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Merrick BA, Martin NP, Brooks AM, Foley JF, Dunlap PE, Ramaiahgari S, Fannin RD, Gerrish KE. Insights into Repeated Renal Injury Using RNA-Seq with Two New RPTEC Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14228. [PMID: 37762531 PMCID: PMC10531624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs) are a primary site for kidney injury. We created two RPTEC lines from CD-1 mice immortalized with hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) or SV40 LgT antigen (Simian Virus 40 Large T antigen). Our hypothesis was that low-level, repeated exposure to subcytotoxic levels of 0.25-2.5 μM cisplatin (CisPt) or 12.5-100 μM aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) would activate distinctive genes and pathways in these two differently immortalized cell lines. RNA-seq showed only LgT cells responded to AFB1 with 1139 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 72 h. The data suggested that AFB1 had direct nephrotoxic properties on the LgT cells. However, both the cell lines responded to 2.5 μM CisPt from 3 to 96 h expressing 2000-5000 total DEGs. For CisPt, the findings indicated a coordinated transcriptional program of injury signals and repair from the expression of immune receptors with cytokine and chemokine secretion for leukocyte recruitment; robust expression of synaptic and substrate adhesion molecules (SAMs) facilitating the expression of neural and hormonal receptors, ion channels/transporters, and trophic factors; and the expression of nephrogenesis transcription factors. Pathway analysis supported the concept of a renal repair transcriptome. In summary, these cell lines provide in vitro models for the improved understanding of repeated renal injury and repair mechanisms. High-throughput screening against toxicant libraries should provide a wider perspective of their capabilities in nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Alex Merrick
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.F.F.); (P.E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Negin P. Martin
- Viral Vector Core, Neurobiology Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Ashley M. Brooks
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Julie F. Foley
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.F.F.); (P.E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Paul E. Dunlap
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.F.F.); (P.E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Sreenivasa Ramaiahgari
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.F.F.); (P.E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Rick D. Fannin
- Molecular Genomics Core Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (R.D.F.)
| | - Kevin E. Gerrish
- Molecular Genomics Core Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (R.D.F.)
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Alkahtani S, Hasnain MS, Algamdy H, Aljarba NH, AlKahtane A. Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity Lagerstroemia speciosa in Sprague-Dawley rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1585-1591. [PMID: 35280577 PMCID: PMC8913382 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Md Saquib Hasnain
- Department of Pharmacy, Palamau Institute of Pharmacy, Chianki, Daltonganj 822102, Jharkhand, India
| | - Hamzah Algamdy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada H. Aljarba
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah AlKahtane
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Oloya B, Namukobe J, Ssengooba W, Afayoa M, Byamukama R. Phytochemical screening, antimycobacterial activity and acute toxicity of crude extracts of selected medicinal plant species used locally in the treatment of tuberculosis in Uganda. Trop Med Health 2022; 50:16. [PMID: 35177126 PMCID: PMC8851836 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-022-00406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death globally, and the rise in drug-resistant forms of TB has become a significant threat. Subsequently, it is crucial to explore new, effective and safe anti-TB agents. This study aimed at conducting phytochemical screening, antimycobacterial activity, and acute toxicity of the selected plant species’ crude extracts to assess their toxicological potentials and efficacies against TB. Methods The aqueous and methanol/dichloromethane (DCM) (1:1) extracts of each selected plant species were subjected to phytochemical screening and antimycobacterial activity using microplate alamar blue assay. For acute toxicity, a single dose (2000 mg/kg) of the aqueous extracts was orally administered to each animal following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines No. 425 and then observed for 14 days. The animals were closely observed on the general behavior and clinical signs of toxicity, and body weights were recorded. After the termination of the experiment, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses were performed. Results The extracts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, resins, cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds, and coumarins. Aqueous extracts showed moderate to weak activity against the susceptible (H37Rv) M. tuberculosis strain and weak activity against the MDR-TB strain with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC μg/mL) ranging from 293.0–2344.0 and 1172.0–4688.0, respectively. Methanol/DCM extracts showed significant to moderate activity against the susceptible TB strain and moderate to weak activity against the MDR-TB strain with MIC (μg/mL) ranging from 98.0–586.0 and 293.0–781.0, respectively. One mortality was recorded from the A. coriaria treated group following the acute toxicity tests, but the LD50 of all the extracts was estimated to be above 2000 mg/kg. Histopathological analyses did not show any significant lesions in the examined organs except those from the A. coriaria treated group. Conclusion Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, resins, cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds, and coumarins. All the methanol/DCM extracts of the plant species studied have promising antimycobacterial activity. The selected plant extracts studied exhibited low acute toxicity levels except for A. coriaria and could be safe for formulations into herbal products. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41182-022-00406-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Oloya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Muni University, P.O. Box 725, Arua, Uganda.
| | - Jane Namukobe
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Willy Ssengooba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mathias Afayoa
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Byamukama
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Usende IL, Olopade JO, Emikpe BO, Nafady AAHM. Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in kidney and liver of African Giant Rats (Cricetomysgambianus, Waterhouse, 1840) exposed to intraperitoneal sodium metavanadate (vanadium) intoxication. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:103414. [PMID: 32442722 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We studied the hepatic and renal impact of sodium metavanadate (SMV) exposure in African giant rats (AGR). Twelve male AGR were used and divided into two groups. The control group received sterile water while the SMV-exposed group received 3 mg/kg SMV intraperitoneally for 14 days. SMV exposed AGR groups showed significantly decreased activities of serum AST, ALT, ALP and creatinine concentration but increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin and globulin concentrations. Kidney ultrastructure examination revealed atrophy of the glomerular tuft, loss of podocytes, distortions of the endothelium and glomerular basement membrane. The liver sinusoids fenestration phenotypes were abnormal. Hepatocytes exhibited hypertrophy with uneven, crenated and dentate nuclei. SMV exposure induced activation of monocytes, as well as Kupffer and fibrous cells. Alterations in glomerular podocytes and cell-cell and cell matrix contact and inflammatory liver fibrosis are key events in progressive glomerular failure and hepatic damage due to SMV intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifukibot Levi Usende
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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Bastida C, Soy D, Torres A. The safety of antimicrobials for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2020; 19:577-587. [PMID: 32239981 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2020.1750594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and its prevalence continues to increase. Despite the efficacy of antimicrobials, their safety and tolerability remain topics of interest and concern for clinicians and patients alike.Areas covered: This review outlines the main antimicrobial classes recommended for the empirical treatment of CAP in current guidelines, together with a potential new class. Each pharmacological group underwent a safety evaluation based on all available data about drug-related toxicities. The authors also present their mechanisms of action, their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and the main clinical studies.Expert opinion: Overall, antimicrobials currently marketed for the treatment of CAP are well tolerated and generally safe. However, unusual and sometimes serious adverse effects can occur in susceptible populations. Attention should be paid to identifying patients at risk of developing drug-related toxicities because, although most effects are transient, some could be disabling, permanent, or even fatal. Post-marketing surveillance remains crucial for gathering data to overcome the limitations of preclinical and clinical studies in estimating the true prevalence of drug-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bastida
- Pharmacy Department, Division of Medicines, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Soy
- Pharmacy Department, Division of Medicines, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació Clínic per La Recerca Biomèdica (FCRB), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Biomedical Research Networking Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Torres
- Fundació Clínic per La Recerca Biomèdica (FCRB), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Biomedical Research Networking Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Respiratory Disease, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA Academia, Barcelona, Spain
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Muia BM, Mbaria JM, Kanja LW, Gitahi N, Okumu PO, Okumu MO. Acute and sub-acute toxicity study of the root extracts of Fagaropsis hildebrandtii in mice and evaluation of their antimicrobial effects. F1000Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19915.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Among the Kamba community of Kenya, roots of Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (FH) are boiled and used in managing cough, fertility problems, and microbial infections. The safety of this plant in oral administration and the validity of the ethnomedical claims are unverified. This study evaluated the toxicity of the aqueous and hexane root extracts of FH in mice and antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Candida albicans. Methods: Doses (300 and 2000 mg/kg) of the extracts were administered orally to mice for 14 days. The weight, feed, and water consumption, organ weight of mice and gross macroscopy of the liver were used in evaluating acute toxicity. Mice were additionally treated with 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body-weight doses of the extracts for 28 days and haematological, biochemical, and histological parameters noted. The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MIC; MBC/MFC) of the extracts against the aforementioned pathogens were determined by broth dilution. Results: Acute oral toxicity of the extracts was >2000 mg/kg, there were dose dependent changes in haematological and biochemical parameters, all female mice died when treated with doses of 1000mg/kg and doses ≥500 mg/kg caused tubular degeneration and haemorrhage of the kidney, cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, and multifocal necrosis and pyknosis in the liver. The MBC/MIC ratio of each of the extracts against Staph. aureus and S. typhimurium was 2, while C. albicans was not sensitive to any of the extracts. Conclusions: Long term use of FH root extracts was associated with dose-dependent changes in the mice kidney, liver and in biochemical and haematological parameters. Root extracts of FH are bactericidal against Staph. aureus and S. typhimurium but have no effect on C. albicans. Future work should aim at identifying the metabolites responsible for the observed toxic and bactericidal effects of the FH root extracts.
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Soo JYC, Jansen J, Masereeuw R, Little MH. Advances in predictive in vitro models of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 14:378-393. [PMID: 29626199 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro screens for nephrotoxicity are currently poorly predictive of toxicity in humans. Although the functional proteins that are expressed by nephron tubules and mediate drug susceptibility are well known, current in vitro cellular models poorly replicate both the morphology and the function of kidney tubules and therefore fail to demonstrate injury responses to drugs that would be nephrotoxic in vivo. Advances in protocols to enable the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into multiple renal cell types and the development of microfluidic and 3D culture systems have opened a range of potential new platforms for evaluating drug nephrotoxicity. Many of the new in vitro culture systems have been characterized by the expression and function of transporters, enzymes, and other functional proteins that are expressed by the kidney and have been implicated in drug-induced renal injury. In vitro platforms that express these proteins and exhibit molecular biomarkers that have been used as readouts of injury demonstrate improved functional maturity compared with static 2D cultures and represent an opportunity to model injury to renal cell types that have hitherto received little attention. As nephrotoxicity screening platforms become more physiologically relevant, they will facilitate the development of safer drugs and improved clinical management of nephrotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Y-C Soo
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Melissa H Little
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Araújo MCDPM, Barcellos NMS, Vieira PMDA, Gouveia TM, Guerra MO, Peters VM, Saúde-Guimarães DA. Acute and sub chronic toxicity study of aqueous extract from the leaves and branches of Campomanesia velutina (Cambess) O. Berg. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 201:17-25. [PMID: 28254483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Campomanesia velutina leaves and branches infusions are used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat diarrhea and to ameliorate intestinal cramps, respectively. AIM OF THE STUDY Carry out the acute and sub chronic pre-clinical evaluation and thus assess the safety and toxicological potential of the specie. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo toxicity was evaluated by acute and sub chronic toxicity assays conducted according to the guidelines of the Brazilian Agency of National Health Surveillance (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária - ANVISA). For acute toxicity evaluation, a single dose of aqueous extracts from the leaves (AEL) and branches (AEB) of Campomanesia velutina were orally administered to mice at doses of 300, 600 and 1200mg/kg. Then, the animals were observed for 14 days. In the sub chronic study, the extracts were orally administered to mice for 14 days at doses of 300, 600 and 1200mg/kg. To assess the toxicological effects, animals were closely observed on general behavior, clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, food and water intake. At the end of the experiment, it was performed biochemical and hematological evaluations, as well as histopathological analysis from the following organs: brain, heart, lungs, liver, stomach, small intestine (section) and left kidney. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and colorimetric pharmacognostic tests. RESULTS In oral acute assay, treatment with AEB at the major dose (1200mg/kg) caused diarrhea, abdominal cramps and tremors in females. These effects were reversed at 4th hour. Normochromic normocytic anemia was observed in males treated with AEL 300mg/kg and AEB 600 and 1200mg/kg as well as in females treated with AEB 300 and 1200mg/kg. The kidney of all treated animals showed moderate inflammation and a few hemorrhagic points. In sub chronic assay, treatment with AEL 600mg/kg, AEL 1200mg/kg and AEB 1200mg/kg caused hyper excitability in females that was not reversed. Treatments also had impact on weight gain and the relative weight of males' brain was increased on group treated with AEL 300mg/kg, AEB 300 and AEB 1200mg/kg. Although changes in hematological parameters were not observed, serum creatinine levels were significantly higher in males treated with AEB 300mg/kg. Besides, the heart of all treated animals showed intense hyperemia. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. CONCLUSIONS Toxicity signs were mainly observed after treatment with AEL and AEB at the two highest tested doses (600 and 1200mg/kg), suggesting that the extracts are relatively safe at its effective dose (300mg/kg). However, alterations on hematological and biochemical parameters and on the kidney and heart of the animals were not closely related with the dose, implying caution on its use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neila Márcia Silva Barcellos
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais state, Brazil
| | - Paula Melo de Abreu Vieira
- Laboratory of Morfopathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais state, Brazil
| | - Thiago Magalhães Gouveia
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto,, Minas Gerais state, Brazil
| | - Martha Oliveira Guerra
- Centro de Biologia da Reprodução. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais state, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Peters
- Centro de Biologia da Reprodução. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais state, Brazil
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Three common pathways of nephrotoxicity induced by halogenated alkenes. Cell Biol Toxicol 2015; 31:1-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-015-9293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Guvenc D, Kabak YB, Atmaca E, Aksoy A, Guvenc T. Examination of caspase-dependent apoptotic and necrotic changes in rat kidney exposed to different doses of permethrin. Biotech Histochem 2012; 88:76-85. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2012.736637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Trevisan A, Chiara F, Mongillo M, Quintieri L, Cristofori P. Sex-related differences in renal toxicodynamics in rodents. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:1173-88. [PMID: 22769852 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.698262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An issue yet to be addressed, in the investigation of the xenobiotic toxicity, is a detailed characterization of the sex differences in toxicological responses. The 'sex issue' is particularly significant in nephrotoxicology as the kidney is a relevant target organ for xenobiotics and few studies have approached this subject in the past. There is a strong need to improve our understanding regarding the influence of sex in toxicology, given their increased requirement to establish the limits of exposure to chemicals in the environment and at work. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors provide the reader with the current knowledge of sex differences in kidney toxicity for rats and mice. To make the review easier to consult, these studies have been organized according to the class of xenobiotic. EXPERT OPINION From the analysis of the present knowledge emerges a dramatic need for information on sex differences in xenobiotics toxicity. Although animals are reasonably good predictors of adverse renal effects in patients, there is need to identify alternative methods (e.g. in vitro/ex vivo) to better study sex differences in organ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trevisan
- University of Padova, Department of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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Trevisan A, Nicolli A, Chiara F. Are rats the appropriate experimental model to understand age-related renal drug metabolism and toxicity? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:1451-9. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2010.531701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Krajka-Kuźniak V, Kaczmarek J, Baer-Dubowska W. Effect of naturally occurring phenolic acids on the expression of glutathione S-transferase isozymes in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1097-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cristofori P, Zanetti E, Fregona D, Piaia A, Trevisan A. Renal proximal tubule segment-specific nephrotoxicity: an overview on biomarkers and histopathology. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 35:270-5. [PMID: 17366321 DOI: 10.1080/01926230601187430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The correspondence between histopathological findings and segment-specific biomarkers was investigated in rats treated with segment-specific nephrotoxicants. Male Wistar rats were treated with a single injection of K2Cr2O7 (25 mg/kg s.c. in saline), cis-Pt (10 mg/kg i.p. in buffered MSO) or HCBD (100 mg/kg i.p. in corn oil). Twenty-four and 48 hours after treatment, the rats were sacrificed and the kidneys were drawn for histopathological and biochemical evaluation, i.e., GS activity in renal cortex and PAH uptake in renal cortical slices. Histopathological findings show that cis-Pt and HCBD cause diffuse necrosis of S3 segment of proximal tubules in the outer stripe of outer medulla, respectively. On the contrary, K2Cr2O7 damages exclusively S1-S2 segments, inducing vacuolization at 24 hr and diffuse necrosis at 48 hr after treatment. GS activity in renal tissue is significantly decreased after HCBD and cis-Pt, but not K2Cr2O7 treatment. In contrast, PAH uptake is significantly reduced by K2Cr2O7, but not by cis-Pt or HCBD treatment (even if HCBD causes a slight decrease 48 hr after treatment). The evidence of this study confirms the high specificity of GS activity as marker of S3 segment injury, that PAH uptake is prevalently active in the S1-S2 segments, and that there is complete correspondence among segment-specific nephrotoxicants, biomarkers of segment-specific damage, and histopathological findings.
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Náprstková I, Radochová B, Novotná B, Jirkovská M, Janácek J, Kubínová L. Quantitative analysis of embryonic kidney impairment by confocal microscopy and stereology: effect of 1,2-dibromoethane in the chick mesonephros. Br Poult Sci 2007; 46:661-7. [PMID: 16428107 DOI: 10.1080/00071660500394064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1. Chick embryos in ovo were treated with a teratogenic dose of 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) on embryonic day (ED) 3. On ED 6 and 10, histological sections of whole embryos were prepared for confocal microscopy. In parallel, mesonephroi of 10-d-old embryos were dissected for in situ staining with acridine orange (AO), a fluorescence probe for lysosomes. 2. DBE impaired differentiation of renal vessels which manifested as a delay in rearrangement of primitive renal vascular architecture on ED 6 and a significant reduction of the mesonephric vascularisation on ED 10. This was accompanied by delayed functional maturation of embryonic kidney, as suggested by staining with AO. 3. Renal vessels appeared to be more susceptible to DBE than tubules. Unequal growth of these renal components might be a cause of DBE-induced spatial disorganisation of tubular apparatus. 4. Nephrotoxic effects of DBE during the embryonic period are associated primarily with damage to the renal blood supply. 5. Confocal microscopy, stereological methods and three-dimensional reconstruction of developing tissues are useful tools to investigate pathogenic processes during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Náprstková
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Division of Environmental Disease Prevention, Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, USA.
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Rezzani R, Rodella L, Buffoli B, Goodman AA, Abraham NG, Lianos EA, Bianchi R. Change in renal heme oxygenase expression in cyclosporine A-induced injury. J Histochem Cytochem 2005; 53:105-12. [PMID: 15637343 DOI: 10.1177/002215540505300112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is the first immunosuppressant used in allotransplantation. Its use is associated with side effects that include nephrotoxicity. This study explored the anatomic structures involved in CsA nephrotoxicity and the effect of heme oxygenase (HO) in preventing CsA injury. Rats were divided into four groups, which were treated with olive oil, CsA (15 mg/kg/day), CsA plus the HO inhibitor (SnMP; 30 microM/kg/day), and with the HO inducer (CoPP; 5 mg/100 g bw). Renal tissue was treated for morphological, biochemical, and immunohistochemical studies. CsA-treated rats showed degenerative changes with renal fibrosis localized mainly around proximal tubules. Collapsed vessels were sometimes seen in glomeruli. No HO-1 expression and increased expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) were observed in CsA-treated rats compared with controls. In CsA plus SnMP-treated rats, HO-1 expression was further reduced and the morphology was not changed compared to the CsA group, whereas CsA plus CoPP-treated animals again showed normal morphology and with restoration and an increase in HO-1 levels. HO activity and immunohistochemical data showed similar alterations as HO expression. No changes were observed for HO-2 analysis. The observations indicate that HO-1 downregulation and ET-1 upregulation by CsA might be one mechanism underlying CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. Therefore, attempts to preserve HO levels attenuate CsA nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, Division of Human Anatomy, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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18
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Zepnik H, Völkel W, Dekant W. Toxicokinetics of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A in F 344 rats after oral administration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 192:36-44. [PMID: 14554101 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin produced by several fungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium species, is a nephrotoxin and a renal carcinogen in rodents. This study was performed to investigate the biotransformation and toxicokinetics of this important food contaminant. Male (n=18) and female (n=18) F344 rats were administered a single dose of OTA (0.5 mg/kg b.w.) in corn oil by gavage. Animals (n=3) were sacrificed 24, 48, 72, 96, 672, and 1,344 hours after OTA administration and concentrations of OTA and OTA-metabolites in urine, feces, blood, liver, and kidney were determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection and/or by LC-MS/MS. Recovery of unchanged OTA in urine amounted to 2.1% of dose in males and 5.2% in females within 96 h. In feces, only 5.5% respectively 1.5% of dose were recovered. The major metabolite detected was OTalpha; low concentrations of OTA-glucosides were also present in urine. The maximal blood levels of OTA were observed between 24 and 48 h after administration and were appromixately 4.6 micromol/l in males and 6.0 micromol/l in females. Elimination of OTA from blood followed first-order kinetics with a half-life of approximately 230 h. In liver of both male and female rats, OTA-concentrations were less than 12 pmol/g tissue, with a maximum at 24 h after administration. In contrast, OTA accumulated in the kidneys, reaching a concentration of 480 pmol/g tissue in males 24 h after OTA-administration. Generally, tissue concentrations in males were higher than in females. OTalpha was not detected in liver and kidney tissue of rats administered OTA, and the OTalpha concentrations in blood were low (10-15 nmol/l). The high concentrations of OTA in kidneys of male rats may, in part, explain the organ- and gender-specific toxicity of OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zepnik
- Institut für Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Str 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Henesey CM, Harvison PJ. Renal damage, metabolism and covalent binding following administration of the nephrotoxicant N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) to male Fischer 344 rats. Toxicology 2002; 170:187-200. [PMID: 11788156 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In vivo metabolism, nephrotoxicity and covalent binding to proteins were evaluated in male Fischer 344 rats that received [2,3-14C]-N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (14C-NDPS). Some animals were pretreated with the enzyme inducer phenobarbital (PB, 80 mg/kg per day, for 3 days, i.p. in saline) prior to receiving a non-nephrotoxic dose of 14C-NDPS (0.2 mmol/kg, i.p. in corn oil). Other rats were pretreated with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT, 100 mg/kg, 1 h prior to NDPS, i.p. in saline) before administration of a non-toxic or a toxic dose (0.2 or 0.6 mmol/kg, respectively, i.p. in corn oil) of 14C-NDPS. Non-pretreated animals received either dose of 14C-NDPS, but did not receive PB or ABT. All rats were sacrificed 6 h after administration of 14C-NDPS. Nephrotoxicity was monitored by measuring urine volume, urine protein concentrations, blood urea nitrogen levels, and kidney weights. The NDPS metabolic profile in tissue, blood, and urine was analyzed by HPLC. Covalent binding of 14C-NDPS-derived radioactivity to tissue proteins was also measured. Compared with non-pretreated rats, PB-pretreatment potentiated the toxicity of the non-toxic dose of 14C-NDPS. In contrast, ABT-pretreatment protected the rats against NDPS nephrotoxicity. The amount of N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinamic acid (2-NDHSA), an oxidative, nephrotoxic metabolite of NDPS, was elevated in kidney homogenates and urine by PB-pretreatment (0.2 mmol/mg NDPS). ABT pretreatment inhibited NDPS metabolism at both doses. Covalent binding of 14C-NDPS (0.2 mmol/kg)-derived radioactivity to renal and plasma proteins was higher in the PB-pretreated rats than in the non-pretreated animals. In contrast, ABT-pretreatment partially inhibited covalent binding at both doses of 14C-NDPS. Our results suggest that there is a relationship between oxidative metabolism of NDPS, covalent binding of an NDPS metabolite to renal proteins, and NDPS-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Henesey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 600 South Forty-third Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4495, USA
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20
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Townsend DM, Hanigan MH. Inhibition of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase or cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase activity blocks the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:142-8. [PMID: 11752109 PMCID: PMC6522257 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.300.1.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is nephrotoxic. The mechanism underlying this organ-specific toxicity is unknown. We hypothesize that cisplatin is metabolized via a gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase-dependent pathway that has been shown to activate several haloalkenes to nephrotoxins. To test this hypothesis, we inhibited GGT and cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase in C57BL/6 mice and analyzed the effect of the inhibitors on the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin. GGT was inhibited by pretreating the mice with acivicin. Cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase was inhibited by aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA). Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with 15 mg/kg cisplatin (i.p.) and sacrificed on day 5. Half the mice treated with cisplatin alone died before sacrifice. The cisplatin-treated mice sacrificed at 5 days had significantly elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Histologic analysis revealed severe damage to the renal proximal tubules. Pretreatment with acivicin or AOAA protected the mice from the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin. None of the pretreated animals died before sacrifice. BUN levels and quantitative histologic analysis of the kidneys confirmed the protective effect of acivicin and AOAA. Platinum levels in the kidneys were not altered by acivicin or AOAA, indicating that neither affected the uptake of cisplatin into the kidney. Likewise, cisplatin-induced weight loss was not altered by acivicin or AOAA, suggesting that weight loss and nephrotoxicity are via distinct mechanisms. These data support the hypothesis that the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin is due to the metabolism of a platinum-glutathione conjugate by GGT and cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase to a potent nephrotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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21
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Abstract
The body defends itself against potentially harmful compounds like drugs, toxic compounds, and their metabolites by elimination, in which the kidney plays an important role. Renal clearance is used to determine renal elimination mechanisms of a drug, which is the result of glomerular filtration, active tubular secretion and reabsorption. The renal proximal tubule is the primary site of carrier-mediated transport from blood to urine. Renal secretory mechanisms exists for, anionic compounds and organic cations. Both systems comprises several transport proteins, and knowledge of the molecular identity of these transporters and their substrate specificity has increased considerably in the past decade. Due to overlapping specificities of the transport proteins, drug interactions at the level of tubular secretion is an event that may occur in clinical situation. This review describes the different processes that determine renal drug handling, the techniques that have been developed to attain more insight in the various aspects of drug excretion, the functional characteristics of the individual transport proteins, and finally the implications of drug interactions in a clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Masereeuw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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22
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Schaaf GJ, de Groene EM, Maas RF, Commandeur JN, Fink-Gremmels J. Characterization of biotransformation enzyme activities in primary rat proximal tubular cells. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 134:167-90. [PMID: 11311212 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(01)00151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The proximal tubule is a frequent target for nephrotoxic compounds due to it's ability to transport and accumulate xenobiotics and their metabolites, as well as by the presence of an organ-selective set of biotransformation enzymes. The aim of the present study was to characterize the activities of different biotransformation enzymes during primary culturing of rat proximal tubular cells (PT cells). Specific marker substrates for determining cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity of primary cultured PT cells include 7-ethoxyresorufin (CYP1A1), caffeine (CYP1A), testosterone (CY2B/C, CYP3A), tolbutamide (CYP2C) and dextromethorphan (CYP2D1). Activities of the CYP450 isoenzymes decreased considerably during culture with the greatest loss in activity within 24 h of culture. In addition, expression of CYP450 apoprotein, including CYP1A, CYP2C, CYP2D, CYP2E and CYP4A, was detected in microsomes from freshly isolated PT cells by immunoblotting using specific antibodies. CYP2B and CYP3A apoprotein could not be detected. Activity of the phase II biotransformation enzymes GST, GGT, beta-lyase and UGT was determined with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, L-glutamic acid gamma-(7-amido-4-methyl-coumarin), S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine and 1-naphthol, respectively, as marker substrates. Activity of the phase II enzymes remained more stable and, in contrast to CYP450 activity, significant activity was still expressed after 1 week of PT cell culture. Thus, despite the obvious advantages of PT cells as an in-vitro model for studies of biotransformation mediated toxicity, the strong time dependency of especially phase I and, to a lesser extent, phase II biotransformation activities confers limitations to their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Schaaf
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology (VFFT), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80152 NL 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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23
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Gautier J, Richoz J, Welti DH, Markovic J, Gremaud E, Guengerich FP, Turesky RJ. Metabolism of ochratoxin A: absence of formation of genotoxic derivatives by human and rat enzymes. Chem Res Toxicol 2001; 14:34-45. [PMID: 11170506 DOI: 10.1021/tx000070j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent renal carcinogen in male rats, although its mode of carcinogenicity is not known. The metabolism and covalent binding of OTA to DNA were investigated in vitro with cytochromes P450, glutathione S-transferases, prostaglandin H-synthase, and horseradish peroxidase. Incubation of OTA with rat or human liver microsomes fortified with NADPH resulted in formation of 4-(R)-hydroxyochratoxin A at low rates [10-25 pmol min(-1) (mg of protein)(-1)]. There was no evidence of OTA metabolism and glutathione conjugate formation with rat, mouse, or human kidney microsomes or postmitochondrial supernatants (S-9) [<5 pmol min(-1) (mg of protein)(-1)]. Recombinant human cytochromes P450 (P450) 1A1 and 3A4 formed 4-(R)-hydroxyochratoxin A at low rates [0.08 and 0.06 pmol min(-1) (pmol of P450)(-1), respectively]; no oxidation products of OTA were detected with recombinant human P450 1A2 or 2E1 or rat P450 1A2 or 2C11 [<0.02 pmol min(-1) (pmol of P450)(-1)]. Prostaglandin H-synthase produced small amounts of an apolar product [33 pmol min(-1) (mg of protein)(-1)], and OTA products were not formed with horseradish peroxidase. There was no evidence of DNA adduct formation when [(3)H]OTA was incubated with these enzyme systems in the presence of calf thymus DNA (<20 adducts/10(9) DNA bases); however, these enzymes catalyzed DNA adduct formation with the genotoxins aflatoxin B(1), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, benzo[a]pyrene, and pentachlorophenol. There was also no detectable [(3)H]OTA bound in vivo to kidney DNA of male Fischer-344 rats treated orally with [(3)H]OTA (1 mg/kg, 100 mCi/mmol, 24 h exposure, <2.7 adducts/10(9) DNA bases), based upon liquid scintillation counting. However, (32)P-postlabeling experiments did show evidence of DNA lesions with total adduct levels ranging from 31 to 71 adducts/10(9) DNA bases, while adducts in untreated rat kidney ranged from 6 to 24 adducts/10(9) DNA bases. These results do not support the premise that OTA or metabolically activated species covalently bind to DNA and suggest that the (32)P-postlabeled lesions are due to products derived from OTA-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gautier
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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24
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Van Aubel RA, Masereeuw R, Russel FG. Molecular pharmacology of renal organic anion transporters. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000; 279:F216-32. [PMID: 10919840 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.2000.279.2.f216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal organic anion transport systems play an important role in the elimination of drugs, toxic compounds, and their metabolites, many of which are potentially harmful to the body. The renal proximal tubule is the primary site of carrier-mediated transport from blood to urine of a wide variety of anionic substrates. Recent studies have shown that organic anion secretion in renal proximal tubule is mediated by distinct sodium-dependent and sodium-independent transport systems. Knowledge of the molecular identity of these transporters and their substrate specificity has increased considerably in the past few years by cloning of various carrier proteins. However, a number of fundamental questions still have to be answered to elucidate the participation of the cloned transporters in the overall tubular secretion of anionic xenobiotics. This review summarizes the latest knowledge on molecular and pharmacological properties of renal organic anion transporters and homologs, with special reference to their nephron and plasma membrane localization, transport characteristics, and substrate and inhibitor specificity. A number of the recently cloned transporters, such as the p-aminohippurate/dicarboxylate exchanger OAT1, the anion/sulfate exchanger SAT1, the peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2, and the nucleoside transporters CNT1 and CNT2, are key proteins in organic anion handling that possess the same characteristics as has been predicted from previous physiological studies. The role of other cloned transporters, such as MRP1, MRP2, OATP1, OAT-K1, and OAT-K2, is still poorly characterized, whereas the only information that is available on the homologs OAT2, OAT3, OATP3, and MRP3-6 is that they are expressed in the kidney, but their localization, not to mention their function, remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Van Aubel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Cellular Signaling, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
Here we review the structural and functional properties of organic anion transporters (OAT1, OAT2, OAT3) and organic cation transporters (OCTN1, OCTN2, OCT1, OCT2, OCT3), some of which are involved in renal proximal tubular organic anion and cation secretion. These transporters share a predicted 12-transmembrane domain (TMD) structure with a large extracellular loop between TMD1 and TMD2, carrying potential N-glycosylation sites. Conserved amino acid motifs revealed a relationship to the sugar transporter family within the major facilitator superfamily. Following heterologous expression, most OATs transported the model anion p-aminohippurate (PAH). OAT1, but not OAT2, exhibited PAH-alpha-ketoglutarate exchange. OCT1-3 transported the model cations tetraethylammonium (TEA), N(1)-methylnicotinamide, and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. OCTNs exhibited transport of TEA and/or preferably the zwitterionic carnitine. Substrate substitution as well as cis-inhibition experiments demonstrated polyspecificity of the OATs, OCTs, and OCTN1. On the basis of comparison of the structurally closely related OATs and OCTs, it may be possible to delineate the binding sites for organic anions and cations in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Burckhardt
- Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Göttingen, Germany.
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26
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Takubo T, Kato T, Kinami J, Hanada K, Ogata H. Effect of trimethoprim on the renal clearance of lamivudine in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2000; 52:315-20. [PMID: 10757420 DOI: 10.1211/0022357001774011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Lamivudine undergoes minimal metabolism and renal clearance of the unchanged drug is the predominant mechanism of clearance. The effect of trimethoprim on the renal clearance of lamivudine was investigated in rats in-vivo. Total renal clearance of lamivudine was about three times higher than the glomerular filtration rate in rats receiving an infusion of tritium-labelled lamivudine. Concomitant infusion of trimethoprim reduced the renal clearance of lamivudine to about half, but did not affect the level of radioactivity in the renal cortex. When rats received an infusion of lamivudine with probenecid, cimetidine or quinidine, the renal clearance of lamivudine was only significantly reduced by co-administration of cimetidine. These findings suggest that secretion in the renal proximal tubule takes an active part in the total renal clearance of lamivudine, and that cationic drugs such as trimethoprim and cimetidine may inhibit the secretion of lamivudine without greatly affecting the concentration of lamivudine in the renal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takubo
- Safety Evaluation Department, Glaxo Wellcome K.K., Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Ibaraki, Japan
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27
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de la Torre A, Granero S, Mayayo E, Corbella J, Domingo JL. Effect of age on vanadium nephrotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Lett 1999; 105:75-82. [PMID: 10092059 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess potential age dependent differences of vanadium nephrotoxicity in the rat following parenteral administration of vanadate. Young (22 days) and adult (62 days) male Sprague-Dawley rats received i.p. injections of sodium orthovanadate at 10 mg/kg/day for 8 consecutive days. Two additional groups of control rats received i.p. injections of 0.9% saline during the same period. Significant age-differences were found in most of the parameters used as indicators of nephrotoxicity in young and adult rats, with adverse renal effects being more severe with age. Vanadium-induced morphologic changes in the kidney were also more pronounced with age. These findings agree with a higher renal concentration of vanadium in the group of adult rats treated with vanadate than in the vanadate-untreated group. The current results can be of concern if in the future, vanadium compounds can be administered in the treatment of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de la Torre
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
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28
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29
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Dekant W, Birner G, Werner M, Parker J. Glutathione conjugation of perchloroethene in subcellular fractions from rodent and human liver and kidney. Chem Biol Interact 1998; 116:31-43. [PMID: 9877199 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(98)00077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Perchloroethene (Per) is a widely used industrial solvent and common environmental contaminant. In rats, long-term inhalation of Per is known to cause a small increase in the incidence of renal tubule cell tumors in males only; renal toxicity is seen in female rats and in both sexes of mice after prolonged Per exposure. The renal toxicity of Per is likely mediated by a glutathione-dependent bioactivation reaction. Glutathione S-transferase mediated formation of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione is the first step in a sequence of reactions finally resulting in the formation of reactive intermediates in the kidney. In this study, we compared the enzymatic rates of formation of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione in liver and kidney subcellular fractions from rats, mice, and from both sexes of humans (n = 11). In microsomal fractions from the liver and kidney of all three species, enzymatic formation of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione from Per could not be observed. S-(1,2,2-Trichlorovinyl)glutathione formation (the structure was confirmed by electrospray mass spectrometry) was observed in liver cytosol from both male and female rats and mice. However, the rates of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione formation in liver cytosol from male rats (84.5+/-12 pmol/mg per min) were approximately four times higher than from female rats (19.5+/-8 pmol/mg per min) and from both sexes of mice (27.9+/-6 and 26.0+/-4 pmol/mg per min). Low rates of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione formation were also seen in kidney cytosol from mice (12+/-6 pmol/mg per min), but not from rats. In human liver subcellular fractions, enzymatic formation of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione could not be detected. The human liver cytosolic fractions, however, exhibited glutathione S-transferase activity (as determined using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and hexachlorobutadiene as marker substrates) in the same order of magnitude as rat and mouse liver cytosol. In contrast to other marker activities for glutathione S-transferases, the ability of all human liver cytosol samples to catalyze the glutathione conjugation of 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene was three orders of magnitude lower compared to rat and mouse liver cytosol. 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene conjugation was also four times higher in liver cytosol from male rats compared to female rats. The results suggest that the ability of the human liver to catalyze the formation of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione from Per is at least two orders of magnitude lower than that of rat liver, and that sex-specific differences in the extent of hepatic conjugation of Per with glutathione, which may be relevant for nephrotoxicity, occur in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dekant
- Institut für Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Germany.
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30
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Abstract
Several halogenated alkenes are nephrotoxic in rodents. A mechanism for the organ-specific toxicity of these compounds to the kidney has been elucidated. The mechanism involves hepatic glutathione conjugation to dihaloalkenyl or 1,1-difluoroalkyl glutathione S-conjugates, which are cleaved by gamma-glutamyltransferase and dipeptidases to cysteine S-conjugates. Haloalkene-derived cysteine S-conjugates may have four fates in the organism: (a) They may be substrates for renal cysteine conjugate beta-lyases, which cleave them to form reactive intermediates identified as thioketenes (chloroalkene-derived S-conjugates), thionoacyl halides (fluoroalkene-derived S-conjugates not containing bromide), thiiranes, and thiolactones (fluoroalkene-derived S-conjugates containing bromine); (b) cysteine S-conjugates may be N-acetylated to excretable mercapturic acids; (c) they may undergo transamination or oxidation to the corresponding 3-mercaptopyruvic acid S-conjugate; (d) finally, oxidation of the sulfur atom in halovinyl cysteine S-conjugates and corresponding mercapturic acids forms Michael acceptors and may also represent a bioactivation reaction. The formation of reactive intermediates by cysteine conjugate beta-lyase may play a role in the target-organ toxicity and in the possible renal tumorigenicity of several chlorinated olefins widely used in many chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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31
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Zhang L, Brett CM, Giacomini KM. Role of organic cation transporters in drug absorption and elimination. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1998; 38:431-60. [PMID: 9597162 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.38.1.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organic cation transporters are critical in drug absorption, targeting, and disposition. It has become increasingly clear that multiple mechanisms are involved in organic cation transport in the key tissues responsible for drug absorption and disposition: the kidney, liver, and intestine. In this review, we discuss current models of transepithelial flux of organic cations in these three tissues. Particular emphasis is placed on the more recent molecular studies that have paved the way for a more complete understanding of the physiological and pharmacological roles of the organic cation transporters. Such information is essential in predicting pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and in the design and development of cationic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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