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Prema P, Ali D, Nguyen VH, Pradeep BV, Veeramanikandan V, Daglia M, Arciola CR, Balaji P. A Response Surface Methodological Approach for Large-Scale Production of Antibacterials from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum with Potential Utility against Foodborne and Orthopedic Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:437. [PMID: 38786166 PMCID: PMC11118495 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A variety of bacteria, including beneficial probiotic lactobacilli, produce antibacterials to kill competing bacteria. Lactobacilli secrete antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) called bacteriocins and organic acids. In the food industry, bacteriocins, but even whole cell-free supernatants, are becoming more and more important as bio-preservatives, while, in orthopedics, bacteriocins are introducing new perspectives in biomaterials technologies for anti-infective surfaces. Studies are focusing on Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (previously known as Lactobacillus plantarum). L. plantarum exhibits great phenotypic versatility, which enhances the chances for its industrial exploitation. Importantly, more than other lactobacilli, it relies on AMPs for its antibacterial activity. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) through a Box-Behnken experimental design was used to estimate the optimal conditions for the production of antibacterials by L. plantarum. A temperature of 35 °C, pH 6.5, and an incubation time of 48 h provided the highest concentration of antibacterials. The initial pH was the main factor influencing the production of antibacterials, at 95% confidence level. Thanks to RSM, the titer of antibacterials increased more than 10-fold, this result being markedly higher than those obtained in the very few studies that have so far used similar statistical methodologies. The Box-Behnken design turned out to be a valid model to satisfactorily plan a large-scale production of antibacterials from L. plantarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulpandian Prema
- Department of Zoology, VHN Senthikumar Nadar College, Virudhunagar 626001, TN, India;
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Van-Huy Nguyen
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603103, TN, India;
| | - Bhathini Vaikuntavasan Pradeep
- Centre for Microbial Technology, Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, TN, India; (B.V.P.); (V.V.)
| | - Veeramani Veeramanikandan
- Centre for Microbial Technology, Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, TN, India; (B.V.P.); (V.V.)
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Laboratory of Pathology of Implant Infections, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paulraj Balaji
- PG and Research Centre in Biotechnology, MGR College, Hosur 635130, TN, India
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Esmkhani M, Shams S. Cutaneous infection due to Bacillus cereus: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:393. [PMID: 35448975 PMCID: PMC9022346 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive bacterium that can be found in various natural and human-made environments. It is often involved in gastrointestinal infections and food poisoning; yet, it can rarely cause serious non-gastrointestinal tract infections. CASE PRESENTATION Here we describe a case of B. cereus cutaneous infection of a wound on the hand of a young woman from a rural area in Iran. On admission, she had no systemic symptoms other than a cutaneous lesion. The identification of the causative agent was performed using sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of the bacteria isolated from the wound. The isolated microorganism was identified as B. cereus. Targeted antibiotic therapy with ciprofloxacin was successful. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Although non-intestinal infections caused by B. cereus are rare, it should be taken into consideration that this organism might also cause infections in other parts of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Shams
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
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Lynch BC, Swanson DR, Marmor WA, Gibb B, Komatsu DE, Wang ED. The Relationship between Bacterial Load and Initial Run Time of a Surgical Helmet. J Shoulder Elb Arthroplast 2022; 6:24715492221142688. [DOI: 10.1177/24715492221142688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a complication of arthroplasty surgery with significant morbidity and mortality. Surgical helmets are a possible source of infection. Pre-existing dust and microorganisms on its surface may be blown into the surgical field by the helmet ventilation system. Methods Twenty surgical helmets at our institution were assessed through microscopy and polymerase chain reaction testing. Helmets were arranged with agar plates under the front and rear outflow vents. Helmets ran while plates were exchanged at different time points. Bacterial growth was assessed via colony counts and correlated with fan operating time. Gram staining and 16S sequencing were performed to identify bacterial species. Results The primary microbiological contaminate identified was Burkholderia. There was an inverse relationship between colony formation and fan operating time. The highest number of colonies was found within the first minute of fan operating time. There was a significant decrease in the number of colonies formed from the zero-minute to the three (27 vs 5; P = <.01), four (27 vs 3; P = <.01), and five-minute (27 vs 4; P = <.01) time points for the front outflow plates. A significant difference was also observed between the one-minute and four-minute time points ( P = .046). Conclusion We observed an inverse relationship between bacterial spread helmet fan operation time, which may correlate with dispersion of pre-existing contaminates. To decrease contamination risk, we recommend that helmets are run for at least 3 min prior to entering the operating room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Lynch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - David R Swanson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - William A Marmor
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Bryan Gibb
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - David E Komatsu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Edward D Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Mitton B, Rule R, Mbelle N, van Hougenhouck-Tulleken W, Said M. Post-procedural Bacillus cereus septic arthritis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Afr J Lab Med 2020; 9:1119. [PMID: 32934911 PMCID: PMC7479407 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v9i1.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacillus species are often considered as contaminants when cultured from clinical samples. Bacillus cereus may be a pathogen in certain circumstances and is known to cause musculoskeletal infections. This report aims to educate clinicians and clinical microbiology laboratories on B. cereus musculoskeletal infections and to heighten awareness that Bacillus species should not always be dismissed as contaminants. CASE PRESENTATION We report the case of a patient who presented to a tertiary hospital in Pretoria, South Africa, in November 2018 with B. cereus septic arthritis and underlying systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The isolate would otherwise have been dismissed as a contaminant had it not been for the crucial interaction between the laboratory and the treating clinicians. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of septic arthritis caused by B. cereus in an SLE patient where the organism was cultured from the joint specimen. Identification of the organism was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry. MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOME Definitive treatment was with intravenous vancomycin, continued for four weeks, in addition to arthroscopy and management of the underlying SLE. The patient had a good clinical outcome and regained full mobility. CONCLUSION Musculoskeletal infections, specifically septic arthritis caused by B. cereus, are exceedingly rare infections. Immune suppression, trauma, prosthetic implants and invasive procedures are important risk factors for B. cereus musculoskeletal infections. Close collaboration with a multi-disciplinary team approach will effect the best outcome for complicated patients with B. cereus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend Mitton
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Tshwane Academic Division, Department of Medical Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Roxanne Rule
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Tshwane Academic Division, Department of Medical Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nontombi Mbelle
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Tshwane Academic Division, Department of Medical Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wesley van Hougenhouck-Tulleken
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Said
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Tshwane Academic Division, Department of Medical Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
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Saikia L, Gogoi N, Das PP, Sarmah A, Punam K, Mahanta B, Bora S, Bora R. Bacillus cereus-Attributable Primary Cutaneous Anthrax-Like Infection in Newborn Infants, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1261-1270. [PMID: 31211665 PMCID: PMC6590766 DOI: 10.3201/eid2507.181493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During March 13-June 23, 2018, anthrax-like cutaneous lesions attributed to the Bacillus cereus group of organisms developed in 12 newborns in India. We traced the source of infection to the healthcare kits used for newborn care. We used multilocus sequence typing to characterize the 19 selected strains from various sources in hospital settings, including the healthcare kits. This analysis revealed the existence of a genetically diverse population comprising mostly new sequence types. Phylogenetic analysis clustered most strains into the previously defined clade I, composed primarily of pathogenic bacilli. We suggest that the synergistic interaction of nonhemolytic enterotoxin and sphingomyelinase might have a role in the development of cutaneous lesions. The infection was controlled by removing the healthcare kits and by implementing an ideal housekeeping program. All the newborns recovered after treatment with ciprofloxacin and amikacin.
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Bacillus cereus bacteremia in a patient with an abdominal stab wound. Rev Argent Microbiol 2019; 52:115-117. [PMID: 31791818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a gram positive microorganism commonly involved in gastrointestinal infection but capable of causing severe infections and bacteremia. We describe here a case of bacteremia caused by B. cereus in a previously healthy young woman admitted to the intensive care unit following emergency surgery due to a penetrating abdominal stab wound and subsequent hepatic lesion. She developed fever during admission and cultures were taken. B. cereus was isolated in blood and hepatic fluid collection cultures. Treatment was adjusted according to the isolate, with good clinical results. It is important to highlight the pathogenic potential of this microorganism and not underestimate it as a contaminant when it is isolated from blood samples.
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Pagano C, Ceccarini MR, Calarco P, Scuota S, Conte C, Primavilla S, Ricci M, Perioli L. Bioadhesive polymeric films based on usnic acid for burn wound treatment: Antibacterial and cytotoxicity studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 178:488-499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Shulman DS, Mehrotra P, Blonquist TM, Capraro A, Lehmann L, Silverman LB, Surana NK, Place AE. A single institutional review of pediatric Bacillus spp. bloodstream infections demonstrates increased incidence among children with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 66:e27568. [PMID: 30537106 PMCID: PMC6664817 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus species are known to cause severe infection in immunocompromised hosts. The incidence of Bacillus bloodstream infections and characteristics of infection among children with cancer or indication for hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) is unknown. METHODS We performed a retrospective medical record review of all cases of Bacillus bacteremia between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2014, at Boston Children's Hospital. We report average incidences from 2012 to 2014. We performed a detailed review of infections among children with cancer or undergoing HCT and a case-control study to evaluate whether neutropenia at diagnosis caries higher risk of Bacillus infection for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). RESULTS One hundred fourteen children developed Bacillus bacteremia during the study period, with an estimated incidence of 0.27/1,000 patients. Among children treated for cancer or undergoing HCT, there were 37 bloodstream infections (2.0/1,000 patients). Of the 37 oncology/HCT patients, oncologic diagnoses included ALL (18), acute myeloid leukemia (3), myelodysplastic syndrome (1), solid tumors (8), and 7 children were undergoing HCT. The incidence of infection among children with ALL was 34/1,000 patients and all central nervous system (CNS) infections (6) and deaths (3) occurred in this population. Neutropenia at time of diagnosis in children with ALL was not associated with risk of infection (P = 0.17). DISCUSSION We report the first hospital-wide analysis of Bacillus infection and found that immunocompromised children experience a significant proportion of Bacillus infections. Children with ALL have a high incidence of infection and are at higher risk of CNS involvement and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Shulman
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Preeti Mehrotra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Traci M. Blonquist
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Capraro
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Business Intelligence, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Leslie Lehmann
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lewis B. Silverman
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neeraj K. Surana
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA,co-corresponding authors Andrew E. Place, MD, PhD, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA., Phone: 617-632-2313, Fax: 617-632-5710, , Neeraj K. Surana, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, Phone: 919-613-8742, Fax: 919-681-2089,
| | - Andrew E. Place
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA,co-corresponding authors Andrew E. Place, MD, PhD, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA., Phone: 617-632-2313, Fax: 617-632-5710, , Neeraj K. Surana, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, Phone: 919-613-8742, Fax: 919-681-2089,
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Cheng VCC, Chen JHK, Leung SSM, So SYC, Wong SC, Wong SCY, Tse H, Yuen KY. Seasonal Outbreak of Bacillus Bacteremia Associated With Contaminated Linen in Hong Kong. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64:S91-S97. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Gunawan C, Marquis CP, Amal R, Sotiriou GA, Rice SA, Harry EJ. Widespread and Indiscriminate Nanosilver Use: Genuine Potential for Microbial Resistance. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3438-3445. [PMID: 28339182 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this era of increasing antibiotic resistance, the use of alternative antimicrobials such as silver has become more widespread. Superior antimicrobial activity has been provided through fabrication of silver nanoparticles or nanosilver (NAg), which imparts cytotoxic actions distinct from those of bulk silver. In the wake of the recent discoveries of bacterial resistance to NAg and its rising incorporation in medical and consumer goods such as wound dressings and dietary supplements, we argue that there is an urgent need to monitor the prevalence and spread of NAg microbial resistance. In this Perspective, we describe how the use of NAg in commercially available products facilitates prolonged microorganism exposure to bioavailable silver, which underpins the development of resistance. Furthermore, we advocate for a judicial approach toward NAg use in order to preserve its efficacy and to avoid environmental disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Gunawan
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | | | | | - Georgios A Sotiriou
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Elizabeth J Harry
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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Soudet S, Becquart C, Dezoteux F, Faure K, Staumont-Salle D, Delaporte E. Endocardite à Bacillus cereus avec probable porte d’entrée cutanée. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2017; 144:45-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2016.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ha J, Park YJ, Kim YJ, Oh HC, Kim YA. Late Prosthetic Joint Infection and Bacteremia by Bacillus cereus Confirmed by 16S rRNA Sequencing and Hip Joint Tissue Pathology. ANNALS OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.5145/acm.2016.19.2.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Ha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yee Jeong Kim
- Department of Pathology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Oh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young Ah Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
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Veysseyre F, Fourcade C, Lavigne JP, Sotto A. Bacillus cereus infection: 57 case patients and a literature review. Med Mal Infect 2015; 45:436-40. [PMID: 26525185 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to study the characteristics of patients presenting with a Bacillus cereus infection in a university hospital. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of the clinical, biological, and treatment-related data of patients hospitalized in our university hospital between January 1st, 2008 and December 31st, 2012 and diagnosed with a B. cereus infection. We identified a subgroup of patients presenting with bacteremia and looked for risk factors for death within that group of patients. RESULTS We included 57 patients in our study; 31 (54.4%) were hospitalized in a medical ward. We identified 24 bacteremia case patients, including 17 patients presenting with bacteremia alone (29.8%). Other frequently observed infection sites were skin infections (16; 28.1%) and bone and joint infections (10; 17.5%). We recorded 9 deaths (11.8%); 2 patients, despite being on an appropriate antibiotic therapy, died from a medical device-related infection that had not been removed. The empirical administration of a beta-lactam antibiotic was significantly associated with death (P=0.022). Three patients presenting with recurrent bacteremia were identified. The patients only recovered once the infected device had been removed. CONCLUSION B. cereus infections may have various clinical presentations. Prospective data is needed to put forward a consensual treatment approach and guide physicians in choosing the appropriate antibiotic therapy and in removing the infected device.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Veysseyre
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU Caremeau, place du Pr R.-Debré, 30029 Nîmes cedex 9, France
| | - C Fourcade
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU Caremeau, place du Pr R.-Debré, 30029 Nîmes cedex 9, France
| | - J-P Lavigne
- Service de microbiologie, CHU Caremeau, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - A Sotto
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU Caremeau, place du Pr R.-Debré, 30029 Nîmes cedex 9, France.
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Isolation and Characterization of Phages Infecting Bacillus subtilis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:179597. [PMID: 26273592 PMCID: PMC4529890 DOI: 10.1155/2015/179597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages have been suggested as an alternative approach to reduce the amount of pathogens in various applications. Bacteriophages of various specificity and virulence were isolated as a means of controlling food-borne pathogens. We studied the interaction of bacteriophages with Bacillus species, which are very often persistent in industrial applications such as food production due to their antibiotic resistance and spore formation. A comparative study using electron microscopy, PFGE, and SDS-PAGE as well as determination of host range, pH and temperature resistance, adsorption rate, latent time, and phage burst size was performed on three phages of the Myoviridae family and one phage of the Siphoviridae family which infected Bacillus subtilis strains. The phages are morphologically different and characterized by icosahedral heads and contractile (SIOΦ, SUBω, and SPOσ phages) or noncontractile (ARπ phage) tails. The genomes of SIOΦ and SUBω are composed of 154 kb. The capsid of SIOΦ is composed of four proteins. Bacteriophages SPOσ and ARπ have genome sizes of 25 kbp and 40 kbp, respectively. Both phages as well as SUBω phage have 14 proteins in their capsids. Phages SIOΦ and SPOσ are resistant to high temperatures and to the acid (4.0) and alkaline (9.0 and 10.0) pH.
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Vassileva M, Torii K, Oshimoto M, Okamoto A, Agata N, Yamada K, Hasegawa T, Ohta M. Phylogenetic Analysis ofBacillus cereusIsolates from Severe Systemic Infections Using Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 50:743-9. [PMID: 16985296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus strains from cases of severe or lethal systemic infections, including respiratory symptoms cases, were analyzed using multilocus sequence typing scheme of B. cereus MLST database. The isolates were evenly distributed between the two main clades, and 60% of them had allele profiles new to the database. Half of the collection's strains clustered in a lineage neighboring Bacillus anthracis phylogenetic origin. Strains from lethal cases with respiratory symptoms were allocated in both main clades. This is the first report of strains causing respiratory symptoms to be identified as genetically distant from B. anthracis. The phylogenetic location of the presented here strains was compared with all previously submitted to the database isolates from systemic infections, and were found to appear in the same clusters where clinical isolates from other studies had been assigned. It seems that the pathogenic strains are forming clusters on the phylogenetic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vassileva
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
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Bonnevialle N, Geiss L, Cavalié L, Ibnoulkhatib A, Verdeil X, Bonnevialle P. Skin preparation before hip replacement in emergency setting versus elective scheduled arthroplasty: bacteriological comparative analysis. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2013; 99:659-65. [PMID: 24029588 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hip arthroplasty needs to be performed in an emergency setting after intracapsular femur neck fracture, whereas pain makes preoperative skin preparation of the limb difficult and it may therefore be incomplete. To date no study has analyzed the patient's skin bacteriological status in these surgical conditions. HYPOTHESIS The skin's bacterial flora is quantitatively and qualitatively different in the trauma context compared to an elective scheduled arthroplasty for chronic hip disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two groups of patients, undergoing hip arthroplasty and having the same preparation at the time of surgery but different skin preparation procedures the day before and the day of surgery, were prospectively compared: 30 patients operated on in an emergency setting for fracture (group A) had no skin preparation and 32 patients operated on in scheduled surgery (group B). Group A had no skin disinfection before going into surgery, whereas group B followed a predefined protocol the day before surgery. Skin samples were taken on gelose at three different stages of skin preparation at the time of surgery (before and after detersive cleaning, and at the end of the surgery) and on two sites (inguinal and greater trochanter). The bacteriological analysis took place after 48 hours of incubation. RESULTS Before detersive cleaning, group A had 3.6 times more bacteria than group B in the trochanter region and 2.7 times more in the inguinal area. After detersive cleaning, the contamination rate in the trochanter area was similar in both groups (group A: 10%; group B: 12.5%), but different in the inguinal region (group A: 33%; group B: 3%; P=0.002). At the end of the surgery, no difference was identified. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Bacillus cereus accounted for 44% and 37%, respectively, of the bacteria isolated. In addition, the frequency of pathogenic non-saprotrophic bacteria was higher in group A (38%) compared to group B (6%). At a mean follow-up of 9.7 months (range: 8-11 months), no infection of the surgical site was identified. CONCLUSION The dermal flora is more abundant and different when the patient is managed in an emergency context. Although effective in the trochanter area, cutaneous detersive cleaning in the operating room is insufficient in the inguinal area and the frequency of pathogenic bacteria warrants identical rigor in preoperative preparation in all situations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III. Prospective case - control study.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bonnevialle
- Institut de l'appareil locomoteur, centre hospitalier universitaire de Toulouse, place Baylac, 31059 Toulouse cedex, France.
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Gallo PH, Melton-Kreft R, Nistico L, Sotereanos NG, Sewecke JJ, Stoodley P, Ehrlich GD, Costerton JW, Kathju S. Demonstration of Bacillus cereus in orthopaedic-implant-related infection with use of a multi-primer polymerase chain reaction-mass spectrometric assay: report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011; 93:e85. [PMID: 21915528 PMCID: PMC8508721 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.j.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip H. Gallo
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute (P.H.G., R.M.-K., L.N., J.W.C., and S.K.) and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (N.G.S. and J.J.S.), Allegheny General Hospital, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212. E-mail address for S. Kathju:
| | - Rachael Melton-Kreft
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute (P.H.G., R.M.-K., L.N., J.W.C., and S.K.) and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (N.G.S. and J.J.S.), Allegheny General Hospital, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212. E-mail address for S. Kathju:
| | - Laura Nistico
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute (P.H.G., R.M.-K., L.N., J.W.C., and S.K.) and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (N.G.S. and J.J.S.), Allegheny General Hospital, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212. E-mail address for S. Kathju:
| | - Nicholas G. Sotereanos
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute (P.H.G., R.M.-K., L.N., J.W.C., and S.K.) and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (N.G.S. and J.J.S.), Allegheny General Hospital, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212. E-mail address for S. Kathju:
| | - Jeffrey J. Sewecke
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute (P.H.G., R.M.-K., L.N., J.W.C., and S.K.) and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (N.G.S. and J.J.S.), Allegheny General Hospital, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212. E-mail address for S. Kathju:
| | - Paul Stoodley
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Garth D. Ehrlich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Allegheny Campus, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212
| | - J. William Costerton
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute (P.H.G., R.M.-K., L.N., J.W.C., and S.K.) and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (N.G.S. and J.J.S.), Allegheny General Hospital, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212. E-mail address for S. Kathju:
| | - Sandeep Kathju
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute (P.H.G., R.M.-K., L.N., J.W.C., and S.K.) and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (N.G.S. and J.J.S.), Allegheny General Hospital, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212. E-mail address for S. Kathju:
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Wiedermann CJ, Stockner I, Plattner B. Bacillus species infective arthritis after knee arthroscopy. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2011; 11:555-8. [PMID: 20969473 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2009.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus species infection of the joints is a very rare occurrence, with sporadic reports in the medical literature. CASE REPORT A 67-year-old woman with osteoarthritis developed infection in the knee joint after arthroscopy. Percutaneous needle aspiration of articular fluid performed post-operatively showed a positive culture for Bacillus species. The diagnosis of septic arthritis was, however, not confirmed as the results were considered contamination. Failure of treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics on two occasions and successful cure of infective arthritis by long-term administration of a fluoroquinolone confirmed iatrogenic clinical joint infection with Bacillus species. CONCLUSION Any clinically suspected joint infection must be treated as septic arthritis until proved otherwise.
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Strittmatter M, Hamann G, Sahin U, Feiden W, Kohl K, Schimrigk K. Multiple brain abscesses and intracerebral hemorrhage caused by Bacillus Cereus in a case of acute lymphatic leukemia. Eur J Neurol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.1996.tb00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, motile, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is widely distributed environmentally. While B. cereus is associated mainly with food poisoning, it is being increasingly reported to be a cause of serious and potentially fatal non-gastrointestinal-tract infections. The pathogenicity of B. cereus, whether intestinal or nonintestinal, is intimately associated with the production of tissue-destructive exoenzymes. Among these secreted toxins are four hemolysins, three distinct phospholipases, an emesis-inducing toxin, and proteases. The major hurdle in evaluating B. cereus when isolated from a clinical specimen is overcoming its stigma as an insignificant contaminant. Outside its notoriety in association with food poisoning and severe eye infections, this bacterium has been incriminated in a multitude of other clinical conditions such as anthrax-like progressive pneumonia, fulminant sepsis, and devastating central nervous system infections, particularly in immunosuppressed individuals, intravenous drug abusers, and neonates. Its role in nosocomial acquired bacteremia and wound infections in postsurgical patients has also been well defined, especially when intravascular devices such as catheters are inserted. Primary cutaneous infections mimicking clostridial gas gangrene induced subsequent to trauma have also been well documented. B. cereus produces a potent beta-lactamase conferring marked resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Antimicrobials noted to be effective in the empirical management of a B. cereus infection while awaiting antimicrobial susceptibility results for the isolate include ciprofloxacin and vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Bottone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Box 1090, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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22
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Cronin U, Wilkinson M. The potential of flow cytometry in the study of Bacillus cereus. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:1-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Drazin D, Lehman D, Danielpour M. Successful surgical drainage and aggressive medical therapy in a preterm neonate with Bacillus cereus meningitis. Pediatr Neurosurg 2010; 46:466-71. [PMID: 21577046 DOI: 10.1159/000325073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus meningitis is a rare disease with a very high mortality rate in neonates. The authors present the rare case of a premature infant with B. cereus bacteremia and subsequent intracranial abscesses. In addition to aggressive medical therapy, surgical drainage was performed via a left frontal mini-craniotomy. At 15 months of age, the patient had mild developmental delay, cortical blindness, and sensorineural hearing loss. The clinical case is described and difficulties in the management of B. cereus meningoencephalitis in infants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doniel Drazin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Reekmans R, Stevens P, Vervust T, De Vos P. An alternative real-time PCR method to detect theBacillus cereusgroup in naturally contaminated food gelatine: a comparison study. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 48:97-104. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nguyen L, Minville V, Bensafi H, Laffosse JM, Chassery C, Archambaud M, Wagner A, Chaminade B, Bonnet E. Sepsis atypique à Bacillus cereus dans les fractures de jambe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 26:780-3. [PMID: 17629655 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate leg fractures infected with Bacillus cereus in a traumatology-orthopedic ward of a university hospital. METHODS All B. cereus strains isolated from patients with leg fracture hospitalized in the traumatology-orthopedic ward between 1995 and 2004 were included in this retrospective study. RESULTS Five hundred and four patients had leg fracture during this period. Thirty-four patients were included in this retrospective study. B. cereus strains clinical isolates were mainly isolated from patients who had initially leg fractures with telluric contamination (wound contamination with terrestrial environments) before admission. Betalactam antibiotics used for prophylactic chemotherapy were not effective against B. cereus. CONCLUSION In this study, we underscore the significance of Sfar recommendations concerning prophylactic chemotherapy. However, B. cereus could be termed an emerging pathogen and physicians need to be aware of its potential importance in trauma cases. In this purpose, a systematic screening for B. cereus at admission should be necessary in front of patients with open fractures associated with telluric contamination. Furthermore, if B. cereus is isolated, chemotherapy should be based upon ciprofloxacin during 2 or 6 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nguyen
- Département d'anesthésie et de réanimation, CHU de Toulouse, hôpital Rangueil, université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Bacillus cereus is generally associated with gastrointestinal effects of food poisoning linked to infected rice. Isolates of B. cereus in hospital and clinical settings from any material other than vomitus or feces are commonly dismissed as contaminants. CASE REPORT We report a case of B. cereus surgical site infection after fasciotomy in a healthy 31 year-old man admitted to the orthopedic ward with a comminuted fracture of the tibia. No source was identified. CONCLUSIONS This report highlights the risk of surgical site infection with an unlikely bacterium known to contaminate surgical materials. It stresses the importance of vigilance against this infrequent but potentially serious non-gastrointestinal bacillary infection, as organisms dismissed initially as contaminants may lead to rapid clinical deterioration. The use of antimicrobial agents with nosocomial coverage, even of non-nosocomial pathogens, is considered in the treatment of postoperative surgical site infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Pillai
- Departments of Orthopaedics & Trauma Surgery, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic inactivation of Bacillus spores, mediated by phenothiazinium dyes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:6918-25. [PMID: 16269726 PMCID: PMC1287731 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.11.6918-6925.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore formation is a sophisticated mechanism by which some bacteria survive conditions of stress and starvation by producing a multilayered protective capsule enclosing their condensed DNA. Spores are highly resistant to damage by heat, radiation, and commonly employed antibacterial agents. Previously, spores have also been shown to be resistant to photodynamic inactivation using dyes and light that easily destroy the corresponding vegetative bacteria. We have discovered that Bacillus spores are susceptible to photoinactivation by phenothiazinium dyes and low doses of red light. Dimethylmethylene blue, methylene blue, new methylene blue, and toluidine blue O are all effective, while alternative photosensitizers such as Rose Bengal, polylysine chlorin(e6) conjugate, a tricationic porphyrin, and a benzoporphyrin derivative, which easily kill vegetative cells, are ineffective. Spores of Bacillus cereus and B. thuringiensis are most susceptible, B. subtilis and B. atrophaeus are also killed, and B. megaterium is resistant. Photoinactivation is most effective when excess dye is washed from the spores, showing that the dye binds to the spores and that excess dye in solution can quench light delivery. The relatively mild conditions needed for spore killing could have applications for treating wounds contaminated by anthrax spores, for which conventional sporicides would have unacceptable tissue toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Demidova
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Popov SG, Popova TG, Hopkins S, Weinstein RS, MacAfee R, Fryxell KJ, Chandhoke V, Bailey C, Alibek K. Effective antiprotease-antibiotic treatment of experimental anthrax. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5:25. [PMID: 15819985 PMCID: PMC1090577 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-5-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhalation anthrax is characterized by a systemic spread of the challenge agent, Bacillus anthracis. It causes severe damage, including multiple hemorrhagic lesions, to host tissues and organs. It is widely believed that anthrax lethal toxin secreted by proliferating bacteria is a major cause of death, however, the pathology of intoxication in experimental animals is drastically different from that found during the infectious process. In order to close a gap between our understanding of anthrax molecular pathology and the most prominent clinical features of the infectious process we undertook bioinformatic and experimental analyses of potential proteolytic virulence factors of B. anthracis distinct from lethal toxin. Methods Secreted proteins (other than lethal and edema toxins) produced by B. anthracis were tested for tissue-damaging activity and toxicity in mice. Chemical protease inhibitors and rabbit immune sera raised against B. anthracis proteases were used to treat mice challenged with B. anthracis (Sterne) spores. Results B. anthracis strain delta Ames (pXO1-, pXO2-) producing no lethal and edema toxins secrets a number of metalloprotease virulence factors upon cultivation under aerobic conditions, including those with hemorrhagic, caseinolytic and collagenolytic activities, belonging to M4 and M9 thermolysin and bacterial collagenase families, respectively. These factors are directly toxic to DBA/2 mice upon intratracheal administration at 0.5 mg/kg and higher doses. Chemical protease inhibitors (phosphoramidon and 1, 10-phenanthroline), as well as immune sera against M4 and M9 proteases of B. anthracis, were used to treat mice challenged with B. anthracis (Sterne) spores. These substances demonstrate a substantial protective efficacy in combination with ciprofloxacin therapy initiated as late as 48 h post spore challenge, compared to the antibiotic alone. Conclusion Secreted proteolytic enzymes are important pathogenic factors of B. anthrasis, which can be considered as effective therapeutic targets in the development of anthrax treatment and prophylactic approaches complementing anti-lethal toxin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei G Popov
- Advanced Biosystems, Inc., Manassas, VA, USA
- Current affiliation: National Center for Biodefense, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Taissia G Popova
- Advanced Biosystems, Inc., Manassas, VA, USA
- Current affiliation: National Center for Biodefense, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Karl J Fryxell
- Center for Biomedical Genomics & Informatics, Department of Molecular & Microbiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Vikas Chandhoke
- National Center for Biodefense, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Charles Bailey
- National Center for Biodefense, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Ken Alibek
- Advanced Biosystems, Inc., Manassas, VA, USA
- National Center for Biodefense, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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Dubouix A, Bonnet E, Alvarez M, Bensafi H, Archambaud M, Chaminade B, Chabanon G, Marty N. Bacillus cereus infections in Traumatology-Orthopaedics Department: retrospective investigation and improvement of healthcare practices. J Infect 2005; 50:22-30. [PMID: 15603836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate 41 open fractures infected with Bacillus cereus in a Traumatology-Orthopaedy ward and propose a care protocol at admission. METHODS All B. cereus strains isolated from patients hospitalized in the Traumatology-Orthopaedy ward between March 1997 and August 2001 were submitted to molecular analysis (RAPD and PFGE) in order to investigate a putative outbreak. Susceptibility to the main antibiotics and antiseptics used in this kind of surgery was also evaluated. RESULTS The B. cereus clinical isolates were mainly isolated from patients who had initially open fractures and were not clonally related. Furthermore, analysis of the clinical data was in favour of a telluric contamination of the wound (wound contamination with terrestrial environments) before admission. Finally, betalactam antibiotics used for prophylactic chemotherapy were not effective against the strains tested as well as the antiseptics who displayed poor effect. CONCLUSION B. cereus could be termed an emerging pathogen and people need to be aware of its potential importance in orthopaedic trauma cases. In this purpose, a systematic screening for B. cereus at admission should be necessary in front of patients with open fractures associated with telluric contamination. Furthermore, if this bacterium can be isolated, chemotherapy should be based upon ciprofloxacin that would prevent the development of B. cereus infection responsible for deleterious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dubouix
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, CHU Rangueil-Larrey, TSA 50032, F-31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
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Frankard J, Li R, Taccone F, Struelens MJ, Jacobs F, Kentos A. Bacillus cereus pneumonia in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23:725-8. [PMID: 15300457 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-004-1180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reported here is a case of Bacillus cereus pneumonia that occurred in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The presentation was severe, essentially marked by respiratory distress and pleuritic chest pain. Classic empirical treatment initiated for febrile neutropenia did not cover this rare pathogen and appropriate therapy was therefore delayed. B. cereus is most often a culture contaminant, but it can also be responsible for self-limited gastrointestinal intoxication and, more rarely, severe systemic diseases. Virulence in the case of systemic disease is attributed to tissue necrosis mediated by toxin release. B. cereus pneumonia, as described in the English-language literature, mainly affects immunocompromised patients and most often has a fatal outcome. Thus, the identification of B. cereus in clinical specimens of severely ill immunocompromised patients should lead physicians to question its clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frankard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, Anderlecht, Belgium.
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Grass G, Schierhorn A, Sorkau E, Müller H, Rücknagel P, Nies DH, Fricke B. Camelysin is a novel surface metalloproteinase from Bacillus cereus. Infect Immun 2004; 72:219-28. [PMID: 14688099 PMCID: PMC343988 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.1.219-228.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2003] [Revised: 09/02/2003] [Accepted: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus frequently causes food poisoning or nosocomial diseases. Vegetative cells express the novel surface metalloproteinase camelysin (casein-cleaving metalloproteinase) during exponential growth on complex, peptide-rich media. Camelysin is strongly bound to the cell surface and can be solubilized only by detergents or butanol. Camelysin spontaneously migrates from the surface of intact bacterial cells to preformed liposomes. The complete sequence of the camelysin-encoding gene, calY, was determined by reverse PCR on the basis of the N-terminal sequence and some internal tryptic cleavage peptides. The calY gene codes for a polypeptide of 21.569 kDa with a putative signal peptide of 27 amino acids (2.513 kDa) preceding the mature protein (19.056 kDa). Although the predicted amino acid sequence of CalY does not exhibit a typical metalloprotease consensus sequence, high-pressure liquid chromatography-purified camelysin contains one zinc ion per protein molecule. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and tryptic peptide mass fingerprinting confirmed the identity of this zinc-binding protein as CalY. Disruption of the calY gene results in a strong decrease in the cell-bound proteolytic activity on various substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Grass
- Institute for Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Martin Luther University, D-06097 Halle, Germany
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Fricke B, Drössler K, Willhardt I, Schierhorn A, Menge S, Rücknagel P. The cell envelope-bound metalloprotease (camelysin) from Bacillus cereus is a possible pathogenic factor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1537:132-46. [PMID: 11566257 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(01)00066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel membrane proteinase of the nosocomial important bacteria species Bacillus cereus (synonyms: camelysin, CCMP) was purified up to homogeneity as was shown by mass spectrometry in its amphiphilic form. Camelysin is a neutral metalloprotease with a molecular mass of 19 kDa. Its unique N-terminus Phe-Phe-Ser-Asp-Lys-Glu-Val-Ser-Asn-Asn-Thr-Phe-Ala-Ala-Gly-Thr-Leu-Asp-Leu-Thr-Leu-Asn-Pro-Lys-Thr-Leu-Val-Asp-(Ile-Lys-Asp)- was not detected in the protein data bases during BLAST searches, but in the partially sequenced genome of Bacillus anthracis, coding for an unknown protein. Cleavage sites of the membrane proteinase for the insulin A- and B-chains were determined by mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequencing. Camelysin prefers cleavage sites in front of aliphatic and hydrophilic amino acid residues (-OH, -SO3H, amido group), avoiding bulky aromatic residues. The internally quenched fluorogenic substrates of the matrix metalloproteases 2 and 7 were cleaved with the highest efficiency at the Leu-decrease-Gly or Leu-decrease-Ala bond with the smaller residue in the P1' position. The protein specificity is broad--all various kinds of casein were cleaved as well as acid-soluble collagen, globin and ovalbumin; intact insulin was destroyed only to a low extent. Actin, collagen type I, fibrinogen, fibrin, alpha2-antiplasmin and alpha1-antitrypsin were cleaved. The protease formed SDS-stable complexes with Glu-plasminogen and antithrombin III, visible after SDS electrophoresis by gold staining and Western blot. The CCMP-plasminogen complex caused a partial activation of plasminogen to plasmin. Camelysin interacts with proteins of the blood coagulation cascade and could facilitate the penetration of fibrin clots and of the extracellular matrix during bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fricke
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University, Halle, Saale, Germany.
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Callegan MC, Jett BD, Hancock LE, Gilmore MS. Role of hemolysin BL in the pathogenesis of extraintestinal Bacillus cereus infection assessed in an endophthalmitis model. Infect Immun 1999; 67:3357-66. [PMID: 10377113 PMCID: PMC116518 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.7.3357-3366.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a rare cause of serious human infection but, paradoxically, causes one of the most severe posttraumatic or endogenous infections of the eye, endophthalmitis, which frequently results in blindness. The virulence of B. cereus endophthalmitis historically has been attributed to toxin production. We therefore sought to examine the contribution of the dermonecrotic toxin, hemolysin BL, to the pathogenesis of B. cereus infection in an endophthalmitis system that is highly amenable to study. The pathogenesis of infection resulting from intravitreal injection of 10(2) CFU of either a clinical ocular isolate of B. cereus producing hemolysin BL (HBL+) or an isogenic mutant in this trait (HBL-) was assessed bacteriologically and by slit lamp biomicroscopy, electroretinography, histology, and inflammatory cell enumeration. Both HBL+ and HBL- strains evoked severe intraocular inflammatory responses as early as 12 h postinfection, with complete loss of retinal responsiveness by 12 h. The infections caused by both strains spread of the infection to adjacent tissues by 18 h. No significant differences in intraocular bacterial growth (P >/= 0.21) or inflammatory changes (P >/= 0.21) were observed in eyes infected with either HBL+ or HBL- strains during the course of infection. The level of retinal responsiveness was greater in HBL- infected eyes than in HBL+-infected eyes at 6 h only (P = 0.01). These results indicate that hemolysin BL makes no essential contribution to the severe and rapid course of infection in the endophthalmitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Callegan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Ferroni A, Odièvre MH, Abachin E, Révy P, Casanova JL, Saudubray JM, Berche P, Nassif X. [Meningitis due to Bacillus cereus in an infant with Reye syndrome]. Arch Pediatr 1998; 5:1103-6. [PMID: 9809154 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(99)80008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBSERVATION We report the case of a 2.5-month-old infant with Bacillus cereus meningitis who was initially admitted for Reye syndrome. Gram positive bacteria was isolated in CSF and shown to be located inside the polymorphonuclears. This pathogen was further identified by sequencing of the 16S RNA. Early administration of imipenem in association with amikacin resulted in a rapid recovery. No obvious immune defect or invasive procedure could be assessed. CONCLUSION Although Bacillus cereus is mainly associated with contamination, repeated isolations of this bacteria may be due to true infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ferroni
- Laboratoire de microbiologie, hôpital Necker-Enfants-malades, Paris, France
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Rothschild MA, Liesenfeld O. Is the exploding powder gas of the propellant from blank cartridges sterile? Forensic Sci Int 1996; 83:1-13. [PMID: 8939008 DOI: 10.1016/0379-0738(96)02019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Shots from blank weapons loaded with blank cartridges, when fired from close range or as a contact shot, almost always cause the skin to burst open and lead to injuries to structures below the surface. Subsequently, wound infections are often observed. In addition to the introduction of skin germs, the possibility exists that contaminated propellants may enter into consideration as a source of infection. Using step-by-step experimental procedures we were able to demonstrate that: 1. Blank cartridge propellants were almost always contaminated with Bacillus cereus (nitrocellulose powder more so than black powder); 2. When the shot is fired numerous bacteria survive and are forced out with the gunsmoke from the weapon and thus find their way into the wound. In principle, blank cartridge propellant thus exhibits as much potential for wound infection as the skin germs. Clearly, the species B. cereus is prominent in this context. For open injuries even with 'harmless' blank weapons, an antibiotic prophylaxis should always be administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rothschild
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Sotto A, Porneuf M, Gouby A, Rossi J, Jourdan J. Septicémie à Bacillus cereus et pneumopathie nécrosante au cours d'une leucémie lymphoïde chronique. Med Mal Infect 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(05)81036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive aerobic or facultatively anaerobic spore-forming rod. It is a cause of food poisoning, which is frequently associated with the consumption of rice-based dishes. The organism produces an emetic or diarrheal syndrome induced by an emetic toxin and enterotoxin, respectively. Other toxins are produced during growth, including phospholipases, proteases, and hemolysins, one of which, cereolysin, is a thiol-activated hemolysin. These toxins may contribute to the pathogenicity of B. cereus in nongastrointestinal disease. B. cereus isolated from clinical material other than feces or vomitus was commonly dismissed as a contaminant, but increasingly it is being recognized as a species with pathogenic potential. It is now recognized as an infrequent cause of serious nongastrointestinal infection, particularly in drug addicts, the immunosuppressed, neonates, and postsurgical patients, especially when prosthetic implants such as ventricular shunts are inserted. Ocular infections are the commonest types of severe infection, including endophthalmitis, panophthalmitis, and keratitis, usually with the characteristic formation of corneal ring abscesses. Even with prompt surgical and antimicrobial agent treatment, enucleation of the eye and blindness are common sequelae. Septicemia, meningitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and surgical and traumatic wound infections are other manifestations of severe disease. B. cereus produces beta-lactamases, unlike Bacillus anthracis, and so is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics; it is usually susceptible to treatment with clindamycin, vancomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin. Simultaneous therapy via multiple routes may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Drobniewski
- Public Health Laboratory Service, Dulwich Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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FERMANIAN CHRISTOPHE, FREMY JEANMARC, LAHELLEC CECILE. BACILLUS CEREUS PATHOGENICITY: A REVIEW. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.1993.tb00282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Barrie D, Wilson JA, Hoffman PN, Kramer JM. Bacillus cereus meningitis in two neurosurgical patients: an investigation into the source of the organism. J Infect 1992; 25:291-7. [PMID: 1474265 DOI: 10.1016/0163-4453(92)91579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two patients developed Bacillus cereus meningitis following neurosurgery. During the subsequent investigation into the source of the organism, linen was discovered to be heavily contaminated with B. cereus. No other prolific source of the organism was found. It seems probable that lint from contaminated fabric was the vehicle of transmission of the organism during extended surgery. Linen should be considered as a possible source of B. cereus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Barrie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London, U.K
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