1
|
Chae HS, Yoo H, Kim YM, Choi YH, Lee CH, Chin YW. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 6,8-Diprenyl-7,4'-dihydroxyflavanone from Sophora tonkinensis on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081049. [PMID: 27529198 PMCID: PMC6274169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effects and molecular mechanism of 6,8-diprenyl-7,4′-dihydroxyflavanone (DDF), one of the flavanones found in Sophora tonkinensis, were assessed in vitro through macrophage-mediated inflammation in the present study. The anti-inflammatory effects of DDF were not previously reported. DDF inhibited the production of nitric oxide and the expression of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6. Furthermore, the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages was suppressed by treatment with DDF. Therefore, DDF demonstrated potentially anti-inflammatory effects via the blockade of NF-κB and ERK activation in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sung Chae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-820, Korea.
| | - Hunseung Yoo
- New Drug Preclinical & Analytical Team, Life Science R & D Center, SK Chemicals, 310 Pangyo-ro 463-400, Korea.
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-820, Korea.
| | - Young Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-820, Korea.
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-820, Korea.
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-820, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gingerol protects against experimental liver fibrosis in rats via suppression of pro-inflammatory and profibrogenic mediators. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:419-28. [PMID: 26809353 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
6-Gingerol (Gin) is known to possess hepatoprotective effects. Liver fibrosis is a major health concern that results in significant morbidity and mortality. There is no FDA-approved medication for liver fibrosis. The present work aimed at exploring the beneficial effects of Gin against liver fibrosis in rats. Experimental fibrosis was induced by challenging animals with CCl4 for 6 weeks. Gin significantly ameliorated the increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, albumin, total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations, and liver index. These effects were confirmed by light and electron microscopic examinations. The antifibrotic effects were confirmed by examining Masson trichrome-stained liver sections which indicated reduced collagen deposition in Gin-treated animals. Further, Gin administration hampered alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and significantly reduced hepatic content of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Also, Gin elicited profound antioxidant actions as indicated by preventing reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion and lipid peroxide accumulation. The observed antifibrotic activities involved decreased production of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM). Involvement of Gin anti-inflammatory activity was verified by the decreased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in livers of animals treated with Gin. Thus, it can be concluded that Gin protects against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats. This can be ascribed, at least partly, to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects as well as the inhibition of NF-κB/TLR-4 expression.
Collapse
|
3
|
Chae HS, Yoo H, Choi YH, Choi WJ, Chin YW. Maackiapterocarpan B from Sophora tonkinensis Suppresses Inflammatory Mediators via Nuclear Factor-κB and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:259-66. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sung Chae
- College of Pharmacy and BK21plus R-Find Team, Dongguk University-Seoul
| | - Hunseung Yoo
- New Drug Preclinical & Analytical Team, Life Science R&D Center, SK Chemicals
| | - Young Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and BK21plus R-Find Team, Dongguk University-Seoul
| | - Won Jun Choi
- College of Pharmacy and BK21plus R-Find Team, Dongguk University-Seoul
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and BK21plus R-Find Team, Dongguk University-Seoul
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Astakhova AA, Chistyakov DV, Pankevich EV, Sergeeva MG. Regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 expression by agonists of PPAR nuclear receptors in the model of endotoxin tolerance in astrocytes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:1262-70. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
5
|
Trinh MDL, Dinh MH, Ngo DH, Tran DK, Tran QT, Vo TS, Ngo DN. Protection of 4-hydroxybenzyl-chitooligomers against inflammatory responses in Chang liver cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 66:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
6
|
de Freitas RB, Rovani BT, Boligon AA, de Brum TF, Piana M, da Silva Jesus R, Veloso CF, Kober H, Moresco RN, da Costa Araldi IC, de Freitas Bauermann L, Athayde ML. Hepatotoxicity evaluation of aqueous extract from Scutia buxifolia. Molecules 2013; 18:7570-83. [PMID: 23812249 PMCID: PMC6269775 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18077570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays there is an increase in the number of people taking herbals worldwide. Scutia buxifolia is used for the treatment of hypertension, but little is known about its action on liver. Thirty-two Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control and groups treated during 30 days with 100, 200 and 400 mg of lyophilized aqueous extract of S. buxifolia (SBSB)/kg of body weight. This study was planned to explore hepatotoxic effect of SBSB, which was assessed by serum transaminases (ALT and AST). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were determined in liver, along with thiols content (NPSH), catalase (CAT) activity and, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes. Histopathological studies of liver tissue were performed. Flavonoids and phenolics were quantified in SBSB by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC/DAD). We did not observe alterations on redox status (TBARS, NPSH, CAT and, SOD) in the control and experimental groups. An increase on AST activity was only observed at 200 mg of SBSB, whereas ALT score was not affected by SBSB. Moreover, no morphological alterations were observed on the hepatocytes, matching the analysed biochemical parameters. This way, we conclude that SBSB was not toxic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robson Borba de Freitas
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Tomazele Rovani
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Aline Augusti Boligon
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Thiele Faccim de Brum
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Piana
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Roberta da Silva Jesus
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina Fantinel Veloso
- Graduate Program in Human Communication Disorders, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Helena Kober
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Noal Moresco
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina da Costa Araldi
- Department of Physiology and Farmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Liliane de Freitas Bauermann
- Department of Physiology and Farmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Margareth Linde Athayde
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pimentel-Nunes P, Gonçalves N, Boal-Carvalho I, Afonso L, Lopes P, Roncon-Albuquerque R, Henrique R, Moreira-Dias L, Leite-Moreira AF, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Helicobacter pylori induces increased expression of Toll-like receptors and decreased Toll-interacting protein in gastric mucosa that persists throughout gastric carcinogenesis. Helicobacter 2013; 18:22-32. [PMID: 23061653 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLR) are essential for Helicobacter pylori (HP) recognition. Their role in the progression of gastric lesions leading to cancer is not established. AIM To evaluate for the first time in humans the expression of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5, as well as the expression of other related molecules in the entire sequence of gastric lesions. METHODS Biopsy samples (n = 80, 48% HP+) from normal mucosa, HP gastritis, metaplasia, dysplasia or adenocarcinoma were obtained from 44 patients. mRNA quantification of TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, Toll-interacting protein (TOLLIP), PPAR-γ, NF-κB, TNF-α, COX-1, COX-2, and CDX-2 was performed by real-time RT-PCR. TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 protein expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS When compared to normal mucosa (1.0 arbitrary unit (AU)), HP gastritis presented higher expression of TLR2 (2.23 ± 0.36 AU), TLR4 (1.92 ± 0.40 AU) and TNF-α (2.14 ± 0.50 AU) and lower TOLLIP and PPARγ expression (0.72 ± 0.12 AU, p < .05 all genes). Metaplasia and dysplasia/carcinoma presented higher expression of TLR2 (1.66 ± 0.46 and 1.48 ± 0.20 AU, respectively, p < .05), lower expression of TOLLIP (0.66 ± 0.09 and 0.52 ± 0.04 AU, p < .05) and PPARγ (0.73 ± 0.12 and 0.63 ± 0.10 AU, p < .05). The significant trend for decrease in TOLLIP and PPARγ was associated with increasing levels of CDX-2 from normal mucosa to carcinoma (p < .05), translating that in diffuse and higher TLRs protein expression (p < .05). CONCLUSION Gastric carcinogenesis is associated with decreasing levels of TLRs inhibitors and elevated TLRs levels throughout all the spectrum of lesions. Future studies should investigate if modulation of these receptors activity may influence gastric carcinogenesis and tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pimentel-Nunes
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Functional polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 alter the risk for colorectal carcinoma in Europeans. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:63-9. [PMID: 22999059 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon carcinogenesis is associated with increased expression levels of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4. AIM To determine in a Caucasian population the role of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms in colorectal cancer development. METHODS Hospital based multicentre case control study involving 193 colorectal cancer patients and 278 healthy individuals. DNA samples were extracted from blood cells and genotyping of TLR2+597T>C, TLR2-4760T>C, TLR4-3745A>G, TLR2Arg753Gln, TLR4Asp299Gly was performed. Functionality of risk polymorphisms was evaluated through production of TNF-α in cell culture and Toll-like receptors levels quantified by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS TLR2+597CC homozygous had 5-fold decreased risk (odds ratio (OR)=0.21, 95% CI: 0.09-0.50, p<0.001) and TLR4 299Gly homozygous 3-fold increased risk of colorectal cancer (OR=3.30, 95% CI: 1.18-9.28, p=0.015). In stratified analysis, TLR2+597CC genotype protective effect was even higher in overweight individuals (OR=0.17, 95% CI: 0.06-0.53, p<0.001) and in never smokers (OR=0.11, 95% CI: 0.02-0.51, p=0.001). Also, the increased risk effect for TLR4 299Gly homozygous genotype was higher in overweight individuals (OR=8.67, 95% CI: 1.11-87.85, p=0.011). TLR2+597T>C polymorphism conferred 41% less (p=0.03) and TLR4Asp299Gly 65% more TNF-α production (p=0.02) with no differences in Toll-like receptors levels. CONCLUSION Functional Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms significantly alter the risk to have colorectal cancer. Obesity and smoking may influence the risk for colorectal cancer in individuals presenting these genetic profiles.
Collapse
|
9
|
ZHU H, JIA Z, MISRA H, LI YR. Oxidative stress and redox signaling mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease: updated experimental and clinical evidence. J Dig Dis 2012; 13:133-142. [PMID: 22356308 PMCID: PMC3297983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and Europe. The spectrum of ALD ranges from fatty liver to alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis, which may eventually lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. In developed countries as well as developing nations, ALD is a major cause of end-stage liver disease that requires liver transplantation. The most effective therapy for ALD is alcohol abstinence; however, for individuals with severe ALD and those in whom alcohol abstinence is not achievable, targeted therapies are absolutely necessary. In this context, advances of our understanding of the pathophysiology of ALD over the past two decades have contributed to the development of therapeutic modalities (e.g., pentoxifylline and corticosteroids) for the disease although the efficacy of the available treatments remains limited. This article is intended to succinctly review the recent experimental and clinical findings of the involvement of oxidative stress and redox signaling in the pathophysiology of ALD and the development of mechanistically based antioxidant modalities targeting oxidative stress and redox signaling mechanisms. The biochemical and cellular sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and dysregulated redox signaling pathways associated with alcohol consumption are particularly discussed to provide insight into the molecular basis of hepatic cell dysfunction and destruction as well as tissue remodeling underlying ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong ZHU
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: Y. Robert Li, MD, PhD, Professor and Department Chair, Phone: (540) 231-1465, Fax: (540) 231-8846, or H. Zhu, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Phone: (540) 231-1468, Fax: (540) 231-8846,
| | - Zhenquan JIA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hara MISRA
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Y. Robert LI
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA,Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences,, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: Y. Robert Li, MD, PhD, Professor and Department Chair, Phone: (540) 231-1465, Fax: (540) 231-8846, or H. Zhu, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Phone: (540) 231-1468, Fax: (540) 231-8846,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kong L, Ren W, Li W, Zhao S, Mi H, Wang R, Zhang Y, Wu W, Nan Y, Yu J. Activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha ameliorates ethanol induced steatohepatitis in mice. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:246. [PMID: 22208561 PMCID: PMC3278384 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) regulates lipids metabolism and inhibits inflammatory response. However, the role of PPARα in alcoholic liver disease is largely unknown. We aim to elucidate the effect and the molecular basis of PPARα in ethanol induced hepatic injury in mice. RESULTS C57BL/6J mice fed with 4% ethanol-containing Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet for 12 weeks exhibited hepatocyte steatosis, necrosis and inflammatory infiltration, accompanied with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartic transaminase (AST) levels, decreased hepatic expression of PPARα, lipids oxidation promoting genes and anti-inflammatory factors, as well as enhanced hepatic expression of fatty acids synthesis promoting genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Induction of PPARα by PPARα agonist WY14643 treatment for 2 weeks ameliorated the severity of liver injury and restored expression of genes altered by ethanol treatment. However, administration of PPARα antagonist GW6471 for 2 weeks promoted the inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS The present study provided the evidence for the protective role of PPARα in ameliorating ethanol induced liver injury through modulation of the genes related to lipid metabolism and inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Kong
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen J, Du YJ. Advances in understanding the role of cyclooxygenase-2 in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1321-1325. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i13.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes catalyze the rate limiting steps in prostaglandin synthesis and play an important role in inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis that are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In recent years, great advances have been made in understanding the role of cyclooxygenase-2 in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. The use of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors provides a new avenue for clinical therapy of liver diseases. In this article, we will review recent advances in understanding the role of cyclooxygenase-2 in the pathogenesis of liver diseases.
Collapse
|
12
|
Santosh N, Mohan K, Royana S, Yamini TB. Hepatotoxicity of tubers of Indian Kudzu (Pueraria tuberosa) in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1066-71. [PMID: 20122980 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methanolic extract of tubers of Pueraria tuberosa Linn. (Fabaceae) (PTME) has been tested for hepatoxicity in rats. In acute study, PTME (100-400 mg/100 g BW, given orally) showed LD(50) at 227.5 mg. For sub-chronic study, its repeated doses (5-100 mg/100 g BW, for 30 days), significantly increased hepatic enzymes in blood, sinusoidal congestion, disruption of central vein, inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatocellular necrosis in liver in dose dependent manner, with increase in NO, iNOS and ROS levels. In a kinetic study (single dose 227.5 mg/100 g BW), there was sequential decrease in GSH and enhanced NO suggesting free-radical generation as the primary cause of cell damage. It is concluded that the higher dosing of PTME or its continuous use for longer period (even in low doses) is hepatotoxicity by inducing oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagwani Santosh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Antigen-presenting cells under the influence of alcohol. Trends Immunol 2008; 30:13-22. [PMID: 19059005 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The negative influence of alcohol (ethanol) and its metabolites on innate and adaptive immunity is well-recognized. Much attention has recently been focused on the impact of acute and chronic alcohol exposure on antigen-presenting cells (APC). In particular, insights have been gained into how the properties of human blood monocytes and rodent macrophages are influenced by alcohol in vitro and in vivo. Here, we review the impact of alcohol on various aspects of APC function and the underlying mechanisms, including its effects on intracellular signaling events. We also discuss new information regarding the influence of alcohol on various APC populations in the liver, a primary site of alcohol metabolism.
Collapse
|
14
|
Villanueva JA, Esfandiari F, White ME, Devaraj S, French SW, Halsted CH. S-adenosylmethionine attenuates oxidative liver injury in micropigs fed ethanol with a folate-deficient diet. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:1934-43. [PMID: 17850216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To demonstrate a causative role for abnormal methionine metabolism in the pathogenesis of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), we measured the preventive effects of supplementing folate deficient and ethanol containing diets in the micropig with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a metabolite that regulates methionine metabolism. METHODS Yucatan micropigs were fed folate-deficient diets as control, with ethanol at 40% of kcal, or with ethanol supplemented with SAM at 0.4 g/1000 kcal for 14 weeks. Histopathology, markers of liver injury, and regulatory enzymes were measured in terminal liver samples. RESULTS Among the ethanol group, livers showed hepatocellular necrosis together with increased levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and reduced levels of SAM and its ratio to SAH and glutathione (GSH), together with increased malondialdehyde plus hydroxynonenol (MDA + HNE) and nitrotyrosine (NT), transcripts and protein levels of cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1), activity of NADPH oxidase, and activity and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS). These findings were attenuated partially or completely to control levels by SAM supplementation of the ethanol diet. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate that SAM supplementation attenuates ethanol induced liver injury through its effects on the expressions and activities of oxidative stress pathways, and are consistent with the concept that the pathogenesis of oxidative liver injury is regulated in part through altered hepatic methionine metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A Villanueva
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Osman N, Adawi D, Ahrné S, Jeppsson B, Molin G. Endotoxin- and D-galactosamine-induced liver injury improved by the administration of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and blueberry. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39:849-56. [PMID: 17652039 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND D-galactosamine together with lipopolysaccharide can lead to a pronounced secretion by Kupffer cells of pro-inflammatory mediators, which have been shown to be early and important mediators of liver injury. Probiotics and dietary supplementation with fruit or vegetable extracts with high content of antioxidants, such as blueberry, could be beneficial in protecting against hepatotoxicity. AIMS To investigate whether blueberry and probiotics could attenuate liver injury induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide. SUBJECTS Sprague-Dawley rats were used. METHODS Six experimental groups: acute liver injury control and five groups of liver injury treated by blueberry alone or by each of the probiotics strains (Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 15313 and Bifidobacterium infantis DSM 15159) with and without blueberry. Samples were collected 24 h after induction for bacterial test, liver function test, short chain fatty acids, myeloperoxidase, cytokines, malondialdehyde and glutathione. RESULTS Alanine aminotransferase levels decreased significantly in all groups compared to liver injury control and DSM 15313 groups. Bilirubin, liver TNF-alpha, myeloperoxidase and acetic acid in cecum content decreased significantly in all groups, while liver glutathione values increased significantly in all groups compared to liver injury control. Liver IL-1beta and bacterial translocation to the liver and mesenteric lymph nodes decreased significantly in all groups except B. infantis DSM 15159 group compared to the liver injury control. Enterobacteriaceae count in cecum decreased significantly in the groups with blueberry plus probiotics compared to the other groups. CONCLUSION Blueberry and probiotics exert protective effects on acute liver injury. They reduce the hepatocytes injury, the inflammation and the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improve the barrier functions and antioxidant activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Osman
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu XJ, Shen B, Du YJ. Role of cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis of rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:947-952. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i9.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the roles of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in the pathogenesis and development of rats with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
METHODS: Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into model group (n = 24) and control group (n = 6), treated with high-fat diet (100 g/L lard, 20 g/L cholesterol, 5 g/L sodium cholate and 875 g/L basal forage) and basal forage, respectively. Eight rats in the model group and 2 rats in the control group were killed randomly in the 12th, 16th and 24th week, respectively, and two pieces of liver tissues were obtained. One was fixed in 40 g/L formaldehyde solution and stained for the sake of histopathological observation and the other was stored in -80 ℃ refrigerator after being quickly frozen by liquid nitrogen in order to extract RNA and detect the relative amount of COX-2 mRNA and MMP-2 mRNA in liver tissues by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
RESULTS: COX-2 mRNA was expressed in the model group in a time-dependent manner, but it was not detected in liver tissues of the control group. The relative amount of COX-2 mRNA expression in the 24th week was significantly higher than that in the 12th and 16th week (1.035 ± 0.040 vs 0.533 ± 0.059, 0.699 ± 0.062, P < 0.05). There was no obvious difference in the relative amount of MMP-2 mRNA expression between the model group and the control group in the 12th week. However, the relative amount of MMP-2 mRNA expression in the 16th and 24th week in the model group was markedly higher than that in the 12th week (0.952 ± 0.124, 0.726 ± 0.064 vs 0.454 ± 0.061, P < 0.05), and the difference was also observed between the 16th and 24th week (P < 0.05). Correlation was detected between the expression of COX-2 mRNA and MMP-2 mRNA in liver tissues of NASH rats (r = 0.794, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: COX-2 and MMP-2 mRNA are highly expressed in liver tissues of NASH rats, which may take part in the pathogenesis and development of NASH.
Collapse
|
17
|
García-Mediavilla V, Crespo I, Collado PS, Esteller A, Sánchez-Campos S, Tuñón MJ, González-Gallego J. The anti-inflammatory flavones quercetin and kaempferol cause inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and reactive C-protein, and down-regulation of the nuclear factor kappaB pathway in Chang Liver cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 557:221-9. [PMID: 17184768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the ability of the flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol to modulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and reactive C-protein (CRP) expression, and to induce changes in the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathway in the human hepatocyte-derived cell line Chang Liver. Cells were incubated with a cytokine mixture supplemented with quercetin or kaempferol (5 to 200 micromol/l). Kaempferol produced a significant concentration-dependent decrease of iNOS, COX-2 and CRP protein level at all concentrations, but the percentage of inhibition induced by quercetin was reduced at high concentrations. Both flavonoids significantly inhibited mRNA level of iNOS, COX-2, and CRP. Inhibitory effects by quercetin and kaempferol were also observed on NF-kappaB activation and on protein concentration of the phosphorylated form of the inhibitor IkappaB alpha and of IKK (IkappaB kinase)alpha. The present study suggests that the modulation of iNOS, COX-2 and CRP by quercetin or kaempferol may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of these two structurally similar flavonoids in Chang Liver cells, via mechanisms likely to involve blockade of NF-kappaB activation and the resultant up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory genes. Our data also indicate that the minor structural differences between both compounds determine differences in their inhibitory capacity.
Collapse
|
18
|
Suliburk JW, Helmer KS, Gonzalez EA, Robinson EK, Mercer DW. Ketamine attenuates liver injury attributed to endotoxemia: role of cyclooxygenase-2. Surgery 2005; 138:134-40. [PMID: 16153419 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2005.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Revised: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endotoxic shock can cause end-organ dysfunction and liver injury. Critically ill patients frequently require surgical intervention under general anesthesia for source control. However, the effects of anesthetics on organ function during sepsis and their influence on inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) remain to be fully elucidated. Because ketamine anesthesia has anti-inflammatory effects in some tissues, we hypothesized that it would attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury. METHODS Adult rats were given no anesthesia (saline), continuous isoflurane inhalation, or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of ketamine 70 mg/kg. One hour later, the rats received saline or LPS (20 mg/kg i.p.) for 5 hours. The rats were killed, and serum hepatocellular enzymes, liver COX-2, iNOS protein (Western immunoblot), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB)-binding activity (electrophoretic mobility shift assay) determined. In a separate study, the role of COX-2 in LPS-induced liver injury was examined by pretreating rats with the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) and the role of iNOS examined with the use of the selective inhibitor aminoguanidine (45 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 hour before LPS. RESULTS LPS increased serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels, hepatic iNOS and COX-2 protein, and nuclear factor NF-kappaB. Ketamine, but not isoflurane, attenuated these effects caused by LPS. COX-2 inhibition with NS-398 as well as iNOS inhibition with aminoguanidine diminished LPS-induced changes in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that anesthetics differ in their effects on liver injury caused by LPS. Ketamine has hepatoprotective effects, while isoflurane does not. Moreover, the protective effects of ketamine are mediated, at least in part, through a reduction in COX-2 and iNOS protein that could be regulated via changes in NF-kappaB-binding activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Suliburk
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
AIM: To study the effect of FR167653 on immunological liver injury (ILI) in mice.
METHODS: ILI was established by tail vein injection of 2.5 mg Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), and 10 d later with 10 mg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 0.2 mL saline (BCG plus LPS). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in sera and malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx) contents in liver homogenates were assayed by spectrophotometry. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α ) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in sera were determined using ELISA. Interleukin-1 (IL- 1) produced by peritoneal macrophages was determined by the method of 3 H- infiltrated cell proliferation. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κ B) p65 in liver tissue was analyzed with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) . Liver samples collected were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
RESULTS: FR167653 (50, 100, 150 mg/kg) could significantly decrease the serum transaminase (ALT, AST) activity and MDA content in liver homogenate, and improve reduced GSHpx level of liver homogenate. Liver histopathological examination showed FR167653 (100, 150 mg/kg) significantly reduced inflammatory cells infiltration and liver cells necrosis. FR167653 (50, 100, 150 mg/kg) significantly lowered TNF- α and NO levels in serum, and IL-1 produced by peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, expression of NF-κ B mRNA in liver tissue of ILI induced by BCG plus LPS was significantly reduced by FR167653.
CONCLUSION: All results showed that FR167653 had significant inhibitory action on ILI in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Yao
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang R, Han X, Delude RL, Fink MP. Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates acute alcohol-induced liver injury and inflammation in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 142:322-31. [PMID: 14647036 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(03)00138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl pyruvate dissolved in a calcium-containing balanced salt solution--Ringer's ethyl pyruvate solution (REPS)--ameliorates ileal mucosal hyperpermeability and decreases the expression of several proinflammatory genes when it is used instead of Ringer's lactate solution (RLS) to resuscitate mice from hemorrhagic shock. Herein, we sought to determine whether delayed treatment with REPS would be beneficial in a murine model of acute alcoholic liver injury associated with binge drinking. Mice were gavaged with 3 doses of ethanol (5 g/kg each dose) over a 12-hour period and then randomized to treatment with 3 intraperitoneal doses of REPS or RLS over 12 hours. Compared with sham-treated controls not subjected to alcohol intoxication, RLS-treated mice demonstrated histologic evidence of fatty change and piecemeal necrosis of hepatocytes in the liver, as well as a significant increase in the plasma concentration of alanine aminotransferase. Biochemical changes induced by alcohol administration included increased hepatic lipid peroxidation, nuclear factor-kappaB activation, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNA expression. All of these alcohol-induced effects were ameliorated by treatment with REPS instead of RLS. These data support the view that treatment with REPS ameliorates the hepatic inflammatory response and decreases hepatocellular injury in mice subjected to acute alcohol intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runkuan Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Pathology, and Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kamanaka Y, Kawabata A, Matsuya H, Taga C, Sekiguchi F, Kawao N. Effect of a potent iNOS inhibitor (ONO-1714) on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat. Life Sci 2003; 74:793-802. [PMID: 14654171 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) in the liver has been implicated as an important event in endotoxin shock and in other models of hepatic inflammation and injury. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of ONO-1714, a potent and specific inhibitor of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in the rats. Oral administration of ONO-1714 dose-dependently inhibited NOx (NO2- and NO3-) accumulation in rat plasma after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Intraperitoneal acetaminophen at 1 g/kg caused damage to the centrilobular regions of the liver and increase in serum alanine and aspartate transaminase (ALT and AST, respectively) levels accompanied by elevated plasma NOx levels after 24 h. Oral administration of ONO-1714 at 10 and 100 microg/kg dose-dependently reduced the acetaminophen-induced hepatic tissue damage and the increases in serum ALT and AST levels. ONO-1714 also blocked the increase in plasma NOx concentrations. These findings demonstrate that oral ONO-1714, an iNOS inhibitor, protects against acetaminophen-evoked hepatic inflammation/injury, strongly suggesting that NO produced by iNOS plays a key role in the pathogenesis of this drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Kamanaka
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guizzetti M, Bordi F, Dieguez-Acuña FJ, Vitalone A, Madia F, Woods JS, Costa LG. Nuclear factor kappaB activation by muscarinic receptors in astroglial cells: effect of ethanol. Neuroscience 2003; 120:941-50. [PMID: 12927200 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of muscarinic receptors leads to proliferation of astroglial cells and this effect is inhibited by ethanol. Among the intracellular pathways involved in the mitogenic action of muscarinic agonists, activation of the atypical protein kinase C zeta (PKC zeta) appears to be of most importance, and is also affected by low ethanol concentrations. PKC zeta has been reported to activate nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), a transcription factor that has been shown to play an important role in cell proliferation. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine whether muscarinic receptors would activate NF-kappaB in astroglial cells, whether such activation would play a role in the mitogenic action of muscarinic agonists, and whether it would represent a possible target for ethanol. Carbachol activated NF-kappaB in human 1321N1 astrocytoma cells, as evidenced by translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB to the nucleus, phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha in the cytosol, and increase NF-kappaB binding to DNA. Carbachol also induced translocation of p65 to the nucleus in primary rat astrocytes. Carbachol-induced NF-kappaB activation was mediated by the M3 subtype of muscarinic receptors and appeared to involve Ca(2+) mobilization and activation of PKC epsilon and PKC zeta, but not PI3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase. The NF-kappaB peptide inhibitor SN50, but not the inactive peptide SN50M, strongly inhibited carbachol-induced astrocytoma cells proliferation and p65 translocation to the nucleus. Increased DNA synthesis was also antagonized by the IkappaBalpha kinase inhibitor BAY 11-7082. Ethanol (25-100 mM) inhibited the translocation of p65 and the binding of NF-kappaB to DNA in both 1321N1 astrocytoma cells and primary rat cortical astrocytes. Together, these results suggest that activation of NF-kappaB by muscarinic receptors in astroglial cells is important for carbachol-induced DNA synthesis and that ethanol-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation may be due in part to inhibition of NF-kappaB activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Guizzetti
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way Northeast 100, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Slaviero KA, Clarke SJ, Rivory LP. Inflammatory response: an unrecognised source of variability in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cancer chemotherapy. Lancet Oncol 2003; 4:224-32. [PMID: 12681266 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(03)01034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An important limitation in the use of chemotherapy in cancer treatment is that cytotoxic agents have small margins of safety compared with other drugs. The largely unpredictable pharmacokinetics of cytotoxic agents contribute significantly to differences in toxicity and efficacy between individuals. Over the past few decades, evidence has accumulated that the inflammatory response to conditions such as infection, degenerative disease, and cancer can greatly affect the disposition of drugs. A more recent finding is that the presence of an inflammatory response identifies patients with more aggressive disease and may also compromise the pharmacodynamics of anticancer drugs. In this review, we discuss the changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs caused by the presence of inflammation. Also, we discuss the modulating role of inflammatory mediators on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cytotoxic agents. We argue that, overall, these factors identify inflammatory response as a potentially important factor in the interindividual variability of response and toxic effects to cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
|