat W, Dow S, Hawley J, Lappin MR. Evaluation of liposome toll-like receptor ligand complexes for non-specific mucosal immunoprotection from feline herpesvirus-1 infection. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:831-837. [PMID: 30847973 PMCID: PMC6430869 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Feline herpesvirus‐1 (FHV‐1) infection can result in serious morbidity and mortality, especially in kittens. Immunotherapy using liposome‐toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligand complexes (LTC) has been shown to activate innate immune responses. Objectives To determine in kittens whether mucosal administration of LTC before FHV‐1 inoculation would decrease severity of clinical signs and decrease quantities of FHV‐1 DNA in materials collected on oropharyngeal swabs. Animals Nineteen, 14‐week‐old, purpose‐bred kittens. Methods Pilot clinical trial with 2 groups of kittens allocated to either an LTC or control group. The LTC were administered into both nares and the oropharynx of the 12 LTC group kittens, and all 19 kittens were inoculated with FHV‐1 24 hours later. Clinical scores were determined daily for 28 days, and oropharyngeal mucosal materials were collected every 7 days to assess FHV‐1 DNA quantities for comparison between groups. Results Conjunctivitis was more common in kittens in the control group on Days 15‐28 (P = .01) and Days 1‐28 (P = .02). Total respiratory scores were higher in the LTC group on days 15‐28 (P = .03). The LTC group had significantly decreased FHV‐1 DNA on swabs when compared to the control group on some postinoculation days, using 2 methods of calculation. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Administration of LTC to kittens was shown to decrease FHV‐1 DNA and some manifestations of illness in kittens when administrated 24 hours before inoculation, suggesting clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena T Contreras
- Center for Companion Animal Studies and the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - Francisco Olea-Popelka
- Center for Companion Animal Studies and the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - William Wheat
- Center for Companion Animal Studies and the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - Steven Dow
- Center for Companion Animal Studies and the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - Jennifer Hawley
- Center for Companion Animal Studies and the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - Michael R Lappin
- Center for Companion Animal Studies and the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado
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Zirofsky D, Rekers W, Powell C, Hawley J, Veir J, Lappin M. Feline Herpesvirus 1 and Mycoplasma spp. Conventional PCR Assay Results From Conjunctival Samples From Cats in Shelters With Suspected Acute Ocular Infections. Top Companion Anim Med 2018; 33:45-48. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Variation in the Reported Management of Canine Prolapsed Nictitans Gland and Feline Herpetic Keratitis. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5020054. [PMID: 29865183 PMCID: PMC6024657 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment variation in medicine may be driven by evidence gaps, clinician factors, and patient preferences. Although well-documented in human medicine, variation in clinical management is relatively unexplored in veterinary practice. Clinical vignette questionnaires were administered to a cross section of general practitioners (GPs) and veterinarians with postgraduate training in ophthalmology (PGs) to survey recommended management of canine prolapsed nictitans gland (“cherry eye”, PNG) and feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) keratitis. The majority of veterinarians (96.2%) suggested surgical replacement of cherry eye, with a pocketing technique being the most frequently nominated procedure. GPs were more likely to suggest gland excision in the event of surgical failure, while PGs more frequently nominated techniques incorporating a periosteal anchor for salvage repair. Most respondents managed FHV-1 keratitis with topical antibiotics (76.4%), with a minority suggesting topical antivirals (32.2%). GPs favoured topical acyclovir whilst PGs more frequently recommended topical trifluorothymidine. A significantly larger proportion of PGs nominated systemic famciclovir and lysine supplement for FHV-1 keratitis. This survey revealed moderate treatment variation for these conditions, both between and within practitioner groups. Additional research is needed to assess the reasons for this variation, particularly for conditions in which high quality evidence is scant.
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Vissani MA, Zabal O, Tordoya MS, Parreño V, Thiry E, Barrandeguy M. In vitro comparison of acyclovir, ganciclovir and cidofovir against equid alphaherpesvirus 3 and evaluation of their efficacy against six field isolates. Rev Argent Microbiol 2018; 50:380-390. [PMID: 29779880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 3 (EHV3) is the etiological agent of equine coital exanthema (ECE), which is a venereal, highly contagious disease, characterized by the formation of papules, vesicles, pustules and ulcers on the external genitalia of mares and stallions. EHV3 remains in a latent state after a successful infection and there are latently infected animals in which the virus is reactivated and generally re-excreted subclinically. There are no available vaccines for this condition and prevention is based on the clinical examination of mares prior to mating, which allows to segregate those showing clinical signs. As this approach does not eliminate the risk of contagion in stallions from subclinically infected mares, there is a need for a specific EHV3 treatment. Nowadays, there exist various antiviral compounds of proven effectiveness for other alphaherpesviruses affecting humans and animals. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of three antiviral compounds, acyclovir, ganciclovir and cidofovir against EHV3 in vitro, and to assess their efficacy against six EHV3 Argentinian field isolates. To determine the efficacy of these compounds in vitro, three parameters were analyzed: reduction of plaque number, reduction of plaque size and reduction of viral production. Additionally, the effectiveness of the three compounds at an optimum concentration previously determined in this study was investigated for the EHV3 field isolates. Based on our results, ganciclovir was the most potent antiviral compound to reduce EHV3 replication in vitro and may thus be a valuable candidate for treatment and prevention of ECE in mares and stallions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Vissani
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar (1712), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Osvaldo Zabal
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar (1712), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km54.5 (B1630AHU), Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María S Tordoya
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar (1712), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar (1712), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - María Barrandeguy
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar (1712), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km54.5 (B1630AHU), Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gleeson MD, Moore BA, Edwards SG, Stevens S, Childress AL, Wellehan JFX, Robertson J, Murphy CJ, Hawkins MG, Paul-Murphy J. A novel herpesvirus associated with chronic superficial keratitis and proliferative conjunctivitis in a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus). Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:67-75. [PMID: 29656541 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An adult great-horned owl (Bubo virginianus; GHOW) presented with a history of recurrent corneal ulceration of the right eye (OD). Findings included ulcerative superficial keratitis, proliferative conjunctivitis, and iris pigmentary changes. The ulcer was initially nonresponsive to medical therapy, but showed rapid and appropriate healing following diamond burr debridement. Proliferative conjunctivitis markedly improved following topical antiviral therapy with cidofovir 1%, interferon alpha 2B ophthalmic solutions, and oral l-lysine. Histopathologic evaluation of a conjunctival biopsy revealed epithelial features suspicious for viral cytopathic changes and intranuclear structures suspicious for viral inclusions, suggestive of a possible viral-induced papillomatous conjunctivitis. A novel alphaherpesvirus, referred to as Strigid Herpesvirus 1 (StrHV1), was identified using PCR and gene sequencing. This case represents a new clinical manifestation of a previously unreported herpesvirus in the GHOW. Identification of the herpes virus was critical to administration of appropriate therapy and resolution of the conjunctivitis, and corneal epithelial debridement promoted resolution of the chronic corneal epithelial defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly D Gleeson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bret A Moore
- School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sydney G Edwards
- School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Stevens
- School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - April L Childress
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James F X Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michelle G Hawkins
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joanne Paul-Murphy
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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15
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Dehghanpir SD, Birkenheuer CH, Yang K, Murelli RP, Morrison LA, Le Grice SFJ, Baines JD. Broad anti-herpesviral activity of α-hydroxytropolones. Vet Microbiol 2017; 214:125-131. [PMID: 29408023 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous in animals and cause economic losses concomitant with many diseases. Most of the domestic animal herpesviruses are within the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, which includes human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Suppression of HSV-1 replication has been reported with α-hydroxytropolones (αHTs), aromatic ring compounds that have broad bioactivity due to potent chelating activity. It is postulated that αHTs inhibit enzymes within the nucleotidyltransferase superfamily (NTS). These enzymes require divalent cations for nucleic acid cleavage activity. Potential targets include the nuclease component of the herpesvirus terminase (pUL15C), a highly conserved NTS-like enzyme that cleaves viral DNA into genomic lengths prior to packaging into capsids. Inhibition of pUL15C activity in biochemical assays by various αHTs previously revealed a spectrum of potencies. Interestingly, the most potent anti-pUL15C αHT inhibited HSV-1 replication to a limited extent in cell culture. The aim of this study was to evaluate three different αHT molecules with varying biochemical anti-pUL15C activity for a capacity to inhibit replication of veterinary herpesviruses (BoHV-1, EHV-1, and FHV-1) and HSV-1. Given the known discordant potencies between anti-pUL15C and HSV-1 replication inhibition, a second objective was to elucidate the mechanism of action of these compounds. The results show that αHTs broadly inhibit herpesviruses, with similar inhibitory effect against HSV-1, BoHV-1, EHV-1, and FHV-1. Based on immunoblotting, Southern blotting, and real-time qPCR, the compounds were found to specifically inhibit viral DNA replication. Thus, αHTs represent a new class of broadly active anti-herpesviral compounds with potential veterinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon D Dehghanpir
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Claire H Birkenheuer
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Kui Yang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Ryan P Murelli
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lynda A Morrison
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine,St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Stuart F J Le Grice
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Joel D Baines
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.
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16
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Contreras ET, Hodgkins E, Tynes V, Beck A, Olea-Popelka F, Lappin MR. Effect of a Pheromone on Stress-Associated Reactivation of Feline Herpesvirus-1 in Experimentally Inoculated Kittens. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:406-417. [PMID: 29219213 PMCID: PMC5787191 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stress contributes to reactivation of feline herpesvirus‐1 (FHV‐1). The usage of pheromones to decrease stress in FHV‐1 experimentally inoculated kittens has not previously been investigated. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine whether a feline pheromone would lessen stress, resulting in decreased recurrence of FHV‐1‐associated illness in kittens. Animals Twelve 5‐month‐old, purpose‐bred kittens. Methods Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Kittens previously infected with the same dose of FHV‐1 were randomized into 2 separate but identical group rooms. After a 2‐week equilibration period, a diffuser containing either the pheromone or placebo was placed in each of the rooms, and the kittens acclimated for an additional 2 weeks. Every 2 weeks thereafter, for the 8‐week study period, housing was alternated between kennel‐ and group housing. Blinded observers applied a standardized clinical and behavioral scoring rubric daily. After each 2‐week period, serum cortisol concentrations and quantitative PCR for FHV‐1 and glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) ratios were evaluated. Clinical, behavioral, and laboratory test results were compared between groups within individual and combined study periods. Results Sneezing occurred more frequently in the placebo group during individual (P = 0.006) and combined study periods (P = 0.001). Sleep at the end of observation periods occurred more frequently in the pheromone group during individual (P = 0.006) and combined study periods (P < 0.001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The findings suggest that the pheromone decreased stress, and the decrease in stress response may have resulted in decreased sneezing associated with FHV‐1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena T Contreras
- Center for Companion Animal Studies at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | | - V Tynes
- Ceva Animal Health, Lenexa, KS
| | - A Beck
- Ceva Animal Health, Libourne, France
| | - F Olea-Popelka
- Center for Companion Animal Studies at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - M R Lappin
- Center for Companion Animal Studies at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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17
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Pennington MR, Ledbetter EC, Van de Walle GR. New Paradigms for the Study of Ocular Alphaherpesvirus Infections: Insights into the Use of Non-Traditional Host Model Systems. Viruses 2017; 9:E349. [PMID: 29156583 PMCID: PMC5707556 DOI: 10.3390/v9110349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular herpesviruses, most notably human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1), canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) and felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), infect and cause severe disease that may lead to blindness. CHV-1 and FHV-1 have a pathogenesis and induce clinical disease in their hosts that is similar to HSV-1 ocular infections in humans, suggesting that infection of dogs and cats with CHV-1 and FHV-1, respectively, can be used as a comparative natural host model of herpesvirus-induced ocular disease. In this review, we discuss both strengths and limitations of the various available model systems to study ocular herpesvirus infection, with a focus on the use of these non-traditional virus-natural host models. Recent work has demonstrated the robustness and reproducibility of experimental ocular herpesvirus infections in dogs and cats, and, therefore, these non-traditional models can provide additional insights into the pathogenesis of ocular herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Pennington
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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18
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Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing To Monitor Viral Growth and Study Cellular Responses to Infection with Alphaherpesviruses in Real Time. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00039-17. [PMID: 28405631 PMCID: PMC5381265 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00039-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses, including those that commonly infect humans, such as HSV-1 and HSV-2, typically infect and cause cellular damage to epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces, leading to disease. The development of novel technologies to study the cellular responses to infection may allow a more complete understanding of virus replication and the creation of novel antiviral therapies. This study demonstrates the use of ECIS to study various aspects of herpesvirus biology, with a specific focus on changes in cellular morphology as a result of infection. We conclude that ECIS represents a valuable new tool with which to study alphaherpesvirus infections in real time and in an objective and reproducible manner. Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) measures changes in an electrical circuit formed in a culture dish. As cells grow over a gold electrode, they block the flow of electricity and this is read as an increase in electrical impedance in the circuit. ECIS has previously been used in a variety of applications to study cell growth, migration, and behavior in response to stimuli in real time and without the need for cellular labels. Here, we demonstrate that ECIS is also a valuable tool with which to study infection by alphaherpesviruses. To this end, we used ECIS to study the kinetics of cells infected with felid herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1), a close relative of the human alphaherpesviruses herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2, and compared the results to those obtained with conventional infectivity assays. First, we demonstrated that ECIS can easily distinguish between wells of cells infected with different amounts of FHV-1 and provides information about the cellular response to infection. Second, we found ECIS useful in identifying differences between the replication kinetics of recombinant DsRed Express2-labeled FHV-1, created via CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering, and wild-type FHV-1. Finally, we demonstrated that ECIS can accurately determine the half-maximal effective concentration of antivirals. Collectively, our data show that ECIS, in conjunction with current methodologies, is a powerful tool that can be used to monitor viral growth and study the cellular response to alphaherpesvirus infection. IMPORTANCE Alphaherpesviruses, including those that commonly infect humans, such as HSV-1 and HSV-2, typically infect and cause cellular damage to epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces, leading to disease. The development of novel technologies to study the cellular responses to infection may allow a more complete understanding of virus replication and the creation of novel antiviral therapies. This study demonstrates the use of ECIS to study various aspects of herpesvirus biology, with a specific focus on changes in cellular morphology as a result of infection. We conclude that ECIS represents a valuable new tool with which to study alphaherpesvirus infections in real time and in an objective and reproducible manner.
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19
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Spertus CB, Mohammed HO, Ledbetter EC. Effects of topical ocular application of 1% trifluridine ophthalmic solution in dogs with experimentally induced recurrent ocular canine herpesvirus-1 infection. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:1140-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.10.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Summers SC, Ruch-Gallie R, Hawley JR, Lappin MR. Effect of modified live or inactivated feline herpesvirus-1 parenteral vaccines on clinical and laboratory findings following viral challenge. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 19:824-830. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16659333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objective was to investigate the effect of one dose of an inactivated feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV) and panleukopenia virus (FPV) vaccine (FVRCP) or one dose of a modified live (ML) FVRCP vaccine on clinical signs and shedding of FHV-1 in specific pathogen-free kittens after challenge with FHV-1 7 days after vaccination. Methods Twenty-four FHV-1 seronegative 5-month-old kittens were randomized into three groups of eight kittens. Group 1 kittens were maintained as unvaccinated controls, group 2 kittens were administered one dose of the inactivated FVRCP vaccine subcutaneously (SC) and group 3 kittens were administered one dose of the ML FVRCP vaccine SC. All 24 cats were administered FHV-1 by nasal and oropharyngeal inoculation 7 days later and were observed daily for clinical signs of illness for 21 days. Results In the 21 days after FHV-1 challenge, both groups of vaccinated cats were less likely to be clinically ill (indicated by lower cumulative clinical scores) than control cats ( P <0.001). There was no statistical difference in total clinical score between the two vaccinated groups ( P = 0.97). Although the total clinical score was similar between both vaccines, signs of respiratory disease were significantly fewer in the kittens vaccinated with the inactivated FVRCP vaccine compared with the ML FVRCP vaccine ( P = 0.005) during the period after inoculation when the majority of clinical disease was observed. Conclusions and relevance Parenteral administration of either the inactivated FVRCP vaccine or the ML FVRCP vaccine can decrease clinical signs of illness due to FHV-1 on a day 7 challenge when compared with controls. Use of either vaccine product is indicated in cats at risk of acute exposure to FHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie C Summers
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca Ruch-Gallie
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer R Hawley
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael R Lappin
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Thomasy SM, Maggs DJ. A review of antiviral drugs and other compounds with activity against feline herpesvirus type 1. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 19 Suppl 1:119-30. [PMID: 27091747 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) is a common and important cause of ocular surface disease, dermatitis, respiratory disease, and potentially intraocular disease in cats. Many antiviral drugs developed for the treatment of humans infected with herpesviruses have been used to treat cats infected with FHV-1. Translational use of drugs in this manner ideally requires methodical investigation of their in vitro efficacy against FHV-1 followed by pharmacokinetic and safety trials in normal cats. Subsequently, placebo-controlled efficacy studies in experimentally inoculated animals should be performed followed, finally, by carefully designed and monitored clinical trials in client-owned animals. This review is intended to provide a concise overview of the available literature regarding the efficacy of antiviral drugs and other compounds with proven or putative activity against FHV-1, as well as a discussion of their safety in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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22
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Pennington MR, Fort MW, Ledbetter EC, Van de Walle GR. A novel corneal explant model system to evaluate antiviral drugs against feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1). J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1414-1425. [PMID: 26959283 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1) is the most common viral cause of ocular surface disease in cats. Many antiviral drugs are used to treat FHV-1, but require frequent topical application and most lack well-controlled in vivo studies to justify their clinical use. Therefore, better validation of current and novel treatment options are urgently needed. Here, we report on the development of a feline whole corneal explant model that supports FHV-1 replication and thus can be used as a novel model system to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral drugs. The anti-herpes nucleoside analogues cidofovir and acyclovir, which are used clinically to treat ocular herpesvirus infection in cats and have previously been evaluated in traditional two-dimensional feline cell cultures in vitro, were evaluated in this explant model. Both drugs suppressed FHV-1 replication when given every 12 h, with cidofovir showing greater efficacy. In addition, the potential efficacy of the retroviral integrase inhibitor raltegravir against FHV-1 was evaluated in cell culture as well as in the explant model. Raltegravir was not toxic to feline cells or corneas, and most significantly, inhibited FHV-1 replication at 500 µM in both systems. Importantly, this drug was effective when given only once every 24 h. Taken together, our data indicate that the feline whole corneal explant model is a useful tool for the evaluation of antiviral drugs and, furthermore, that raltegravir appears a promising novel antiviral drug to treat ocular herpesvirus infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Pennington
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, United States
| | - Michael W Fort
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, United States
| | - Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, United States
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, United States
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23
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Ravicini S, Pastor J, Hawley J, Brewer M, Castro-López J, Beall M, Lappin MR. Prevalence of selected infectious disease agents in stray cats in Catalonia, Spain. JFMS Open Rep 2016; 2:2055116916634109. [PMID: 28491415 PMCID: PMC5362887 DOI: 10.1177/2055116916634109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of the current study was to investigate the prevalence rates of the following infectious agents in 116 stray cats in the Barcelona area of Spain: Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella species, Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydia felis, Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia species, feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), haemoplasmas, Mycoplasma species and Rickettsia species. Methods Serum antibodies were used to estimate the prevalence of exposure to A phagocytophilum, Bartonella species, B burgdorferi, Ehrlichia species and FIV; serum antigens were used to assess for infection by D immitis and FeLV; and molecular assays were used to amplify nucleic acids of Anaplasma species, Bartonella species, C felis, D immitis, Ehrlichia species, FCV, FHV-1, haemoplasmas, Mycoplasma species and Rickettsia species from blood and nasal or oral swabs. Results Of the 116 cats, 63 (54.3%) had evidence of infection by Bartonella species, FeLV, FIV or a haemoplasma. Anaplasma species, Ehrlichia species or Rickettsia species DNA was not amplified from these cats. A total of 18/116 cats (15.5%) were positive for FCV RNA (six cats), Mycoplasma species DNA (six cats), FHV-1 DNA (three cats) or C felis DNA (three cats). Conclusions and relevance This study documents that shelter cats in Catalonia are exposed to many infectious agents with clinical and zoonotic significance, and that flea control is indicated for cats in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ravicini
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Pastor
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Hawley
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins Colorado, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Melissa Brewer
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins Colorado, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Melissa Beall
- IDEXX Laboratories, Portland Maine, Westbrook, ME, USA
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Wilkes RP, Hartmann K. Update on Antiviral Therapies. AUGUST'S CONSULTATIONS IN FELINE INTERNAL MEDICINE, VOLUME 7 2016. [PMCID: PMC7152142 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-22652-3.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ledbetter EC, Spertus CB, Pennington MR, Van de Walle GR, Judd BE, Mohammed HO. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Cidofovir as a Topical Ophthalmic Antiviral for Ocular Canine Herpesvirus-1 Infections in Dogs. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2015; 31:642-9. [PMID: 26418618 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of cidofovir were investigated against canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) in vitro and in dogs with experimentally induced recurrent ocular CHV-1 infection, a host-adapted pathogen animal model of ocular herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection. METHODS The cidofovir EC50 was determined for CHV-1 and HSV-1. A randomized, masked vehicle-controlled trial was performed using beagles with experimentally induced recurrent ocular CHV-1 infection. Dogs received 1 drop of 0.5% cidofovir solution or 0.9% sodium chloride solution (vehicle) in both eyes 2 times daily for 14 days. Dogs were monitored at intervals for 30 days by a clinical ophthalmic examination, in vivo confocal microscopy of the cornea and conjunctiva, ocular sample CHV-1 polymerase chain reaction assay, hemogram, and serum biochemistry panel. Clinical ocular disease scores were calculated and infiltrating leukocytes detected by in vivo confocal microscopy quantified. RESULTS Cidofovir displayed similar in vitro antiviral activity against CHV-1 and HSV-1. Clinical ocular disease scores were significantly higher in the cidofovir group compared to the vehicle group. Marked conjunctival pigmentation and blepharitis were also detected in the cidofovir group, but not the vehicle group. Conjunctival and corneal leukocyte infiltration scores determined by in vivo confocal microscopy were significantly higher in the cidofovir group. Dogs administered cidofovir had significantly reduced durations of ocular viral shedding compared to the vehicle group. Hemogram and serum biochemistry panel values were unremarkable. CONCLUSIONS Twice-daily application of topical 0.5% cidofovir ophthalmic solution reduced the duration of ocular viral shedding in dogs with experimentally induced recurrent ocular CHV-1 infection, but was associated with local ocular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ledbetter
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Chloe B Spertus
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Matthew R Pennington
- 2 Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- 2 Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Bonnie E Judd
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Hussni O Mohammed
- 3 Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
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Vissani MA, Thiry E, Dal Pozzo F, Barrandeguy M. Antiviral agents against equid alphaherpesviruses: Current status and perspectives. Vet J 2015; 207:38-44. [PMID: 26654843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus infections cause respiratory, neurological and reproductive syndromes. Despite preventive and control measures and the availability of vaccines and immunostimulants, herpesvirus infections still constitute a major threat to equine health and for the equine industry worldwide. Antiviral drugs, particularly nucleoside analogues and foscarnet, are successfully used for the treatment of human alphaherpesvirus infections. In equine medicine, the use of antiviral medications in alphaherpesvirus infections would decrease the excretion of virus and diminish the risk of contagion and the convalescent time in affected horses, and would also improve the clinical outcome of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy. The combined use of antiviral compounds, along with vaccines, immune modulators, and effective preventive and control measures, might be beneficial in diminishing the negative impact of alphaherpesvirus infections in horses. The purpose of this review is to analyse the available information regarding the use of antiviral agents against alphaherpesviruses, with particular emphasis on equine alphaherpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Vissani
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar 1712, Argentina.
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases and UREAR, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases and UREAR, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - María Barrandeguy
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar 1712, Argentina; Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km 54.5 (B1630AHU), Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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McInerney J, Papasouliotis K, Simpson K, English K, Cook S, Milne E, Gunn-Moore DA. Pulmonary cowpox in cats: five cases. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 18:518-25. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15583344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Case series summary This case series documents five cases of pneumonia (with pleural effusion in three cases) caused by cowpox virus (CPxV) in domestic cats. Predisposition to pneumonia may have resulted from mixed infections in two cases (feline herpesvirus and Bordetella bronchiseptica in one cat, and Mycoplasma species in the other). Relevance and novel information As well as diagnostic confirmation by previously described methods of virus isolation from skin lesions, and demonstration of pox virions in skin samples using electron microscopy and inclusion bodies in histological preparations, this is the first report of diagnosis by virus isolation from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or pleural fluid, and demonstration of inclusion bodies in cytological preparations. This is also the first series to report treatment with interferon omega (IFN-ω). Two cats survived, both of which had been treated with IFN-ω. As CPxV represents a serious zoonotic risk it is an important differential diagnosis of pneumonia in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kostas Papasouliotis
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Langford Veterinary Services Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Kate English
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Simon Cook
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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28
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Hartley C. Differential diagnosis and management of corneal ulceration in horses, part 2. IN PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.g6815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Lappin MR, Roycroft LM. Effect of ciclosporin and methylprednisolone acetate on cats previously infected with feline herpesvirus 1. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 17:353-8. [PMID: 25204453 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14548865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) is a common ocular and respiratory pathogen of cats that can be associated with recurrent clinical signs of disease. Ciclosporin (cyclosporine) is commonly administered per os (PO) for the treatment of a number of inflammatory diseases in cats. A number of client-owned cats administered ciclosporin (cyclosporine) A (CsA) PO to block renal transplant rejection have developed clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease that may have been from activated FHV-1. In this study, cats experimentally inoculated with FHV-1 several months previously were administered methylprednisolone acetate intramuscularly, CsA PO or a placebo PO. While clinical signs of activated FHV-1 occurred in some cats, disease was mild and self-limited in most cats. There was no vomiting, diarrhea, inappetence, weight loss, polydipsia, polyuria or polyphagia recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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Friedl Y, Schulz B, Knebl A, Helps C, Truyen U, Hartmann K. Efficacy of passively transferred antibodies in cats with acute viral upper respiratory tract infection. Vet J 2014; 201:316-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Reagan KL, Hawley JR, Lappin MR. Concurrent administration of an intranasal vaccine containing feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) with a parenteral vaccine containing FHV-1 is superior to parenteral vaccination alone in an acute FHV-1 challenge model. Vet J 2014; 201:202-6. [PMID: 24873978 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The administration of intranasal (IN) or subcutaneous (SC) vaccines containing modified live feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) offers some level of protection against FHV-1 challenge, but relative efficacy is <100%. In this study, clinical signs and viral shedding in kittens were compared among three groups: (1) kittens vaccinated concurrently with IN and SC vaccines containing FHV-1 (Group 1, n = 8); (2) kittens vaccinated with a SC FHV-1 vaccine alone (Group 2, n = 8), and (3) unvaccinated control kittens (Group 3, n = 8). All kittens were FHV-1 naïve at enrolment, and challenge with a virulent strain of FHV-1 was performed 1 week after vaccination. Daily clinical signs and pharyngeal FHV-1 shedding were recorded over a 21-day infection period. Overall, kittens in Group 1 had significantly less severe clinical illness than those in Group 2 (P < 0.05). Additionally, significantly less FHV-1 DNA was detected on pharyngeal swabs from kittens in Group 1 compared to those in Group 2 (P < 0.001). Concomitant administration of IN and SC FHV-1 vaccines was superior to administration of the SC FHV-1 vaccine alone in this challenge model of FHV-1 naïve kittens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Reagan
- The Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - J R Hawley
- The Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - M R Lappin
- The Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Horzinek MC, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Möstl K, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U. ABCD: Update of the 2009 guidelines on prevention and management of feline infectious diseases. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 15:530-9. [PMID: 23813810 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13489208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW In this article, the ABCD guidelines published in the JFMS Special Issue of July 2009 (Volume 11, Issue 7, pages 527-620) are updated by including previously unavailable and novel information. For a better picture, the reader is advised to consult that issue before focusing on the novel features.
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Sykes JE, Papich MG. Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Drugs. CANINE AND FELINE INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7152038 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0795-3.00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Abstract
Feline viral diseases are common and cats can be presented with a variety of clinical manifestations. Ocular disease associated with viral pathogens is not unusual, particularly with viruses causing upper respiratory tract disease in cats, such as feline herpesvirus type 1 and feline calicivirus. These agents mainly cause ocular surface disease. Other viruses, such as feline immunodeficiency virus and feline coronavirus, can cause uveitis, while feline leukemia virus can induce ocular lymphosarcoma. This review covers the most common viral pathogens of cats that cause ocular manifestations, the specific features of the ocular diseases caused by these viruses and therapeutic recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Stiles
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Slack JM, Stiles J, Leutenegger CM, Moore GE, Pogranichniy RM. Effects of topical ocular administration of high doses of human recombinant interferon alpha-2b and feline recombinant interferon omega on naturally occurring viral keratoconjunctivitis in cats. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:281-9. [PMID: 23363355 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.2.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether 14-day topical ocular administration of high doses of feline recombinant interferon omega (FelFN) or human recombinant interferon alpha-2b (HulFN) solution improves clinical disease and decreases virus shedding in cats with naturally acquired viral keratoconjunctivitis. ANIMALS 36 cats with upper respiratory tract disease and ocular involvement. PROCEDURES Cats received 1 drop of FelFN solution (1 × 10(6) U/mL), HulFN solution (1 × 10(6) U/mL), or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (12 cats/group) in each eye twice daily for 14 days (beginning day 1). Oropharyngeal and conjunctival swab samples were collected from each cat before (day 0) and on day 14 of treatment for virus isolation (VI) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) testing to detect feline herpesvirus-1 and feline calicivirus. Subjective clinical scores were recorded on days 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14. RESULTS The number of cats for which feline herpesvirus-1 was detected via VI or RT-qPCR assay was generally (albeit not always significantly) lower on day 14, compared with day 0 findings; however, findings on days 0 or 14 did not differ among groups. The number of cats for which feline calicivirus was detected via VI or RT-qPCR assay did not differ significantly between days 0 and 14 for any group. Clinical scores significantly decreased over the 14-day period but did not differ among groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In cats with naturally occurring viral keratoconjunctivitis, bilateral ocular administration of high doses of FelFN or HulFN twice daily for 14 days did not improve clinical disease or virus shedding, compared with treatment with saline solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Slack
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Abstract
Canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) is an alphaherpesvirus with a host range restricted to canids. Latent CHV-1 infection is endemic in domestic dog populations worldwide. The role of CHV-1 in severe systemic neonatal infections and as an aetiology of infectious infertility and abortion has been appreciated for decades; however, ocular diseases of mature dogs conclusively associated with CHV-1 infection were only recently described. Clinically, CHV-1 infection may produce a diverse range of adnexal and ocular surface lesions in mature dogs, including blepharitis, conjunctivitis, ulcerative keratitis, and nonulcerative keratitis. These conditions can develop during primary or recurrent ocular CHV-1 infection. Recurrent CHV-1 infections associated with reactivation of latent virus may be observed during a variety of situations and in association with numerous different viral reactivation stimuli, including the administration of immunosuppressive pharmaceuticals. The understanding of CHV-1 pathophysiology and ocular infections in mature dogs has expanded rapidly during the past few years, but much remains to be elucidated. As the number of dogs living with chronic immunomodulatory systemic diseases and receiving immunosuppressive therapeutics continues to grow, the clinical importance of CHV-1 ocular infections is also likely to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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39
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Wilkes RP, Ward DA, Newkirk KM, Adams JK, Kania SA. Evaluation of delivery agents used for introduction of small interfering RNAs into feline corneal cells. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:243-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Maes R. Felid herpesvirus type 1 infection in cats: a natural host model for alphaherpesvirus pathogenesis. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2012; 2012:495830. [PMID: 23762586 PMCID: PMC3671728 DOI: 10.5402/2012/495830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes feline viral rhinotracheitis, an important viral disease of cats on a worldwide basis. Acute FeHV-1 infection is associated with both upper respiratory and ocular signs. Following the acute phase of the disease lifelong latency is established, primarily in sensory neuronal cells. As is the case with human herpes simplex viruses, latency reactivation can result in recrudescence, which can manifest itself in the form of serious ocular lesions. FeHV-1 infection in cats is a natural host model that is useful for the identification of viral virulence genes that play a role in replication at the mucosal portals of entry or are mediators of the establishment, maintenance, or reactivation of latency. It is also a model system for defining innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms and for immunization strategies that can lead to better protection against this and other alphaherpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Maes
- Departments of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation and Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Thomasy SM, Whittem T, Bales JL, Ferrone M, Stanley SD, Maggs DJ. Pharmacokinetics of penciclovir in healthy cats following oral administration of famciclovir or intravenous infusion of penciclovir. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1092-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.7.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Infectious Diseases. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7161403 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Respiratory and Thoracic Medicine. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7158197 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gervais KJ, Pirie CG, Ledbetter EC, Pizzirani S. Acute primary canine herpesvirus-1 dendritic ulcerative keratitis in an adult dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 15:133-8. [PMID: 22051326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a report of dendritic ulcerative keratitis in a 4-year old locally immunosuppressed dog suspected to result from acute primary canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) infection. The dog was presented for evaluation of mild blepharospasm and conjunctival hyperemia in the right eye (OD) shortly after attending a public boarding facility. For approximately 3 months, the dog had been receiving topical prednisolone acetate 1.0% and tacrolimus 0.02% in both eyes (OU) q12h for treatment of follicular conjunctivitis. Ophthalmic examination revealed three regions of corneal fluorescein retention OD. The lesions had a dendritic pattern, were approximately 2-3 mm in length, and were located at the dorsomedial, lateral, and ventromedial aspects of the cornea. No additional abnormalities were noted on complete ophthalmic and physical examinations. CHV-1 was identified in conjunctival samples OD by polymerase chain reaction, and paired CHV-1 serum virus neutralization antibody titers were positive and consistent with acute infection. Topical prednisolone acetate and tacrolimus were discontinued. The dog was treated with cidofovir 0.5% OU q12h for a period of 4 weeks, with resolution of corneal disease noted within 1 week of treatment. In conjunction with previous studies, this case report supports a central role for alterations in host immune status in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of CHV-1 ocular disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Gervais
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA.
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Reinstein SL, Gross SL, Komáromy AM. Successful treatment of distichiasis in a cat using transconjunctival electrocautery. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14 Suppl 1:130-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
While cidofovir, adefovir and tenofovir are the three acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) that have been licensed for clinical use (the latter as a single-, double- and triple-drug combination), there are many more ANPs that await their application for medical or veterinary use: (S)-HPMPA, (S)-HPMPDAP, cPrPMEDAP, (R)-HPMPO-DAPy, PMEO-DAPy, 5-X-PMEO-DAPy, (R)-PMPO-DAPy, (S)-HPMP-5-azaC, and cyclic (S)-HPMP-5-azaC, and alkoxyalkyl prodrugs thereof.
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47
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Skevaki CL, Galani IE, Pararas MV, Giannopoulou KP, Tsakris A. Treatment of viral conjunctivitis with antiviral drugs. Drugs 2011; 71:331-47. [PMID: 21319870 DOI: 10.2165/11585330-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Viral conjunctivitis is one of the most common disorders observed in ophthalmic emergency departments, yet no established treatment exists. Lately, antiviral medications have been introduced into clinical practice; however, a systematic review focusing on their use and effectiveness in the treatment of viral conjunctivitis has not been previously reported. We systemically reviewed the literature to identify studies where antiviral drugs were used to treat viral conjunctivitis. Currently, aciclovir, trifluridine and valaciclovir are commonly used as antiviral agents to treat herpesvirus infections. Cidofovir has been used successfully to treat some cases of adenoviral conjunctivitis, although toxicity has also been reported. The use of other medications, such as idoxuridine, has been minimized in clinical practice due to their high toxicity. Interestingly, most of the antiviral drugs developed are used to treat herpesvirus infections, while less progress has been made in the field of adenoviral infections. For other viral causes of conjunctivitis, no effective remedy is currently available, and treatment focuses on the relief of symptoms. Caution should be exercised when coadministering other pharmacological agents, such as corticosteroids, because of emerging adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi L Skevaki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gould
- Davies Veterinary Specialists Manor Farm Business Park Higham Gobion Hertfordshire SG5 3HR, UK
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Thomasy SM, Lim CC, Reilly CM, Kass PH, Lappin MR, Maggs DJ. Evaluation of orally administered famciclovir in cats experimentally infected with feline herpesvirus type-1. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:85-95. [PMID: 21194340 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate orally administered famciclovir for treatment of cats with experimentally induced disease attributable to feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1). ANIMALS 16 nonvaccinated specific-pathogen-free cats. PROCEDURES Cats were treated orally with famciclovir (90 mg/kg; n = 10) or a similar volume of lactose (400 mg; 6) 3 times/d for 21 days. Cats were inoculated with FHV-1 and administered the first treatment dose on day 0. Disease score; weight; results of urinalysis, serum biochemical analysis, and CBC; histologic conjunctivitis score; herpetic DNA shedding; goblet cell density; anti-FHV-1 antibody concentration; and plasma penciclovir concentration were measured. RESULTS On days 4 to 18 following inoculation, disease scores were lower in famciclovir-treated cats than in lactose-treated cats. Lactose-treated cats decreased in weight during the first 7 days after inoculation, but famciclovir-treated cats increased in weight throughout the study. Percentage change in weight was greater in famciclovir-treated cats on days 7 and 14 than in lactose-treated cats. Serum globulin concentration was lower on days 3 through 9, conjunctivitis histologic score was lower on day 14, herpetic DNA was shed less frequently throughout the study, goblet cell density was greater on day 21, and circulating anti-FHV-1 antibody concentration at study end was lower in famciclovir-treated cats, compared with these measurements in lactose-treated cats. Approximate peak plasma penciclovir concentration was 2.0 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Famciclovir administration improved outcomes for systemic, ophthalmic, clinicopathologic, virologic, and histologic variables in cats experimentally infected with FHV-1. Adjunctive topical mucinomimetic and antimicrobial treatments may also be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Thomasy
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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